National Assembly at Pericles. "Comparative Lives" of Plutarch

Handouts

To do this, remember:

-What were the children taught?

Draw a conclusion.

RIDDLES:

Among the dinner entertainments was a game of questions and answers. Here are some of these questions that I suggest you answer:

Athenian democracy under Pericles

Solon Pericles N.E

6th century BC V century BC

Athenian democracy

legislative

executive

judicial

ECCLESSION

(national assembly)

*citizens over 20 years old

+choice of strategist

+passing laws

+declaration of war

+affirmation of peace

+ disposal of the treasury

Tip 500

citizens aged 30 years

- selected by lot

Collegiums

10 magistrates

*elective

*reporting

*short-term (1 year)

*wages

443 BC - Pericles came to power - until 428 BC.

Pericles' reforms:

-paid government positions

- distribution of money and land to those in need

- extensive construction in Athens

- maritime union into a maritime power

Lesson “Athenian democracy under Pericles.” 5th grade

Tasks:

Educational:

- study the issue of expanding democracy under Pericles in the 5th century. BC;

-systematize knowledge about democracy in the Athenian polis.

Educational:

-develop students’ analytical and critical thinking through methods of working in the classroom.

-Educational:

-develop the skill of conflict-free behavior, the ability to listen and tactfully correct the mistakes of comrades.

Lesson progress:

I. Organizational moment

Hello, guys, we caught up and calmly sat down.

II.Checking homework:

1. Vadim Sokolov will prepare an answer according to plan today.

Compare education in a modern school and in Athens. What do you like and what don't? Why?

To do this, remember:

-At what age did education begin in the Athenian school and here?

-Why were only boys taught in Athens schools, but now everyone is taught?

-What were the children taught?

-Until what age were children educated?

-What do you like and what don’t about these learning systems?

Draw a conclusion.

2. While Vadim is preparing, we will conduct a historical dictation. Misha Zyryanov will work at the board, the rest will work in notebooks.

-Year of the Battle of Marathon.

-What was the Council of Nobility called in Athens?

-What word translates as “power of the people”?

-Who led the Greek army at the Battle of Salamis?

-What was the name of the old slave who accompanied the child to school?

(490 BC, Areopagus, democracy, Themistocles, educator)

-Let's listen to what Vadim has prepared.

3. Among the entertainments accepted at dinner was a game of questions and answers. Here are some of these questions that I suggest you answer:

*I am the black child of a sparkling father; a bird without wings, I rise to the clouds, as soon as I am born, I dissipate in the air. (Smoke)

*When you look, I also look at you, but I don’t see, because I don’t have eyes. (Mirror)

*Don't say anything and you will express my name, but if you call me by saying my name, lo and behold! You will express me. (Silence)

III Preparatory stage.

-Who laid the foundations of democracy in Athens? (Solon)

-Define the concept of “democracy”. (Democracy - democracy)

What changes did Solon carry out? (abolished debt slavery, all citizens of Athens took part in solving public affairs, citizens could attend court hearings)

IV. Studying a new topic.

Challenge phase

So, we remembered that Solon laid the foundations of democracy in Athens. Democracy is the “power of the demos.” During the wars with the Persians, the importance of the Athenian demos increased. The leader of the demos, Themistocles, in the fight against the Persians, relied on the Athenian poor, ordinary rowers and sailors. And the fleet, which took the poor, turned into a pillar of democracy. The highest flowering of Athenian democracy came under Pericles.

So let's try to find out: WHAT CHANGED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE STATE DURING THE RULE OF PERICLES?

A candidate of historical sciences will help me teach the lesson today.

Stage of comprehension and reflection

We listen carefully so that we can answer the questions.

Pay attention to the timeline:

Solon Pericles N.E

6th century BC V century BC

When and by whom were the foundations of democracy laid? Who can depict this time on a timeline? Yarik is on the board, the rest are in the notebook.

Under whom did democracy flourish? Julia, please show me on the tape. The rest are in the notebook. Well done.

Let's turn our attention to the table.

Athenian democracy

legislative

executive

judicial

ECCLESSION

(national assembly)

*citizens over 20 years old

Main slogan: “The Council and the people have decided”:

+choice of strategist

+passing laws

+declaration of war

+affirmation of peace

+ disposal of the treasury

Tip 500

citizens aged 30 years

- selected by lot

+setting the ecclesia's agenda

Collegiums

10 magistrates

*elective

*reporting

*short-term (1 year)

*wages

Every 5-6 years, any citizen was chosen by lot to become a judge.

-What are the three branches of government in any democratic state?

-What two bodies did the legislative branch in Athens consist of?

-Who could be part of the ecclesia?

-Who remembers what words each meeting began with?

To answer the question: what did the people's assembly in Athens do, you need to read paragraph 1.2 of paragraph 40. Hint in the table: let's work in pairs - insert the missing words, and then check - who managed to do it more accurately? We remember that discussions take place quietly in a whisper. You have 3 minutes to do this.

What did the citizens do at the meeting of the ecclesia? Angela? What happened to Nastya? Well done!. Let's listen to how the ekklessia worked, and also carefully about the second authority - the Council of 500.

-Who could become members of the Council? Pasha?

How did you choose? Yarik?

What did you do? Julia?

Well done, guys, we filled out everything that the legislative branch needs to do. Now let's listen to the features of the executive branch. There are only five of them. I listen, you can make notes in your notebook with a pencil as you go.

Who can name five features of the executive branch. Look at the table - there is a hint there - the beginning of the word.

Very good guys, let’s listen to the end and find out what was special about the judiciary.

What should we write on the tablet?

Fine.

We've worked hard - let's take a rest - PHYSICAL MINUTE

Returning to Athens

Under whom did democracy flourish in Athens? (under Pericles)

In what year did Pericles come to power? Find in the textbook - Kolya - How many times was he elected to the role of strategist? (15) Who can say until what year did Pericles reign? (428 BC)

Pericles was rich and noble, handsome, tall, widely educated and eloquent. People found that he looked like Zeus and called him the Olympian. Pericles defended the interests of the majority of Athens citizens.

He made government jobs paid, and therefore they became available to every poor person. He introduced the distribution of money to those in need on the days of theatrical performances. He spared no expense on extensive construction in Athens. It was under him that the Athenian Acropolis was rebuilt. It was the most magnificent building in the Greek world. The maritime alliance under Pericles became a maritime power.

Pericles' teachers were the wonderful scientists Anaxagoras, who studied natural phenomena and believed that the Sun and Moon were not gods, but huge hot stones. Sophocles, the creator of Antigone, the creator of statues Phidias, the father of history - Herodotus - these are the people with whom Pericles communicated and participated with them in scientific disputes.

But there were also enemies. They slandered him and his friends and accused him of crimes. Phidias, for example, was accused of concealing gold when creating a statue of Athena. To prove that he was right, Phidias removed the golden robe from the statue, it was weighed and they were convinced of the man’s honesty.

It was during the time of Pericles that Athens was the most powerful state in Hellas.

V. Consolidation of what has been learned

The first state we studied was Ancient Egypt. Compare governance in Athens and Ancient Egypt?

Let's conclude by writing a syncwine on the topic:

1.Athenian democracy

2.three adjectives

3. two verbs

4.proposal for Athenian democracy

5.noun synonym that will sum it up.

Yulia Angela Yarik Nastya Pasha (lesson grade)

VI. D/z No. 40 questions after the paragraph, c/c + colored pencils. Kolya and Vadim will come up at break for the topic of the message for the next lesson.

SUMMARY OF AN OPEN LESSON ON THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD IN 5TH GRADE

Lesson topic: « Athenian democracy under Pericles"

Filippenkova N.A

Simferopol, 2017

Methodological development

Lesson:"Athenian democracy under Pericles".

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

- introduce you to ancient democracy;

Show the positive and negative features of Athenian democracy, which was the world's first experience of a state based on democracy.

Educational:

Continue to develop the ability to use the text of a historical source when answering questions on the topic, the skill of reading a historical map.

To develop in students the ability to highlight the main thing, compare, analyze, and draw conclusions;

Continue developing self-esteem and communication skills.

Educational:

Continue to instill a sense of citizenship, patriotism, justice, and the desire to take care of people.

Formation of UUD

Cognitive: master ideas about Athenian democracy; use sign-symbolic means, search and highlight the necessary information in the text of the document, master the skill of semantic perception of cognitive text; establish cause-and-effect relationships; carry out analysis, build a logical chain of reasoning.

Regulatory: plan your actions in accordance with the task and the conditions for its implementation, evaluate the result of the work.

Communicative: collaborate with other students and build productive interaction, the ability to express one’s thoughts, the ability to listen and hear.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Methodological support: textbook “History of the Ancient World” by A. A. Vigasin, G.I. Godera, I.S. Sventsichkoy, M.: Education, 2015.

Equipment: presentation, computer, handouts (documents, worksheet)

Methods used: verbal (explanation, conversation), visual and illustrative, practical (working with a map, working with a historical document), deductive.

Forms and methods of diagnosing subject, meta-subject results:

1. Monitoring work in pairs.

2. Assessing the personal, meta-subject and subject results of students by filling out the “Lesson Results Table”.

3. Monitoring the development of communication skills.

4. Worksheet (assessing the correctness of answers).

Progress lesson

Organizational moment

Hello dear guys. The most amazing phenomenon in the world is human kindness. Give each other smiles. Share your good mood with each other. Thank you!

2.Updating students' basic knowledge

Today we will continue our journey through Ancient Greece. And what does a traveler need first of all? Of course the map. Let's turn to her.

On which peninsula did the Hellenes live? (Balkan)

What seas is the Balkan Peninsula washed by? (Aegean and Ionian)

Which area is highlighted on the map? (Attica)

Which of the most beautiful cities is in Attica? (Athens)

Well done! What city will we talk about today? That's right - this is Athens.

3. Determining the topic and objectives of the lesson

The Athenians believed that a citizen who did not participate in public life was useless to the state. They were proud that, being common people, they took part in government.

Guys, what did the Athenians call this form of government in their polis? (democracy)

- Who owns the following words:

“The long-suffering mother earth is black,

From which I threw down the pillory,

A slave before, but now free"

Remember Solon's contribution to the history of the Draenei of Greece.

Prove that thanks to the laws of Solon, democracy began to be established in Athens.

You will find out who will be the person who will continue the work of Solon if you solve the crossword puzzle correctly.

		P	AND		R		E		Y
	D	E		M		ABOUT		WITH
F	E	R		M		ABOUT		P	AND	L	Y
	D	AND		WITH		TO
	A	TO		R		ABOUT		P	ABOUT	L	b
A	T	L		E		T

Right. Athenian democracy reached its greatest blossoming under the strategist Pericles.

So, we have determined that the topic of our lesson is: “Athenian democracy under Pericles”

Write down the topic of the lesson in your notebook.

Guys, what do you think we should find out today? What would you like to know for yourself? Why do you think this topic is important to us? Is this topic relevant today?

Students give answers to the questions asked.

(can use a template)

Today in class we will study...

This topic is relevant to us because...

At the end of the lesson I...

The significance of this topic is enormous; the idea of democracy arose in ancient times, passed through the centuries and became established in many countries of the world, including in our country. Therefore, by studying the Athenian democracy of the time of Pericles, you can learn important lessons for yourself as a citizen about selfless service to your Fatherland.

There were no kings in Athens; the state was ruled by the demos. In no other state of the Ancient World did so many people, ordinary workers, participate in government as in Athens.

"Collective Echo"

- Today it is very important that we establish feedback with you. Let's do this: I will clap, and you must repeat these claps synchronously. This is very important because we will thus highlight information that is important to us. Let's try it.

Well done! We have a sense of rhythm. Let's get to work.

Student assessment criteria

Today your grade will be the sum of 2 - this is the grade for completing the worksheet tasks and your self-esteem.

3.Perception and initial awareness of new material

What did the People's Assembly do?

Guys, before class I received an unusual letter. It is addressed to you. Read it.

“We invite everyone to the People’s Assembly.”

What inaccuracy did you notice in the invitation? (Women, immigrants, slaves did not go to the People's Assembly).

What did the women do? Was it fair?

Right. The supreme body was the People's Assembly, in which all Athenian citizens over 20 years of age participated.

Guys, who was considered a full citizen? (whose father and mother were Athenians).

Working with textbook text

The teacher suggests turning to paragraph 1 of paragraph 40

How do we conduct referendums and elections? (putting the sheets into the trash bin).

Drawing up an “Associative Scheme”

Another important body was the “Council of Five Hundred,” which preliminarily considered cases submitted for discussion to the People's Assembly. Of particular importance, and Athens, was the jury, elected by lot.

Watching a video fragment

Here is a diagram, however, when compiling it, the program deleted the contents of several cells. Your task is to restore the content of this diagram using this video fragment. The cells must indicate the functions that these controls performed. (Appendix 1)

Public service was paid for from the treasury.

In the middle of the 5th century BC. Athens became the richest state in Greece. The time of prosperity and power of Athens is called the Golden Age (479-431). One of the most prominent statesmen of Athens of this era was Pericles. The people completely entrusted him with the management of the state. For 15 years (443-429), Pericles was annually elected general. What attracted people to Pericles?

Working with a document

Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman- world-famous scientist, philologist and cultural specialist. He said something like this: « The historian is doomed to deal with texts.” Guess what we will do now? Let's work correctly with the historical source.

The teacher offers to get acquainted with an excerpt from the historical source “Comparative Lives” of Plutarch and characterize the personality of Pericles.

-What kind of person was Pericles?

Using clapping, we draw attention to the significance of the answers.

Summing up

So, despite his noble origin, Pericles expressed the interests of the demos. He believed that the poor should have the same rights as rich citizens. In the interests of Athenian democracy, Pericles carried out reforms.

Working with Crossenses (Appendix 2.3)

The guys were offered 3 crossence options. By leaving an associative chain, the children will find out what reforms were carried out by Pericles.

- Nine images are arranged in such a way that each picture has a connection with the previous and subsequent ones, and the central one unites several in meaning at once. Your job is to explain crossense through the relationship of images.

-Now you can answer the question what reforms were carried out by Pericles.

Writing in a notebook.

Payments were introduced to officials

Physical education minute

Guys, we did a great job with you. Now let's take a short break. Each of us knows that we need to spend our free time usefully. What do you think is more beneficial: active or passive rest? Well, of course, you are right, active. (Performing a set of exercises)

4. Pericles, his friends and enemies

Fate itself predicted that Pericles would become, following the example of his father, a politician. But for a long time he avoided it in every possible way. Why? What fears haunted Pericles?

Brainstorm

Guys, remember what was the first book from the additional literature of the course that you read?

(D Ervilly E. “The Adventure of a Prehistoric Boy”)

What punishment did the main character of the book suffer? (expulsion from the tribe)

How are these two facts related? What could Pericles be afraid of?

Fear of expulsion that appeared in childhood. Pericles more than once witnessed how an unwanted member of the Athenian community was expelled from the polis for 10 years. The procedure was grim. On the appointed day, each citizen in the assembly wrote on the shard he brought with him the name of the person whom, in his opinion, should be expelled; then he entered a special enclosed space and placed the shard, holding it with the face down. Then a count was made, first of the total number of shards; if there were less than six thousand, the vote was considered invalid. Otherwise, they were sorted out according to name, and the one against whom the largest number of votes were cast had to go into exile within ten days (10 days were given to settle personal affairs). His father and uncle were subjected to this procedure. This left a deep imprint on the soul of little Pericles.

Work in pairs

Shard of Ostracism

What was the name of the procedure for removing a citizen from the policy? You will know if you decipher the word correctly. Before you is a set of numbers, each number corresponds to the serial number of a letter of the alphabet. By replacing numbers with letters, you get the term.

16, 19, 20, 18, 1 ,12, 10, 9, 14

O S T R A K I Z M

Writing in a notebook

Ostracism – it is the expulsion of a citizen from the city.

Using claps, we draw attention to the importance of the conclusion.

Pericles did not want ordinary citizens to turn into beggars living at the expense of the state. Therefore, at his suggestion, temples, public buildings, and fortifications were built in the city. Athens has become the most beautiful city in Greece. Construction provided jobs to many citizens. People of various professions were employed at construction sites: from loaders and donkey drivers to skilled sculptors and architects. The Athenians mastered new types of craft. Gradually, many of them became good specialists.

What objects were built under Pericles?

Working with the map

Look at the picture and write the names.

Summing up.

During Pericles, active construction work was carried out in Athens. The construction of the Parthenon was completed, construction of the Erechtheion temple began, the Propylaea was built, statues of the goddess Athena were created, and large construction continued in the Athenian port of Piraeus.

- Guys, remember who these words belong to?

“In great matters it is difficult to please everyone at once” (Solon)

Pericles, like Salon, had not only supporters, but also opponents. They slandered him and his friends, accusing them of crimes. In 429 BC. n. e. Pericles fell ill with the plague. When he was dying, friends, sitting at his bedside, recalled what a wonderful statesman he was.

Summing up

During the time of Pericles, Athens was the most powerful state of Hellas, its cultural center.

6. Primary consolidation of the studied material

Solving cognitive problems

In Athens, a father is going to the Meeting, his 18-year-old son wants to go with him and also take part. However, his father tells him that this is impossible. Why?

The Athenians consider Cleitus dangerous to democracy. How could this end for him?

7. Summing up

What changed in the government of Athens under Pericles?

For the first time in history, payment for the performance of elected positions was introduced.

Were the Athenians right to choose Pericles as chief strategist?

The Athenians were right, because... both poor and rich citizens were given the opportunity to participate in government.

Do you think the decline or rise of democracy occurred during the reign of Pericles? Can we consider Athenian democracy exemplary?

Suggested answer

1.Only citizens were present at the meeting, and they were a minority.

2. Women did not participate in the government of Athens.

3. Laws protected only citizens.

Students complete the worksheet

Athenian democracy at Pericles

Game "Tic Tac Toe". "0" - yes; "X" - no

1. Is it true that in Athens in the 5th century BC. Is any citizen - rich or poor, noble or ignorant - capable of participating in government? (Yes)

2. Is it true that power in Athens belonged to the demos, which is why the Greeks called government in their country “democracy”? (Yes)

3. Is it true that all residents of Athens, starting from the age of 20, participated in the People's Assembly? (No)

4. Is it true that the People’s Assembly elected the first strategist by secret ballot: by giving white or black stones? (No)

5. Is it true that a speaker is a person who can speak concisely and give accurate and to-the-point answers? (No)

6. Is it true that for the first time in history, under Pericles, payment for the performance of elective positions was introduced? (Yes)

7. Is it true that on all Athenian statues and buildings Pericles had the inscription “Erected by Pericles with his own money”? (No)

8. Is it true that the policy pursued by Pericles met the interests of the majority of Athenian citizens, i.e. demos? (Yes)

9. Is it true that at the time of Pericles, Athens was the most powerful state of Hellas, its cultural center? (Yes)

Run the test.

1. Pericles began to rule Athens in: 1) 420 BC. n. e 2) 443 BC. n. e 3) 476 BC. n. uh

4. Pericles primarily thought about: 1) defeating the Persians 2) the power of Athens 3) creating a powerful army.

8.Reflection:

Lesson summary table

The guys fill out the table using symbols:

“+” - yes or this is already known

“-” - no or I don’t understand everything yet

"?" - find out more

In a personal direction
Did you like the lesson?



In the meta-subject direction


In the subject direction

If there is reserve time

The teacher offers 4 statements. Students get acquainted with them, choose for themselves the one that reflects their activities in the lesson, then justify their choice.

“Knowledge begins with wonder” Aristotle

“Tell me I will forget, help me I will remember, involve me I will learn” Confucius

“How nice it is to know that you have learned something” Moliere

“I know that I know nothing” Socrates

answer questions orally (p. 195).

10. Evaluating students’ activities during the lesson.

Grading.

Literature used:

1. Textbook “History of the Ancient World” by A. A. Vigasin, G.I. Godera, I.S. Sventsichkoy, M.: Education, 2015.

2. Sorokina E.N. Lesson studies on general history. History of the Ancient World. 5th grade.- M.: VAKO, 2015.-P.244

3. Sadkina V.I. 101 pedagogical ideas: how to create a lesson. - Rostov-on-Don; Phoenix - 2014.-P.14,15,27,47

APPENDIX 1, 2, 3

Worksheet

Do the crossword puzzle.

1.The main port of the Athenian state.

2. A Greek word translated meaning “people.”

3. The passage between the mountains and the sea, where three hundred Spartans accomplished the feat.

4. A bronze or stone object intended for throwing in competitions.

5.Upper part of the Greek city.

6. Participant in competitions in running, fist fighting, etc.

Work with the text.

"Comparative Lives" of Plutarch

“In the city he was seen walking along only one road - to the square and to the Council. He refused invitations to dinners and all such friendly, short relationships, so that during his long political activity he did not go to any of his friends for dinner. Pericles behaved the same way towards the people: in order not to satiate them with his constant presence, he appeared among the people only from time to time, did not speak on every matter and did not always speak in the People's Assembly, and did everything else through his friends and those sent by him other speakers.

Pericles tuned his speech, like a musical instrument, to the tone of this way of life and high way of thinking. Thanks to this, he far surpassed all speakers. For this reason, they say, he was given his famous nickname. However, some think that he was nicknamed “Olympian” for the buildings with which he decorated the city, others - that for his successes in government activities and in commanding the army; and it is not incredible that the combination of many qualities inherent in him contributed to his fame. However, from the comedies of that time, the authors of which often remember his name both seriously and with laughter, it is clear that this nickname was given to him mainly for his gift of speech: as they say, he thundered and threw lightning when he spoke to the people, and carried a terrible feather on his tongue. Pericles himself was careful in his speeches and, going to the oratorical platform, prayed to the gods that not a single word would escape him against his will that was not suitable for the given matter. Pericles did not leave any written works, except for popular decrees; Very few of his remarkable expressions have survived.”

-What type of source did you work with?

-What kind of person was Pericles?

- What character traits allowed him to rule Athens for 15 years?

-Why was Pericles nicknamed “Olympian”?

Fill in the blanks in the diagram.

Look at the picture and write the names of the objects.

1- 2 - 3- 4-

Game "Tic Tac Toe" "0" - yes; "X" - no

1. Is it true that in Athens in the 5th century BC. Is any citizen - rich or poor, noble or ignorant - capable of participating in government?

2. Is it true that power in Athens belonged to the demos, which is why the Greeks called government in their country “democracy”?

3. Is it true that all residents of Athens, starting from the age of 20, participated in the People's Assembly?

4. Is it true that the People’s Assembly elected the first strategist by secret ballot: by giving white or black stones?

5. Is it true that a speaker is a person who can speak concisely and give accurate and to-the-point answers?

6. Is it true that for the first time in history, under Pericles, payment for the performance of elective positions was introduced?

7. Is it true that on all Athenian statues and buildings Pericles had the inscription “Erected by Pericles with his own money”?

8. Is it true that the policy pursued by Pericles met the interests of the majority of Athenian citizens, i.e. demos?

9. Is it true that at the time of Pericles, Athens was the most powerful state of Hellas, its cultural center?

Run the test.

1. Pericles began to rule Athens in: 1) 420 BC. n. e 2) 443 BC. n. e 3) 476 BC. n. e.

2. Pericles held the highest position of strategist: 1) 5 years 2) 10 years 3) 15 years

3. Pericles came from a family: 1) an aristocrat 2) a merchant 3) an artisan

4. Pericles primarily thought about: 1) defeating the Persians 2) the power of Athens 3) creating a powerful army.

5. At the suggestion of Pericles in Athens: 1) paid for public service 2) built water pipelines 3) educated women in school

Test score…………

Your assessment of the work in the lesson………...

Final grade____________________

Lesson summary table

Fill in the table using the legend.

“+” - yes or this is already known

“-” - no or I still don’t understand everything

« ☺" - this is interesting and unexpected

"? » - find out more.

In a personal direction
Did you like the lesson?
Did you enjoy working in pairs?
Did you manage to resolve the problematic issue of the lesson?
Did we manage to highlight relevant and useful information for you?
In the meta-subject direction
Did you like the method of defining a new term?
Did working with crossens help you in determining Pericles' reforms?
In the subject direction
Do you know everything about the activities of Pericles and the development of democracy in Greece?
Do you understand what the main functions of the People's Assembly, the Council of Five Hundred were?

The heyday of Athens begins. At this time they were led by Pericles. In 443 BC. e. The Athenians elected him for the first time to the highest position in their polis. He was then re-elected 15 more times.

Historians say that Pericles was an outstanding statesman and patriot. He was famous as a wonderful speaker. Eloquence (the ability to speak correctly and convincingly) was a very important quality for a politician. After all, back then there were no newspapers, no radio, no television. To achieve success, it was necessary to convince the people's assembly that he was right. For the power of words, contemporaries called Pericles the Olympian, comparing him with Zeus.

Pericles devoted all his strength and all his time to caring for Athens and their citizens. He was honest and unselfish. “Although he made the city... the greatest and richest, although he surpassed many kings and tyrants in power,” wrote the historian Plutarch, “he did not increase his fortune by a single drachma (drachma - Athenian coin) compared to what his father left him ".

Pericles made several changes to the administration of the policy and to the rights of citizens. Thus, he continued the reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes. Under Pericles, democracy finally emerged in Athens.

2. People's Assembly.

The main governing body was the people's assembly. All citizens took part in it. A citizen was considered a man who had reached the age of 20 and whose mother and father were both Athenians. The people's assembly met 3-4 times a month and usually took place in the city center on Pnyx Hill. At the meeting, all the main issues of the life of the city-state were resolved, new ones were adopted laws.

Any citizen had the right to express his opinion on the issue under discussion. One contemporary wrote: “Everyone, standing up, gives advice, be it a carpenter, coppersmith, shoemaker, merchant, shipowner, rich, poor, noble, rootless.” After the discussion, citizens voted. They threw a white pebble for the proposed solution, and a black one against it.

3. Officials.

The People's Assembly elected numerous officials policy(we could call them officials). After a year they reported to the meeting. Those who performed poorly were punished, most often they paid a fine. Officials dealt with various issues: they monitored the flow of money into the treasury, compliance with laws and rules of trade in the market, cleanliness on the streets, etc.

4. Court.

The court played a major role in the life of Athens. All citizens over 30 years of age could participate in its work. 6 thousand judges were elected annually, but they usually did not all sit together. Separate commissions were created for different cases. The judges did not know in advance which commission they would sit on. This eliminated the possibility of bribery.

5. Introduction of payment.

Participation in government required a lot of time from citizens. Not all Athenians could come to meetings of the national assembly and court, or be officials. The poor had to constantly work: peasants - to cultivate their land, artisans - to work in the workshop. Every time the question arose for them: go to a meeting today or earn money for a living? Pericles thought this was wrong. He wanted even the poorest citizens to participate in government, and he found a way to achieve this.

As ancient authors say, at his suggestion the state began to pay judges. When they met, they received enough money to live for one day. Then they introduced payment for some positions. Later they began to pay those who came to the meeting of the national assembly. Thanks to this, even the poorest citizens had a real opportunity to participate in government. Pericles also achieved the establishment of pensions for orphans and disabled people.

In no other Greek state did the people have as many rights as in Athens. But these were minority rights. In total, approximately 200 thousand people lived in Attica, but there were only 30-40 thousand citizens. Women citizens could not participate in government. To the ancient Greeks, the idea that a woman could come to a national assembly seemed simply ridiculous. Free people who moved to Athens from other cities, much less slaves, had no political rights.

6. Construction in Athens under Pericles.

Construction provided jobs to many citizens. People of various professions were employed at construction sites - from loaders and donkey drivers to skilled sculptors and architects. The Athenians mastered new types of craft. Gradually, many of them became good specialists.

7. Military strength of Athens.

Pericles did a lot to strengthen the power of his city. He saw the main strength of Athens in the fleet. Every year for eight months the fleet sailed throughout the Mediterranean Sea. The sailors were also paid money at this time.

The Athenian fleet destroyed the pirates. The time has come for the heyday of maritime trade. The Athens port of Piraeus has become a major trade center. Sometimes up to 400 ships gathered here. The Athenians had great benefits from trade.

Under Pericles, the construction of walls from Athens to Piraeus was completed (they were called the Long Walls). Piraeus was crowded and noisy. Trade deals were concluded here, large quantities of goods were sold and bought.

8. Slaves.

A significant part of the inhabitants of Athens were slaves. “Everyone has slaves,” argued one of the writers. “We are free, because we live by the labor of slaves,” echoed the famous speaker. Slaves worked in the fields, in workshops, and in citizens' homes. The greatest use of slaves was in the silver mines, where they worked day and night.

The main source of slaves was war. Many slaves were already born in the master's house. There were few Greeks among the slaves, because those captured were usually ransomed by relatives. Basically, slaves were brought from other countries - Thrace, the Northern Black Sea region and Asia Minor. There were several famous slave markets in Greece. On the first day of each month, slaves were traded in the Athenian agora. The slave climbed onto the platform, and the herald praised his virtues in order to increase the price. The slave had absolutely no rights. He had neither property nor family. They did not see him as a person, he was called a talking instrument. Sometimes slaves ran away from their owners. Those caught were beaten with whips and the inscription was burned on their foreheads: “Hold me. I’m running away.”

V.I. Ukolova, L.P. Marinovich, History, 5th grade
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In the 5th century BC. e. There were no kings or nobles in Athens. The Athenians believed that any citizen - rich or poor, noble or ignorant - was capable of participating in government. Power in Athens belonged to the demos. The famous leader of the Athenian demos for several decades was Pericles. In today's lesson you will learn about how the administration of the Athenian polis changed during the reign of Pericles.

Background

The foundations of democracy (from the Greek demos - “people” and kratos - “power”, i.e. “power of the people”) in Greece in the 6th century. laid down the laws of Solon (see lesson).

Legislative branch

People's Assembly: the entire adult male population (citizens only) could participate, meeting 3-4 times a month. They were engaged in solving government issues. By open voting, the people's assembly elected 10 strategists. By secret ballot, the assembly adopted laws, decisions on declaring war, etc.

Council of Five Hundred: it included citizens over 30 years of age, elected by lot for a year. Council members met daily and received salaries. Council decisions were submitted for discussion to the People's Assembly.

Executive power

Officials (except strategoi) were elected by lot for a year. Under Pericles, remuneration for magistrates was introduced, so now any citizen could occupy this or that position, regardless of property status.

Judicial branch

Jury court (helieya), to which 6 thousand people at least 30 years old were elected every 5-6 years.

Events

443 BC- Pericles was first elected as first strategos. He held this position for 15 years. This was the most important position in the state. The first strategist was a military leader and directed foreign policy.

431-404 BC- The Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens, in which most Greek city-states were drawn. Ended in the defeat of Athens.

Participants

Athenian politician and military leader. Under him, Athenian democracy flourished. He initiated the construction of buildings and temples using public money. Seven days of History. "Greece. Pericles - the flowering of Athenian democracy".

The main body of power in Athens was the People's Assembly. The Assembly was attended by citizens, only men from the age of twenty. To resolve government affairs, they met 3-4 times a month on a gentle hill in the western part of the city. Craftsmen and traders, rowers and boatmen of Piraeus, as well as farmers came, unless agricultural work was in full swing. Rich merchants and landowners came.

The People's Assembly elected by show of hands ten strategists for a period of one year. The position of first strategos was the most important in Athens. He led the army and navy, and was in charge of Athens' relations with other states. Fifteen times, starting in 443 BC. e., the Assembly elected Pericles (Fig. 1) as the first strategist.

By secret ballot - by casting white or black stones - the Assembly declared war, approved peace treaties, and adopted laws. Any citizen could make a proposal in the Assembly (for example, to adopt a new law). However, they did not vote immediately: the Council of Five Hundred had to discuss the proposal. Only at one of the following Meetings were citizens informed of the results of the discussion. Moreover, regardless of whether the Council of Five Hundred approved the proposal made or not, it was put to a vote.

The meeting managed the treasury and approved the expenses of the strategists (Fig. 2). Once Pericles himself was accused of huge expenses. Indeed, at his suggestion, magnificent temples, porticos and statues were erected in Athens. The enemies of Pericles, the noble Athenians, raised a cry in the Assembly, accusing the first strategist of ineptly wasting huge amounts of money. If the Assembly had not approved the expenses, Pericles would have been put on trial. However, he was an experienced speaker (An orator is a person who knows how to make speeches and convince listeners.) and knew how to speak with demos. “Do citizens find that they have actually spent more than is necessary?” - asked Pericles. “Yes, yes! Too much! - voices rang out. “If this is so,” Pericles continued, “then I will return every last drachma to the treasury. And then I will order to write on all buildings: “Erected by Pericles at his own expense.” But the demos, as Pericles foresaw, did not want to cede to him the glory of erecting the Parthenon and other remarkable buildings. “No, we don’t want to! Nothing would be spared to decorate Athens!” - the citizens made a noise and approved Pericles’ report.

Rice. 2. People's Assembly ()

Public service was paid for from the treasury. In Athens, in addition to strategists, there were many positions. Usually, several citizens sought to occupy the same position - a judge, or a tax collector, or a market supervisor. Which of them should be preferred? They drew lots: whoever gets the white bean is considered the chosen one. (Beans are the fruits of plants, such as beans.)

Occupying positions was honorable. And initially there was no payment for this. Therefore, the poorest citizens avoided drawing lots. They had no time for serving the state: they would be able to earn a living. However, Pericles sought to ensure that all citizens participated in government and in the courts. Therefore, at his proposal, a law was passed according to which citizens elected to office began to be paid money from the treasury for each working day. This money should have been enough to buy bread, vegetables, and fish for a small family. For the first time in history, payment for the performance of elected positions was introduced.

Pericles' entire life was devoted to state affairs. The Athenians joked that in the city he knew only those streets that led from his house to the People's Assembly and the Council of Five Hundred. The first strategist received an excellent education. The famous scientist Anaxagoras was his teacher and friend. Anaxagoras studied natural phenomena and believed that the Sun and Moon were not gods, but huge hot stones. Among Pericles’ friends was the creator of Antigone, Sophocles, the creator of magnificent statues, Phidias, and the “father of history,” Herodotus, who described the Greco-Persian wars. All these people gathered for learned debates and conversations in the house of the first strategist and his wife Aspasia, one of the most educated women in Hellas (Fig. 3).

Pericles' friends also helped him in government affairs. He entrusted Phidias with supervising the construction of temples and statues on the Acropolis. Sophocles participated, no longer as a poet, but as a warrior, in sea campaigns. Herodotus, at the suggestion of Pericles, sailed with other Athenians to Italy to found a colony there.

However, Pericles had not only supporters, but also enemies from the nobility. They slandered him and his friends and accused them of crimes. Anaxagoras was to be tried because he did not believe in the gods. Fearing for the fate of the scientist, Pericles helped Anaxagoras leave Athens without waiting for trial. Phidias was accused of concealing gold during the creation of the statue of Athena in the Parthenon. To justify himself, Phidias had to remove the golden clothes from the statue of Athena. They weighed her and made sure of the old master’s honesty.

Under Pericles, Athenian democracy reached its peak. Athens was the most powerful state in Hellas.

References

A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya. History of the Ancient World. 5th grade - M.: Education, 2006.
Nemirovsky A.I. A book to read on the history of the ancient world. - M.: Education, 1991.

Bibliotekar.ru ()
grani.roerich.com()

Homework

What were the differences in government in Athens under Solon and under Pericles?
Which government body played the main role in the administration of the Athenian polis?
Could a poor Athenian take the position of judge?
What forms of voting were used in the Athenian People's Assembly?
Who was dissatisfied with the rule of Pericles? Why?

Athenian democracy is considered the most developed, most complete and most perfect form of the democratic system of ancient states. The golden age of Athenian democracy was the century from the mid-5th to the mid-4th century. BC e. The formation of the system of political bodies of Athenian democracy was the result of a long historical period, starting with the reforms of Solon. In the Greek city-states (and Athens is one of the classic examples here), the basis of the entire socio-economic and political organization was the collective of citizens, which together formed the ancient community. The civil collective did not constitute the entire population of a particular polis, in particular Athens. In addition to citizens, Athenian society included metics, numerous slaves, who together made up more than half of the total population. However, the Athenian polis system relied on the citizen and was created primarily for the Athenian citizen. A Greek citizen is a person endowed with certain inalienable rights that form the basis of his life.

A full-fledged Athenian citizen could be a resident of Attica, both of whose parents had civil rights, and his name was included in a special list maintained in the demes - the lower administrative units of Attica. The lists included boys and girls upon reaching the age of 18 after a thorough check by a special commission. Young people included in the civil lists of demos gathered from all over Attica in the Piraeus region and here for a year they were trained and received a certain education under the guidance of special teachers - sophronists, chosen from among the most respected Athenians. Under their leadership, young men (they were called ephebes) learned fencing, archery, javelin throwing, handling throwing weapons, and physical exercises. Much attention was paid to the moral education of young people.

Thus, the education and preparation of ephebes for the performance of civil duties were considered an important state matter and were under the close supervision of the People's Assembly and the authorities.

By the age of 20, the ephebe completed the mandatory course of military educational training and became a full citizen. Civil rights included a set of both certain rights and responsibilities. The most significant rights of a citizen were the right to freedom and personal independence from any other person, the right to a plot of land on the policy territory and economic assistance from the state in case of financial difficulties, the right to bear arms and serve in the militia, the right to participate in state affairs , i.e. participation in the People's Assembly, Council, elected bodies, the right to honor and protect domestic gods, to participate in public celebrations, to protect and patronize Athenian laws.

A kind of continuation of these rights was the formation of the duties of a citizen: he was obliged to take care of his property and work on the land, come to the aid of the policy in emergency circumstances, defend his native policy from enemies in arms, obey the laws and elected authorities, take an active part in social life, to honor the gods of our fathers. The ideal of an Athenian full-fledged citizen was a free person who had a plot of land and a certain income, a physically developed person who had received a certain upbringing.

1. The leader of the Athenian democracy, Pericles. After the Greco-Persian wars, Athens began to flourish. At this time they were led by Pericles. In 443 BC. e. The Athenians elected him for the first time to the highest position in their polis. He was then re-elected 15 more times.

Historians say that Pericles was an outstanding statesman and patriot. He was famous as a wonderful speaker. Eloquence (the ability to speak correctly and convincingly) was a very important quality for a politician. After all, then there were no newspapers, no radio, no television. To achieve success, it was necessary to convince the people's assembly that he was right. For the power of words, contemporaries called Pericles the Olympian, comparing him with Zeus.

Pericles devoted all his strength and all his time to caring for Athens and its citizens. He was honest and unselfish. “Although he made the city... the greatest and richest, although he surpassed many kings and tyrants in power,” wrote the historian Plutarch, “he did not increase his fortune by a single drachma (drachma - Athenian coin) compared to what his father left him ".

2. People's Assembly. The main governing body was the people's assembly (geleya). All citizens took part in it. A citizen was considered a man who had reached the age of 20 and whose mother and father were both Athenians. The people's assembly met 3-4 times a month and usually took place in the city center on Pnyx Hill. At the meeting, all the main issues of the life of the city-state were decided and new laws were adopted.

3. Council 500 and Areopagus.

The council consisted of 500 people, 50 from each of the 10 Athenian phyla. Each member of the Council was elected by lot from several candidates, which excluded the possibility of bribery or any pressure from above. Equal representation from each phylum ensured the interests of the population living there. The most important tasks of the Council of 500 were organizing the work of people's assemblies and performing their functions during breaks between meetings. First of all, the agenda of the meetings was prepared, drafts of possible decisions (including draft peace treaties), the budget, issues of supplying food and military equipment were discussed, and the legality of the election of officials and their orders was checked. The council oversaw the construction of warships and the construction of public buildings. The Council of 500 was composed of all ranks of Athenian citizenship. Members of the Council were elected for one year, re-election was allowed after several years, so that each year the Council was renewed anew.

Along with the Council of 500, there was also the Council of the Areopagus in the system of Athenian democracy. The Areopagus is one of the oldest government bodies in Athens, its traces go back to the 9th-8th centuries. BC e., to the council of tribal rulers. The Areopagus, unlike the Council of 500, was an aristocratic body. It consisted of several dozen members (perhaps up to 60-70 people), co-opted (rather than elected by the people) mainly from among the Athenian aristocrats for life terms (a member of the Areopagus required “good upbringing,” which implied aristocratic origin).

Areopagus in the V-IV centuries. BC e. became one of the courts - it tried cases of premeditated murders, arson, and violations of religious precepts. The Areopagus was also supposed to monitor the state of morals and the protection of paternal foundations.

3. Officials. The People's Assembly elected numerous officials of the polis (we could call them officials). After a year they reported to the meeting. Those who performed poorly were punished, most often they paid a fine. Officials dealt with various issues: they monitored the flow of money into the treasury, compliance with laws and rules of trade in the market, cleanliness on the streets, etc.

City governance was carried out with the help of elected magistrates and special officials. The Council of 500, in turn, directly controlled their activities. The highest magistrates in Athens were the colleges of archons and strategos. The College of Nine Archons was one of the oldest government bodies, dating back to the 8th century. BC e. The competence of the archons was quite broad: the year was named after the first archon, the archons had influence on military affairs, controlled the most important religious ceremonies and festivals, determined the procedure for considering numerous court cases, both private and public, including the granting of civil rights or accusations of overthrowing the state building.

One of the most authoritative government colleges in Athens was the college of 10 strategoi. The strategists headed the military organization of the Athenian state, recruited troops, commanded them during military operations, and headed garrisons.

In the management of military affairs, the strategists were also assisted by other elected officials: 10 taxiarchs who commanded the hoplite contingents, 2 hipparchs - cavalry commanders, 10 phylarchs - commanders of smaller cavalry detachments. For all these military positions, citizens were selected who showed an aptitude for military affairs and received special training. They were elected by open vote, while all civil positions were appointed by lot. An open vote was supposed to eliminate the risk of choosing a person incompetent or incapable of command for a responsible military position.

The custodians of the entire state treasury were 10 treasurers of the goddess Athena; the main concern of the 10 flights was control over revenues to the treasury (from leasing state property to receiving taxes and other revenues); 10 apodects noted in the lists all receipts into the treasury and gave the officials the amounts due to them; 10 logisticians regularly checked the financial statements of officials.

In Athens there were also many different colleges of magistrates, the main functions of which were to organize the management of intracity life. 10 astynomes monitored the sanitary condition of the city, 10 agoranoms monitored compliance with the rules of market trade, 10 metronomes were responsible for the correctness of weights and measures, 10 sitofilaks, grain overseers, constantly monitored the prices of bread (the importance of this board is evidenced by the fact that in the middle IV century BC, the number of its members increased from 10 to 35: 20 monitored the grain trade in Athens, and 15 in Piraeus.) Carrying out police functions, including supervision of prisons, executions and other sentences board of 11 members. At their disposal was a detachment of 300 state slaves armed with bows, who were called Scythian archers.

4. Judgment(helium). The court played a major role in the life of Athens. All citizens over 30 years of age could participate in its work. 6 thousand judges were elected annually, but they usually did not all sit together. Separate commissions were created for different cases. The judges did not know in advance which commission they would sit on. This eliminated the possibility of bribery. It was possible to be elected to the heliasts several times, which led to the accumulation of experience in the conduct of legal cases among the heliasts, increasing their professionalism and competence in decisions. Helium trials were conducted jointly with the relevant magistrates. An archon, strategist or member of some other board presided over a meeting of one or another chamber, conducted a preliminary investigation, which improved the trial procedure and introduced the necessary order into it. There were no public prosecutors or specialist defense lawyers in Athens.

In addition to various court cases, helia was entrusted with the responsible task of protecting the entire system of Athenian democracy (“complaint against illegality”).

Another protective measure of the democratic system was a system of constant and strict reporting of almost all Athenian officials. Before leaving his post after a year's performance of duties, each magistrate reported either to the People's Assembly, or to the Council of 500, or to special commissions and, in the event of discovered abuses, was brought to the strictest responsibility.

5. Introduction of payment. Participation in government required a lot of time from citizens. Not all Athenians could come to meetings of the national assembly and court, or be officials. The poor had to constantly work: peasants - to cultivate their land, artisans - to work in the workshop. Every time the question arose for them: go to a meeting today or earn money for a living? Pericles thought this was wrong. He wanted even the poorest citizens to participate in government, and he found a way to achieve this.

In order to somewhat smooth out the differences in property among citizens, a system of duties - liturgies - was developed in Athens. The system of liturgies was organized in such a way that the mass of low-income citizens, listening to a choir, watching an athletic competition, or being on a ship equipped with rich people, would personally feel a certain unity of the civil collective, where rich citizens at least partially share their income with the low-income part of the citizenry.

6. Construction in Athens under Pericles. Pericles did not want ordinary citizens to turn into beggars living at the expense of the state. Therefore, at his suggestion, temples, public buildings, and fortifications were built in the city. Athens has become the most beautiful city in Greece.

7. Military strength of Athens. Pericles did a lot to strengthen the power of his city. He saw the main strength of Athens in the fleet. Every year for eight months the fleet sailed throughout the Mediterranean Sea. The sailors were also paid money at this time.

8. Slaves. A significant part of the inhabitants of Athens were slaves. “Everyone has slaves,” argued one of the writers. “We are free, because we live by the labor of slaves,” echoed the famous speaker. Slaves worked in the fields, in workshops, and in citizens' homes. The greatest use of slaves was in the silver mines, where they worked day and night.