Chemical industry, its sectoral composition and importance in the national economy of the country (RF). The role of the chemical industry in the state

tires, rubber, plastics; b) transport;

mineral fertilizers; c) textile industry;

dyes and fibers; d) agriculture.

2. The main areas for the production of mineral fertilizers in Russia are:

B) the Urals and Eastern Siberia;

B) The Urals, Eastern Siberia and Central Russia.

3. Among the branches of the chemical industry, production is focused on raw materials:

A) potash fertilizers;

B) sulfuric acid;

B) plastics.

4. Production is more energy and water intensive:

A) plastics, chemical fibers;

B) sulfuric acid and fertilizers.

5. The main areas for the production of polymer materials in Russia are:

A) European North and Central Russia;

B) Central Russia and the Volga region;

B) Volga region and European North.

6. Among the branches of the chemical industry, production is consumer-oriented:

A) potash fertilizers;

B) sulfuric acid;

B) plastics.

7. Forest surplus areas in Russia include:

A) European North and North Caucasus;

B) Northern Caucasus and Eastern Siberia;

B) Eastern Siberia and the European North.

8. According to the main location factors, paper production is most similar to the production of:

A) polymers;

B) sulfuric acid;

B) mineral fertilizers.

9. Timber processing complexes were built:

A) in Arkhangelsk;

B) in Syktyvkar and Bratsk;
C) in Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar and Bratsk.

10. Establish a sequence in cardboard production:

A) cardboard;

B) logging;

B) pulp mill;

D) sawmill and wood processing plant.

Chemical industry of Russia

The chemical industry plays a vital role in the country’s economy, as it produces fundamentally new construction materials for other sectors of the economy, and also contributes to the creation of waste-free production technologies.

This industry includes:

Mining and chemical industry

Basic chemistry (production of acids, salts, alkalis, minerals.

fertilizers)

Production of polymer metals (synthetic layers, plastics, chemical fibers, rubber) and their processing into finished products.

The chemical industry also includes the industry of chemical reagents and highly pure substances, varnishes and paints - household chemicals; The petrochemical, microbiology, pharmaceutical, perfume and cosmetic industries act as a separate industry.

Feature The industry is characterized by a wide variety of raw materials used, equipment and technologies used.

Raw material base This industry serves all types of combustible minerals (gas, oil, mountains.

slates); mineral raw materials (salts, apatites, phosphates, sulfur); waste from the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and the chemical industry itself.

Placement factors Industry production is determined by the specifics of the production process. Chemical enterprises industries refer to raw materials and water-intensive industries. For example: the production of potassium salts is located near sources of raw materials; production of sulfuric acid and superphosphates - in areas of cheap electricity.

Basic Chemistry

Includes the production of acids, alkalis and mineral fertilizers

1.sulfuric acid production(the most important chemical product that is used in the production of mineral fertilizers, textiles, food and oil refining). It is located in areas of consumption since it is not easily transportable.

This production can be combined with metallurgical production and its waste. For example: Chelyabinsk - zinc, Volkhov aluminum plant, Krasnouralsk, Nizhny Tagil.

Recently, the raw material base has expanded and the production of sulfur and sulfuric acid has been combined with gas and an oil refinery.

The largest enterprises in this industry: Volgo-Vyatsky district - Derzhinsk; Ural region - Perm, Bereznyaki.

2.soda industry: The starting material is salt.

Chemical industry of Russia (page 1 of 2)

Soda is used both in the chemical and other fields (glass, pulp and paper, textile industries).

The deposit of natural soda is located in the Altai Territory (Mikhailovskoye), Perm Territory (Bashkiria, Bereznyaki, Sterlitamak).

Centers of the soda industry: Usolye-Sibirskoye, Cheboksary, Volgograd.

3.production of mineral fertilizers(phosphate, potassium, nitrogen). 3 million tons/year.

— phosphate fertilizers (simple and double superphosphate). The raw materials are phosphorites and apatites. Most phosphate fertilizer production facilities operate on apatites of the Kola Peninsula, and enterprises using phosphorites are located in mining areas. Centers: Moscow region - Voskresensk, North-West region - Kingisepp, St. Petersburg, Volga region - Balakovo.

— the production of potash fertilizers is located near potassium salts, it is located in the Urals, on the basis of potassium salts of the Neftekamsk deposit (Solikamsk, Bereznyaki).

— production of nitrogen fertilizers is located near gas fields or combined with full-cycle coke chemistry and ferrous metallurgy enterprises.

New pipelines are located along gas pipelines. Centers: Derzhinsk (near Nizhny Novgorod), Bereznyaki, Novomoskovsk (Tula region), Kemerovo, Togliatti, Nevinnomyssk (Stavropol region).

— complex fertilizers (complex and mixed).

Centers: Cherepovets, Novomoskovsk, Krasnodar, Nevinnomyssk

Chemistry of organic synthesis

Includes:

1.based on organic synthesis(production of alcohols, solvents, organic acids)

2.production of organic synthesis products(plastics, resins, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers)

3.processing of polymer materials(plastic products.

Plastic production).Centers: Volga region (Kazan, Volgograd)

Ural (Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, Solvat, Ekaterinburg)

Western Siberia (Tyumen, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk)

Central district (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo)

S-Zapadny district (St. Petersburg.)

4.artificial and synthetic fibers(Tver, Ryazan, Balakovo, Barnaul, Kursk, Engels, Krasnoyarsk, etc.)

SEE MORE:

Plastics production– from synthetic resins, from coal, associated petroleum gases, petroleum refining hydrocarbons, partly from wood raw materials.

The initial stages of the technological process are confined to the sources of raw materials. Further processing of resins with subsequent production of plastics is consumer-oriented.

This industry arose in the early 20s in the Central region:

- Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Novomoskovsk (Tula region) and gradually spread to other areas, areas provided with raw materials:

— St. Petersburg, Dzerzhinsk, Kazan, Kemerovo, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Volgograd, Salavat, Tyumen, Yekaterinburg, Ufa, Tomsk, Angarsk.

Manufacturer of chemical fibers.

They are artificial and synthetic.

Artificial(from natural polymers, such as cellulose). Acetate and viscose are produced from them.

— Balakovo, Ryazan, Tver, St. Petersburg, Shuya (Ivanovo region), Krasnoyarsk

Synthetic(from synthetic resins, during oil, gas, coal processing).

They are used to produce nylon, nitron, and lavsan.

— Kursk, Saratov, Volzhsky

The main amount of chemical fibers is produced in the European part of the country, differing in material, energy, water, and labor intensity of production. The production of chemical fibers is consumer-oriented, i.e., the textile industry or located in close proximity to it.

Joint production of artificial and synthetic fibers: Klin, Serpukhov, Engels, Barnaul, Shchekino.

Synthetic rubber production.

It first appeared in the world in the 30s in the USSR (synthesized by Academician Lebedev). The main amount of synthetic rubber is used for the production of tires (65 - 70%) and rubber products (about 25%). The first enterprises arose in:

— Yaroslavl, Voronezh, Kazan, Efremov

Now synthetic rubber is focused on synthetic alcohols obtained from hydrocarbons and oil refining of associated gases, located in the Urals, Volga region and Western Siberia:

- Nizhnekamsk, Togliatti, Samara, Saratov, Sterlitamak, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Perm, Ufa, Orsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk - obtained on the basis of wood alcohol

oil refining – synthetic rubber – tire production:

— Omsk, Yaroslavl

wood hydrolysis – ethyl alcohol – synthetic rubber – tire production:

— Krasnoyarsk

Nitrogen fertilizer industry.

In Russia, the ammonia method for producing nitrogen fertilizers (from ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium sulfate) has been adopted. The basis for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is ammonia, previously synthesized from air nitrogen and hydrogen. Nitrate and carbamide are produced from ammonia.

This method is based on the use of coke, coke oven gas, and water. Now almost all ammonia is produced from natural gas (cheap raw materials), so enterprises for the production of nitrogen fertilizers are located in areas where gas resources are distributed (North Caucasus) and along the routes of main gas pipelines (Center, Volga region, North-West).

If coke oven gas serves as the raw material, then nitrogen production gravitates towards coal coking centers or is combined with ferrous metallurgy, where hydrogen is produced as a waste of coke oven gases (Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novokuznetsk).

Phosphate fertilizer industry focuses mainly on the consumer and sulfuric acid, and to a lesser extent on sources of raw materials.

Test on geography on the topic “Economy of Russia” (grade 9)

Almost all phosphate fertilizers in Russia are produced from apatite concentrate.

Phosphorites are of local importance in the European part of the country. The Voskresensky chemical plant operates at the Egorovskoye field.

Industrial reserves of phosphorites are available in the Bryansk region - Poltenskoye; in the Kirov region - Verkhnekamskoe; in the Kursk region - Shelrovskoye - but this raw material is suitable only for the production of phosphate rock.

The production of phosphate fertilizers requires a large amount of sulfuric acid, which is produced from imported or local raw materials.

Often the production of sulfuric acid is combined with the production of phosphate fertilizers. Phosphate fertilizers are produced by some centers of ferrous metallurgy (Cherepovets) and non-ferrous metallurgy (Krasnouralsk, Revda, Vladikavkaz), where the raw material for sulfuric acid is industrial waste, for example, sulfur dioxide gases.

Centers: St. Petersburg, Volkhov, Perm, Kingisepp

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. Mechanical engineering ranks first among all industries in the world both in cost (35%) and in number of employees (more than 80 million people). In developed countries, the products of this industry account for 32-38% of the cost of industrial production in countries with transition economies - 20-25%, in newly industrialized countries - 15-25%.

In the industry structure of mechanical engineering, there are general, transport, electrical, and electronics.

Each division now accounts for about a third of machine-building production. During the rest of the year, electronics are growing at a faster pace, general mechanical engineering is characterized by moderate growth, and the share of transport engineering is gradually decreasing.

The distribution of mechanical engineering is very uneven.

There are four main engineering regions of the world: 1). Northern. America (30%

products - computers, aircraft, rocket and space technology, weapons) 2) region. Western,. Central and. Eastern. Europe without.

Russia (about 30% of production), 3) region covering the country. Eastern and. South-Eastern. Asia (about 25% of products - ships, cars, consumer electronics) 4). Russia, countries. Transcaucasia and

Average. Asia (military and agricultural equipment, metal manufacturing machines and power equipment.

In most developing countries and some regions of the world, mechanical engineering is either completely absent or represented by small enterprises. However, some of these countries (India,...

Brazil,. Argentina) have a relatively developed mechanical engineering industry.

In developed countries, the general engineering industry is dominated by the production of equipment and machine tools.

The production of agricultural machinery and simple equipment is moving to countries that are developing. In the structure of transport engineering, there is an intensive growth in the automotive industry, while the production of ships and railway vehicles is declining.

. World car production grew from 10 million in 1950 to 70 million in 2006. However, in different regions, the growth in production volumes has unequal rates: in North American countries the growth is approximately 2%, and in.

European ohm. Union - 1.5%, c. South. America - 18%, and in countries. Eastern. Europe - by 5.4%.

The world's leading car manufacturer again. USA (with an annual production volume of more than 12 million cars), ahead of the leader of the last two decades -. Japan (11.5 million cars)

At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, the production of sea vessels decreased in a number of countries. Western and. Central. Europe was even curtailed. At the same time, there was a movement of shipbuilding from developed countries to developing countries.

In the electrical industry, the production of power equipment is increasing, but the electronics industry is developing especially rapidly.

A significant share in it is occupied by military and industrial electricity. Ronika (USA, Japan).

The main manufacturers of consumer electronics along with. They became Japan. China (35 million TV sets annually - first place in the world) and.

South. Korea. Developed countries are curtailing the production of consumer electronics and products of low and medium complexity, turning into their largest importers from new industrial countries.

These trends in the territorial structure of mechanical engineering have led to the rapid growth of international trade in the industry's products. Machinery, equipment and vehicles in the structure of world exports account for 37% of its total volume, and in the exports of developed countries - 43%, developing countries - 19%.

Leaders in private engineering products are. Japan (64%). USA and Germany (48% each).

More than 80% of world trade in machinery and equipment occurs in developed countries

Chemical industry of the world

. The chemical industry is one of the leading sectors of the world economy

According to the level of development of the chemical industry, highly developed countries are distinguished (USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands).

In developing countries, the mining and chemical industry has recently become more important. The modern location of the chemical industry in the world increasingly resembles the location of mechanical engineering in its basic features. This is due to the fact that its development in the last ten years has been influenced by energy reduction processes.

and material consumption, increasing its dependence on scientific developments.

As a consequence, developed post-industrial countries are increasingly specializing in the production of organic synthesis chemistry products, including all highly processed ones (medicines, high-quality plastics, etc.). At the same time, traditional production of basic chemistry is moving to developing and transition countries.

Thus, in the “top ten” producers of mineral fertilizers in the mid-1990s, along with.

USA,. Canada. France. Germany, entered.

Features of the location of the main branches of the chemical industry

China (first place in the world). Russia,. India,. Indonesia,. Belarus, Ukraine at the beginning of the 21st century. large producers of mineral fertilizers are also treated. Mexico and countries.

Persian Gulf. This is due to the fact that since the mid-1970s in oil-producing countries. Middle. East,. South-Eastern. Asia,. Latin. In America, the petrochemical industry began to develop rapidly and large petrochemical complexes were created. The production of chemical fibers is gradually moving there.

Countries remain the largest exporters of chemical products.

Europe,. USA and Canada

Chemical industry

The chemical industry is a branch of heavy industry. It determines the development of scientific and technological progress, expands the raw material base of industry and construction, is a necessary condition for the intensification of agriculture (production of mineral fertilizers), and satisfies the population’s demand for consumer products.

The structure of the chemical industry is constantly becoming more complex and improved.

In recent years, microbiology and the pharmaceutical industry have emerged as independent branches. A new sub-industry has emerged - household chemicals.

The chemical industry consists of the following branches:

– mining and chemical (extraction of mineral raw materials: apatite, phosphorite, sulfur);

– basic chemistry (production of acids, alkalis, salts, mineral fertilizers);

– chemistry of organic synthesis (production of hydrocarbon raw materials and semi-finished products for the production of polymer materials);

– polymer chemistry (production of resins, plastics, synthetic rubber and chemical fibers);

– processing of polymer materials (production of tires, rubber, polyethylene film);

– production of synthetic dyes.

The chemical industry consumes many types of raw materials:

– mineral raw materials (sulfur, phosphorites, salts) and mineral fuels (oil, gas, coal);

– plant raw materials (timber industry waste);

– water and air;

– industrial waste from metallurgy and oil refining enterprises (coke oven and sulfur dioxide gases);

– agricultural waste.

Chemical industry is a branch of industry that includes the production of products from hydrocarbon, mineral and other raw materials through their chemical processing.

Table 7.1.

Sub-sectors of the chemical industry

Sub-sector	Examples
Inorganic chemistry	Ammonia production, soda production, sulfuric acid production
Organic chemistry	Acrylonitrile, phenol, ethylene oxide, urea
Ceramics	Silicate production
Petrochemistry	Benzene, ethylene, styrene
Agrochemistry	Fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides
Polymers	Polyethylene, bakelite, polyester
Elastomers	Rubber, neoprene, polyurethanes
Explosives	Nitroglycerin, ammonium nitrate, nitrocellulose
Pharmaceutical chemistry	Medicines: synthomycin, taurine, ranitidine
Perfumes and cosmetics	Coumarin, vanillin, camphor

The main ways (in order of decreasing importance) to increase the economic efficiency of production in the chemical industry are to reduce:

– resource intensity (due to increasing the yield of the target product from raw materials, processing production waste/ballast into related products);

– specific depreciation charges (due to the introduction of production units with increased unit capacity);

– energy intensity (due to the introduction of energy-saving technologies, energy technology schemes using secondary energy resources);

– personnel costs (through complex automation and complete mechanization of production).

Table 7.2.

The largest chemical companies in Russia

Modern chemical technologies have a number of advantages over mechanical processing of substances.

This makes it possible:

– transform an unlimited range of raw materials into valuable industrial products;

– to bring into circulation new types of raw materials as technological progress progresses (natural gases for the production of ammonia; associated petroleum gases for the production of synthetic rubber);

– replace expensive raw materials (food products) with cheap ones (wood or mineral);

– use raw materials comprehensively (from oil to obtain fuel oil and motor fuel);

– utilize industrial waste (sulfur dioxide gases – production of sulfuric acid, coke oven gases – production of ammonia);

– produce the same products from different types of raw materials (synthetic rubber from wood, coal and gas) and, conversely, obtain different chemical products from the same raw materials (coal is used to produce ammonia, synthetic fibers).

Inter-industry and intra-industry combinations are widely developed in the chemical industry.

Polymer chemistry (resins, plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers) is the main branch of petrochemistry, which is developing rapidly.

Production of plastics - from synthetic resins, from coal, associated petroleum gases, hydrocarbons from oil refining, partly from wood raw materials.

The initial stages of the technological process are confined to the sources of raw materials.

Further processing of resins with subsequent production of plastics is consumer-oriented.

This industry arose in the early 20s in the Central region: Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Novomoskovsk (Tula region) and gradually spread to other areas provided with raw materials: St. Petersburg, Dzerzhinsk, Kazan, Kemerovo, Novokuibyshevsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Volgograd, Salavat, Tyumen, Ekaterinburg, Ufa.

Production of chemical fibers.

Chemical fibers are either artificial or synthetic.

Artificial (from natural polymers, such as cellulose). Acetate and viscose are produced from them: Balakovo, Ryazan, Tver, St. Petersburg, Shuya (Ivanovo region), Krasnoyarsk

Synthetic (from synthetic resins, during the processing of oil, gas, coal).

They are used to produce nylon, nitron, and lavsan. Centers: Kursk, Saratov, Volzhsky

The main amount of chemical fibers is produced in the European part of the country, differing in material, energy, water, and labor intensity of production.

The production of chemical fibers is consumer-oriented, i.e., the textile industry or located in close proximity to it.

Joint production of artificial and synthetic fibers: Klin, Serpukhov, Engels, Barnaul

Production of synthetic rubber.

It first appeared in the world in the 30s in the USSR (synthesized by Academician Lebedev). The main amount of synthetic rubber is used for the production of tires (65% - 70%) and rubber products (about 25%). The first enterprises arose in Yaroslavl, Voronezh, Kazan, Efremov

They were associated with regions and centers of the rubber industry and mechanical engineering. We used food raw materials (potatoes).

The transition to mineral raw materials has dramatically changed the geography of production.

Now synthetic rubber is focused on synthetic alcohols obtained from hydrocarbons and oil refining of associated gases, located in the Urals, Volga region and Western Siberia: Nizhnekamsk, Togliatti, Samara, Saratov, Sterlitamak, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Perm, Ufa, Orsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk .

There are complexes of interdependent production:

– oil refining – synthetic rubber – tire production: Omsk, Yaroslavl;

– hydrolysis of wood – ethyl alcohol – synthetic rubber – tire production: Krasnoyarsk;

Basic chemistry – (production of nitrogen, potassium fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda).

Russia occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of reserves of potassium salts.

In Russia, the ammonia method for producing nitrogen fertilizers (from ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium sulfate) has been adopted.

Production is consumer-oriented:

The basis for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is ammonia, previously synthesized from nitrogen, air and hydrogen. Nitrate and carbamide are produced from ammonia.

Enterprises operating on coke are located either in coal basins (Beryazniki, Gubakha, Kizel, Kemerovo, Angarsk) or at a distance from them (Derzhinsk, Moscow), since coke can be transported over considerable distances.

Centers: Novomoskovsk, Shchekino, Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk, Dorogobuzh (Smolensk region, based on the use of oil refining waste Salavat), Togliatti, Kemerovo, Nevinnomyssk (Stavropol Territory)

The phosphate fertilizer industry focuses mainly on the consumer and sulfuric acid, and to a lesser extent on sources of raw materials.

The main reserves of phosphate raw materials are in the European part (on the Kola Peninsula - in the Khibiny Mountains - apatite nepheline ores, ores from which phosphate fertilizers are obtained in the chemical industry). Almost all phosphate fertilizers in Russia are produced from apatite concentrate. Phosphorites are of local importance in the European part of the country.

The Voskresensky chemical plant operates at the Egorovskoye field. Industrial reserves of phosphorites are available in the Bryansk region - Poltenskoye; in the Kirov region - Verkhnekamskoe; in the Kursk region - Shelrovskoe - but this raw material is suitable only for the production of phosphate rock. The production of phosphate fertilizers requires a large amount of sulfuric acid, which is produced from imported or local raw materials.

Centers: St. Petersburg, Volkhov, Perm.

The sulfuric acid industry uses sulfur pyrite (pyrite) - the Urals, native sulfur - Alekseevskoe deposit (Samara region). Individual gas condensate deposits are becoming an important source of sulfur.

Since the main consumer of acid is the phosphate fertilizer industry, the centers of production of sulfuric acid and phosphate fertilizers coincide with each other.

Soda industry.

Soda is the technical name for sodium carbonates. Bicarbonate - baking soda. Normal carbonate is calcined sulfur. Caustic soda is sodium hydroxide. The main raw materials are table salt and lime. For 1 ton of finished product, 1.5 tons of limestone, 5 m3 of salt brine and a large amount of fuel are required. There are reserves of natural soda in the Altai Territory - the Mikhailovskoye deposit.

Caustic soda is used in the soap, glass, pulp and paper, and textile industries.

In medicine and the food industry - baking soda. Centers: Berezniki, Sterlitamak (Bashkortostan), Mikhailovskoye (Altai Territory), Usoliesibirskoye (Irkutsk region).

The microbiological industry is a new industry that acquired independent significance in the 60s under the influence of scientific and technological progress. Currently, its role in the country's industrial production has increased significantly due to the need to intensify agriculture.

Structurally, there are two main groups of industries that differ from each other in the raw materials used:

– production of feed protein substances (feed yeast) from hydrocarbon raw materials;

– production of feed yeast from raw materials of plant origin (hydrolysis of wood and plant waste from agriculture)

Microbiology includes: enterprises of the hydrolysis industry and the chemistry of organic synthesis.

They are united into one whole by the purpose of the manufactured product and the nature of the technological process.

Enterprises using hydrogen raw materials focus on oil refining centers, which is due to the high material intensity of production. To obtain 1 ton of protein, 2.5 tons of hydrocarbons are needed. Enterprises focusing on hydrocarbon raw materials are located, respectively, in the Volga region and the Volga-Vyatka region (Nizhny Novgorod).

Enterprises that focus on raw materials of plant origin obtain feed yeast by interacting with enterprises of the hydrolysis industry, which processes sawmill waste, food waste and agricultural waste, such as corn cobs, sunflower husks, rice and cotton hulls.

Hydrolysis production is focused on raw material bases, located together with sawmilling (Krasnoyarsk, Kamsk, Zima (Irkutsk region), Arkhangelsk, Volgograd) or combined with pulp and paper production (Arkhangelsk, Solikamsk and Krasnokamsk - Perm region).

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

one of the most dynamic sectors of modern heavy industry (mining chemical, basic chemical, mineral fertilizers, polymer materials, synthetic dyes, etc.). Main regions of X. p.: USA, foreign Europe, Japan, CIS countries. The production of complex high-tech chemical products is concentrated in the USA, Western Europe. Europe, Japan. X-ray industry is developing rapidly in countries rich in oil and gas resources (Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Venezuela).

Concise geographical dictionary. EdwART. 2008.

Chemical industry

one of the most important branches of heavy industry. The chemical industry includes the mining chemical industry (extraction, enrichment and primary processing of raw materials), basic chemistry (production of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers), synthesis of polymer materials (production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber and etc. and products made from them), pharmaceutical industry, rubber industry, production of chemical reagents and highly pure substances, synthetic dyes, varnishes, household chemicals and other chemicals. The specifics of the industry include a wide variety of raw materials used, equipment and technology used. The raw material base is all types of combustible minerals (gas, oil, shale), mineral raw materials (potassium, table and other salts, phosphorites, apatites, sulfur), air (nitrogen, oxygen), as well as many types of waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and the chemical industry itself. The industry's production (especially pharmaceuticals and plastics) is growing rapidly. International trade is carried out mainly. between industrialized countries. In terms of exports of chemical products, Germany (1st place in the world), the USA, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and Japan stand out. All large companies in the chemical industry are the largest transnational corporations in the world (Bayer, BASF, Hoechst - Germany; Dow Chemical, DuPont - USA; IKI - Great Britain, etc.).

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

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Russia and includes chemical and petrochemical industry, subdivided into many industries and industries, as well as the microbiological industry. It provides the production of acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers, various polymeric materials, dyes, household chemicals, varnishes and paints, rubber-asbestos, photochemical and chemical-pharmaceutical products.

The chemical and petrochemical industries are characterized by features, the combination of which makes these industries unique in the breadth of economic use of their products. On the one hand, the complex’s products are used as raw materials in all industries (medical, microbiological, radio engineering, space, woodworking, light), in agriculture and transport. On the other hand, the process of processing chemical and petrochemical raw materials into the final product includes a large number of technological stages of processing, which determines a large share of intra-industry consumption.

The volume of goods shipped by type of economic activity “Chemical production” in 2007 amounted to 67% of the output of manufacturing industries. There are 7.6 thousand enterprises in the industry, employing more than 500 thousand people.

The volume of investments in fixed capital of the chemical complex from all sources of financing has increased 6.7 times since 2000. External investments during this period exceeded $3.7 billion, although the payback period for a large chemical project is 13-26 years.

The current location of the chemical complex has a number of features:

high concentration of enterprises in the European part of Russia;
concentration of chemical industry centers in areas that are deficient in water and energy resources, but concentrating the bulk of the population and production potential;
territorial discrepancy between the areas of production and consumption of chemical industry products;
the raw material base of the industry, which is differentiated depending on the natural and economic specifics of individual regions of the country.

The chemical industry plays the most important role in the economy of the Volga region, the Volga-Vyatka region, the Central Black Earth Region, the Urals and the Center. The industry is even more important in the economy of individual regions, where it serves as the basis for the formation of the economy of these territories - in the Novgorod, Tula, Perm regions and Tatarstan.

Products of the Russian chemical complex are in great demand abroad. In 2007, the volume of exports of chemical and petrochemical products amounted to $20.8 billion, or 5.9% of the total exports of the Russian Federation.

The development and location of the chemical complex is determined by the influence of a number of factors

Raw material factor has a huge impact on the location of all sectors of the chemical complex, and is decisive for the mining and chemical industry and the production of potash fertilizers. In the cost of finished products, the share of raw materials for individual production ranges from 40 to 90%, which is due either to high consumption rates or to their value.

Energy factor is especially important for the polymer materials industry and certain branches of basic chemistry. The chemical complex consumes about 1/5 of the energy resources used in industry. The production of synthetic rubber, phosphorus by electric sublimation and nitrogen fertilizers by water electrolysis is characterized by increased electrical capacity, and the soda industry is characterized by significant fuel consumption.

Water factor plays a special role when locating enterprises of the chemical complex, since water is used both for auxiliary purposes and as a raw material. Water consumption in the chemical industry varies from 50 m3 in the production of chlorine to 6000 m3 in the production of chemical fibers.

Consumer factor taken into account when locating, first of all, branches of basic chemistry - the production of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, sulfuric acid, as well as highly specialized enterprises producing varnishes, paints, and pharmaceutical products.

Labor factor influences the location of labor-intensive industries of the chemical complex, which include the production of chemical fibers and plastics.

Environmental factor until recently, was not sufficiently taken into account when locating enterprises of the chemical complex. However, this particular industry is one of the main environmental polluters among industrial sectors (almost 30% of the volume of polluted industrial wastewater). Therefore, the main and determining factor for the further development and placement of the industry is the transformation of traditional technologies into low-waste and resource-saving ones, the creation of closed technological cycles with full use of raw materials and not generating waste beyond their scope.

Infrastructure factor, which involves the preparation and arrangement of the territory for industrial development, is especially important when locating industrial enterprises, mainly in areas of new development.

Composition of the chemical complex

As part of the chemical complex, one can distinguish the mining and chemical industry associated with the extraction of primary chemical raw materials, basic chemistry, which ensures the production of mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid and soda, and the polymer materials industry (including organic synthesis).

The mining and chemical industry ranks third in terms of production volume and includes the extraction of apatites, phosphorites, potassium and table salts, native sulfur, boron, chalk, etc. The reserves of chemical raw materials in Russia, which are raw materials for the production of mineral fertilizers, are significant - in terms of potash resources salts and phosphate raw materials (apatites and phosphorites), the country ranks first in the world. The main reserves of chemical raw materials are concentrated in the European part of the country. No large and profitable deposits have yet been identified in the Eastern zone.

The structure of phosphate raw material reserves is dominated by apatite ores, where the Khibiny group in the Murmansk region plays the main role. Almost 90% of the country's proven reserves of potassium salts are concentrated in the Verkhnekamskoye deposit in the Perm Territory, where the extraction of this raw material is entirely carried out in Russia. Table salts are represented in the Volga region, the Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East, deposits of sulfur and sulfur pyrites are in the Urals.

Fertilizer production

Basic chemistry occupies a leading place in the chemical complex in terms of production volume. Its main industry is the mineral fertilizer industry, which includes the production nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers. In the structure of production of mineral fertilizers, approximately the same share (more than 2/5) is accounted for by potassium and nitrogen fertilizers, and 1/6 by phosphate fertilizers. In the cost of production of mineral fertilizers, the costs of feedstock, natural gas, electricity and transport account for approximately 70-80%.

The territorial organization of mineral fertilizer production has not undergone any changes over the past decade. As before, more than 95% of the production of mineral fertilizers is concentrated in the Western zone of the country, where the importance of the Urals has increased even more (2/5 of all-Russian production) against the backdrop of a reduction in the role of the Center, the North-West, the Volga region, and the Volga-Vyatka region.

Modern nitrogen industry is based on the synthesis and subsequent processing of ammonia, the cost of which accounts for almost 50% of the costs of natural gas (as raw materials and fuel). At the same time, the determining factor in location is either the presence of gas resources in the area (Nevinnomyssk in the North Caucasus), or consumers of finished products - agriculture - and enterprises are located along the routes of main gas pipelines (Novomoskovsk in Central, Novgorod in North-West, Dzerzhinsk in Volgo-Vyatka areas). When using coke oven gas, which is formed during the coking of coal, as a raw material, enterprises for the production of nitrogen fertilizers are built either in coal basins (Kemerovo, Angarsk) or near full-cycle metallurgical plants (Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Lipetsk, Cherepovets).

Potash fertilizers Produced at mining and chemical industry enterprises, they combine the extraction and enrichment of potash ores. On the basis of the Verkhnekamsk deposit, potash fertilizers are produced at two large enterprises in Solikamsk and Berezniki in the Perm Territory.

Production phosphate fertilizers based on the acid processing of phosphate raw materials (phosphorites and apatites) and is carried out at 19 enterprises located in almost all European regions of the country, including the Urals. The determining factor in location is the presence of a consumer, so enterprises are built mainly in agricultural areas: Kingisepp (North-West), Voskresensk, Novomoskovsk (Center), Uvarovo (Central Black Earth Region), Balakovo (Volga Region), Krasnouralsk (Ural).

The sulfuric acid industry produces products that are widely used, especially in the production of phosphate fertilizers. Sulfuric acid production is concentrated in the European part of the country; the main regions remain the European North, the Urals and the Center, which provide almost 2/3 of the total Russian output, slightly less - 1/5 - is provided by the Volga region and the North-West.

A distinctive feature of the soda industry is its attraction to raw materials - deposits of table salt. The production of caustic and soda ash is material-intensive (up to 5 m3 of salt brine is consumed to produce 1 ton of finished product), auxiliary materials are widely used here (about 1.5 tons of limestone per 1 ton of finished product) and fuel and energy resources. The leading areas of concentration of the soda industry are the Volga region, the Urals, Eastern Siberia and the Volga-Vyatka region, which account for over 9/10 of the all-Russian production of caustic and soda ash.

The polymer materials industry ranks second in the chemical complex in terms of production volume and includes organic synthesis (production of hydrocarbon raw materials based on oil, gas and coke chemistry), polymer chemistry developing on its basis (production of synthetic rubber, synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers ), as well as processing of polymer products (production of rubber products, tires, plastic products).

The development and deployment of organic synthesis is due to a significant and widespread raw material base, which removes territorial restrictions for the industry. Initially, organic synthesis relied on raw materials of wood and agricultural origin, coal, and was introduced in Kuzbass, the Moscow region, the Urals, as well as in European regions that consumed finished products. Now the determining factor is the availability of oil and gas raw materials.

Among the branches of polymer chemistry, the largest in scale is the industry of synthetic resins and plastics, which suffered less than others during the period of market transformations of the economy; its production volume decreased by 1/5. The availability of hydrocarbon petrochemical raw materials determines the location of the industry and production approaches petrochemical plants located in oil production areas or along oil and gas pipeline routes.

The expected shifts in the location of the industry in the Eastern zone did not occur. Over the past 15 years, the share of eastern regions in the all-Russian production of synthetic resins and plastics has decreased from 31 to 26% and the role of the Volga region (Novokuibyshevsk, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Kazan) and the Urals (Ufa, Salavat, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil) has increased, which in 2007 provided the production of more than 2/5 of the industry's finished products. The situation remains stable in the largest consumption area - Central, where large enterprises operate in Moscow, Ryazan, Yaroslavl.

Chemical fiber industry and threads ranks second in terms of the volume of polymer chemistry products produced and includes the production of artificial (from cellulose) and synthetic fibers (from petroleum products).

The industry of chemical fibers and threads is characterized by high consumption rates of raw materials, water, fuel and energy and is focused on the textile industry regions - Central (Tver, Shuya, Klin, Serpukhov), Volga region (Balakovo, Saratov, Engels). In the east, large enterprises operate in Krasnoyarsk, Barnaul, Kemerovo.

The synthetic rubber industry occupies a special place, since the world's first enterprises based on food raw materials were built in the early 1930s of the twentieth century. in Central Russia. The transition to hydrocarbon raw materials led to the construction of new plants in the Volga region, the Urals, and Western Siberia.

In addition to high material intensity, the industry is characterized by significant electrical intensity (almost 3 thousand kW/h per 1 ton of synthetic rubber) and is characterized by a certain territorial dispersion. Almost 2/3 of synthetic rubber production occurs in the European part, where the Volga region (Kazan, Tolyatti, Nizhnekamsk) remains the leading region. Production volumes are significant in the Central (Moscow, Yaroslavl), Central Black Earth (Voronezh) and Ural (Ufa, Sterlitamak, Perm) regions. In the east, Omsk (Western Siberia) and Krasnoyarsk (Eastern Siberia) remain major producers of synthetic rubber.

Taking into account the resource endowment of individual territories and the capabilities of the processing industry, the following economic regions of Russia are distinguished by large complexes of the chemical industry:

The center, where polymer chemistry predominates (production of synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fibers), is distinguished by the production of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid, dyes and varnishes;
the Urals, where all types of mineral fertilizers, soda, sulfuric acid, as well as synthetic alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics from oil and associated gases are produced;
North-West supplies phosphate fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemical products (synthetic resins, plastics, chemical fibers) to the all-Russian market;
The Volga region produces a variety of polymer products based on organic synthesis (synthetic rubber, chemical fibers);
The North Caucasus is developing the production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis, synthetic resins and plastics;
Siberia (Western and Eastern) is characterized by the development of the chemistry of organic synthesis and polymer chemistry, and the production of nitrogen fertilizers.

The chemical forest complex is of great importance for the Russian economy. It unites technologically interconnected enterprises of the forestry and chemical industries. The sectors of the complex are closely related to all other sectors.

Chemical industry. It has a complex structure, including various branches of basic chemistry and organic synthesis. The industry has an extensive raw material base: various minerals, wood, water, air, and waste from other industries. But the main raw materials are now products of oil refining and coal coking. Russia occupies a leading place in the world in terms of reserves of chemical raw materials and wood.

The location of chemical industry enterprises depends on various factors; Among them, the most important are raw materials, energy, consumer, and water. The specificity of chemical production is that it is water-intensive and is one of the main polluters.

For different branches of the chemical industry, different factors are paramount.

Basic Chemistry

Basic chemistry includes the production of acids, alkalis and mineral fertilizers.

The sulfuric acid industry is one of the most important chemical industries; its products are used in the production of mineral fertilizers, metallurgy, food and light industries, etc.

Plants for the production of sulfuric acid are located only in areas of consumption, since it is poorly transportable.

The industry is developed in almost all economic regions. The most important enterprises are located in the Central region (Voskresensk, Shchelkovo, Novomoskovsk), in the Volgo-Vyatka region (Dzerzhinsk), in the Urals (Berezniki, Perm).

The soda industry produces products used in the glass, chemical industries, non-ferrous metallurgy, household goods, etc. It is located near salt deposits (the raw material for producing soda) - in the Altai Territory, Perm Region, and Bashkortostan.

Production of mineral fertilizers. Phosphates and apatites are used to produce phosphate fertilizers. Most factories in the Russian Federation operate on Khibiny apatite. Large enterprises are in Voskresensk, St. Petersburg, Kingisepp.

The production of potash fertilizers is represented by the Solekamsk and Bereznikovsky plants in the Urals.

The nitrogen industry uses mainly natural gas as a raw material, therefore new enterprises in the industry are located near gas fields, as well as along the routes of main gas pipelines. The main centers are Dzerzhinsk. Berezniki, Novomoskovsk.

Chemistry of organic synthase

In recent years, the chemistry of organic synthesis has begun to play an important role. It produces various organic compounds from hydrocarbon raw materials (oil, natural gas, coal).

Basic organic synthesis includes the production of alcohols, organic acids, and solvents.

Organic synthesis enterprises produce plastics, resins, chemical fibers, etc., production of rubber, synthetic rubber, tires. The final stages of organic synthesis gravitate towards the consumer - mechanical engineering centers and the textile industry. Large plastics production factories are located in Kazan, Volgograd, Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, and Tyumen. Moscow, St. Petersburg.

The production of artificial and synthetic fibers requires a large amount of raw materials, fuel, and water. The main factories are located in Tver, Ryazan, Balashov, Barnaul, Kursk.

Enterprises for the production of synthetic rubber are located in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Voronezh, Omsk, Yaroslavl, Arkhangelsk and other cities.

Problems and development prospects

After the collapse of the USSR, chemistry, like other industries, is in a state of crisis. The country's national economy's need for chemical products is not being met due to the lag and reduction in capital construction and incomplete utilization of existing production facilities. There are often disruptions in the supply of fuel and energy, technological raw materials, materials (due to the severance of old production ties).

The decline in production is also associated with the deterioration of production conditions and the quality of raw materials, the lack of personnel with the necessary qualifications, violations of technology and the increasing frequency of accidents. A number of production facilities have been closed for environmental reasons. The issue of urgent withdrawal of chemical enterprises from Moscow and other cities has become urgent.

The chemical industry has a high concentration of production in areas of the European part of the country. This contradicts the distribution of raw materials and fuel and energy resources across the territory of Russia. It is necessary to make more use of the rich resources of Siberia and the Far East.

In addition, the development of chemistry in the future should be based on improved investment, tax and credit policies, deepening the specialization of regions based on the development of highly efficient resources.

Urgent tasks in chemistry and petrochemistry are also the reduction of pollution emissions and the disposal of industrial waste.

The chemical industry produces products using chemical methods for processing raw materials and materials. In its industrial structure, two large groups of industries are distinguished: basic (inorganic) chemistry and the organic synthesis industry.

The basic chemistry group consists of the mining chemical industry, which extracts chemical raw materials, and basic chemistry itself, which produces mineral fertilizers (nitrogen, potassium, phosphate), sulfuric acid, soda, and the like. The group of organic synthesis industries includes: chemistry of organic synthesis (production of organic

semi-finished products - ethylene, acetylene, benzene, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, etc.); production of polymers (synthetic resins, rubber, plastics, chemical fibers); polymer processing (production of plastic products, tires, rubber products).

In addition to the main large groups, there is a group of other branches of the chemical industry: paint and varnish, photochemical industry, production of chemical reagents, etc.

The chemical industry is significantly inferior to mechanical engineering in terms of the share of products and employees in the industry, but is one of those industries that ensures scientific and technological progress.

Raw material base

Chemical industry characterized by an extremely wide raw material base. It uses non-metallic mineral (chemical) raw materials from the bowels of the earth (potassium and kitchen soda, phosphorites, apatites, sulfur), fuel mineral resources (oil, natural gas, coal, shale), waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, forestry, food and light industry . Using raw materials from other industries, the chemical industry combines and cooperates with them. It is also characterized by the concentration of production, carried out by merging enterprises or increasing the capacity of technological lines;

Geography of individual branches of the chemical industry

Areas of the chemical industry in general are material-intensive. Therefore, the main factors for locating chemical industry enterprises are raw materials, fuel and energy, consumer, water, and environmental factors.

The most important areas of the mining and chemical industry are the Carpathian region (mining potassium salts in Kalush and Stebnyk, sulfur in Yavorov and Novy Rozdol) and Donbass (mining rock salt in Artemovsk and Slavyansk).

Basic chemistry in Ukraine specializes in the production of soda ash and caustic soda in Slavyansk and Lisichansk, mineral fertilizers, and sulfuric acid.

Potash fertilizers are produced in Kalush at the Lukor concern and at the Stebnitsky potash plant. factory

Phosphorus fertilizers from imported apatites are produced in beet growing areas (Vinnitsa, Sumy), and in the centers of sulfuric acid production - Odessa and Konstantinovka.

The Nitrogen-Tukova industry uses coking and natural gas (Dneprodzerzhinsk) to produce nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, its largest enterprises are located in Dneprodzerzhinsk on the Dnieper region, Torlivtsi, Severodonetsk in the Donbass, as well as in areas of fertilizer consumption (Rivne, Cherkassy) on gas pipelines.

The production of sulfuric acid, due to its poor transportability, gravitates towards areas of product consumption, that is, enterprises producing phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers. Practically in each of the centers for the production of these fertilizers, the production of sulfuric acid has been established.

Chemistry of organic synthesis provides a large share of chemical industry products. Synthetic materials create a new raw material base for industry and construction. Mostly they are cheaper and of better quality than natural ones, although they have worse hygienic properties.

The chemistry of organic synthesis covers plants producing intermediate products for the production of polymers (Lisichansk, Severodonetsk, Gorlovka, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Zaporozhye). The industry uses mainly oil and gas raw materials.

The location of enterprises producing polymers depends primarily on the availability of hydrocarbon raw materials, as well as fuel, electricity, and water. For some sub-sectors, an important location factor is labor resources. Synthetic resins and plastics are produced mainly at petrochemical plants, nitrogen-fertilizer and chlorine plants, that is, they are combined with the production of other chemical products. The centers of production of synthetic resins and plastics are Donetsk, Severodonetsk, Zaporozhye, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Pervomaisk, etc. Artificial (from cellulose) and synthetic (from synthetic resins) chemical fibers are produced by enterprises in Chernigov, Kyiv, Cherkassy, Sokal (Lviv region).

The most important of the enterprises processing polymers is the production of tires, which is established at the Dnepropetrovsk Tire Plant and the Belotserkovsky Plant of Tires and Humoasbestos Products.

Among other branches of the chemical industry, the most important are the paint and varnish industry (Dnepropetrovsk, Lvov, Odessa, etc.), the industry of synthetic dyes (Rubezhnoye in the Lugansk region), chemical-pharmaceutical (Kyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, Lvov), photochemical (Shostkinsky PA "Svema" in Sumskaya region and Kiev factory "Foton").

The main areas where a large number of chemical enterprises are located in Ukraine are the Donbass, the Dnieper region, the Carpathian region, and the Black Sea region.

Problems and prospects for development. The high concentration of the chemical industry in large and medium-sized industrial centers and certain four regions of the country, the insufficient development of production with low-waste or non-waste technologies, modern waste treatment systems, as well as the residual principle of financing nature conservation and rational environmental management have led to the emergence of a difficult environmental situation in many cities and towns. regions of Ukraine. Among them, first of all, is the Lisichansk-Rubezhansky industrial hub, as well as the North Crimean, Cherkasy, Kola, Odessa and others.

In the future, the development of the chemical industry in Ukraine will occur primarily due to

reconstruction and technical re-equipment of enterprises already operating today. They are widely introducing energy- and resource-saving and low- and non-waste technologies, closed-cycle water use schemes, and industrial waste treatment systems.