Option 7 in biology. GIA online tests in biology
Option 7
1. To study hereditary human diseases, cells of amniotic fluid are examined with
using the method
1) physiological 2) cytogenetic 3) hybridological
4) anatomical
2. The main function of mitochondria
1) DNA reduplication 2) protein biosynthesis 3) ATP synthesis
4) synthesis of carbohydrates
3. There are 100 nucleotides in a DNA molecule with thymine, which is 10% of the total.
How many nucleotides are there with guanine? In response, write down ONLY the corresponding number of nuks
leotides number.
4. Select the structural features of protein molecules.
1) consist of fatty acids
2) consist of amino acids
3) the monomers of the molecule are held together by peptide bonds
4) consist of monomers of the same structure
5) are polyhydric alcohols
6) the quaternary structure of molecules consists of several globules
5. Establish a correspondence between cell structures and their functions. 1) cell membrane
and 2) EPS:
FUNCTIONS
CELL STRUCTURE
1) cell membrane
2) EPS
A) protein synthesis
B) lipid synthesis
B) division of the cell into sections (compartments)
D) active transport of molecules
D) passive transport of molecules
E) formation of intercellular contacts
6. In dihybrid crossing (unlinked inheritance) of individuals with dominant AABB and
With recessive aabb traits in F2, cleavage occurs according to the phenotype in the ratio. Answer
write down as a sequence of numbers showing the ratio of the resulting phenomena
pov, in descending order
7. Which feature is characteristic of modification variability?
1) appears randomly 2) dominant or recessive
3) inherited 4) not inherited
8. Establish a correspondence between the structure of the human body and the germ layer, from
which it was formed.
BODY STRUCTURE
A) pain receptors
B) hair
B) lymph and blood
D) adipose tissue
D) nail plates
GERM LEAF
1) ectoderm
2) mesoderm
9. Which of the following features are characteristic of xylem? Choose three true signs
out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
2) serves to conduct water from roots to leaves
1) is the main tissue of the plant
3) the cells have a highly elongated shape
4) cells have chloroplasts
5) cell walls are thickened
6) living cells
10. Establish a correspondence between the animal trait and the class of arthropods to which
they are classified as (1) Arachnids or (2) Insects
A) a pair of antennae
B) respiratory organs - trachea only
B) 3 pairs of thoracic limbs
D) there are no compound eyes
D) most species have wings
E) the body is divided into the cephalothorax and abdomen
11. Establish the correct sequence of passage of a portion of blood through the circulation circles
in chimpanzees, starting from the left ventricle of the heart.
1) right atrium
2) aorta
3) left ventricle
4) lungs
5) left atrium
6) right ventricle
12. Absorption into the blood occurs in the small intestine:
1) glucose; 2) amino acids; 3) fatty acids; 4) glycogen;
5) fiber; 6) carbohydrates.
13. Establish a correspondence between the functions of the endocrine glands and the glands that
these functions are performed
FUNCTIONS OF GLANDS
A) secretion of sex hormones
B) control of the activity of the endocrine glands
B) regulation of salt and carbohydrate metabolism
D) secretion of growth hormone
D) secretion of adrenaline
E) secretion of norepinephrine
GLANDS
1) pituitary gland
2) adrenal glands
14. Place in the correct order the processes occurring during the respiratory movement
in a mammal, starting with the excitation of the inhalation center. In your answer, write down the appropriate
sequence of numbers.
1) contraction of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm
2) increase in lung volume
3) enrichment of blood with oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs and freeing it from excess carbon
acid gas
4) reducing the volume of the lungs and removing air from them
5) relaxation of intercostal muscles
15. Which of the following is considered paleontological evidence of evolution? Choose
those three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) skeleton of Archeopteryx
2) fossilized remains of ancient mollusks
3) the similarity of vertebrate embryos in the early stages of development
4) imprints of ferns in coal seams
5) similarity in the structure of cells of eukaryotic organisms
6) general plan of the structure of all vertebrates
16. Establish a correspondence between the nature of the device and the direction of the organic
evolution.
ACCESSION
A) burrowing paws of a mole
B) reduction of the toes of ungulates
DIRECTION
EVOLUTION
1) aromorphosis
2) idioadaptation
B) the occurrence of sexual reproduction
D) the appearance of fur in mammals
D) development of a dense cuticle on the leaves of plants living in the desert
E) mimicry in insects
17. The adaptation of plants to life in arid conditions is
2) flowering before leaves bloom
1) the presence of a waxy coating on the leaves
3) the formation of numerous stomata on the leaves
4) the ability to accumulate water in tissues
5) tiered arrangement of organisms
6) root system deep into the soil
18. Establish a correspondence between the feeding habits of organisms and their methods - (1) av
totrophs or (2) heterotrophs:
A) can capture food by phagocytosis
B) use the energy released during the oxidation of inorganic substances
C) obtain food by filtering water
D) synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones in the light
D) use the energy of sunlight
E) use the energy contained in food
19. Establish the correct sequence in which the transitions presumably occurred
numerical classes of animals.
1) polychaete rings
2) insects
3) sarcode
4) flukes
5) reptiles
6) cartilaginous fish
20. Insert into the text “Blood” the missing terms from the proposed list, using
this is a digital designation. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then the received
Enter this sequence of numbers (according to the text) in the table below.
Blood
Blood is a liquid ________(A) tissue consisting of ________(B) and ________(C), in which
mineral and ________(G) substances are dissolved. Blood, ________(D) and tissue fluid are collected
describe the internal environment of the body.
List of terms
1) lymph 2) formed element 3) erythrocyte 4) plasma
5) connective 6) platelet 7) organic 8) water
21. British scientists conducted a study for 12 years, in which 3760 people participated
babies born in a London hospital. Data were collected on the birth weight of children
research and data on early mortality. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there is an impact
natural selection on the birth weight of children. The table shows data on infant weight
births and the percentage of infants who die before the age of 4 months.
Study Table 1 and choose the correct statements:
1. Most children weighed between 2.5 and 3.5 kg at birth.
2. Children weighing 4.5–5 kg had the lowest early mortality.
3. Children's birth weight is influenced by natural selection pressure.
4. Children weighing 2–2.5 kg had the lowest early mortality.
5. Natural selection does not influence the birth weight of children.
22. Explain what changes in the composition of the blood occur in the capillaries of the systemic circulation
appeals. What kind of blood is produced?
23.
To what subkingdom, type, does the animal depicted on
drawing? What process is shown in the figure and what is its biological significance? Uka
live the type of cell division that underlies this process.
24. Find errors in the given text, correct them and explain your corrections.
1) In 1883, I.P. Pavlov reported the phenomenon of phagocytosis, which he discovered, which lies in the OS
new cellular immunity.
2) Immunity is the body’s immunity to infections and foreign substances
stvam - antibodies.
3) Immunity can be specific and nonspecific.
4) Specific immunity is the body’s reaction to the action of unknown foreigners
ny agents.
5) Nonspecific immunity provides the body with protection only from known organs
low antigens.
25. Insects are the most common and numerous class of animals. Which ones are especially
Did the properties of their structure and life activities contribute to the prosperity of these animals in nature?
List at least four features.
26. Why in food chains from organisms of the first trophic level to organisms of the second
only about 10% of the substance and the energy stored in it passes through the level?
27. A fragment of a DNA chain has the following nucleotide sequence: TACCCTCTCTTG.
Determine the nucleotide sequence of mRNA, anticodons of the corresponding tRNAs and
amino acid sequence of the corresponding fragment of a protein molecule, using
genetic code table.
Genetic code (mRNA)
First
base
Second base
Tre
thie
basis
tion
U
F
e
n
F
e
n
L
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th
L
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A
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C
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C
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-
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A
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A
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A
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A
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G
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A
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28. In canaries, the presence of a crest is a dominant autosomal trait (A); floor-glued
the XB gene determines the green color of the plumage, and the Xb gene determines the brown color. Birds have homogametic sex
male, and heterogametic female. We crossed a female without a crest with brown plumage with
a crested male with green plumage. The offspring included green crested chicks, Khokhla
dark brown, without tuft green and without tuft brown. Make a diagram for solving the problem
chi. Determine the genotypes of parents and offspring corresponding to their phenotypes, possible
gender of the offspring. What laws of heredity are manifested in this case?
Answers Option 7:
1 2;
2 3;
3,400;
4 236;
5 222111;
6 9331;
7 4;
8 11221;
9 235;
10 222121;
11 321645;
12 126;
13 211122;
14 12354;
15 124;
16 221122;
17 146;
18 212112;
19 341265;
20 52471;
21 13;
22 1) in the capillaries of the systemic circulation, the blood loses oxygen and is saturated with carbon
acid gas;
2) blood from arterial becomes venous.
23 1) subkingdom - Protozoa (Single-celled); type - Ciliates;
2) process - asexual reproduction;
3) biological significance - reproduction of organisms identical to the parent
individuals; increase in numbers;
4) type of cell division - mitosis.
Note from the site:
The site's authors believe that point 4 is amitosis.
Amitosis, or direct division, is the division of the interphase nucleus by constriction without image
formation of the division spindle (chromosomes are generally indistinguishable in a light microscope). Such a thing
tion occurs in unicellular organisms (for example, polyploids are divided by amitosis
nuclei of ciliates), as well as in some highly specialized cells of plants and living
animals with weakened physiological activity, degenerating, doomed to death,
or in various pathological processes, such as malignant growth, inflammation, etc.
P.
24 1) 1 - the phenomenon of phagocytosis was discovered by I. I. Mechnikov;
2) 2 - foreign substances are not antibodies, but antigens;
3) 4 - specific immunity is developed in response to the penetration of a known,
a specific antigen;
4) 5 - nonspecific immunity can arise in response to the penetration of any
tigena.
25 1. Development with complete transformation allowed insects to reduce competition for food
between individuals at different stages of development. 2. Wings allowed insects to master pain
wider territories and move quickly. 3. Different mouthparts allowed insects
adapt to eating a variety of foods. 4. Compound (compound) eyes allowed them
better orientation in space. 5. The chitinous cover provided them with protection. 6. Big
the number of eggs in the clutch provided them with high fertility and a rapid change of generations, which
allowed them to quickly adapt to environmental conditions. 7. Challenging behavior
also contributed to their spread in nature.
26 1. Part of the matter and energy goes to the construction of new cells, i.e., to growth.
2. Substances and energy are spent on their own life processes (consumed
to ensure energy metabolism or breathing).
3. Part leaves with undigested residues (plant foods have less energy
valuable because it contains a large amount of cellulose and wood, which are indigestible
most animals)
or as an option - Some of it is simply not digestible, for example, there are no enzymes in the body that
would digest all substances.
27 DNA TAC CCT TAC TTG
1) Using the principle of complementarity based on DNA, we find mRNA; mRNA AUG GGA GUG
AAC.
2) Using the principle of complementarity based on mRNA, we find tRNA; tRNA anticodons
UAC, CCU, CAC, UUG.
3) Using an mRNA-based genetic code table, we find the sequence
amino acids: metglivalasn.
28 In birds, the homogametic (XX) sex is male, and the heterogametic (XY) sex is female.
According to the condition: the presence of a crest is a dominant autosomal trait (A);
absence of a crest is a recessive autosomal trait (a);
green color of plumage - sex-linked gene XB
brown - Xb.
1) Determine the genotypes of the parents:
female - without crest with brown plumage -
Huh? X♂
male - crested with green plumage -
bY
aaХ♀
VH?
The genotype of the female is known; to find the genotype of the male, let’s pay attention to the chicks with phenotypic
pom - without a tuft, brown - this chick received the gamete aXb from its father. At the same time it does not have
meaning its gender, if it is a female, then aaХbY, if it is a male, then aaХbХb.
So, the genotype of the male
AaH♂
BXb
2) We draw up a crossing scheme; for convenience, you need to use a grid
Penneta, because the female produces two types of gametes: aXb; aY
and the male has four types: AXB; AXb;aXB;aXb
3) As a result of crossing (random fertilization) we get 8 different genotypes
and offspring phenotypes:
females green crested - Aa ХBY
males green crested - AaХBХb
females tufted brown - AaХbY
males tufted brown - AaХbХb
females without crest are green -aaХBY
males without crest are green -aaХBХb
females without crest are brown -aaХbY
males without crest are brown -aaХbХb
4) Regularities: According to the second characteristic (color of plumage) - inheritance linked to
gender (with X chromosome); between the first and second characteristics - independent inheritance. At
determining the genotype of a male - analyzing crossing.
Option 7
A1. Red clover, occupying a certain habitat, represents the level of organization of wildlife
1) organismic
2) biocenotic
3) biosphere
4) population-species
A2. Nucleic acids, unlike starch, contain atoms
1) nitrogen and phosphorus
2) hydrogen and oxygen
3) potassium and calcium
4) sulfur and magnesium
A3. Hereditary information in fungal cells is contained in
A4. New somatic cells in a multicellular animal organism are formed as a result
3) ovogenesis
4) spermatogenesis
A5. Prokaryotes are organisms
1) cells whose cells do not have a formed nucleus
3) consisting of identical cells and having no tissues
4) which do not have a cellular structure
A6. In most animals with direct development, an organism emerges from the egg
1) similar in structure to parents
2) significantly different from parents
3) capable of autotrophic nutrition
A7. Paired genes located on homologous chromosomes and determining the color of pea flowers are called
1) linked
2) recessive
3) dominant
4) allelic
A8. What proportion of individuals with a recessive trait will appear in the first generation when crossing two parents heterozygous for this trait?
A9. The phenomenon of polyploidy is due to
1) rotating a chromosome section by 180°
2) a multiple increase in chromosome sets
3) the presence of two chromatids in the chromosome
4) a decrease in the number of individual chromosomes
A10. Name a feature that is characteristic only of the kingdom of Bacteria.
1) have a cellular structure
2) breathe, feed, reproduce
3) the cells have a formed nucleus
4) cells lack a formed nucleus
All. The energy that the body receives as a result is used for the development of plants.
1) cell growth and division
2) transport of water and minerals
3) breakdown of organic substances during respiration
4) absorption of substances from the environment
A12. Plants that develop nodule bacteria on their roots belong to the family
1) Rosaceae
2) legumes
3) cabbage
4) lilies
A13. The cell of a multicellular animal, in contrast to the cell of a protozoan,
1) covered with a fiber shell
2) performs all body functions
3) performs a specific function
4) is an independent organism
A14. Cutaneous and pulmonary breathing is characteristic of
2) crocodiles
4) frogs
1) larynx
2) nasopharynx
4) oral cavity
A16. Urine formation in humans occurs in
1) ureters
2) bladder
3) nephrons
4) renal vein
A17. In the process of energy metabolism
1) fats are formed from glycerol and fatty acids
2) ATP molecules are synthesized
3) inorganic substances are synthesized
4) proteins are formed from amino acids
A18. An example of a reflex acquired during life is:
1) constriction of the pupil in bright light
2) the dog salivates to the smell of meat
3) sneezing when dust gets into the nasopharynx
4) gag reflex in humans
A19. When a joint is dislocated
1) articular cartilage is damaged
2) the integrity of muscle tissue is compromised
3) the periosteum in the heads of the bones that form the joint is damaged
4) the articular head emerges from the articular cavity
A20. The preservation of species characteristics in nature is facilitated by
1) variability
2) mutagenesis
3) metabolism
4) heredity
A21. Variation serves as material for natural selection
1) seasonal
2) mutational
3) certain
4) phenotypic
A22. Embryological evidence for evolution includes
1) cellular structure of organisms
2) the presence of similar organ systems in vertebrates
3) similarity of vertebrate embryos
4) the similarity of life processes in animals
A23. Proof of the unity of human races is
1) the same set of chromosomes
2) adaptability to life in different climatic conditions
3) the presence of atavisms
4) presence of rudiments
A24. An increase in the length of daylight hours, causing seasonal changes in organisms, is considered a factor
1) anthropogenic
2) biotic
3) abiotic
4) limiting
A25. In the biogeocenosis of a water meadow, decomposers include
1) cereals, sedges
2) bacteria and fungi
3) mouse-like rodents
4) insects that feed on plants
A26. The exchange of chemical elements between organisms and the inorganic environment, the various stages of which occur within an ecosystem, is called
1) the cycle of substances
2) ecological pyramid
3) food chains
4) self-regulation
A27. A polypeptide chain coiled into a ball is the structure of a protein
1) primary 3) tertiary
2) secondary 4) quaternary
A28. During plastic exchange occurs
1) glucose oxidation
2) lipid oxidation
3) synthesis of inorganic substances
4) synthesis of organic substances
A29. The genotype of the offspring is an exact copy of the genotype of the parents when
1) sexual reproduction
2) propagation by seeds
3) vegetative propagation
4) fertilization of the egg
AZO. Manifestations of modification variability of a trait depend on the genotype, so its limits are limited
1) normal reaction 3) random mutations
2) environmental conditions 4) convergence
A31. Heterosis is expressed in
1) the superiority of hybrids over the parent forms in a number of properties
2) suppression of the action of the genes of one parent by the genes of the other parent
3) a multiple increase in the number of chromosomes
4) inheritance of characteristics of parental forms
A32. Plants of the lily family can be recognized by their structure
1) flowers of a five-membered type, reminiscent of the structure of a moth
2) vegetative organs: stem (straw), sessile leaves, modified root
3) flowers of a three-membered type with a simple perianth and the presence of modified underground shoots
4) vegetative organs: stem (straw), modified underground shoots
AZZ. Connective tissue cells
1) multinucleate, have transverse striations
2) are loosely located, with a lot of intercellular substance between them
3) small, spindle-shaped, have myofibrils
4) fit tightly to each other
A34. Twilight vision receptors include
1) sticks
2) lens
3) cones
4) vitreous body
A35. Genetic drift is
1) random change in the frequency of occurrence of their alleles in the population
2) movement of individuals from one population to another
4) the result of natural selection
A36. Horsetail, in whose cells silicon accumulates, performs the function of
1) biochemical
2) gas
3) concentration
4) redox
B 1. Cells of eukaryotic organisms, unlike prokaryotic ones, have
1) cytoplasm
2) core covered with shell
3) DNA molecules
4) mitochondria
5) dense shell
6) endoplasmic reticulum
B 2. Motor neurons
1) perceive excitation from interneurons
2) transmit excitement to the muscles
3) transmit excitation to interneurons
4) transmit excitation to the glands
5) transmit excitation to sensory neurons
6) perceive the excitation that arises in the receptors
Q 3. Which of the listed examples are classified as idioadaptations?
1) development of educational tissues in plants
2) the presence of trapping devices in insectivorous plants
4) the appearance of triploid endosperm in angiosperms
5) small, dry pollen in wind-pollinated plants
6) glandular hairs on the leaves of fragrant geranium
AT 4. Match the mollusk with its habitat.
HABITAT
2) ground-air
A) common toothless
B) big pond snail
B) naked slug
D) octopus
D) grape snail
AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the meaning of the reflex and its type.
REFLEX TYPE
1) unconditional
2) conditional
REFLEX VALUE
A) provides instinctive behavior
B) ensures the organism’s adaptation to the environmental conditions in which many generations of a given species lived
B) allows you to acquire new experiences gained throughout life
D) determines the behavior of the organism in changed conditions
AT 6. Establish a correspondence between the feature of the process and its type.
PROCESS TYPE
1) photosynthesis
2) glycolysis
PROCESS FEATURE
A) occurs in chloroplasts
B) consists of light and dark phases
B) pyruvic acid is formed
D) occurs in the cytoplasm
D) the final product is glucose
E) breakdown of glucose
AT 7. Establish the sequence of systematic categories characteristic of the plant kingdom, starting with the smallest.
A) Angiosperms
B) Solanaceae
B) Dicotyledons
D) Black nightshade E) Nightshade
AT 8. Establish the sequence of the virus life cycle in the host cell.
A) attachment of the virus with its processes to the cell membrane
B) penetration of viral DNA into the cell
B) dissolution of the cell membrane at the site of attachment of the virus
D) synthesis of viral proteins
D) integration of viral DNA into the DNA of the host cell
E) formation of new viruses
C1. What plant organs are damaged by cockchafers at different stages of individual development?
C2. Find errors in the given text and correct them. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made and explain them.
I. Proteins are of great importance in the structure and functioning of organisms. 2. These are biopolymers whose monomers are nitrogenous bases. 3. Proteins are part of the plasma membrane. 4. Many proteins perform enzymatic functions in the cell. 5. Hereditary information about the characteristics of the organism is encrypted in protein molecules. 6. Protein and tRNA molecules are part of ribosomes.
NW. How does the circulatory system of arthropods differ from the circulatory system of annelids? Indicate at least 3 signs that prove these differences.
C4. It is known that agrocenoses are less stable than biogeocenoses. List at least 3 features that prove this statement.
C5. Why do atavisms appear in some people in rare cases?
Sat. When a watermelon plant with long striped fruits was crossed with a plant with round green fruits, the offspring were plants with long green and round green fruits. When the same watermelon (with long striped fruits) was crossed with a plant that had round striped fruits, all the offspring had round striped fruits. Determine the dominant and recessive traits, genotypes of all parent watermelon plants.
The answers to tasks 1–21 are a sequence of numbers, a number or a word (phrase).
1
Consider the proposed scheme. Write down the missing term in your answer, indicated by a question mark in the diagram.
2
Below is a list of terms. All but two of them are used to describe breeding methods. Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. crossing over
2. heterosis
3. outbreeding
4. genetic drift
5. polyploidy
3
The endosperm cell of a cherry contains 24 chromosomes. What set of chromosomes does a cell in its leaf have? Write down only the number of chromosomes in your answer.
4
All but two of the following features can be used to determine the functions of lipids in a cell. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1. storage
2. regulatory
3. transport
4. enzymatic
5. construction
5
Establish a correspondence between the process and the stage of energy metabolism at which this process occurs: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
A. formation of lactic acid
B. complete oxidation to CO 2, H 2 O
B. formation of pyruvic acid
D. breakdown of glucose
D. synthesis of 36 ATP molecules
ENERGY EXCHANGE STAGE
1. oxygen-free
2. oxygen
6
How many types of gametes does a diheterozygous individual form with complete linkage of the genes under study?
7
All but two of the characteristics below are causes of gene mutation. Identify these two concepts that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. conjugation of homologous chromosomes and gene exchange between them
2. replacing one nucleotide in DNA with another
3. change in the sequence of nucleotide connections
4. appearance of an extra chromosome in the genotype
5. loss of one triplet in the DNA region encoding the primary structure of the protein
8
Establish a correspondence between the insect and its type of development: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
INSECT
A. honey bee
B. cockchafer
B. Asian locust
G. cabbage white
D. green grasshopper
DEVELOPMENT TYPE
1. with incomplete transformation
2. with full transformation
9
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. By what characteristics can mushrooms be distinguished from animals?
1. feed on ready-made organic substances
2. have a cellular structure
3. grow throughout life
4. have a body consisting of filaments-hyphae
5. absorb nutrients from the body surface
6. have limited growth
10
Establish a correspondence between the propagation feature and the plant department for which it is characteristic: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
REPRODUCTION FEATURES
A. the gametophyte predominates in the development cycle
B. the development cycle is dominated by the asexual generation of plants
B. spore formation occurs in a capsule (sporogon)
G. sporophyte is not capable of forming organic substances from inorganic substances
D. gametophyte is represented by a prothallus
E. spore germinates into prepuce
PLANT DEPARTMENT
1. Bryophytes
2. Ferns
11
Establish the sequence of systematic position of plants, starting with the smallest category. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1. psilophytes
2. unicellular algae
5. ferns
6. angiosperms
12
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Large circle of blood circulation in the human body
1. begins in the left ventricle
2. originates in the right ventricle
3. is saturated with oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs
4. supplies organs and tissues with oxygen and nutrients
5. ends in the right atrium
6. brings blood to the left side of the heart
13
Establish a correspondence between the symptom of the disease and the vitamin, the deficiency of which it is associated with: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
SYMPTOM OF THE DISEASE
A. bleeding gums
B. blurred vision at dusk
B. tooth loss
D. damage to the cornea and skin
D. decreased resistance to diseases
VITAMIN DEFICIENCY
14
In what order should the systematic categories to which Homo sapiens belongs be arranged? Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1. a reasonable person
2. chordates
4. person
5. primates
6. mammals
15
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Which of the following examples are classified as aromorphoses?
1. presence of mammary glands in mammals
2. formation of root crops in carrots
3. the occurrence of the sexual process in organisms
4. emergence of the process of photosynthesis
5. lack of a digestive system in the bovine tapeworm
6. presence of membraned limbs in waterfowl
16
Establish a correspondence between the selection characteristic and its type: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
CHARACTERISTIC
A. acts constantly in nature
B. preserves individuals with traits of interest to humans
V. ensures the formation of adaptability to living conditions in biocenoses
G. leads to the emergence of new species
D. promotes the creation of new breeds of animals
TYPE OF SELECTION
1. natural
2. artificial
17
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. Why is a potato field considered an unstable ecosystem?
1. potato culture predominates
2. closed cycle of substances
3. solar energy does not participate in the cycle of substances
4. short power circuits
5. large number of species, except potatoes
6. large biomass is removed from the cycle of substances with the harvest
18
Establish a correspondence between the organism and the trophic group to which it belongs: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
ORGANISM
A. Vibrio cholerae
B. fermentation bacterium
B. tuberculosis bacillus
G. tetanus bacillus
D. Bacillus subtilis
E. soil bacterium
TROPHIC GROUP
19
Establish the sequence of formation of plant fitness in the process of evolution. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1. reproduction of individuals with useful changes
2. the occurrence of various mutations in the population
3. struggle for existence
4. preservation of individuals with hereditary changes useful for given environmental conditions
20
Analyze the table. Fill in the empty cells of the table using the concepts and terms, examples given in the list. For each lettered cell, select the appropriate term from the list provided.
List of terms:
1. somatic
2. hereditary
3. birth of an individual with reduced wings from the parent organisms of Drosophila
4. different shapes of the leaf blade of the arrowhead
5. mutational
6. non-hereditary
21
Study the graph of the dependence of metabolic rate on the running distance over which an athlete runs. (The x-axis represents the length of the distance, and the y-axis represents the metabolic rate.) Which of the following descriptions of metabolic intensity most accurately describes this relationship?
1. The intensity of metabolism decreases, reaching its minimum value, after which it also increases sharply.
2. The intensity of metabolism increases sharply, reaching its maximum, after which it also decreases sharply.
3. The intensity of metabolism decreases sharply, after which it reaches constant levels.
4. The intensity of metabolism gradually decreases throughout its entire length, reaching minimum levels.
Part 2.
First write down the task number (22, 23, etc.), then the detailed solution. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
What environmental consequences can forest fires cause?
Show answer
1) Reducing the number of plants
2) Increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere → progress in global warming → the emergence of the greenhouse effect
3) Reducing the number of animals
4) Soil erosion
Name the structures of the spinal cord indicated in the figure by numbers 1 and 2, and describe the features of their structure and function.
Show answer
1) Number 1 indicates the gray matter of the spinal cord. It consists of neuron cells. Its function is reflex.
2) The number 2 indicates the white matter of the spinal cord. It consists of conducting processes. Its function is conductive.
Find three errors in the given text and correct them.
1. In the process of evolution, reptiles developed adaptations for reproduction on land. 2. Their fertilization is external. 3. Eggs contain a large supply of nutrients and are covered with a dense shell: leathery or shell. 4. The eggs hatch into larvae that do not resemble adult animals. 5. In some species of reptiles, the development of embryos in eggs occurs while still in the female’s body. 6. The cubs emerge from the eggs immediately after they are laid. 7. This feature of reproduction (ovoviviparity) is an adaptation to life in the southern regions of distribution.
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