Velazquez's strange decision. Portraits of Aesop How the Spanish artist depicted Aesop

During the lesson we work with a sculptural image of Aesop and a portrait of the fabulist. We also use materials from the book by M.L. Gasparov "Entertaining Greece". Stories about ancient Greek culture. – M.: New Literary Review. – 2004. – 428 p.

Sculptural portrait of Aesop First, let's look at the sculptural portrait of the fabulist. A passionate admirer of ancient and classical art, the Italian church leader and philanthropist Alessandro Albani (1602-1779) built the famous Villa Albani in Rome, in which he housed his collection of ancient Greek and Roman works of art. Among them is a bust of Aesop. The sculpture dates back to the 1st-5th centuries. However, there is a legend that the image of Aesop in the form of a statue was made by Lysippos or his student Aristodemus in the series “Seven Ancient Sages” (IV century BC). The statue clearly displays Aesop's features, which harken back to the traditional ancient Greek perception of the legendary fabulist. Strands of thick hair hanging symmetrically on the forehead, suffering eyes under the steep brow ridges, a wrinkled forehead, as if even at this moment weighed down by deep thoughts, protruding thin collarbones, a short neck and a noticeable stoop (as a common feature of the depiction of a slave’s posture in ancient art).

Portrait of Aesop by Diego Velazquez Now let’s take a closer look at the portrait of Aesop by Diego Velazquez (1599-1660). The painting was created around 1638 (oil on canvas, 179 x 94). Kept in Madrid at the Prado National Museum. The portrait shows the image of a poor slave, rejected by society, but who has formed an ironic attitude towards the world, and therefore has gained true inner freedom. Wide-set dark eyes, a wide bridge of the nose, sharp cheekbones, sunken thin cheeks, a skeptically protruding lower lip. On his face is the sad indifference and wisdom of a man who has known the true value of life. Having captured the fabulist in full growth, the artist gives him the outlines of a wandering philosopher: an old loose coat that casually reveals his chest, simple hiking boots, and a book in his right hand, indicating the intellectual predilections of the man depicted in the picture. This is exactly how Aesop was remembered by his contemporaries and this is how, following the legends and traditions, the artist Diego Velazquez introduces the fabulist to us.

Essay on Aesop

People talked a lot about Aesop. They said that he was ugly, almost ugly: a head like a cauldron, a snub nose, thick lips, short arms, a hunchbacked back, and a distended belly. But the gods rewarded him with a sharp mind, resourcefulness and the gift of words - the art of composing fables. Even the master was afraid of his eloquent slave. One day he decided to get rid of Aesop - to take him to the slave market on the island of Samos and sell him. When they were getting ready to set off, they began to distribute travel luggage among the slaves. Aesop asks his comrades: “I’m new here, weak, give me that bread basket over there,” and points to the largest and heaviest one. They laughed at him, but gave it. However, at the very first stop, when everyone ate bread, Aesop’s basket immediately became lighter, but the rest of the slaves had their bags and boxes as heavy as they were. It was then that it became clear that the freak’s mind was not a failure.
Here are some more funny stories.
On the island of Samos lived the simpleton philosopher Xanthus. He saw three slaves for sale: two were handsome, and the third was an Aesop. He asked: “What can you do?” The first said: “Everything!”, the second said: “Everything!”, and Aesop said: “Nothing!” - “How so?” - “But my comrades already know how to do everything, they left me nothing.” Xanth marveled at Aesop's resourcefulness and bought it, hoping that he would help him in making important decisions.
Once Xanthus decided to give a treat to the students and sent Aesop to the market: “Buy us the best that there is in the world!” Guests have arrived - Aesop serves only tongues: fried, boiled, salted. "What does it mean?" - “Isn’t language the best thing in the world? People use language to agree, establish laws, talk about wise things - there is nothing better than language!” - “Well, for tomorrow, buy us all the worst things in the world!” The next day Aesop again gives only tongues: “What does this mean?” - “Isn’t language the worst thing in the world? People use language to deceive each other, start disputes, discord, war - there is nothing worse than language!” Xanthus was angry, but could not find fault.
Xanth sent Aesop to do some shopping. Aesop met the mayor of Samos on the street. “Where are you going, Aesop?” - "Don't know!" - “How come you don’t know? Speak!” - "Don't know!" The mayor got angry: “To prison for the stubborn man!” They took Aesop away, and he turned around and said: “You see, chief, I told you the truth: did I know that I was going to prison?” The boss laughed and released Aesop.
Xanthus got ready to go to the bathhouse and said to Aesop: “Go ahead and see how many people are in the bathhouse?” Aesop returns and says: “Only one man.” Xanth was delighted, walked and saw: the bathhouse was full. “What nonsense were you telling me?” “I didn’t tell you nonsense: there was a stone lying in front of the bathhouse on the road, everyone tripped over it, cursed and moved on, and only one was found who, as soon as he tripped, immediately picked up the stone and threw it out of the way. I thought that there were a lot of people here, but there was only one real person.”
Many times Aesop asked Xanthus to free him, but Xanthus did not want to. But there was an alarm on Samos: the state council was meeting before the people, and an eagle flew from the sky, grabbed the state seal, soared up and from there dropped it into the slave’s bosom. They called Xanthus to interpret the sign. Not knowing what to say, he said: “This is below my philosophical dignity, but I have a slave, he will explain everything to you.” Aesop came out: “I can explain, but it is not becoming for a slave to give advice to the free: free me!” Xanth freed Aesop from slavery. Aesop says: “The eagle is a royal bird; not otherwise, King Croesus decided to conquer Samos and turn it into slavery.” The people were upset and sent Aesop to King Croesus to ask for mercy. The generous king liked the smart freak, he made peace with the Samians, and made Aesop his advisor.
Aesop lived for a long time, composed fables, visited the Babylonian king, the Egyptian king, and the feast of the seven wise men... Aesop composed fables because he was a slave and saying directly what he thought was dangerous for him. Therefore, he came up with an allegorical language, which later received the name “Aesopian”.
And he died in the Greek city of Delphi. It is known that the temple of Apollo was built in Delphi, and the city lived under the patronage of this powerful god of light, knowledge and art. Petitioners from all over Greece flocked to Delphi, since in the temple of Apollo there was a soothsayer answering visitors’ questions about their future. Therefore, the temple flourished due to the offerings of parishioners, growing richer every year. Aesop looked at how the Delphians lived, who neither sow nor reaped, but fed only from the sacrifices made to Apollo by all the Hellenes, and he did not like it very much. The Delphians were afraid that he would spread bad rumors about them around the world, and they resorted to deception: they threw a golden cup from the temple into his bag, and then captured him, accused him of theft and sentenced him to death - they threw Aesop off a cliff. For this, a plague befell their city, and for a long time they had to pay for Aesop’s death.
This is how they told about the folk sage Aesop. (Based on materials from the book by M.L. Gasparov).

Before you is a painting by the painter Velazquez “Aesop”
(1639-1641). Art historians have calculated that she
was part of a series of paintings (“Mars”, “Menippus”, etc.),
intended for royal hunting
Castle Torre de la Parada near Madrid.

Do you remember who is depicted on it? This is Aesop, the ancient
non-Greek fabulist, considered the creator
fables. According to legend, he lived around the middle of the 6th century.
century BC e. Legends depict Aesop as folk
a sage, a holy fool and a lame slave of Samos
Iadmon, innocently thrown from a cliff in Del-
Fah. The plots of almost all known stories were attributed to him.
fables that were famous in antiquity, processed by many
by them fabulists - from the ancient Phaedrus and Babrius
to Jean de La Fontaine and Ivan Krylov. We already
accustomed to the fact that under an Aesopian fable there are
we know a fable in which the characters
animals and other dumb creatures perform
creatures and objects, allegorically representing
characteristic people, their characters and actions.

In connection with this, here is a question. Strange surprise oh-
hits me when I look at Diego's Aesop
Velazquez. Why did the artist leave his hand
character under a dress - instead of depicting
spread it on top, freely extended along the body?

What did he mean by this? All my fantasy
not enough for an answer to this, hopefully simple one
question. Maybe you can help?

~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^

Illustration: “The invisible hand of the fabulist”

Reviews

“Before you is a painting by the painter Velazquez “Aesop”... Do you remember who is depicted in it?” Yes, yes, of course we “remember” - I thought - after all, this is the first time we see her... And then I read: “This is Aesop.” Funny!☺

The versions are:
1. It was difficult to convey the fabulist’s view. Diego was not happy with the way he showed his face and made a distracting maneuver.
2. Aesop is characterized by omissions; in his works there is always a background...
3. “Creativity reveals...” says the artist. Let me explain: manuscripts (books) symbolize creativity. If Aesop’s right hand had been free, then it... would also have ended up just below the chest, forming a “lock”.
.................
There are many options, but I am inclined to the following: imagine that Aesop’s left hand is lowered - this is not interesting... But it’s a mystery!

Vladimir, thank you! I wanted you to wish us something!☺

I'd like that too. And in mine
portfolio has already accumulated a lot of
disgusting. But - read it, if not for-
difficult, my resume. I now
no time for fun...

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Diego Velazquez 1599-1660

Born in Seville in 1599, into a poor noble family whose ancestors were Portuguese Jews. He studied painting in his hometown, first with Francisco Herrera the Elder, and from 1611 with Francisco Pacheco, a humanist, poet, and author of a treatise on painting. Velazquez mastered drawing, painting techniques, and working from life. In 1617, Diego received the title of master and soon opened his own workshop. In 1618, the young artist married the daughter of his teacher, Juana Miranda Pacheco. Over the next few years, they had two daughters, one of whom died in infancy.
Most of Velázquez’s works, created during the period of study and immediately after it, are devoted to the depiction of everyday scenes (in the “bodegones” genre, when the scene of action is an inn or tavern), the main characters of which are ordinary people of Seville (“Breakfast”, “The Old Cook”, "Water-carrier"). In paintings on religious themes, the Bodegones traditions can also be traced: “The Adoration of the Magi”, “Christ with Martha and Mary”. During these years, the artist painted the first portraits, in which the characteristics of Velázquez as a portrait painter were determined - a sharply captured similarity, the brightness of individuality: “Portrait of the Nun Jerónima de la Fuente.”

"Breakfast" 1617

"Christ in the House of Martha and Mary" 1618

"Immaculate Conception" 1618

"Old Woman Frying Eggs (Cook)" 1618

"Adoration of the Magi" 1619

"Portrait of the Nun Jerónima de la Fuente" 1620

"Mother Jeronima de la Fuente" fragment

"Miracle at Emmaus" 1620

In 1622, he went to Madrid for the first time, and the next year, with the assistance of the first minister, Duke de Olivares, he managed to receive an order for a portrait of the king.

"First Minister Duke de Olivares"

"Philip IV" 1624-26

“Portrait of Philip IV with a Petition” created a sensation, and the author became a court artist, and soon a chamberlain, received a studio in the palace, and was appointed custodian of the royal collections. Velazquez completed a number of official orders: ceremonial portraits of the king, members of his family, and representatives of the nobility. In addition, he created a gallery of images of figures of Spanish culture: Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Calderon, Quevedo.

"Water Seller in Seville" 1623

"Philip IV on the hunt" 1632-1633

In 1627, in competition with other artists, he painted the painting “The Expulsion of the Moors” and received the title of chamberlain. In 1629, the artist completed a painting, unusual for the Spanish tradition, on an ancient subject - “Bacchus”, or “Drunkards”, which is interpreted as a scene from folk life, a feast of cheerful peasants. Meeting and communicating with Rubens, who visited the Spanish court in 1628–1629. on a diplomatic mission, inspired him to travel to Italy, where in 1629–1631. Velazquez studied and copied the works of Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto, Raphael, Michelangelo, and monuments of antiquity. At the same time, his style changed - it became more free and brilliant, the coloring was less dark in the shadows and conveyed nature in bright lighting. Returning to the mythological theme in “The Forge of Vulcan,” Velazquez gives the image a genre character.
The portraits created by Velazquez upon his return, in the years 1630-1640, brought him fame as a master of this genre. The dispassionately cold ceremonial equestrian portraits of royalty are distinguished by the restrained splendor of poses, clothes, horses, and the grandeur of landscape backgrounds. In portraits of courtiers, friends, and students, Velazquez accumulated and synthesized his observations and selected the necessary visual means. These paintings usually lack accessories, gestures, and movement. A neutral background has depth and airiness; The dark tones of the clothes direct the viewer’s attention to the evenly lit faces. The unique combinations of shades of silver-gray, olive, gray-brown found for each portrait with an overall restraint of the gamut create an individual structure of images (portraits of Juan Mateos, Duke of Olivares, “Lady with a Fan”, a series of portraits of the Infantes). A special place is occupied by portraits of royal jesters, the mentally ill and dwarfs. The images of dwarfs amaze with their energy, intelligence, and looks full of inner strength and sorrow, which contrasts with their physical weakness (“El Bobo del Coria”, “El Primo”, “Sebastiano del Morra”). The paired paintings “Menippus” and “Aesop” present images of people who have fallen and been rejected by society, but who have gained inner freedom from the conventions that constrain the individual.
One of the most significant paintings of this period was The Surrender of Breda (1634–1635), in which Velázquez abandoned the traditional conventions of historical paintings of the era. Each of the warring parties is characterized with deep humanity. Drama is revealed through the psychological characteristics of the characters, shown with portrait authenticity.

"Surrender of Breda" 1635

In 1642–1644 Velazquez accompanied the king on his campaign against Aragon, and in the late 1640s. visited Italy again to acquire works of art for the king. The artist was greeted with honor, the portrait of his servant and student, the mulatto Juan Pareja, was enthusiastically received in Roman artistic circles. In 1650, Velazquez was elected a member of the Roman Academy of St. Luke and the Society of Virtuosi of the Pantheon. The portrait of Pope Innocent X, an unusually bold image in its frankness, became Velázquez's most famous creation outside of Spain. The Pope, in ceremonial robes, appears before the audience as a man of bright temperament, intelligent, powerful, energetic, but also cunning and cruel. Velazquez also turns to the landscape and creates two small views that depict corners of the park of the Villa Medici. Probably, upon his return, the masterpiece “Venus with a Mirror” (1657) was created. The theme is inspired by Italian impressions; in Spain, the image of a naked female body was prohibited by the Inquisition. Velazquez shows the beauty of a living woman, flexible, full of grace, bringing the divine image closer to the earthly.
In 1651, Velazquez returned to Madrid, and in 1652 he was appointed royal chief marshal. The new position took a lot of effort and time (the duties included preparing and organizing festivities at the court). Portraits of the late period of Velázquez's work are largely characterized by artistry and psychological completeness (Infanta Maria Teresa, 1651; Philip IV, 1655–1656; Infanta Margaret of Austria, circa 1660).
In the second half of the 1650s. Velazquez painted two of his most famous paintings. In "Las Meninas" the main character is the five-year-old Infanta Margarita, frozen in the prim pose of a noble lady. The artist conveys her soft, childish facial features. The royal couple is looking at her, posing for the artist (in which Velazquez depicted himself, and left the monarchs outside the canvas - only in the form of a reflection in the mirror). Next to the infanta are numerous ladies-in-waiting. Velazquez shows courtiers in everyday settings, exalting everyday life, presenting it in an elevated, monumental way. The picture is built on the interweaving of the official and everyday, on a multifaceted play of semantic shades and figurative comparisons. “Spinners” is an image of a workshop where carpets were restored and woven to decorate the palace halls. In the background, three ladies are looking at the tapestries, one of which depicts the myth of Arachne. In the foreground are several female workers. This is the first work in the history of European art that glorifies the activities of the common man.
In 1660, Velázquez accompanied Philip IV on his trip to the French border to meet with Louis XIV on the occasion of the latter’s marriage to Infanta Maria Theresa. The organization of the festivities that accompanied this meeting tired the artist so much that he fell ill and died shortly after his return to Madrid. The immediate heir to his position at court was his student and the husband of his daughter Francisca, Juan Batista del Maso.
Velázquez had a great influence on the painting of his homeland, among his students were such masters as Murillo and Kappeño de Miranda. Goya called Velazquez one of his teachers. In the 19th century the master's fame went beyond the borders of Spain. Velázquez is one of the key figures in the development of Manet's art, who admired the great Spaniard's brushwork. The themes of Velázquez’s paintings were developed in their work by Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dali.

"Equestrian portrait of Prince Balthazar"

"Bacchus" 1629

"Count Olvares on horseback" 1634

"Portrait of the Infanta Margherita" 1660

"Equestrian portrait of Philip IV"

"Don Balthasar Carlos"

"White Horse"

"Infanta Marguarite Therese" 1654

"Allegorical portrait of Philip IV"

Favorite paintings by Velazquez

"Lady with a Fan" 1640

"The Myth of Arachne (Spinners)" 1657

"Venus before the Mirror" 1644-48

"Philip IV of Spain" 1652-53

"Margaretha as a child Sun"

"Young Lady"

"Francisco Bandres De Abarca"

"Prince Baltasar Carlos as a Hunter" 1635-36

"Self-Portrait" 1643

"St. Anthony"

"Infanta Maria of Austria"

"El Primo. Dwarf with a book on his lap. (Don Diego de Acedo)"

"Saints Anthony and Paul"

"Coronation of the Virgin Mary" 1645

"Coronation of the Virgin Mary" (Fragment) 1645

"Cardinal Camillo Astalli"

"The Family of Philip IV (Las Meninas)"

"The Temptation of Saint Thomas Aquinas"

"Dwarf with a Dog" 1650

"Democritus" 1628-29

"Sketch of the head of Apollo" 1630

"Villa Medici, Pavilion of Ariadne" 1630

"Infanta Margherita Maria"

"Portrait of an elderly nobleman with a gold chain and an order cross" 1645

"Portrait of Marie Louise"

"Portrait of the court dwarf Don Sebastian del Morra"

"Portrait of the court dwarf Francisco Lezcano, nicknamed the Child of Vallescas

"Christ on the Cross" 1632

"Crucifixion"

"Portrait of the poet Luis de Gongora"

"Queen Isabella de Bourbon, first wife of Philip IV" 1631-32

"Juan de Pareya" 1650

"Queen Isabella of Bourbon on horseback" 1634

"Pope Innocent X" 1650

"Portrait of King Philip IV"

13.12.2014

Description of the painting by Diego Velazquez “Aesop”

The great ancient Greek fabulist Aesop is very famous from the time of his life to the present day. In his fables, he represented different types of people in the form of animals and ridiculed their shortcomings and vices, such as greed, vanity, pride, stupidity and many others. Aesop was born into slavery, but his owner appreciated his talent and gave him the desired freedom. One can only guess what this fabulist might have looked like; there are many legends about this. Most often, Aesop was portrayed as an ugly and homely hunchback of small stature. But this was done on purpose in order to highlight his inner world, which is very beautiful and kind, in contrast.

In his painting, Velazquez depicted Aesop in very shabby clothes. First he was a slave, and now he is a mendicant vagabond. However, the most important thing that the artist wanted to draw the viewer’s attention to was Aesop’s eyes, or rather, his gaze. He looks intently into the viewer's eyes, or rather, pierces him, trying to discern the most secret thing that can be hidden in his soul. He is like a judge listening to the justification of someone accused of a crime. Or he is like a doctor who must first carefully examine the patient before making his diagnosis. Also, maybe he looks like a teacher who wants to reprimand his unlucky student. But most importantly, his gaze is similar to the gaze of God himself. This god has long been observing humanity, which is mired in sins and continues to make the same mistakes for thousands of years. And this man, Aesop, who was at the very bottom, in the lowest stratum of society, now becomes close to the height at which God himself is located. It was very important for Velazquez that he could show a special wisdom, separated from the status of a person in society. Such people do not belong to society, but are outside it, even above it and its laws.

AESOP (c. VI century BC) - ancient Greek writer, fabulist, considered the founder of the fable genre. From the descriptions he appears as an ugly man, a hunchback, but infinitely wise and endowed with a literary gift.

The texts of Aesop's fables are short, simple in content, the plot is not cluttered with details and is also extremely simple and, importantly, the moral is clearly declared. The language is close to everyday, colloquial, there are few adjectives in it and verbs are often found, because Aesop’s fables are, first of all, a story about an act, an action, and not a description of the situation. In these texts you rarely find dialogue, unless a direct remark marks the denouement. Often, Aesop's fables have four parts: exposition, plot, action and a surprise ending. In some cases, this scheme varies in the direction of simplifying the composition or, conversely, complicating it.

The characters in Aesop's fables are animals and plants (more than 80 of their varieties), people of various professions (researchers counted about 30), as well as gods and mythological figures. The most popular characters are fox, wolf, snake, lion, donkey, dog, peasant, etc. All of them, however, are conventional figures, bearers of specific functions.

Many of the plots of “Aesop’s Fables” are very familiar to the reader from adaptations made by J. Lafontaine, I. I. Dmitriev, I. A. Krylov and others. These include “The Raven and the Fox”, “The Fox and the Grapes”, “The Wolf and the Crane” ", "The Wolf and the Lamb", "The Beetle and the Ant", "The Horse and the Donkey", etc.

Portrait of Aesop at full height.