Image of volume on a plane. Linear perspective

What difference do you see
in the image?
Time of writing
Time of painting -
paintings - era
Renaissance
Middle Ages

In the era
Middle Ages
(5th-15th centuries)
view of the world is possible
name
vertical - from
earth to sky.

During the Renaissance (15th-16th centuries) vision
the world has changed. It can be called
horizontal – deep into space
Leonardo da Vinci "The Last Supper"

For centuries artists
developed image methods
the surrounding world on a plane,
which then turned into
rules. We are with one of them today and
Let's get acquainted.

Linear perspective

- is a system of image on a plane
depth of space.
This system includes methods
images that allow
create the illusion of space on
plane.

If you draw a landscape on the glass of a window,
which we see outside the window will turn out
perspective drawing, and glass in this
case will be the picture plane.

Dimensions, shape, clarity of outlines of objects
visually change depending on their
remoteness.
A. Gerasimov.
"Bolshak"

distance from our eye dimensions
objects appear smaller.
At

horizontal lines,
For example,
railway rails, wires, markings
lanes on highways receding, as if converging
at one point on the visible horizon line.

But the vertical lines of pillars, houses, trees remain vertical, although with distance from us they also decrease.

The horizon line is clearly visible when standing
in the open space and look into the distance,
where the sky meets the earth or water.

When climbing a mountain, the horizon line rises and the visible space increases

If you sit on the ground, then the horizon line
will descend and visibility will decrease.

Line
the horizon is always
is on the level
eye of the beholder.

Three main horizon levels
Point of view below level
horizon.
Items are above the line
horizon, so they can be seen from below.
Viewpoint at horizon level.
Items are on the line
horizon.
A higher level point of view
horizon.
Items are below the line
horizon, so they can be seen
above.

Key takeaways from the lesson
The horizon is a distant line, on
in which the sky seems to meet the earth.
A vanishing point is a section of the horizon at
where the railroad tracks
disappear from sight.
The horizon is located at the height of your
eye, regardless of what
distance from the ground you are.

Slide 1

Basic principles of the theory of linear perspective Completed by: Zamorina Marina 303 gr. Supervisor: Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor S.I. Gudilina Everything that is purple - hyperlinks

Slide 2

Perspective Objects in the reality around us are located in space, that is, some of them are located closer to us, others are further away. If, for example, you look at electric masts or telegraph poles moving away from the observer, you can see how they seem to decrease in height, although in reality they are the same size. larger picture

Slide 3

Slide 4

The apparent decrease in the size of objects located at different distances from the viewer can also be seen in the example of houses located along the street. Thus, the further away objects are from the viewer, the smaller they appear. If you look at the same object from different places or change its position in relation to the viewer, then each time it will be visually perceived differently. Examples: Circle Book

Slide 5

Circle BACK When the position of the circle changes in relation to the observer, you can see how its outlines change. In one case, the circle can be seen in the form of a regular circle (if it is located frontally), in another case - in the form of an ellipse, in the third - in the form of a straight line. It depends on what position the circle occupies in relation to the level of vision (horizon line) and to the plane of the picture. CONCLUSION

Slide 6

Book BACK The change in the outline of an object depending on its position in relation to the person drawing can be traced on the book. The book can be positioned in relation to the viewer so that in one case we will see two, and in another case, three of its planes. CONCLUSION

Slide 7

CONCLUSION REVERSE Based on this example, we can draw the following conclusion - the appearance of an object changes depending on its location relative to the observer.

Slide 8

Linear perspective The development of the theory of linear perspective as a method of depicting spatial forms on a plane was carried out by such prominent artists of the Renaissance as Pietro della Francesca, Paolo Uccello, Leon Battista Alberti, Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Durer and many others. Engraving by Albrecht Durer

Slide 9

One of Durer's engravings gives an idea of ​​the principle of obtaining a perspective image, which forms the basis of the modern theory of linear perspective. Here we have the following basic elements: the object of the image, a single fixed point of view (the artist looks at the object with one eye through the pipe), a transparent plane located between the object and the eye of the observer on which the drawing is made. Show picture

Slide 10

Slide 11

The possibility of obtaining an image on a transparent plane of an object is explained by the laws of radiation, propagation and absorption of light. Reflected rays of light coming into the eye from an object, meeting a transparent plane on their way, leave traces on it in the form of many points. If we connect these imaginary points, then we will get the outline of a visible object on this plane. Its value will be less than the actual size of the observed object. View drawing

Slide 12

BACK Such images should be considered as a perspective image of objects obtained by the central projection method, since all projecting rays pass through one point - the optical center of the eye (pupil). The height of this point in practice is determined by a horizontal plane passing at the level of the drawer’s eyes, which is depicted as a horizontal straight line and is called the horizon line. And the rectangular projection of the point of view onto the plane is called the main or central point.

Slide 13

Observation of nature through a transparent plane formed the basis of the term Perspective. In the theory of perspective, the transparent vertical plane through which the artist observes objects is usually called the plane of the picture or painting. Observing objects through the transparent plane of the picture, we seem to see their image on it and can even get a real drawing if we trace the contours of the object visible through this plane, as already noted above. Moreover, this drawing will meet all the rules of linear perspective.

Slide 14

Perspective BACK (from the Latin Perspectus - seen through something, clearly seen) is one of the ways of depicting volumetric bodies on a plane or on some other surface in accordance with the apparent changes in their size, shape and clarity caused by their location in space and degree of distance from the observer.

Slide 15

Picture plane BACK This plane is, as it were, an intermediary between the drawer and the observed object, on the one hand, between nature and the plane of the sheet of paper on which the image is built, on the other.

Slide 16

In practice, things are completely different. They draw not on transparent planes, but on ordinary thick paper, and do not place a transparent plane in front of nature. A conversation about a transparent plane when drawing from life can be about the opportunity to see objects through it, taking into account the phenomena of perspective, or about an imaginary plane of a picture with a sheet of paper lying in front of the drawer as if seen on it. Questions Literature

Bulgarian secondary school No. 1

with in-depth study of individual subjects.

District Teachers Seminar

artistic and aesthetic cycle on the topic

Art lesson in 6th "A" class

on topic:

"Perspective"

Art teacher

IIqualification category

Bolgar 2009

Perspective.

Target: Teach how to convey space on the image plane.

Develop perspective drawing skills.

Cultivate interest and observation in the world around you.

Equipment and materials:

1.Paintings by artists,

2. Schemes for constructing perspective in a drawing (slides)

3.For students: album, pencil, eraser.

Lesson progress

Org. Moment.

Landscape (slide 1.)

Guys, tell me what is shown in this picture? (scenery)

What does the artist want to show in the landscape? (nature, space)

Yes. Today we understand that landscape is, first of all, an image of space. But the understanding of ways to depict space was different in different eras.

In the era of Ancient Egypt, images never created the illusion of breaking through the wall, but followed along its plane, arranged in rows, like lines of writing. The images seemed to move rhythmically, rhythmically repeating gestures. The image was transferred to the plane not in the form in which it appears to the eye, but in the form that most expresses its essence.

1.Wall painting. Ancient Egypt. (slide 2.)

The ancient Egyptians combined a top view, a front view, and a profile view in one image.

2.Garden and pond. Ancient Egypt. (slide 3.)

The art of the Middle Ages focused on the spiritual and emotional lives of people. The images carry a symbolic and narrative meaning.

3.The miracle of Archangel Michael about flora and laurel. Icon. Russia. 15th century (slide 4.)

The space of an icon has its own laws of construction. The icon seems to open towards the person standing in front of it. The lines in the icon, if they are continued, converge in front - on the praying person, as if they are closed by him.

During the Renaissance, interest in the study of the actually observed world and human personality prevailed in art. And then a “window” appeared through which the artist looked into the distance, and the concept was born - perspective, horizon line, vanishing point.

What is perspective?

Perspective is a means of displaying the depth of a drawing, conveying space on the image plane.

Example: imagine a railroad. Everyone knows that the rails lie parallel, which means that they do not intersect anywhere. (slide 5.)

But if we stand on the tracks and look into the distance, it will seem that as we move away from us, the rails converge closer, closer, until they finally merge into one point. (slide 6.)

The same thing can be seen if you go out onto a straight section of an ordinary road. Only here, instead of rails, the edges of the road will converge. The point where the rails or edges of the road meet is called "vanishing point". This point always lies on horizon lines.(slide 7.)

Word "horizon" everyone is familiar with it, of course. This word is used to describe the line separating the visible sky from the visible earth.

The horizon line can be high or low; it is a means of expression. To convey earthly distances, a high point of view is needed, and when the horizon line is located at the lower edge of the picture, we see the expanses of heaven. (slides 8-9.)

What happens to objects as they are removed? (slide 10.)

They shrink, change color...

Let's name the basic rules of linear and aerial perspective:

1. Straight, parallel lines in the figure converge at one point.

2. Objects moving into the distance decrease in size.

4. As objects move away, the color loses its saturation and contrast and becomes lighter.

5. The close-up is warm and contrasting, the middle is softer tones, the distant is light, generalized, everything merges into a common airy haze.

Practical work:

Today we will draw a street according to all the rules of perspective, but first we will build it on a board.

(students work at the board, building a street, discussing each step)

1. Place the sheet horizontally.

2. Draw the horizon line (high)

3. Draw a road with a vanishing point on the horizon line.

4. Houses, starting from the foreground.

5. We work with a simple pencil.

Lesson summary:

Analysis of works - I show the best ones to the whole class.

Working with paints in the next lesson.

Homework:

Observation of linear and aerial perspective.

Bring paints, a jar, brushes.

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Slide captions:

Vanishing Points Basics of Linear Perspective

Introduction. Frontal perspective. Angular perspective. Three-point perspective. Conclusion. Plan

In fine art, an object whose shape is based on a rectangular parallelepiped has 1, 2 or 3 vanishing points, depending on its location relative to the viewer's view and the plane of the picture

One (main) vanishing point is used in frontal perspective, when the planes forming the frame of the object are located either parallel to the plane of the catina, or perpendicular to it, that is, the object is located “directly” in relation to the view of the observer. Frontal perspective

In this situation, lines parallel to the picture plane remain parallel, and lines perpendicular to it converge at one point on the horizon line. This point is called the main vanishing point. Main vanishing point

P Frontal perspective of a cube

Frontal perspective of the room

Street perspective

The object's position relative to the horizon may vary.

Oblique (angular) perspective Angular perspective of an object occurs when the object is located on a horizontal plane, but rotated relative to the plane of the picture.

Oblique (angular) perspective In oblique perspective, only the vertical lines remain parallel, while the rest converge towards the horizon. The result is two bundles of lines converging at the corresponding two vanishing points.

Here, a different position of the object relative to the horizon line is also possible.

Vanishing points are located on the horizon line. The distance between them depends on the distance from the observer to the plane of the picture. The further away the observer is, the further away the vanishing points are.

The perception of objects depends on the distance between vanishing points

1. If you place distant vanishing points close enough to each other, you get the feeling that objects are threatening you - the impression is rather dramatic. 2. A more "normal" appearance is created if one of the vanishing points (or both) extends beyond the boundaries of the drawing. 3. The further the vanishing points move apart, the less visible distortion the viewer will see in the finished drawing. Explanation for the previous slide

Angular perspective of the interior

Street corner perspective

In real drawing, there are usually mixed options: some objects are located frontally, others at different angles

In such situations, various auxiliary vanishing points are used for a specific object

Three vanishing points This perspective is used when the object is not only at an angle to the observer, but also on an inclined surface relative to the direction of the observer's gaze (or the observer's gaze is at an angle to the surface of the earth).

Often a third vanishing point is needed to depict high-rise buildings from below or from a “bird’s eye view.”

This perspective is called three-point perspective. In English, when the third vanishing point is at the top, the term Worm's Eye perspective is used. Worm's Eye (literally) is the look of a worm. Compare: in Russian there is a term “frog perspective”, meaning an image with a very low horizon line, when objects “rise” above the observer.

In fine art, an object whose shape is based on a rectangular parallelepiped has 1, 2 or 3 vanishing points, depending on its location relative to the viewer's view and the plane of the picture. In frontal and angular perspective, the vanishing points lie on the horizon line; in three-point perspective, one of the points is at the top or bottom of the picture (usually outside it). When depicting various objects, mixed options are usually encountered: some objects are located frontally, others at different angles. In such situations, various auxiliary vanishing points are used for a specific object. Let's sum it up

Thank you for your attention!

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