Pre-Darwinian period in biology. Jean Baptiste Lamarck

“Evolution and its evidence” - Evolution is gradual and long-term. Data from comparative paleontology. Organs that have the same origin and similar structure are called homologous. Topic: Synthetic theory of evolution. Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1913). Pimenov A.V. The main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin.

“Biochemical evolution” - Second stage. Third stage. Formation of organic substances from inorganic ones. More stable coacervates with such RNAs produced probionts. Symbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells. First stage. Evolution at the level of RNA molecules in coacervates took millions of years. Abiogenesis hypotheses: the biochemical evolution hypothesis.

“Development of evolutionary doctrine” - Developed a taxonomy of living organisms. The basic logic of evolutionary teaching. As a result: Ascidia: adult organism and larva. Variability. Author of the first evolutionary concept. Story. Where do new forms of living systems come from? Evidence of evolution: Morphological (comparative anatomical). Evolution theory.

“The Evolution of Life” - Kant-Laplace Theory. What organisms are called prokaryotes? What event marked the beginning of biological evolution? Assignment: Using the text on page 77, answer the question. Theory of Academician A.I. Oparina. Anaerobic type of metabolism. Topic: The emergence and development of life on Earth. Compounds in the waters of the primary ocean.

“Biological evolution” - What is adaptation? What is biological progress? Who is more progressive, a person or a cockroach? What does progressive development mean? What is aromorphosis? Identification of the main aromorphoses of mammals. Idioadaptation. What is biological regression? Increases the intensity of life activity. General degeneration - evolutionary changes that lead to simplification of organization.

“Lamarck’s Theory” - He proposed dividing all museum objects into groups: minerals, plants, animals. Lamarck abandons his theological career and enlists in the army. Lamarck's book "Systematic biology of invertebrates". Lamarck was buried in a common grave. One of the bas-reliefs of the monument depicts Lamarck in old age, having lost his sight.

There are 11 presentations in total

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... And reason was revealed to crown the environment - Uninvited, vague; at first, barely breathing, the shell of balance swayed in the sea of thoughts, but it was the soul that taught the head to swim. ... Ross Wilbur Our contemporaries on Lamarck's views

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Today, when we hear the word “evolution,” the name Darwin comes to mind. In the mid-19th century, in his work On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), he explained how various forms of life were formed. But Darwin and his famous work should not obscure the eventful history of transformism - a history that began before him and has not ended to this day. This is evidenced by the “Historical Sketch” that precedes “The Origin of Species.” Immortal Charles Darwin

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In his work “Philosophy of Zoology” (1809), J. Lamarck gives an evolutionary justification for the “Ladder of Creatures”. In his opinion, evolution proceeds on the basis of the internal desire of organisms for progress (the principle of gradation). This “desire for progress” is not determined by external reasons; they only violate the correctness of the gradation. The provisions of the theory of Zh.B. Lamarck

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The provisions of the theory of Zh.B. Lamarck The second principle, put by J. Lamarck as the basis of his teaching, is the affirmation of the initial expediency of the reactions of any organism to changes in the external environment and the recognition of the possibility of direct adaptation.

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How did Lamarck imagine the emergence of signs? “Following a change in conditions, a change in habits immediately follows, and through exercise the corresponding organs change in the right direction” (First “Law”). These changes are inherited (Second “law”).

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How did Lamarck imagine the emergence of signs? This is how Lamarck explained the formation of horns in animals: “During attacks of rage in males, their internal feelings, thanks to their efforts, cause an intense influx of fluids to this part of the head and in some there is a release of horny substance, in others - bone substance, as a result of which the formation of hard growths."

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How did Lamarck imagine the emergence of signs? “In lower animals and in plants that do not have will (will is necessary for the development of habits), inherited expedient changes arise under the direct influence of environmental conditions.”

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Merits of Zh.B. Lamarck J.B. Lamarck was the first biologist who tried to create a harmonious and holistic theory of the evolution of the living world. Not appreciated by his contemporaries, half a century later his theory became the subject of heated debate, which has not ceased in our time.

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Who is he - Jean Baptiste Lamarck? Lamarck, whose full name is Jean-Baptiste-Pierre - Antoine de Monet Chevalier de Lamarck, was born on August 1, 1744 in Bazentin-les-Petites. His father bore the baronial title and was a lieutenant in the infantry. The future founder of the new evolutionary teaching became the eleventh child in the family. Lamarck's father wanted his son to become a priest, and so he was sent to a Jesuit school. In 1760, the father dies. Lamarck abandons his theological career and enlists in the army. Having retired from the army at the age of 25, he begins to study medicine and botany.

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Who is he - Jean Baptiste Lamarck? In the initial period of his scientific activity, Lamarck did not recognize evolution and believed in the constancy of species. The first time he expressed evolutionary thoughts was in 1800 in his lectures. Three years earlier he still believed in the constancy of species. According to Gillespie, these three years were a critical period in the final formation of Lamarck's views on biological evolution.

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Scientific work “French Flora” In 1778, Lamarck published a three-volume work “French Flora”. His work was a guide to plants growing in France. Thanks to this work, Lamarck was elected a member of the French Academy. He travels extensively throughout central Europe, collecting plant specimens and visiting botanical gardens. Works as chief curator of the Royal Herbarium.

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Museum of Natural History In 1789, Lamarck turned to the National Assembly with a request to help create a large national natural history museum. He proposed dividing all museum objects into groups: minerals, plants, animals. Each group is divided into classes, orders, families, genera. The museum was supposed to be a help for taxonomists and biologists. In 1793, the National Museum of Natural History was founded in France.

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Work “Hydrogeology” In the work “Hydrogeology” (1802), Lamarck presents the history of the Earth as a series of flooding of land by the ocean and its subsequent retreat. During flooding (according to Lamarck), organogenic sediments are deposited and continents grow. In this work, the scientist anticipated some methods of analyzing the earth's crust and expanded the time frame of geological history.

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Lamarck’s book “Systematic Biology of Invertebrates” In his work “Systematic Biology of Invertebrates,” Lamarck criticized C. Linnaeus’ system of classifications of invertebrate animals and proposed his own. The main criterion for classification was the homology of internal organs. The taxonomy of invertebrates proposed by Lamarck was the main one until the end of the 19th century.

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Lamarck's evolutionary ideas By the beginning of the 19th century, all the ideas in Lamarck's theory had already been put forward by someone. Lamarck tied them together and created a complete theory. These ideas were: variability of species under the influence of external conditions; changes in species under the influence of exercise and non-exercise of organs; the formation of species as a result of crossing two others; the existence of ancestral common forms for certain groups of species; the natural occurrence of organisms through spontaneous generation; the importance of the time factor in evolution; hierarchy and sequence of forms (“Ladder of Creatures”); general plan of the structure of different organisms; the existence of selection in nature.

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Lamarck's evolutionary ideas The basis of Lamarck's view was the position that matter and the laws of its development were created by the Creator. He analyzed the similarities and differences between living and nonliving matter. The most important of these differences, Lamarck believed, is the ability to respond to external stimuli. In his opinion, living matter is more complex than dead matter (“living nature restores order, while dead nature destroys this order”).

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“Ladder of Creatures” All organisms were divided by Lamarck into 14 classes and placed on the “Ladder of Creatures” in the following order: Step 1: classes - Ciliates and Polyps; Stage 2: Radiant and Worms; Stage 3: Insects and Arachnids; Stage 4: Crustaceans and Annelids; Stage 5: Barnacles and Molluscs; Stage 6: Fish, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. The Ladder of Creatures depicts the evolution of the animal kingdom. Lamarck believed that within one class changes occur under the influence of external conditions.

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The sequence of processes when changing forms According to Lamarck, the change in forms within one class consists of the following sequential processes: changes in environmental conditions; changes in the animal's needs; changing his actions; developing new habits; exercising the organs necessary to develop these habits; changes in organs under the influence of long-term exercise or non-exercise (Lamarck’s 1st law); consolidation of changes that have occurred in the body as a result of their transmission by inheritance (Lamarck’s 2nd law).

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The significance of Lamarck's views Lamarck made a significant contribution to the development of the theory of evolution. He created the first holistic theory, in which he combined many correct ideas put forward during 2 centuries before him. His theory was largely materialistic, that is, not based on ideas abstracted from reality. In Lamarck's theory, an equal sign exists between changes in the organism and its desire to adapt to the environment. Lamarck could not answer many questions from a materialistic position, but his theory became an important milestone in the development of ideas about evolution. The last years of his life In 1909, on the centenary of the publication of the Philosophy of Zoology, a monument to Lamarck was inaugurated in Paris. One of the bas-reliefs of the monument depicts Lamarck in old age, having lost his sight. He sits in a chair, and his daughter, standing next to him, says to him: “Posterity will admire you, father, they will avenge you.”

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Grateful Memory of Descendants The daughter’s words, captured on the monument, turned out to be prophetic: posterity really appreciated Lamarck’s works and recognized him as a great scientist. This happened after Darwin’s remarkable essay “The Origin of Species...” appeared in 1859. Darwin confirmed the correctness of the evolutionary theory, proved it with many facts and made us remember his forgotten predecessor. Jean Lamarck's contribution to botany, zoology and invertebrate paleontology, zoopsychology, historical geology and the study of the biosphere, and to the development and improvement of biological terminology is generally recognized.

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Presentation on the topic: Jean Baptiste Lamarck

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The Immortal Charles Darwin Today, when we hear the word “evolution,” the name Darwin comes to mind. In the mid-19th century, in his work On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), he explained how various forms of life were formed. But Darwin and his famous work should not obscure the eventful history of transformism - a history that began before him and has not ended to this day. This is evidenced by the “Historical Sketch” that precedes “The Origin of Species.”

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J.B. Lamarck is the predecessor of Charles Darwin. Among the predecessors of Charles Darwin is the French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Lamarck was one of the first to suggest that animal species change over time. In his work “Philosophy of Zoology” (1809), the scientist gave his rationale for how the currently known organisms developed from very simple forms. At that time, it was believed that serious science should only describe and classify species and not engage in such “amateurish” speculation.

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The provisions of the theory of Zh.B. Lamarck In his work “Philosophy of Zoology” (1809), J. Lamarck gives an evolutionary justification for the “Ladder of Creatures”. In his opinion, evolution proceeds on the basis of the internal desire of organisms for progress (the principle of gradation). This “desire for progress” is not determined by external reasons; they only violate the correctness of the gradation.

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The last years of his life By 1820 Lamarck was completely blind. He dictated his works to his daughters. Lived in poverty. Died on December 18, 1829. Lamarck's life was not happy. In recent years, he experienced great financial difficulties, so that after his death, his daughter could not even pay for a place in the cemetery. Lamarck was buried in a common grave. At present, the place where the ashes of one of the greatest scientists of France rests is unknown.

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The last years of his life In 1909, on the centenary of the publication of the Philosophy of Zoology, a monument to Lamarck was inaugurated in Paris. One of the bas-reliefs of the monument depicts Lamarck in old age, having lost his sight. He sits in a chair, and his daughter, standing next to him, says to him: “Posterity will admire you, father, they will avenge you.”

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Immortal Charles Darwin
Today, when we hear the word “evolution,” we think
Darwin's name comes. In the middle of the 19th century
in his work “On the Origin of Species by
natural selection" (1859) he
explained how various
life forms. But Darwin and his famous
labor should not overshadow the rich
events in the history of transformism -
a story that began before him and not
ended to this day. About it
“Historical Sketch” testifies,
prelude to the Origin of Species.

J.B. Lamarck is the predecessor of Charles Darwin
Among Charles Darwin's predecessors
French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck.
Lamarck was one of the first to suggest that species
animals change over time. IN
work “Philosophy of Zoology” (1809) scientist
gave his rationale for how the now known
organisms have evolved from very simple forms. IN
at that time it was believed that serious science should
only describe and classify species and not
engage in such “amateurish”
speculating.

The provisions of the theory of Zh.B. Lamarck
In the work “Philosophy of Zoology” (1809)
J. Lamarck gives an evolutionary
rationale for the Ladder of Creatures. By
in his opinion, evolution proceeds on the basis
the internal desire of organisms to
progress (graduation principle). This
"desire for progress" is not
determined by external reasons, they
only violate the correctness of the gradation.

The provisions of the theory of Zh.B. Lamarck
The second principle laid down by J.
Lamarck as the basis of his teaching,
consists in affirming the original
the appropriateness of reactions of any
organism to changes in the external environment
and recognition of the possibility of direct
devices.

signs?
“Following a change in conditions, immediately
changes in habits and
through exercise
relevant bodies change in
in the right direction" (First "law").
These changes are transmitted via
inheritance (Second “law”).

How Lamarck imagined the emergence
signs?
This is how Lamarck explained education
horns in animals: “During attacks
the rage of males is their inner feelings
thanks to efforts causes
intense influx of fluids to this
parts of the head and discharge occurs
some - horny, others - bone
substances, resulting in these
hard growths form in places.”

How Lamarck imagined the emergence
signs?
"In lower animals and in plants, in
which there is no will (will is necessary for
habit formation), inherited
expedient changes arise
under direct influence
environmental conditions."

Merits of Zh.B. Lamarck
J.B. Lamarck was the first biologist to
tried to create a slim and holistic
theory of evolution of the living world.
Not appreciated by contemporaries, half a century later
his theory became the subject of heated debate,
which have not stopped in our time.

Lamarck, whose full name is Jean - Baptiste Pierre - Antoine de Monet Chevalier de Lamarck,
born 1 August 1744 in Bazentin-le
- Petit. His father bore the baronial title and was
lieutenant of infantry troops. Future
founder of the new evolutionary doctrine
became the eleventh child in the family.
Lamarck's father wanted his son to become
priest, and so he was sent to
Jesuit school. In 1760, the father dies.
Lamarck abandons his theological career and
enlists in the army. Resigning at age
25 years old from the army, he begins to study
medicine and botany.

Who is he - Jean Baptiste Lamarck?
In the initial period of its scientific
Lamarck did not recognize the activities
evolution and believed in the constancy of species.
The first time he expressed evolutionary
thoughts in 1800 in his lectures. For three years
Previously, he still believed in the constancy of species.
According to Gillespie, these three years were
critical period in the final
formation of Lamarck's views on
biological evolution.

Scientific work “French flora”
In 1778 Lamarck published a three-volume work
"French flora". His work represented
guide to plants growing in
France. Thanks to this work, Lamarck was
elected member of the French Academy.
He travels a lot around central Europe,
collecting plant samples and visiting
botanical gardens. Works as chief
curator of the Royal Herbarium.

Natural History Museum
In 1789 Lamarck turned to
National Assembly asking for help
creation of a large national
Naturally - a historical museum.
He proposed dividing all museum objects into
groups: minerals, plants, animals.
Each group - into classes, orders,
families, genera. The museum was supposed to be
a help for taxonomists and biologists.
Founded in France in 1793
National Museum of Natural History.

Work "Hydrogeology"
In his work “Hydrogeology” (1802) Lamarck
presents the history of the Earth as a series
flooding of land by the ocean and
his subsequent retreats. During
flooding (according to Lamarck) occurs
deposition of organic sediments and growth
continents. In this work, the scientist
anticipated some methods of analysis
earth's crust and expanded temporary
framework of geological history.

Lamarck's book "Systematic Biology"
invertebrates"
In the work “Systematic Biology
invertebrates" Lamarck subjected
criticism of the classification system
invertebrate animals C. Linnaeus and
offered his own. Main
made the classification criterion
homology of internal organs.
Taxonomy of invertebrates,
proposed by Lamarck was
main until the end of the 19th century.

Lamarck's evolutionary ideas
By the beginning of the 19th century, all the ideas in Lamarck's theory had already been put forward by someone. Lamarck tied them together and created a complete theory.
These ideas were:
variability of species under the influence of external conditions;
changes in species under the influence of exercise and non-exercise
organs;
the formation of species as a result of crossing two others;
the existence of ancestral general forms for certain
species groups;
the natural occurrence of organisms through spontaneous generation;
the importance of the time factor in evolution;
hierarchy and sequence of forms (“Ladder of Creatures”);
general plan of the structure of different organisms;
the existence of selection in nature.

Lamarck's evolutionary ideas
The basis of Lamarck's view was
the position that matter and its laws
developments created by the Creator. He
analyzed the similarities and differences
between living and nonliving matter.
The most important of these differences, I considered
Lamarck is the ability to react
to external stimuli. In his opinion,
living matter is more complex than
dead (“wildlife restores order,
while dead nature is order
this one destroys").

"Staircase of Creatures"
All organisms were divided by Lamarck into
14 classes and located on the "Staircase"
creatures" in the following order:
Stage 1: classes - Ciliates and Polyps;
Stage 2: Radiant and Worms;
Stage 3: Insects and Arachnids;
Stage 4: Crustaceans and Annelids;
Stage 5: Barnacles and Molluscs;
Stage 6: Fish, Reptiles, Birds and
Mammals.
"Creature Ladder" depicts evolution
animal world.
Lamarck believed that within one
class changes occur under the influence
external conditions.

Sequence of processes when changing
forms
According to Lamarck, the change in forms in
within one class consists of the following
sequential processes:
changes in environmental conditions;
changes in the animal's needs;
changing his actions;
developing new habits;
exercise the organs necessary for
developing these habits;
changes in organs under the influence of long-term
exercise or not exercise (1st law
Lamarck);
consolidation of the changes that have occurred in
body as a result of their transmission through
inheritance (Lamarck's 2nd law).

last years of life
By 1820 Lamarck was completely blind. His works
dictated to his daughters. Lived in poverty.
Died on December 18, 1829. Life
Lamarck was not happy. In recent
years he experienced great material
difficulties, so after his death his daughter did not
I was even able to pay for a place in the cemetery.
Lamarck was buried in a common grave. IN
It is currently unknown where
the ashes of one of the greatest scientists rest
France.

last years of life
In 1909, on the centenary of the release of
the light of "Philosophy of Zoology" was in Paris
The monument to Lamarck was inaugurated. On
one of the bas-reliefs of the monument depicts
Lamarck in old age, having lost his sight. He
sits in a chair, and his daughter, standing next to him, says
to him: “Posterity will admire you,
father, it will avenge you.”

Prezentacii.com
Grateful memory of descendants
The words of the daughter, captured on the monument, turned out to be
prophetic: posterity really appreciated the work
Lamarck and recognized him as a great scientist. This
happened after it appeared in 1859
Darwin's wonderful essay "The Origin of
species..." Darwin confirmed the correctness
evolutionary theory, proved it on many facts and
made me remember my forgotten predecessor.
Jean Lamarck's contribution to botany is generally recognized,
zoology and paleontology of invertebrates,
zoopsychology, historical geology and the doctrine of
biosphere, in the development and improvement
biological terminology.

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Lesson type. A lesson in learning new material.

Form of organization of the educational process. Lesson-lecture.

Target. To reveal the question of the essence of the views of one of Charles Darwin’s predecessors. Prepare high school students to study Darwin's theory of evolution.

Tasks.

Educational. Expand the question about the views of Zh.B. Lamarck on the development of nature. Pay special attention to the evolutionary ideas of one of Charles Darwin’s predecessors, emphasizing the role of Lamarck’s theory in the formation of the evolutionary views of subsequent generations.
Developmental. Continue developing the ability to highlight the main points, make short notes and conclusions.
Educational. Continue to develop in schoolchildren a belief in the knowability of the world based on knowledge about the development of nature.

Plan for learning new material.

J.B. Lamarck is Darwin's predecessor.
Provisions of Lamarck's theory.
Merits of Lamarck.
The meaning of Lamarck's views.
Grateful memory of descendants.

During the classes

Updating knowledge.

What is evolution?
With the names of which scientists do you associate the solution to the question of the development of nature?
What do you know about J.B. Lamarck?

Learning new material.

When we hear the word “evolution,” the name Darwin comes to mind. In the mid-19th century, in his work On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, he explained how various forms of life were formed. But Darwin and his famous work should not obscure the eventful history of the development of nature.

Among Charles Darwin's predecessors is the French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Lamarck was one of the first to suggest that animal species change over time. In his work “Philosophy of Zoology,” the scientist gave his rationale for how the currently known organisms developed from very simple forms. In his opinion, evolution proceeds on the basis of the internal desire of organisms for progress (the principle of gradation). The second principle, laid down by J. Lamarck as the basis of his teaching, is the affirmation of the initial expediency of the reactions of any organism to changes in the external environment and the recognition of the possibility of direct adaptation. “Following a change in conditions follows a change in habits, and through exercise the corresponding organs are changed in the right direction” (First “Law”). These changes are inherited (Second “law”). This is how Lamarck explained the formation of horns in animals: “During attacks of rage in males, their internal feelings, thanks to their efforts, cause an intense influx of fluids to this part of the head and in some there is a release of horny substance, in others - bone substance, as a result of which the formation of hard growths." “In lower animals and in plants that do not have will (will is necessary for the development of habits), inherited expedient changes arise under the direct influence of environmental conditions.”

J.B. Lamarck was the first biologist who tried to create a harmonious and holistic theory of the evolution of the living world. Not appreciated by his contemporaries, half a century later his theory became the subject of heated debate, which has not ceased in our time.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (full name Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck) was born on August 1, 1744 in France.

Lamarck was the eleventh child of an impoverished aristocratic family. His parents wanted to make him a priest and sent him to a Jesuit school, but after the death of his father, sixteen-year-old Lamarck left school and volunteered in the army in 1761. There he showed great courage and received the rank of officer. After the end of the war, Lamarck came to Paris; a neck injury forced him to leave military service. He began to study medicine. But he was more interested in natural sciences, especially botany. Receiving a small pension, he entered one of the banking houses to earn money.

Jean Lamarck received recognition thanks to his first printed work, “Flora of France,” published in 1778 with the support of Buffon. It was a practical plant identifier, simple and easy to use. In 1779, the king approved Lamarck as an adjunct botanist of the Academy of Sciences. In 1880-1881, Lamarck, as tutor to Buffon's son, traveled around Europe, studied botanical, paleontological and zoological collections, went down to the mines, and conducted field research.

At the same time, Lamarck, relying on the classification principles of the botanist B. Jussier, developed a natural system of plants, in which their hierarchy is determined by the degree of improvement of the flower and fruit. Using the idea of organ subordination, Lamarck proposed six stages of perfection (gradation) of plants: cryptogamous, monolobed, incomplete, asteraceous, single-petaled, multi-petaled. Since 1792, he has participated in the publication of the Journal of Natural History, in which he sets out the methods and principles of his system. In 1783, Lamarck began many years of work on compiling a botanical dictionary within the framework of the Methodological Encyclopedia. In total, he described 2000 plant genera. Then, for the same encyclopedia, Lamarck compiled “Illustrations of Plant Genera”.

Lamarck's other hobby was meteorology. He studied physics and chemistry. In 1789, Lamarck turned to the National Assembly with a request to help create a large national natural history museum. He proposed dividing all museum objects into groups: minerals, plants, animals. Each group is divided into classes, orders, families, genera. The museum was supposed to be a help for taxonomists and biologists. In 1793, when Lamarck was already approaching fifty, his scientific activity changed radically. The Royal Botanical Garden, where Lamarck worked, was converted into a Natural History Museum. There were no free departments of botany in the museum, and he was offered to study zoology. At this time, he still had extremely limited knowledge of lower animals and began to study them with great energy.

In 1794, J. Lamarck divided the entire animal kingdom into two main groups: vertebrates and invertebrates. In 1801, his first extensive summary of invertebrates, “The System of Invertebrate Animals,” was published, and later a seven-volume work, “Natural History of Invertebrates,” containing a description of all genera known at that time. These major works and special works created Lamarck's authority among French zoologists and significantly advanced the study of such a vast and systematically complex group as invertebrates. Instead of Carl Linnaeus' two classes (insects and worms), Lamarck identified 14, including three main classes of worms, established the class of crustaceans, and classified sponges as animals. He arranged all classes of animals according to six levels of organization in order to “shade the gradation observed in the increasing complexity of animal organization” on the evolutionary ladder. All organisms were divided by Lamarck into 14 classes and placed on the “Ladder of Creatures” in the following order:

Stage 1. Classes Ciliates and Polyps.
Stage 2. Radiant and Worms.
Stage 3. Insects and Arachnids.
Stage 4. Crustaceans and Annelids.
Stage 5. Barnacles and Molluscs.
Stage 6. Fish, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals.

The taxonomy of invertebrates proposed by Lamarck was the main one until the end of the 19th century. Most of its features still exist today. Lamarck devoted his works to this topic: “The System of Invertebrate Animals”, “Natural History of Invertebrate Animals”.

At the end of the 18th century, science had already reached the stage when chemistry, physics, physiology, and botany had already reached such a development that they became accessible only to specialists. Lamarck writes a number of works devoted to the creation of a generalized view of physics, chemistry, biology, and geology.

In 1802, Lamarck published the book Hydrogeology, in which he analyzed the causes of changes in the Earth's surface. Lamarck assigned the main role in geological processes to the action of rains, rivers, ebbs and flows. It shows how the oceans move, the climate changes, and the topography transforms. Lamarck denied the role of catastrophes in the history of the Earth and argued that its surface changed gradually over millennia, under the influence of the current forces of nature.

J. Lamarck was the first to come to the idea of the biosphere as the surface shell of the Earth, the “region of life.” Considering the vital activity of organisms in which the fluids of magnetism and electricity act most strongly as a geological factor in the history of the Earth, he pointed out their importance in the creation of all substances on the surface of the planet. In 1800. Lamarck emphasized in his lectures that living bodies contain all the complex inorganic substances found in nature, and that in places not inhabited by organisms, minerals are very homogeneous. In “Hydrogeology,” Lamarck considered all the minerals of the earth’s crust as products of the vital activity of organisms.

Ten years later, Lamarck became as expert in the field of zoology as he was in botany. The greatest troubles during his life and great fame half a century after his death were brought to J. Lamarck by the concept of evolution, set out in the book “Philosophy of Zoology”. In this work, all the main problems of evolution were posed for the first time: the reality of species and the limits of their variability, the role of external and internal factors in the evolution, the direction of evolution, the reasons for the development of adaptations to environmental conditions in organisms. Lamarck gave real content to ideas about the hierarchy of organisms and their kinship.

Lamarck is sixty years old. He decided to write a book in which the laws of development of living nature would be explained. Lamarck intended to show how animals and plants appeared, how they changed and developed, and how they reached their present state. Speaking in the language of science, he wanted to show that animals and plants were not created as they are, but developed due to the natural laws of nature, that is, to show the evolution of the organic world. It was not an easy task.

By the beginning of the 19th century, all the ideas in Lamarck's theory had already been put forward by someone. Lamarck tied them together and created a complete theory. These ideas were:

variability of species under the influence of external conditions;
changes in species under the influence of exercise and non-exercise of organs;
the formation of species as a result of crossing two others;
the existence of ancestral common forms for certain groups of species;
the natural occurrence of organisms through spontaneous generation;
the importance of the time factor in evolution;
hierarchy and sequence of forms (“Ladder of Creatures”);
general plan of the structure of different organisms;
the existence of selection in nature.

The basis of Lamarck’s view was the position that matter and the laws of its development were created by the Creator. He analyzed the similarities and differences between living and nonliving matter. The most important of these differences, Lamarck believed, is the ability to respond to external stimuli. In his opinion, living matter is more complex than dead matter (“living nature restores order, while dead nature destroys this order”).

Only a few scientists before Lamarck made guesses about the variability of species, but only Lamarck, with his colossal store of knowledge, managed to solve this problem. Therefore, Lamarck is deservedly considered the creator of the first evolutionary theory, the predecessor of Darwin.

The essence of Jean Lamarck's theory is that animals and plants were not always the way we see them now. In times gone by they were structured differently and much simpler than they are now. Life on Earth arose naturally in the form of very simple organisms. Over time, they gradually changed and improved until they reached the modern, familiar state. Thus, all living beings descend from ancestors that are unlike them, more simply and primitively structured.

Why does the organic world, all animals and plants change? Lamarck gave an answer to this question. The development of plants and animals depends on two main reasons. The first reason, according to Lamarck, is that the entire organic world strives to continuously change and improve - this is its internal property, which Lamarck called the desire for progress. The second reason on which the evolution of the organic world depends is the impact on organisms of the conditions in which they live. This living environment is made up of the effects on animals and plants of food, light, heat, moisture, air, and soil. The environment is diverse and changeable, it affects organisms in different ways. The environment influences the organic world both directly and indirectly.

Lamarck believed that plants and the lowest animals change directly and directly under the influence of the environment, acquiring certain properties. For example, a plant grown in good soil takes on a completely different appearance than a plant of the same species grown in poor soil. A plant grown in the shade is not the same as a plant grown in the light. Animals change differently. Under the influence of environmental changes, they form new habits. And habit, due to constant exercise of various organs, develops these organs. For example, an animal that constantly lives in the forest and is forced to climb trees will develop grasping limbs, and an animal that is forced to constantly move long distances will develop strong legs with hooves. This will no longer be a direct, but an indirect influence of the environment - through habits. In addition, Lamarck believed that the characteristics that organisms acquire under the influence of the environment can be inherited. Thus, two reasons (on the one hand, the innate desire for improvement, on the other hand, the influence of the environment) create, according to the teachings of Lamarck, all the diversity of the organic world.

By 1820, Lamarck was completely blind. But he found the strength to dictate to his daughter his latest work, “An Analytical System of Positive Knowledge of Man,” in which he outlined his views on nature and man.

Died on December 18, 1829. In recent years, he experienced great financial difficulties, so that after his death, his daughter could not even pay for a place in the cemetery. Lamarck was buried in a common grave. At present, the place where the ashes of one of the greatest scientists of France rests is unknown.

In 1909, on the centenary of the publication of the Philosophy of Zoology, a monument to Lamarck was inaugurated in Paris. One of the bas-reliefs of the monument depicts Lamarck, who lost his sight. He sits in a chair, and his daughter, standing next to him, says to him: “Posterity will admire you, father, they will avenge you.” Cornelia's words, captured on the monument to Lamarck, turned out to be prophetic. Posterity appreciated Lamarck's works and recognized him as a great scientist. But this happened after Darwin’s remarkable essay “The Origin of Species” appeared in 1859. Darwin confirmed the correctness of the evolutionary theory, proved it with many facts and made us remember his forgotten predecessor.

Conclusions.

Lamarck was the first to raise the question of the causes of similarities and differences in animals and came to the idea of the historical development of the organic world.
In his work “Philosophy of Zoology” he provided evidence of the variability of species.
The development of plants and animals depends on two main reasons. The first reason, according to Lamarck, is that the entire organic world strives to continuously change and improve - this is its internal property, which Lamarck called the desire for progress. The second reason on which the evolution of the organic world depends is the effect on organisms of the conditions in which they live.
The environment is diverse and changeable, it affects organisms in different ways. The environment influences the organic world both directly and indirectly.
Animals change differently. Under the influence of environmental changes, they form new habits. And habit, due to constant exercise of various organs, develops these organs.
Lamarck believed that traits that organisms acquire under the influence of the environment can be inherited.

Homework. pp. 187-189 according to the textbook “Biology”, A.A. Kamensky et al. “Bustard”, 2006.

Literature

A. Markov. From Lamarck to Darwin...and back to Lamarck, M., Enlightenment. 2005
D. Semin. 100 great scientists. M. "Veche" 2000
Puzanov I. I. Jean Baptiste Lamarck, M., 1959
V. Lunkevich. From Heraclitus to Darwin. M. 1960