The problem of historical memory of a work. Unified State Exam Russian language

Essay on the Unified State Exam according to the text:" Brest Fortress. It is very close to Moscow: the train runs for less than 24 hours. Everyone who visits those parts definitely comes to the fortress... " (according to B.L. Vasiliev).

Full text

(1) Brest Fortress. (2) It is very close to Moscow: the train runs for less than 24 hours. (3) Everyone who visits those parts must come to the fortress. (4) They don’t speak loudly here: the days of the forty-first year were too deafening and these stones remember too much. (b) Discreet guides accompany groups to the battlefields, and you can go down into the basements of the 333rd regiment, touch bricks melted by flamethrowers, go to the Terespol and Kholm gates, or stand silently under the arches of the former church. (6) Take your time. (7) Remember. (8) And bow down. (9) In the museum they will show you weapons that once fired, and soldier’s shoes that someone hastily laced in the early morning of June 22. (10) They will show you the personal belongings of the defenders and tell you how they went crazy with thirst, giving water to children... (11) And you will certainly stop near the banner - the only banner that has been found in the fortress so far. (12) But they are looking for banners. (13) They are looking because the fortress did not surrender, and the Germans did not capture a single battle banner here. (14) The fortress did not fall. (15) The fortress bled to death. (16) Historians do not like legends, but they will certainly tell you about an unknown defender whom the Germans managed to capture only in the tenth month of the war. (17) On the tenth, in April 1942. (18) This man fought for almost a year. (19) A year of fighting in the unknown, without neighbors to the left and right, without orders and rear support, without shifts and letters from home. (20) Time has not revealed his name or rank, but we know that he was a Soviet soldier. (21) Every year on June 22, the Brest Fortress solemnly and sadly marks the beginning of the war. (22) The surviving defenders arrive, wreaths are laid, and the guard of honor freezes. (23) Every year on June 22, an old woman arrives in Brest on the earliest train. (24) She is in no hurry to leave the noisy station and has never been to the fortress. (25) It goes out onto the square, where a marble slab hangs at the entrance to the station: FROM JUNE 22 TO JULY 2, 1941, UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF LIEUTENANT NIKOLAY (surname unknown) AND Sergeant-Major PAVL BASNEV, MILITARY SERVANTS AND RAILWAY WORKERS HEROICLY DEFENDED THE STATION L. (26) The old woman reads this inscription all day. (27) Standing next to her, as if on a guard of honor. (28) Leaves. (29) Brings flowers. (30) And again he stands and reads again. (31) Reads one name. (32) Seven letters: "NICHOLAY". (33) The noisy station lives its usual life. (34) Trains come and go, announcers announce that people should not forget their tickets, music thunders, people laugh loudly. (35) And an old woman stands quietly near the marble plaque. (36) There is no need to explain anything to her: it is not so important where our sons lie. (37) The only thing that matters is what they fought for.

An article by Russian writer Boris Vasiliev makes us think whether we remember those soldiers who defended our country, us, from the black plague of fascism. The problem of memory of the Great Patriotic War is raised by the author of the article. There are many museums in our country dedicated to heroic soldiers. One of them is the museum of the defenders of the Brest Fortress.

The author’s position is clearly expressed in the words: “Don’t rush. Remember. And bow down." The author calls on modern youth to remember those who gave us a free life, preserved our state, our people. And the most important thing is what they fought for, and they fought for our future.

I completely agree with the author of the article. We have no right to forget those who died in this bloody massacre; we must know and honor their graves, their monuments. You cannot live without touching this, because this is our history. This must be remembered and knowledge passed on to future generations.

Many Russian writers raised the topic of war in their works. Great works have been written about the heroic exploits of Soviet soldiers. This is “The Fate of Man” by M. Sholokhov, and “Soldiers Are Not Born” by K. Simonov, and “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” by B. Vasiliev, and many, many others. After reading Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of Man,” for a long time I could not move away from the state into which he introduced me. Andrei Sokolov has experienced a lot. The fate that came during the war is the most difficult. But, despite all the difficulties, having gone through all the horror of captivity and concentration camps, Sokolov was able to retain within himself human feelings of kindness and compassion.

Also, B. Vasiliev in his story “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet” talks about ordinary Soviet girls who were not afraid of an enemy many times superior to them and fulfilled their military duty: they did not allow the Germans to get to the railway tracks in order to blow them up. The girls paid for their brave deed with their lives.

We cannot forget what freedom cost our country. We must remember those who laid down their lives for the future of their descendants. Honor the memory and teach this to your children, passing on the memory of the war from generation to generation.

August 30, 2016

It is in the past that a person finds a source for the formation of consciousness, the search for his place in the surrounding world and society. With memory loss, all social connections are lost. It is a certain life experience, an awareness of the events experienced.

What is historical memory

It involves the preservation of historical and social experience. Historical memory directly depends on how carefully a family, city, or country treats traditions. An essay on this issue is often found in literature test assignments in 11th grade. Let us also pay a little attention to this issue.

The sequence of formation of historical memory

Historical memory has several stages of formation. After some time, people forget about the events that happened. Life constantly presents new episodes filled with emotions and unusual impressions. In addition, often in articles and fiction the events of long-past years are distorted; the authors not only change their meaning, but also make changes to the course of the battle and the disposition of forces. The problem of historical memory appears. Each author brings his own arguments from life, taking into account his personal vision of the historical past being described. Thanks to different interpretations of one event, ordinary people have the opportunity to draw their own conclusions. Of course, to substantiate your idea, you will need arguments. The problem of historical memory exists in a society deprived of freedom of speech. Total censorship leads to the distortion of real events, presenting them to the general population only from the right perspective. True memory can live and develop only in a democratic society. In order for information to pass on to next generations without visible distortion, it is important to be able to compare events that occur in real time with facts from a past life.

Conditions for the formation of historical memory

Arguments on the topic “The Problem of Historical Memory” can be found in many classic works. In order for society to develop, it is important to analyze the experience of ancestors, to “work on mistakes”, to use the rational grain that past generations had.

“Black boards” by V. Soloukhin

What is the main problem of historical memory? We will consider arguments from literature using the example of this work. The author talks about the looting of a church in his native village. Unique books are sold as waste paper, and boxes are made from priceless icons. A carpentry workshop is being organized right in the church in Stavrovo. In another one they are opening a machine and tractor station. Trucks and caterpillar tractors come here and store barrels of fuel. The author bitterly says that neither a cowshed nor a crane can replace the Moscow Kremlin, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. You cannot locate a holiday home in a monastery building that contains the graves of relatives of Pushkin and Tolstoy. The work raises the problem of preserving historical memory. The arguments given by the author are indisputable. It is not those who died, lying under gravestones, who need memory, but the living!

Article by D. S. Likhachev

In his article “Love, Respect, Knowledge,” the academician raises the topic of desecration of a national shrine, namely, he talks about the explosion of the monument to Bagration, the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. Likhachev raises the problem of the historical memory of the people. The arguments given by the author relate to vandalism in relation to this work of art. After all, the monument was the gratitude of the people to their Georgian brother, who courageously fought for the independence of Russia. Who could destroy the cast iron monument? Only those who have no idea about the history of their country do not love their Motherland and are not proud of their Fatherland.

Views on patriotism

What other arguments can be made? The problem of historical memory is raised in “Letters from the Russian Museum,” authored by V. Soloukhin. He says that by cutting off one’s own roots, trying to absorb a foreign, alien culture, a person loses his individuality. This Russian argument about the problems of historical memory is also supported by other Russian patriots. Likhachev developed a “Declaration of Culture”, in which the author calls for the protection and support of cultural traditions at the international level. The scientist emphasizes that without citizens’ knowledge of the culture of the past and present, the state will have no future. It is in the “spiritual security” of the nation that national existence lies. There must be interaction between external and internal culture; only in this case will society rise through the stages of historical development.

The problem of historical memory in literature of the 20th century

In the literature of the last century, the central place was occupied by the issue of responsibility for the terrible consequences of the past, and the problem of historical memory was present in the works of many authors. Arguments from the literature serve as direct proof of this. For example, A. T. Tvardovsky called in his poem “By Right of Memory” to rethink the sad experience of totalitarianism. Anna Akhmatova did not avoid this problem in the famous “Requiem”. She reveals all the injustice and lawlessness that reigned in society at that time, and gives weighty arguments. The problem of historical memory can also be traced in the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn. His story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” contains a verdict on the state system of that time, in which lies and injustice became priorities.

Careful attitude towards cultural heritage

The center of general attention is issues related to the preservation of ancient monuments. In the harsh post-revolutionary period, characterized by a change in the political system, there was a widespread destruction of previous values. Russian intellectuals tried by any means to preserve the country's cultural relics. D. S. Likhachev opposed the development of Nevsky Prospect with standard multi-storey buildings. What other arguments can be made? The problem of historical memory was also raised by Russian filmmakers. With the funds raised by them, they managed to restore the Abramtsevo and Kuskovo estates. What is the problem of historical memory of the war? Arguments from the literature indicate that this issue has been relevant at all times. A.S. Pushkin said that “disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality.”

The theme of war in historical memory

What is historical memory? An essay on this topic can be written based on the work of Chingiz Aitmatov “Stormy Station”. His hero Mankurt is a man who was forcibly deprived of his memory. He has become a slave who has no past. Mankurt does not remember either his name or his parents, that is, it is difficult for him to recognize himself as a human being. The writer warns that such a creature is dangerous for social society.

Before Victory Day, a sociological survey was conducted among young people. The questions concerned the start and end dates of the Great Patriotic War, important battles, and military leaders. The answers received were disappointing. Many guys have no idea about the start date of the war, or about the enemy of the USSR, they have never heard of G.K. Zhukov, the Battle of Stalingrad. The survey showed how relevant the problem of historical memory of the war is. The arguments put forward by the “reformers” of the history course curriculum at school, who have reduced the number of hours allocated to studying the Great Patriotic War, are related to the overload of students.
This approach has led to the fact that the modern generation forgets the past, therefore, important dates in the country’s history will not be passed on to the next generation. If you do not respect your history, do not honor your own ancestors, historical memory is lost. An essay for successfully passing the Unified State Exam can be argued with the words of the Russian classic A.P. Chekhov. He noted that for freedom a person needs the entire globe. But without a goal, his existence will be absolutely meaningless. When considering arguments to the problem of historical memory (USE), it is important to note that there are false goals that do not create, but destroy. For example, the hero of the story “Gooseberry” dreamed of buying his own estate and planting gooseberries there. The goal he set completely absorbed him. But, having reached it, he lost his human appearance. The author notes that his hero “has become plump, flabby... - and just look, he’ll grunt into the blanket.”

I. Bunin’s story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” shows the fate of a man who served false values. The hero worshiped wealth as a god. After the death of the American millionaire, it turned out that real happiness passed him by.

I. A. Goncharov managed to show the search for the meaning of life, the awareness of connections with ancestors in the image of Oblomov. He dreamed of making his life different, but his desires were not translated into reality, he did not have enough strength.

When writing an essay on the topic “The Problem of Historical Memory of War” for the Unified State Exam, arguments can be cited from Nekrasov’s work “In the Trenches of Stalingrad.” The author shows the real life of “penalties” who are ready to defend the independence of their Fatherland at the cost of their lives.

Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination in the Russian language

In order to get a good score for an essay, a graduate must argue his position using literary works. In M. Gorky’s play “At the Depths,” the author demonstrated the problem of “former” people who have lost the strength to fight for their interests. They realize that it is impossible to live the way they are, and something needs to be changed, but they do not plan to do anything for this. The action of this work begins in a rooming house and ends there. There is no talk of any memory or pride in one’s ancestors; the characters in the play don’t even think about it.

Some try to talk about patriotism while lying on the sofa, while others, sparing no effort and time, bring real benefits to their country. When discussing historical memory, one cannot ignore M. Sholokhov’s amazing story “The Fate of a Man.” It talks about the tragic fate of a simple soldier who lost his relatives during the war. Having met an orphan boy, he calls himself his father. What does this action indicate? An ordinary person who has gone through the pain of loss is trying to resist fate. His love has not faded away, and he wants to give it to a little boy. It is the desire to do good that gives a soldier the strength to live, no matter what. The hero of Chekhov's story “The Man in a Case” talks about “people satisfied with themselves.” Having petty proprietary interests, trying to distance themselves from other people's troubles, they are absolutely indifferent to the problems of other people. The author notes the spiritual impoverishment of the heroes, who imagine themselves to be “masters of life,” but in reality are ordinary bourgeois. They have no real friends, they are only interested in their own well-being. Mutual assistance, responsibility for another person is clearly expressed in the work of B. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...”. All of Captain Vaskov’s wards not only fight together for the freedom of the Motherland, they live according to human laws. In Simonov's novel The Living and the Dead, Sintsov carries his comrade from the battlefield. All arguments given from various literary works help to understand the essence of historical memory, the importance of the possibility of its preservation and transmission to other generations.

Conclusion

When congratulating you on any holiday, wishes for a peaceful sky above your head are heard. What does this indicate? That the historical memory of the difficult trials of war is passed on from generation to generation. War! There are only five letters in this word, but an immediate association arises with suffering, tears, a sea of ​​blood, and the death of loved ones. Wars on the planet, unfortunately, have always taken place. The moans of women, the crying of children, the echoes of war should be familiar to the younger generation from feature films and literary works. We must not forget about the terrible trials that befell the Russian people. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia took part in the Patriotic War of 1812. To keep the historical memory of those events alive, Russian writers tried to convey the features of that era in their works. Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace” showed the patriotism of the people, their willingness to give their lives for the Fatherland. By reading poems, stories, novels about the Guerrilla War, the Battle of Borodino, young Russians get the opportunity to “visit the battlefields” and feel the atmosphere that reigned in that historical period. In Sevastopol Stories, Tolstoy talks about the heroism of Sevastopol in 1855. The events are described by the author so reliably that one gets the impression that he himself was an eyewitness to that battle. The courage of spirit, unique willpower, and amazing patriotism of the city’s residents are worthy of memory. Tolstoy associates war with violence, pain, dirt, suffering, and death. Describing the heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855, he emphasizes the strength of spirit of the Russian people. B. Vasiliev, K. Simonov, M. Sholokhov, and other Soviet writers dedicated many of their works to the battles of the Great Patriotic War. During this difficult period for the country, women worked and fought equally with men, even children did everything in their power. At the cost of their lives, they tried to bring Victory closer and preserve the independence of the country. Historical memory helps to preserve in the smallest detail information about the heroic feat of all soldiers and civilians. If the connection with the past is lost, the country will lose its independence. This cannot be allowed!

Reading the text made me think about such a problem as the importance of preserving historical memory. Why is it so important to preserve and pass it on from generation to generation? Why doesn’t a person have the right to simply erase unpleasant events from his memory? Vasily Bykov thinks about these questions.

Discussing the problem of preserving historical memory, Vasily Bykov draws our attention to the fact that despite the fact that the war is receding further into the past, “the scars from its terrible claws will no longer be visible...

in today's life." Indeed, we can often notice that the past influences our present day, and it is not surprising - after all, the present is a continuation of events that have already happened. It is no coincidence that the author notes that this "war taught history and humanity a number of lessons for the future, which would be unforgivable indifference to ignore." By this, V. Bykov shows that humanity can avoid repeating mistakes if it learns from the mistakes of the past.

According to the author, people should preserve and preserve the memory of important events in our history. I cannot but agree with the writer on this, I also believe that it is important not to forget history and learn from the mistakes of the past in order to avoid their repetition.

Many people at different times thought about the meaning of memory in human life. Likhachev also reflects on this issue in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful.” He notes that nothing in this world passes without a trace, and even a simple piece of paper has memory: once crumpled, it will crumple along almost the same lines again if you compress it a second time. A person who does not want to remember his past is an ungrateful and irresponsible person, not realizing that nothing passes without a trace, that his actions will be preserved in the memory of other people. Memories are an integral part of our character and worldview; they help us understand and rethink various events.

Another work that addresses the issue of the importance of historical memory is the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Student". The main character of this story, who is in upset feelings, meets on his way home a mother and daughter sitting by the fire. He approaches them to warm himself and tells the story of the apostle, which greatly touched the women. This event helps the protagonist of the story realize that everything in the world is inextricably connected: the past, the present, and the future. Understanding the relationship between events of the long past and the present gives the main character hope for a bright future and helps to overcome sad thoughts.

To sum it up, it is very important to preserve our memories. They play a huge role in shaping a person’s personality and worldview and help avoid repeating the mistakes of the past. That is why it is necessary to preserve the memory of various events and not let the memories disappear.

Updated: 2018-02-27

Attention!
If you notice an error or typo, highlight the text and click Ctrl+Enter.
By doing so, you will provide invaluable benefit to the project and other readers.

Thank you for your attention.

Arguments for an essay on the Russian language.
Historical memory: past, present, future.
The problem of memory, history, culture, monuments, customs and traditions, the role of culture, moral choice, etc.

Why should history be protected? The role of memory. J. Orwell "1984"

​
In George Orwell's novel 1984, the people are deprived of history. The homeland of the main character is Oceania. This is a huge country waging continuous wars. Under the influence of cruel propaganda, people hate and seek to lynch former allies, declaring yesterday's enemies to be their best friends. The population is suppressed by the regime, it is unable to think independently and obeys the slogans of the party, which controls the residents for personal gain. Such enslavement of consciousness is possible only with the complete destruction of people’s memory, the absence of their own view of the history of the country.
The history of one life, like the history of an entire state, is an endless series of dark and bright events. We need to learn valuable lessons from them. The memory of the life of our ancestors should protect us from repeating their mistakes and serve as an eternal reminder of everything good and bad. Without memory of the past there is no future.

Why do we need to remember the past? Why do you need to know history? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."

Memory and knowledge of the past fill the world, make it interesting, significant, and spiritual. If you do not see the past behind the world around you, it is empty for you. You're bored, you're sad, and you're ultimately lonely. May the houses we walk past, may the cities and villages in which we live, may even the factory where we work, or the ships on which we sail, be alive for us, that is, have a past! Life is not a momentary existence. We will know history - the history of everything that surrounds us on a large and small scale. This is the fourth, very important dimension of the world. But we must not only know the history of everything that surrounds us, but also preserve this history, this immeasurable depth of our surroundings.

Why does a person need to keep customs? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Please note: children and young people especially love customs and traditional celebrations. For they master the world, master it in tradition, in history. Let us more actively defend everything that makes our lives meaningful, rich and spiritual.

The problem of moral choice. An argument from the play by M.A. Bulgakov "Days of the Turbins".

The heroes of the work must make a decisive choice; the political circumstances of the time force them to do this. The main conflict of Bulgakov's play can be designated as a conflict between man and history. In the course of the development of the action, the intellectual heroes each in their own way enter into a direct dialogue with History. Thus, Alexey Turbin, understanding the doom of the white movement and the betrayal of the “headquarters mob,” chooses death. Nikolka, spiritually close to his brother, has a presentiment that the military officer, commander, man of honor Alexei Turbin will prefer death to the shame of dishonor. Reporting his tragic death, Nikolka mournfully says: “They killed the commander...”. - as if in full agreement with the responsibility of the moment. The elder brother made his civic choice.
Those left to live will have to make this choice. Myshlaevsky, with bitterness and doom, states the intermediate and therefore hopeless position of the intelligentsia in a catastrophic reality: “In front are the Red Guards, like a wall, behind are speculators and all sorts of rubbish with the hetman, and am I in the middle?” He is close to recognizing the Bolsheviks, “because there is a cloud of peasants behind the Bolsheviks...”. Studzinsky is convinced of the need to continue the fight in the ranks of the White Guard, and rushes to the Don to Denikin. Elena leaves Talbert, a man whom she admits she cannot respect, and will try to build a new life with Shervinsky.

Why is it necessary to preserve historical and cultural monuments? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."

Each country is an ensemble of arts.
Moscow and Leningrad are not just different from each other - they contrast with each other and, therefore, interact. It is no coincidence that they are connected by a railway so straight that, having traveled on a train overnight without turns and with only one stop, and getting to a station in Moscow or Leningrad, you see almost the same station building that saw you off in the evening; The facades of the Moskovsky station in Leningrad and Leningradsky in Moscow are the same. But the sameness of the stations emphasizes the sharp dissimilarity of the cities, the dissimilarity is not simple, but complementary. Even objects of art in museums are not just stored, but constitute some cultural ensembles associated with the history of cities and the country as a whole.
And look in other cities. The icons in Novgorod are worth seeing. This is the third largest and most valuable center of ancient Russian painting.
In Kostroma, Gorky and Yaroslavl you should see Russian painting of the 18th and 19th centuries (these are centers of Russian noble culture), and in Yaroslavl also the “Volga” painting of the 17th century, which is presented here as nowhere else.
But if you take our entire country, you will be surprised at the diversity and originality of the cities and the culture stored in them: in museums and private collections, and just on the streets, because almost every old house is a treasure. Some houses and entire cities are expensive with their wooden carvings (Tomsk, Vologda), others with their amazing layout, embankment boulevards (Kostroma, Yaroslavl), others with stone mansions, and others with intricate churches.
Preserving the diversity of our cities and villages, preserving their historical memory, their common national-historical identity is one of the most important tasks of our city planners. The whole country is a grandiose cultural ensemble. It must be preserved in its amazing richness. It is not only the historical memory that educates in one’s city and village, but one’s country as a whole that educates a person. Now people live not only in their “point”, but throughout the whole country, and not only in their own century, but in all the centuries of their history.

What role do historical and cultural monuments play in human life? Why is it necessary to preserve historical and cultural monuments? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Historical memories are especially vivid in parks and gardens - associations of man and nature.
Parks are valuable not only for what they have, but also for what was in them. The temporal perspective that opens up in them is no less important than the visual perspective. “Memories in Tsarskoe Selo” - this is what Pushkin called the best of his earliest poems.
The attitude towards the past can be of two kinds: as a kind of spectacle, theater, performance, decoration, and as a document. The first relationship seeks to reproduce the past, to revive its visual image. The second seeks to preserve the past at least in its partial remains. For the first in gardening art, it is important to recreate the external, visual image of a park or garden as it was seen at one time or another in its life. For the second, it is important to feel the evidence of time, documentation is important. The first says: this is how he looked; the second testifies: this is the same one, he may not have been like that, but this is truly the same one, these are those linden trees, those garden buildings, those very sculptures. Two or three old hollow linden trees among hundreds of young ones will testify: this is the same alley - here they are, the old-timers. And you don’t need to take care of young trees: they grow quickly and soon the alley will take on its previous appearance.
But there is another significant difference in the two attitudes towards the past. The first will require: only one era - the era of the creation of the park, or its heyday, or significant in some way. The second will say: let all eras live, significant in one way or another, the entire life of the park is valuable, the memories of different eras and different poets who glorified these places are valuable - and will demand from restoration not restoration, but preservation. The first attitude towards parks and gardens was discovered in Russia by Alexander Benois with his aesthetic cult of the time of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna and her Catherine Park in Tsarskoe Selo. Akhmatova, for whom Pushkin was important at Tsarskoe, not Elizabeth, poetically polemicized with him: “Here lay his cocked hat and the disheveled volume of Guys.”
The perception of a monument of art is only complete when it mentally recreates, creates together with the creator, and is filled with historical associations.

The first attitude towards the past creates, in general, teaching aids, educational models: look and know! The second attitude to the past requires truth, analytical ability: one must separate age from the object, one must imagine how it was here, one must explore to some extent. This second attitude requires greater intellectual discipline, greater knowledge from the viewer himself: look and imagine. And this intellectual attitude towards the monuments of the past sooner or later arises again and again. You cannot kill the true past and replace it with a theatrical one, even if the theatrical reconstructions destroyed all the documents, but the place remained: here, in this place, on this soil, in this geographical point, there was - he was, it, something memorable happened.
Theatricality also penetrates into the restoration of architectural monuments. Authenticity is lost in the supposedly restored. Restorers trust anecdotal evidence if this evidence allows them to restore this architectural monument to the way it might have been especially interesting. This is how the Euthymius Chapel was restored in Novgorod: it turned out to be a small temple on a pillar. Something completely alien to ancient Novgorod.
How many monuments were destroyed by restorers in the 19th century due to the introduction of elements of modern aesthetics into them. Restorers sought symmetry where it was alien to the very spirit of the style - Romanesque or Gothic - they tried to replace the living line with a geometrically correct, mathematically calculated one, etc. This is how Cologne Cathedral, Notre Dame in Paris, and the Abbey of Saint-Denis were dried up . Entire cities in Germany were dried up and mothballed, especially during the period of idealization of the German past.
The attitude towards the past forms one's own national image. For every person is a bearer of the past and a bearer of national character. Man is part of society and part of its history.

What is memory? What is the role of memory in human life, what is the value of memory? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Memory is one of the most important properties of existence, any existence: material, spiritual, human...
Individual plants, stones with traces of their origin, glass, water, etc. have memory.
Birds have the most complex forms of ancestral memory, allowing new generations of birds to fly in the right direction to the right place. In explaining these flights, it is not enough to study only the “navigation techniques and methods” used by birds. The most important thing is the memory that forces them to look for winter and summer quarters - always the same.
And what can we say about “genetic memory” - memory embedded in centuries, memory passing from one generation of living beings to the next.
Moreover, memory is not mechanical at all. This is the most important creative process: it is a process and it is creative. What is needed is remembered; Through memory, good experience is accumulated, tradition is formed, everyday skills, family skills, labor skills, social institutions are created...
Memory resists the destructive power of time.
Memory is overcoming time, overcoming death.

Why is it important for a person to preserve the memory of the past? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

The greatest moral significance of memory is overcoming time, overcoming death. “Unmemorable” is, first of all, a person who is ungrateful, irresponsible, and therefore incapable of good, selfless deeds.
Irresponsibility is born from the lack of awareness that nothing passes without a trace. A person who commits an unkind act thinks that this act will not be preserved in his personal memory and in the memory of those around him. He himself, obviously, is not accustomed to cherishing the memory of the past, to feeling a feeling of gratitude to his ancestors, to their work, to their concerns, and therefore he thinks that everything will be forgotten about him.
Conscience is basically memory, to which is added a moral assessment of what has been done. But if what is perfect is not retained in memory, then there can be no evaluation. Without memory there is no conscience.
That is why it is so important to be brought up in a moral climate of memory: family memory, folk memory, cultural memory. Family photographs are one of the most important “visual aids” for the moral education of children and adults. Respect for the work of our ancestors, for their work traditions, for their tools, for their customs, for their songs and entertainment. All this is dear to us. And just respect for the graves of our ancestors.
Remember Pushkin:
Two feelings are wonderfully close to us -
The heart finds food in them -
Love for the native ashes,
Love for fathers' coffins.
Life-giving shrine!
The earth would be dead without them.
Our consciousness cannot immediately get used to the idea that the earth would be dead without love for the graves of our fathers, without love for our native ashes. Too often we remain indifferent or even almost hostile to disappearing cemeteries and ashes - two sources of our not-so-wise gloomy thoughts and superficially heavy moods. Just as a person’s personal memory forms his conscience, his conscientious attitude towards his personal ancestors and loved ones - relatives and friends, old friends, that is, the most faithful ones with whom he is connected by common memories - so the historical memory of the people forms the moral climate in which people live. Perhaps one could think about building morality on something else: completely ignoring the past with its, sometimes, mistakes and difficult memories and being focused entirely on the future, building this future on “reasonable grounds” in itself, forgetting about the past with its dark and light sides.
This is not only unnecessary, but also impossible. The memory of the past is, first of all, “bright” (Pushkin’s expression), poetic. She educates aesthetically.

How are the concepts of culture and memory related? What are memory and culture? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Human culture as a whole not only has memory, but it is memory par excellence. The culture of humanity is the active memory of humanity, actively introduced into modernity.
In history, every cultural upsurge was, to one degree or another, associated with an appeal to the past. How many times has humanity, for example, turned to antiquity? At least there were four major, epoch-making conversions: under Charlemagne, during the Palaiologan dynasty in Byzantium, during the Renaissance and again at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. And how many “small” cultural turns to antiquity were there - in the same Middle Ages. Each appeal to the past was “revolutionary,” that is, it enriched modernity, and each appeal understood this past in its own way, taking from the past what it needed to move forward. I’m talking about turning to antiquity, but what did turning to its own national past give for each people? If it was not dictated by nationalism, a narrow desire to isolate itself from other peoples and their cultural experience, it was fruitful, because it enriched, diversified, expanded the culture of the people, their aesthetic sensibility. After all, every appeal to the old in new conditions was always new.
Post-Petrine Russia also knew several appeals to Ancient Rus'. There were different sides to this appeal. The discovery of Russian architecture and icons at the beginning of the 20th century was largely devoid of narrow nationalism and was very fruitful for the new art.
I would like to demonstrate the aesthetic and moral role of memory using the example of Pushkin’s poetry.
In Pushkin, Memory plays a huge role in poetry. The poetic role of memories can be traced back to Pushkin’s children’s and youth’s poems, of which the most important is “Memories in Tsarskoe Selo,” but later the role of memories is very large not only in Pushkin’s lyrics, but even in the poem “Eugene.”
When Pushkin needs to introduce a lyrical element, he often resorts to memories. As you know, Pushkin was not in St. Petersburg during the flood of 1824, but still in The Bronze Horseman the flood is colored by memory:
“It was a terrible time, the memory of it is fresh...”
Pushkin also colors his historical works with a share of personal, tribal memory. Remember: in “Boris Godunov” his ancestor Pushkin acts, in “Arap of Peter the Great” - also an ancestor, Hannibal.
Memory is the basis of conscience and morality, memory is the basis of culture, the “accumulations” of culture, memory is one of the foundations of poetry - the aesthetic understanding of cultural values. Preserving memory, preserving memory is our moral duty to ourselves and to our descendants. Memory is our wealth.

What is the role of culture in human life? What are the consequences of the disappearance of monuments for humans? What role do historical and cultural monuments play in human life? Why is it necessary to preserve historical and cultural monuments? Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

We take care of our health and the health of others, ensure proper nutrition, and ensure that the air and water remain clean and unpolluted.
The science that deals with the protection and restoration of the environment is called ecology. But ecology should not be limited only to the tasks of preserving the biological environment around us. Man lives not only in the natural environment, but also in the environment created by the culture of his ancestors and by himself. Preserving the cultural environment is a task no less important than preserving the surrounding nature. If nature is necessary for a person for his biological life, then the cultural environment is no less necessary for his spiritual, moral life, for his “spiritual settledness”, for his attachment to his native places, following the behests of his ancestors, for his moral self-discipline and sociality. Meanwhile, the question of moral ecology is not only not studied, but also not posed. Individual types of culture and remnants of the cultural past, issues of restoration of monuments and their preservation are studied, but the moral significance and influence on a person of the entire cultural environment as a whole, its influencing power, are not studied.
But the fact of the educational influence of the surrounding cultural environment on a person is not subject to the slightest doubt.
A person is brought up in the cultural environment around him without being aware of it. He is educated by history, the past. The past opens a window to the world for him, and not only a window, but also doors, even gates - triumphal gates. To live where the poets and prose writers of great Russian literature lived, to live where great critics and philosophers lived, to daily absorb impressions that in one way or another were reflected in the great works of Russian literature, to visit apartment museums means gradually enriching yourself spiritually.
Streets, squares, canals, individual houses, parks remind, remind, remind... Impressions of the past unobtrusively and unpersistently enter the spiritual world of a person, and a person with an open soul enters the past. He learns respect for his ancestors and remembers what his descendants will need in turn. The past and future become their own for a person. He begins to learn responsibility - moral responsibility to the people of the past and at the same time to the people of the future, to whom the past will be no less important than to us, and perhaps, with the general rise of culture and the multiplication of spiritual needs, even more important. Caring for the past is also caring for the future...
Loving your family, your childhood impressions, your home, your school, your village, your city, your country, your culture and language, the entire globe is necessary, absolutely necessary for the moral settlement of a person.
If a person does not like to at least occasionally look at old photographs of his parents, does not appreciate the memory of them left in the garden that they cultivated, in the things that belonged to them, then he does not love them. If a person does not love old houses, old streets, even poor ones, then he has no love for his city. If a person is indifferent to the historical monuments of his country, then he is indifferent to his country.
To a certain extent, losses in nature can be restored. It’s completely different with cultural monuments. Their losses are irreplaceable, because cultural monuments are always individual, always associated with a certain era in the past, with certain masters. Every monument is destroyed forever, distorted forever, damaged forever. And he is completely defenseless, he will not restore himself.
Any newly rebuilt ancient monument will be deprived of documentation. It will only be an appearance.
The “stock” of cultural monuments, the “stock” of the cultural environment is extremely limited in the world, and it is being depleted at an ever-growing speed. Even the restorers themselves, sometimes working according to their own, insufficiently tested theories or modern ideas about beauty, become more destroyers of the monuments of the past than their guardians. City planners also destroy monuments, especially if they do not have clear and complete historical knowledge.
The earth is becoming crowded for cultural monuments, not because there is not enough land, but because builders are attracted to old places that are inhabited, and therefore seem especially beautiful and tempting to city planners.
Urban planners, more than anyone else, need knowledge in the field of cultural ecology. Therefore, local history must be developed, it must be disseminated and taught in order to solve local environmental problems on its basis. Local history fosters love for the native land and provides the knowledge without which it is impossible to preserve cultural monuments in the field.
We should not place full responsibility for neglecting the past on others or simply hope that special state and public organizations are engaged in preserving the culture of the past and “this is their business,” not ours. We ourselves must be intelligent, cultured, well-mannered, understand beauty and be kind - namely, kind and grateful to our ancestors, who created for us and our descendants all that beauty that not anyone else, but we, are sometimes unable to recognize, accept in your moral world, to preserve and actively defend.
Every person is obliged to know among what beauty and what moral values ​​he lives. He should not be self-confident and arrogant in rejecting the culture of the past indiscriminately and “judgmentally.” Everyone is obliged to take part in preserving culture to the best of their ability.
You and I are responsible for everything, not anyone else, and we have the power not to be indifferent to our past. It is ours, in our common possession.

Why is it important to preserve historical memory? What are the consequences of the disappearance of monuments for humans? The problem of changing the historical appearance of the old city. Argument from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."

In September 1978, I was on the Borodino field together with the remarkable restorer Nikolai Ivanovich Ivanov. Have you paid attention to what kind of dedicated people you meet among restorers and museum workers? They cherish things, and things pay them back with love. Things and monuments give their keepers self-love, affection, noble devotion to culture, and then taste and understanding of art, understanding of the past, and a soulful attraction to the people who created them. True love for people, or for monuments, never remains unanswered. That is why people find each other, and the earth, well-groomed by people, finds people who love it and itself responds to them in kind.
Nikolai Ivanovich has not gone on vacation for fifteen years: he cannot rest outside the Borodino field. He lives for several days of the Battle of Borodino and the days that preceded the battle. Borodin's field has enormous educational significance.
I hate war, I endured the Leningrad blockade, Nazi shelling of civilians from warm shelters, in positions on the Duderhof Heights, I was an eyewitness to the heroism with which the Soviet people defended their Motherland, with what incomprehensible steadfastness they resisted the enemy. Maybe that’s why the Battle of Borodino, which always amazed me with its moral strength, took on a new meaning for me. Russian soldiers repulsed eight fierce attacks on the Raevsky battery, following one after another with unheard-of tenacity.
In the end, the soldiers of both armies fought in complete darkness, by touch. The moral strength of the Russians was increased tenfold by the need to defend Moscow. And Nikolai Ivanovich and I bare our heads in front of the monuments to the heroes erected on the Borodino field by grateful descendants...
In my youth, I came to Moscow for the first time and accidentally came across the Church of the Assumption on Pokrovka (1696-1699). It cannot be imagined from surviving photographs and drawings; it had to be seen surrounded by low, ordinary buildings. But then people came and demolished the church. Now this place is a wasteland...
Who are these people who are destroying the living past - a past that is also our present, for culture does not die? Sometimes these are the architects themselves - one of those who really want to put their “creation” in a winning place and are too lazy to think about something else. Sometimes these are completely random people, and we are all to blame for this. We must think about preventing this from happening again. Cultural monuments belong to the people, and not only to our generation. We are responsible for them to our descendants. We will be in great demand both in a hundred and in two hundred years.
Historical cities are inhabited not only by those who currently live in them. They are inhabited by great people of the past, whose memory cannot die. The canals of Leningrad reflected Pushkin and Dostoevsky with the characters of his White Nights.
The historical atmosphere of our cities cannot be captured by any photographs, reproductions or models. This atmosphere can be revealed and emphasized through reconstructions, but it can also be easily destroyed—destroyed without a trace. It is irreparable. We must preserve our past: it has the most effective educational value. It fosters a sense of responsibility to the Motherland.
This is what the Petrozavodsk architect V.P. Orfinsky, the author of many books on folk architecture of Karelia, told me. On May 25, 1971, in the Medvezhyegorsk region, a unique chapel of the early 17th century in the village of Pelkula, an architectural monument of national importance, burned down. And no one even bothered to find out the circumstances of the case.
In 1975, another architectural monument of national importance burned down - the Church of the Ascension in the village of Tipinitsy, Medvezhyegorsk district - one of the most interesting tented churches of the Russian North. The reason was lightning, but the real root cause was irresponsibility and negligence: the high-rise hipped pillars of the Church of the Ascension and the bell tower connected to it did not have basic lightning protection.
The tent of the 18th century Nativity Church fell in the village of Bestuzhev, Ustyansky district, Arkhangelsk region - the most valuable monument of tent architecture, the last element of the ensemble, very precisely placed in the bend of the Ustya River. The reason is complete neglect.
Here's a small fact about Belarus. In the village of Dostoevo, where Dostoevsky’s ancestors came from, there was a small church of the 18th century. Local authorities, in order to get rid of responsibility, fearing that the monument would be registered as protected, ordered the church to be bulldozed. All that was left was measurements and photographs. This happened in 1976.
Many such facts could be collected. What can be done to prevent them from happening again? First of all, one should not forget about them, pretend that they did not exist. Prohibitions, instructions and boards indicating “Protected by the state” are not enough either. It is necessary that cases of hooligan or irresponsible attitude towards cultural heritage are strictly investigated in the courts and the perpetrators are severely punished. But this is not enough. It is absolutely necessary to study local history already in high school, to study in circles on the history and nature of your region. It is youth organizations that must first of all take patronage over the history of their region. Finally, and most importantly, high school history programs must include local history lessons.
Love for your homeland is not something abstract; this is also love for your city, for your locality, for its cultural monuments, pride in your history. That is why teaching history in school should be specific - on monuments of history, culture, and the revolutionary past of one’s area.
One cannot only call for patriotism, it must be carefully nurtured - to cultivate love for one’s native places, to cultivate spiritual settledness. And for all this it is necessary to develop the science of cultural ecology. Not only the natural environment, but also the cultural environment, the environment of cultural monuments and its impact on humans should be subject to careful scientific study.
There will be no roots in the native area, in the native country - there will be many people similar to the steppe plant tumbleweed.

Why do you need to know history? The relationship between past, present and future. Ray Bradbury "A Sound of Thunder"

Past, present and future are interconnected. Every action we take affects the future. Thus, R. Bradbury in the story “” invites the reader to imagine what could happen if a person had a time machine. In his fictional future there is such a car. For thrill-seekers, time travel safaris are offered. The main character Eckels embarks on an adventure, but he is warned that nothing can be changed, only those animals that must die from disease or for some other reason can be killed (all this is clarified by the organizers in advance). Finding himself in the age of dinosaurs, Eckels gets so scared that he runs away from the permitted area. His return to the present shows how important every detail is: on his sole is a trampled butterfly. Once in the present, he discovered that the whole world had changed: the colors, the composition of the atmosphere, people, and even the spelling rules had become different. Instead of a liberal president, a dictator was in power.
Thus, Bradbury conveys the following idea: the past and the future are interconnected. We are responsible for every action we commit.
Looking into the past is necessary in order to know your future. Everything that has ever happened has influenced the world in which we live. If you can draw a parallel between the past and the present, then you can come to the future you want.

What is the price of a mistake in history? Ray Bradbury "A Sound of Thunder"

Sometimes the price of a mistake can cost the life of all humanity. Thus, the story “” shows that one minor mistake can lead to disaster. The main character of the story, Eckels, steps on a butterfly while traveling into the past; with his mistake, he changes the entire course of history. This story shows how carefully you need to think before doing something. He was warned about the danger, but the thirst for adventure was stronger than common sense. He was unable to correctly assess his abilities and capabilities. This led to disaster.

The main problem posed by V. Astafiev in this text is the problem of memory, the problem of spiritual heritage, people’s respect for our past, which forms an inextricable part of our common history and culture. The author asks the question: why do we sometimes turn into Ivanovs who do not remember kinship? Where do the former life values ​​of people, so dear to our hearts, go?

The problem identified by the writer is very relevant for our modern life. We often see how beautiful parks and alleys are cut down, and new houses are built in their place. People give priority not to the memory of their ancestors, but to the possibility of easy enrichment. Here we involuntarily recall Chekhov’s “The Cherry Orchard,” where new life cut its way with an ax.

The author's position is clear. He looks with nostalgia into the past, feels a feeling of aching melancholy and anxiety. The author loves his village very much, which is his small homeland. He watches with alarm how people strive for easy money, how material values ​​take over minds and hearts. In this case, there is a loss of everything truly important for a person, a loss of respect for the memory of ancestors, for one’s history. “Memories of a past life that is close to my heart disturb me and give rise to a nagging longing for something irretrievably lost. What will happen to this small, familiar and dear world to me, who will preserve my village and the memory of the people who lived here? - V. Astafiev asks bitterly in the finale. All this characterizes this writer as a highly moral, thoughtful person who loves his Motherland, Russian nature, and has a genuine interest in Russian history and culture.

The text is very emotional, expressive, imaginative. The writer uses a variety of means of artistic expression: metaphor (“walk through the sleeping streets”), epithet (“a clever man”), phraseology (“at least a tuft of wool from a black sheep”).

I completely agree with V. Astafiev. The problem of respect for the memory of our ancestors, for the history of old Russian cities and villages, the problem of preserving ancestral customs and traditions - all this is very important for us, because without the past there can be no future, a person cannot cut down his own roots. Another writer, V. Rasputin, raises similar problems in his work “Farewell to Matera.” The plot of the story is based on a true story.

During the construction of the Angarsk hydroelectric power station, nearby villages and churchyards were destroyed. Relocation to new places was a very dramatic moment for the inhabitants of these villages. They were forced to leave their homes, established households, old things, and parental graves. The writer’s image of the house becomes animated: the walls become blind, as if the hut also suffers from separation from its inhabitants. “It was uncomfortable to sit in an empty, ruined hut - it was guilty and bitter to sit in a hut that was left to die,” writes V. Rasputin. The heroine of the story, old woman Daria, remains with her native Matera until the very end. She bitterly complains that she did not have time to transport her parents’ graves. Saying goodbye to his hut, he touchingly cleans it up, as if seeing him off on his last journey. The image of the old village, the image of the old woman Daria and the image of the hut symbolize the maternal principle in the story. This is the basis of life that has been undermined by man.

A person’s respectful attitude towards his native places and his history forms our historical memory. D.S. also thinks about how important a person’s attitude is to his small homeland, about the beauty of the cities and villages of Russia. Likhachev in “Letters about the good and the beautiful.” The scientist talks about “how to cultivate in yourself and others “moral settledness” - attachment to your family, to your home, village, city, country”, to cultivate interest in your culture and history. This is the only way we will preserve our conscience and morality. To preserve and preserve memory is, according to D. Likhachev, “our moral duty to ourselves and to our descendants.”

Thus, the guideline for V. Astafiev in resolving this problem is absolute moral values, love for the Motherland, respect for the memory of ancestors, for the history of one’s own country, city, village. This is the only way we can maintain self-respect. Our great poet said this wonderfully:

Two feelings are wonderfully close to us -
The heart finds food in them -
Love for the native ashes,
Love for fathers' coffins.

Based on them from time immemorial,
By the will of God himself,
Human self-reliance
And all its greatness.