Brief summary of Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky literary fairy tale. The creative and life path of Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky

Biography

Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky was born on March 31 (April 12), 1823 in Moscow on Malaya Ordynka. His father, Nikolai Fedorovich, was the son of a priest; he himself graduated from the Kostroma Seminary, then from the Moscow Theological Academy, but began to practice as a lawyer, dealing with property and commercial matters; rose to the rank of titular councilor, and in 1839 received the nobility. His mother, Lyubov Ivanovna Savvina, the daughter of a sexton, died early when Alexander was only eight years old. The family had four children. The family lived in prosperity, and great attention was paid to the education of the children who received home education. Five years after the death of his mother, his father married Baroness Emilia Andreevna von Tessin, the daughter of a Russified Swedish nobleman. The children were lucky with their stepmother - she surrounded them with care and continued to study for them.

Alexander became addicted to reading as a child, receives a good education at home, knows Greek, Latin, French, German, and later English, Italian, and Spanish. When Alexander was thirteen years old, his father married a second time to the daughter of a Russified Swedish baron, who was not very involved in raising the children from her husband’s first marriage. With her arrival, the household way of life changes noticeably, official life is reshaped in a noble manner, the environment changes, new speeches are heard in the house. By this time, the future playwright had re-read almost his entire father’s library.

Personal life story

Personal life story 2

First wife: Agafya Ivanovna. According to eyewitnesses, she was a kind, warm-hearted woman, to whom Ostrovsky owed much of his knowledge of Moscow life. According to the law of that time, unmarried marriages in Russia were not officially legally recognized (only since the twentieth century have actual marriages been recognized as legal, regardless of their registration), but they were fully recognized as such in society. The playwright lived in a civil marriage with the commoner Agafya Ivanovna, with whom he had common children, but they all died as children. She had no education, but was an intelligent woman with a subtle, vulnerable soul, she understood the playwright and was the very first reader and critic of his works. Ostrovsky lived with Agafya Ivanovna for about twenty years, until her death

Childhood

Ostrovsky spends his childhood and early youth in Zamoskvorechye - a special corner of Moscow with its established merchant and bourgeois life. It was easier for him to follow Pushkin’s advice: “It’s not bad for us sometimes to listen to the Moscow malts. They speak in an amazingly pure and correct language.” Grandmother Natalya Ivanovna lived with the Ostrovsky family and served as a bread maker in the parish. Nanny Avdotya Ivanovna Kutuzova was famous as a great master of telling fairy tales. His godfather is a titular councilor, his godmother is a court councillor. From them and from his father’s colleagues who were in the house, the future author of “A Profitable Place” could hear plenty of bureaucratic conversations. And since my father left the service and became a private attorney for trading companies, there have been no merchants in the house.

Studies

From 1835-1840 – Ostrovsky studies at the First Moscow Gymnasium. In 1840, after graduating from high school, he was enrolled in the law faculty of Moscow University. At the university, law student Ostrovsky was lucky enough to listen to lectures by such experts in history, law and literature as T.N. Granovsky, N.I. Krylov, M.P. Pogodin. Here, for the first time, the future author of “Minin” and “Voevoda” discovers the riches of Russian chronicles, the language appears before him in a historical perspective. But in 1843 Ostrovsky left the university, not wanting to retake the exam. At the same time he entered the office of the Moscow Conscientious Court, and later served in the Commercial Court (1845-1851). This experience played a significant role in Ostrovsky's work.

The second university is the Maly Theater. Having become addicted to the stage even in his high school years, Ostrovsky became a regular at the oldest Russian theater.
1847 - in the "Moscow City List" Ostrovsky publishes the first draft of the future comedy "Our People - We Will Be Numbered" under the title "The Insolvent Debtor", then the comedy "Picture of Family Happiness" (later "Family Picture") and the prose essay "Notes of a Zamoskvoretsky Resident" .

Creation

"Columbus of Zamoskvorechye"

The play “Poverty is not a vice” (1853) was first staged on January 15, 1869 at the Maly Theater during a benefit performance by Prov Mikhailovich Sadovsky.

Ostrovsky Theater

It is with Ostrovsky that Russian theater in its modern understanding begins: the writer created a theater school and a holistic concept of acting in the theater.

The essence of Ostrovsky's theater lies in the absence of extreme situations and opposition to the actor's gut. Alexander Nikolaevich's plays depict ordinary situations with ordinary people, whose dramas go into everyday life and human psychology.

The main ideas of theater reform:

the theater must be built on conventions (there is a 4th wall separating the audience from the actors);

constancy of attitude towards language: mastery of speech characteristics that express almost everything about the characters;

the bet is not on one actor;

“People go to watch the game, not the play itself - you can read it.”

Ostrovsky's theater required a new stage aesthetics, new actors. In accordance with this, Ostrovsky creates an acting ensemble, which includes such actors as Martynov, Sergei Vasiliev, Evgeny Samoilov, Prov Sadovsky.

Naturally, innovations met opponents. He was, for example, Shchepkin. Ostrovsky's dramaturgy required the actor to detach himself from his personality, which M. S. Shchepkin did not do. For example, he left the dress rehearsal of “The Thunderstorm” being very dissatisfied with the author of the play.

Ostrovsky's ideas were brought to their logical conclusion by Stanislavsky.

Folk myths and national history in Ostrovsky’s dramaturgy

In 1881, the successful premiere of N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov’s opera “The Snow Maiden” took place on the stage of the Mariinsky Theater, which the composer called his best work. A. N. Ostrovsky himself appreciated the work of Rimsky-Korsakov: “The music for my “Snow Maiden” is amazing, I could never imagine anything more suitable for it and so vividly expressing all the poetry of the Russian pagan cult and this at first snow-cold, and then the uncontrollably passionate heroine of a fairy tale.”

“The most memorable day for me in my life,” Ostrovsky recalled, “February 14, 1847... From that day on, I began to consider myself a Russian writer and, without doubt or hesitation, believed in my calling.”
Ostrovsky received recognition from the comedy “Our People – We Will Be Numbered” (the original title was “Bankrupt”, completed at the end of 1849). Even before publication, it became popular (in the reading of the author and P.M. Sadovsky), caused approving responses from N.V. Gogol, I.A. Goncharova, T.H. Granovsky.
“He started out in an extraordinary way...” testifies I.S. Turgenev. His first big play, “We Are Our Own People,” made a huge impression. She was called the Russian "Tartuffe", the "Brigadier" of the 19th century, the merchant's "Woe from Wit", compared to the "Inspector General"; Yesterday, the still unknown name of Ostrovsky was placed next to the names of the greatest comedy writers - Moliere, Fonvizin, Griboyedov, Gogol.

In 1863 Ostrovsky was awarded the Uvarov Prize and elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1866 (according to other sources - in 1865) he created an Artistic Circle in Moscow, which subsequently gave many talented figures to the Moscow stage. I.A. visited Ostrovsky’s house. Goncharov, D.V. Grigorovich, I.S. Turgenev, A.F. Pisemsky, F.M. Dostoevsky, I.E. Turchaninov, P.M. Sadovsky, L.P. Kositskaya-Nikulina, Dostoevsky, Grigorovich, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, P.I. Tchaikovsky, Sadovsky, M.N. Ermolova, G.N. Fedotova. From January 1866 he was the head of the repertory department of the Moscow imperial theaters. In 1874 (according to other sources - in 1870) the Society of Russian Dramatic Writers and Opera Composers was formed, of which Ostrovsky remained the permanent chairman until his death. Working on the commission “to revise regulations on all parts of theatrical management,” established in 1881 under the directorate of the Imperial Theaters, he achieved many changes that significantly improved the position of artists. In 1885 Ostrovsky was appointed head of the repertory department of Moscow theaters and head of the theater school. Despite the fact that his plays did well at the box office and that in 1883 Emperor Alexander III granted him an annual pension of 3 thousand rubles, financial problems did not leave Ostrovsky until the last days of his life. His health did not meet the plans he had set for himself. The intense work quickly exhausted the body; June 14 (old style - June 2) 1886 Ostrovsky died at his Kostroma estate Shchelykovo. The writer was buried there, the sovereign granted 3,000 rubles from the cabinet sums for the funeral, the widow, together with her 2 children, was given a pension of 3,000 rubles, and 2,400 rubles a year for raising three sons and a daughter.

Heritage

Nowadays in Shchelykovo (Kostroma region) there is a memorial and natural museum-reserve of the playwright. Once every five years, since 1973, the All-Russian theater festival “Ostrovsky Days in Kostroma”, which is supervised by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the All-Russian Theater Society, lights up the stage.

Ostrovsky's plays never leave the stage. Many of his works were filmed or served as the basis for the creation of film and television scripts. Among the film adaptations that are most popular in Russia is Konstantin Voinov’s comedy “The Marriage of Balzaminov” (1964, starring G. Vitsin). The film “Cruel Romance”, directed by Eldar Ryazanov based on “Dowry” (1984), gained great popularity. In 2005, director Evgeny Ginzburg received the main prize ( Grand Prix "Garnet Bracelet") of the Eleventh Russian Festival “Literature and Cinema” (Gatchina) “for the amazingly incredible interpretation of the great play by A. N. Ostrovsky “Guilty Without Guilt” in the film “Anna” (2005, script by G. Danelia and Rustam Ibragimbekov; starring - opera singer Lyubov Kazarnovskaya).

After the death of the writer, the Moscow Duma established a reading room named after A.N. in Moscow. Ostrovsky. On May 27, 1929, a monument to Ostrovsky was unveiled in front of the Maly Theater (sculptor N.A. Andreev, architect I.P. Mashkov).

Plays

"Family Picture" (1847)

“Our people - we will be numbered” (1849)

"An Unexpected Case" (1850)

"The Morning of a Young Man" (1850)

"Poor Bride" (1851)

“Don’t get into your own sleigh” (1852)

"Poverty is no vice" (1853)

“Don’t live as you want” (1854)

“In someone else’s feast there is a hangover” (1856) text. The play was first staged on the theater stage on January 9, 1856 at the Maly Theater for a benefit performance by Prov Mikhailovich Sadovsky, and then, on January 18, in St. Petersburg on the stage of the Alexandrinsky Theater for a benefit performance by Vladimirova.

“Profitable Place” (1856) text The play was first staged on the theater stage on September 27, 1863 at the Alexandrinsky Theater during a benefit performance by Levkeeva. First staged at the Maly Theater on October 14 of the same year at a benefit performance by E. N. Vasilyeva.

“A festive nap before lunch” (1857) text

“The characters didn’t get along” (1858) text

"The Pupil" (1859) text

"The Thunderstorm" (1859) text

“An old friend is better than two new ones” (1860) text

“Your own dogs squabble, don’t bother someone else’s” (1861) text

“The Marriage of Balzaminov” (1861) text

“Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk” (1861, 2nd edition 1866) text

“Hard Days” (1863) text

“Sin and misfortune do not live on anyone” (1863) text

“Voevoda” (1864; 2nd edition 1885) text

"Jokers" (1864) text

“In a lively place” (1865) text

"The Deep" (1866) text

“Dmitry the Pretender and Vasily Shuisky” (1866) text

"Tushino" (1866) text

“Simplicity is enough for every wise man” (1868) text

"Warm Heart" (1869) text

"Mad Money" (1870) text

"Forest" (1870) text

“It’s not all Maslenitsa for the cat” (1871) text

“There wasn’t a penny, but suddenly it was Altyn” (1872) text

“Comedian of the 17th Century” (1873) text

"The Snow Maiden" (1873) text

"Late Love" (1874) text

“Labor Bread” (1874) text

"Wolves and Sheep" (1875) text

"Rich Brides" (1876) text

“Truth is good, but happiness is better” (1877) text

“The Marriage of Belugin” (1877), text together with Nikolai Solovyov

"The Last Victim" (1878) text

"Dowry" (1878) text

"Good Master" (1879)

"The Heart Is Not a Stone" (1880) text

"Slave Girls" (1881) text

“It shines, but does not warm” (1881), text together with Nikolai Solovyov. Premiere on November 14, 1881 in St. Petersburg, at the Alexandrinsky Theater, at a benefit performance in F. A. Burdina.

“Guilty without guilt” (1881-1883) text

“Talents and Admirers” (1882) text

"Handsome Man" (1883) text

“Not of this world” (1885) text

Possessing an extraordinary social temperament, Ostrovsky spent his whole life actively fighting for the creation of a new type of realistic theater, for a truly artistic national repertoire, and for a new ethics of the actor. He created the Moscow artistic circle in 1865, founded and headed the society of Russian dramatic writers (1870), wrote numerous “Notes”, “Projects”, “Considerations” to various departments, proposing to take urgent measures to stop the decline of theatrical art. Ostrovsky's work had a decisive influence on the development of Russian drama and Russian theater. As a playwright and director, Ostrovsky contributed to the formation of a new school of realistic acting, the promotion of a galaxy of actors (especially in the Moscow Maly Theater: the Sadovsky family, S.V. Vasiliev, L.P. Kositskaya, later - G.N. Fedotova, M.N. Ermolova etc.).

Beginning in 1853 and for more than 30 years, new plays by Ostrovsky appeared at the Moscow Maly and St. Petersburg Alexandrinsky theaters almost every season. Since 1856, Ostrovsky became a permanent contributor to the Sovremennik magazine. In 1856, when, according to the idea of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, a business trip of outstanding writers took place to study and describe various areas of Russia in industrial and domestic relations, Ostrovsky took upon himself the study of the Volga from the upper reaches to the Lower. In 1859, in the publication of Count G.A. Kushelev-Bezborodko, two volumes of Ostrovsky’s works were published. This publication served as the reason for the brilliant assessment that Dobrolyubov gave to Ostrovsky and which secured his fame as an artist of the “dark kingdom.” In 1860, “The Thunderstorm” appeared in print, prompting an article by Dobrolyubov (“A Ray of Light in the Dark Kingdom”). From the second half of the 60s, Ostrovsky took up the history of the Time of Troubles and entered into correspondence with Kostomarov.

Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolaevich was born on March 31, 1823. In a big city - Moscow. In a merchant family. At the age of 8, his mother dies. His father's dream was to see his son become a lawyer, but he began to show interest in literature. After graduating from high school, he entered the university at the Faculty of Law, but because of his love for theater and literature, he did not give up. At the behest of his father, he works as a clerk in court.

Creative activity

The work “Our people - we will be numbered!” brought fame to the aspiring writer. This creation was appreciated by the great writers of that time. Despite censorship, many books and plays under his authorship were published at that time.

The writer himself loved the theater very much. He even created the Artistic Circle (1866), which helped many promising artists develop. he loved the theater and everything connected with it.

Ostrovsky was the head of the community of Russian dramatic and opera writers (1874).

Ostrovsky was the head of a theater school and also managed the repertoire of theaters in Moscow.

Death

Ostrovsky lived his entire life in a lack of finances. He wanted to revive acting, but did not have time.

Biography by dates and interesting facts. The most important.

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Boris Lvovich Vasiliev became a writer when he was already over 30 years old. But this is already a completely spiritually accomplished person who has gone through the hell of war. At the front he was shell-shocked. He left the army in 1954, wanting to develop in the writing field.

“Columbus of Zamoskvorechye,” the author of the plays that turned Russian drama into “real” literature, is A. N. Ostrovsky, whose works have become the main ones in the repertoire of the Maly Theater in Moscow since the mid-19th century. Everything he wrote was done not for reading, but for performance on stage. The result of 40 years was original (about 50), co-authored, revised and translated plays.

Sources of "inspiration"

All of Ostrovsky’s works are based on constant observations of the life of various classes, mainly merchants and the local nobility.

The playwright's childhood and youth were spent in Zamoskvorechye, an old district of Moscow, which was mainly inhabited by townspeople. Therefore, Ostrovsky was well acquainted with their way of life and the characteristics of intra-family and By the middle of the 19th century, more and more so-called “businessmen” were appearing here - they would join the new merchant class.

Work in the Moscow office, where Alexander Nikolaevich entered in 1843, turned out to be very useful. 8 years of observation of numerous litigations and quarrels of merchants and relatives allowed us to accumulate valuable material, on the basis of which Ostrovsky’s best works would be written.

It is customary to distinguish 4 main periods in the playwright’s work. Each was marked by a special approach to depicting reality and the appearance of striking plays.

1847-1851. First experiments

Essays written in the spirit of the “natural school” and in accordance with the traditions laid down by Gogol brought the aspiring writer the title of “Columbus of Zamoskvorechye”. But pretty soon they were replaced by plays that completely replaced the epic genres.

Ostrovsky’s first work is “Family Picture,” first read by the author at an evening with S. Shevyrev. However, “Bankrut” brings fame, later renamed “Our People - Let’s Be Numbered!” The reaction to the play was immediate. Censorship immediately banned it (written in 1849, it came on stage only in 1861), and V. Odoevsky put it on a par with “The Minor,” “Woe from Wit” and “The Inspector General.” For several years, the work was successfully read in circles and at literary evenings, providing the young author with universal recognition.

1852-1855. "Moscow" period

This is the time when Ostrovsky joined the “young editorial staff” of the magazine, which preached the ideas of pochvennichestvo and was interested in the merchants. Representatives of a social class not associated with serfdom and not cut off from the people could become, according to A. Grigoriev, a new force capable of influencing the development of Russia. Only 3 works by Ostrovsky date back to this period, one of which is “Poverty is not a vice.”

The plot is based on the depiction of relationships in the family of the merchant Tortsov. The powerful and despotic father, Gordey, plans to marry off his daughter, who is in love with a poor clerk, to the clever and rich Korshunov. a new generation who will never miss his. Lyubim, who is prone to drunkenness, has not accumulated a fortune, but follows moral laws in everything, manages to convince his tyrant brother. As a result, the matter is resolved successfully for Lyuba, and the playwright affirms the victory of Russian traditions over European ones.

1856-1860. Rapprochement with Sovremennik

The works of this period: “A Profitable Place”, “There is a Hangover at Someone Else’s Feast” and, of course, “The Thunderstorm” - became the result of a rethinking of the role of the patriarchal merchants in the life of the country. It no longer attracted the playwright, but increasingly acquired the features of tyranny and desperately tried to resist everything new and democratic (the result of the influence of the commoners from Sovremennik). This “dark kingdom” was shown most clearly in the playwright’s only tragedy, “The Thunderstorm.” Here young people appear who do not want to put up with Domostroevsky laws.

Analyzing the works created in the 40-50s, he called A. N. Ostrovsky a truly “people's poet,” which emphasized the scale of the paintings he depicted.

1861-1886. Mature creativity

During the 25 post-reform years of activity, the playwright wrote vivid works, varied in genre and theme. They can be combined into several groups.

A comedy about the life of a merchant: “The truth is good, but happiness is better”, “It’s not all Maslenitsa for the cat.”
Satire: “Wolves and Sheep”, “Mad Money”, “Forest”, etc.
“Pictures of Moscow life” and “prices from the outback” about “little” people: “Hard days”, “An old friend is better than two new ones”, etc.
Chronicles on a historical topic: “Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk” and others.
Psychological drama: “The Last Victim”, “Dowry”.

The fairy tale play “The Snow Maiden” stands apart.

Works of recent decades have acquired tragic and philosophical-psychological features and are distinguished by artistic perfection and a realistic approach to depiction.

Creator of the National Theater

Centuries pass, but the works of Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky still attract full houses on the leading stages of the country, confirming the phrase of I. Goncharov: “... after you, we... can proudly say: we have our own Russian national theater.” “Poor bride” and “Don’t get into your own sleigh”, “The Marriage of Balzaminov” and “The heart is not a stone”, “There wasn’t a penny, but suddenly there was an altyn” and “Simplicity is enough for every wise man”... This list is with those known to every theatergoer I could go on with the names of Ostrovsky’s plays for a long time. Thanks to the skill of the playwright, a special world came to life on stage, filled with problems that will always concern humanity.

Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolaevich, Russian writer, unrivaled master of theatrical drama, was born on March 31, 1823 in Moscow. short but meaningful. The playwright is the founder of the Russian national repertoire. He divided his work into two components: psychological dramas and sharply satirical comedies. Ostrovsky's characters represented the entire multi-layered society of Russia in the 19th century, starting from rich merchants, for whom the thirst for profit was the main and only passion in life, and ending with little people: servants, kept women, beggar wanderers.

First comedy

At the age of forty, Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, whose short biography contains only a few pages, was elected corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg. This high title did not affect the playwright’s work in any way; he did not touch science. The writer devoted his entire life to Russian. Since 1847, Ostrovsky wrote plays and comedies, which enjoyed constant success with the capital's public. The first comedy "Family Picture" was read to a narrow circle of like-minded people and was unconditionally approved by them. Thus, Ostrovsky’s biography, brief in essence, marks the beginning of the writer’s work.

Milestones of creativity

In 1849, the comedy "Our People - Let's Count" was staged on the theater stage about the bankruptcy of a successful merchant, with numerous conflicts, betrayal of family members, greed, manifestations of base human instincts and many other unpleasant events. Then the plays were written: “Poverty is not a vice” and “Don’t sit in your own sleigh,” in which the playwright tried to present Russian society as not alien to nobility, with poetic aspirations.

Journalism

In addition to dramaturgy, A. N. Ostrovsky (a brief biography does not reflect all the changes in his life) gravitated towards journalism, and in 1850 he became an employee of Moskvityanin, a famous magazine, the bulk of whose readers consisted of ordinary people, farmers, small employees and housewives. Alexander Nikolaevich intended to reveal the life of the patriarchal merchant class on the pages of the magazine, but the editorial board of the publication did not welcome the writer’s critical approach, and disputes and conflicts began. In the end, Ostrovsky left Moskvityanin.

"The Thunderstorm" - a masterpiece of drama

The next publication in which the writer decided to try his luck was the St. Petersburg magazine Sovremennik, which was headed by N. A. Nekrasov, who sincerely considered Ostrovsky the most outstanding playwright of our time. And in 1859, the first collection of works by Alexander Nikolaevich was published. Ostrovsky's biography is brief, but it still outlines the main milestones of his creativity. At the same time, “The Thunderstorm” was written - the author’s first significant work in the genre of tragedy, unprecedented in the power of its narrative, revealing the conflict between two women: Katerina and her mother-in-law Marfa Ignatievna. The stunning drama of "The Thunderstorm", Katerina's slow progress towards suicide, her attempts to make a choice between love and the traditional way of life make the theater viewer deeply empathize and sympathize with the unfortunate woman.

Ostrovsky's biography is short, but it contains several more pages from the life of the famous playwright, which we will talk about in another article.

Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky was born on April 12 (March 31, old style) 1823 in Moscow.

As a child, Alexander received a good education at home - he studied ancient Greek, Latin, French, German, and later English, Italian, and Spanish.

In 1835-1840, Alexander Ostrovsky studied at the First Moscow Gymnasium.

In 1840 he entered Moscow University at the Faculty of Law, but in 1843, due to a collision with one of the professors, he left his studies.

In 1943-1945 he served in the Moscow Conscientious Court (a provincial court that considered civil cases through the conciliation procedure and some criminal cases).

1845-1851 - worked in the office of the Moscow Commercial Court, resigning with the rank of provincial secretary.

In 1847, Ostrovsky published in the newspaper "Moscow City Listok" the first draft of the future comedy "Our People - Let's Count Together" entitled "The Insolvent Debtor", then the comedy "Picture of Family Happiness" (later "Family Picture") and the prose essay "Notes of Zamoskvoretsky" resident."

Ostrovsky received recognition from the comedy “Our People - We Will Be Numbered” (original title “Bankrupt”), which was completed at the end of 1849. Before publication, the play received favorable reviews from writers Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Goncharov, and historian Timofey Granovsky. The comedy was published in 1950 in the magazine "Moskvityanin". Censorship, which saw the work as an insult to the merchant class, did not allow its production on stage - the play was first staged in 1861.

Since 1847, Ostrovsky collaborated as an editor and critic with the magazine "Moskvityanin", publishing his plays in it: "The Morning of a Young Man", "An Unexpected Case" (1850), the comedy "Poor Bride" (1851), "Not on Your Sleigh" sit down" (1852), "Poverty is not a vice" (1853), "Don't live the way you want" (1854).

After the publication of "Moskvityanin" ceased, Ostrovsky in 1856 moved to "Russian Messenger", where his comedy "At Someone Else's Feast a Hangover" was published in the second book of that year. But he did not work for this magazine for long.

Since 1856, Ostrovsky has been a permanent contributor to the Sovremennik magazine. In 1857 he wrote the plays “A Profitable Place” and “A Festive Sleep Before Dinner”, in 1858 - “The Characters Didn’t Get Along”, in 1859 - “The Kindergarten” and “The Thunderstorm”.

In the 1860s, Alexander Ostrovsky turned to historical drama, considering such plays necessary in the theater repertoire. He created a cycle of historical plays: "Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk" (1861), "The Voevoda" (1864), "Dmitry the Pretender and Vasily Shuisky" (1866), "Tushino" (1866), the psychological drama "Vasilisa Melentyeva" (1868 ).

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources