Oceania. Summary of a geography lesson on the topic: "Oceania

Date 05/16/2016

Subject: Oceania. Specifics of EGP. The role of New Zealand and the Pacific Island countries. Political map. Features of the development of small island states.

Target:

Educational: to form an idea of the economic development of the territory of Oceania. To acquaint students with the features of EGP and the main features of nature. Solve a problem related to the characteristics of the population. Identify factors for rapid economic growth and principles of coexistence in a given region.

Developmental: expand the geographical knowledge and horizons of schoolchildren on the topic “EGP of Oceania”, show its attractiveness and uniqueness, its beauty and grandeur. Develop the ability to work with different sources of geographical knowledge. Develop geographical thinking. To develop their cartographic literacy.

Educational: contribute to the development of national feelings, interest in learning about the lives of other peoples and countries. Develop responsibility, organization, independence, and communication skills.

Equipment: Map of Oceania, atlases, physical map of the world, handouts.

Lesson type: learning new knowledge.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Communicating the topic, purpose, objectives of the lesson and motivational activities.

The topic of our lesson is Oceania. Oceania is a collection of a huge number of islands and archipelagos, concentrated mainly in the central and southwestern Pacific Ocean. These islands are divided into three main groups by nature and population: Micronesia (i.e. small islands), Melanesia (i.e. black islands) and Polynesia (i.e. many islands). The indigenous people of Oceania are the Papuans, Micronesians and Polynesians. The total population is about 3 million people.

3. Studying new material.

Oceania is a collection of islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. They are grouped into the following large groups:

Melanesia (New Guinea and nearby island groups)

Micronesia (a large number of small islands north of Melanesia)

Polynesia (all other small islands)

New Zealand.

In total, there are 13 states in Oceania.

Geographical position

The islands of Oceania are located between the temperate latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere and the subtropical latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Often in geography, Oceania is considered together with Australia.

There is even a geographical name - Australia and Oceania. The total area of Oceania is 1.24 million km2. The population is 10.6 million people.

Oceania is divided into three geographical regions - Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia. Oceania is washed by numerous seas - the Coral, Solomon, New Guinea, Tasman Seas, the Koro and Fiji Seas, which belong to the Pacific Ocean, as well as the Arafura Sea (Indian Ocean).

Oceania Climate

Most of Oceania has a tropical climate. Most of the islands of Oceania are characterized by heavy rainfall. On the islands that are located closer to the tropical zone, the average annual temperature is 23 °C, on the islands near the equator - 27 °C.

Oceania's climate is also influenced by currents such as La Niña and El Niño. Most of the islands of Oceania are negatively affected by active volcanoes, tsunamis and typhoons.

This region is characterized by sudden changes in weather conditions - droughts are replaced by torrential rains.

Population of Oceania

The majority of the population of the islands of Oceania is represented by indigenous people, which include Micronesians, Polynesians, and Papuans. Polynesians are mixed racial types - they show features of Caucasoids and Mongoloids.

The largest Polynesian peoples are Hawaiians, Maoris, Tongans, and Tahitians. Each nationality has its own language, which is represented by an almost complete absence of consonants.

The racial type of Melanesians is Australoid. The linguistic fragmentation of the Melanesian tribes is very large - a common occurrence is that residents of neighboring villages cannot understand each other. Papuans inhabit some regions of Indonesia and New Guinea.

All Papuan languages are very similar to each other. They are based on the English language, so often even residents of remote regions speak English perfectly.

Economy

The vast majority of Oceanian states have a very weak economy. The reasons for this are factors such as the remoteness of the islands from developed superpowers, limited natural resources, and shortage of personnel.

Many countries are completely economically dependent on Australia and the USA. Agriculture is the basis of the economy. Among the most common agricultural crops are coconut palms, breadfruit, and bananas. Some states have fishing fleets.

Industry is developed only in three regions - New Guinea, New Caledonia and New Zealand.

NEW ZEALAND

New Zealand – this is the most environmentally friendly country on the planet, the land of green hills and the wonderful kiwi bird. A country where the north is warmer than the south. Where the sun goes counterclockwise towards sunset. The country that Jules Verne described in the novel “The Children of Captain Grant”, and Peter Jackson showed in the movie “The Lord of the Rings”.

New Zealand is located in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean on large islands (North, otherwise White, and South), separated by Cook Strait. It is completely surrounded on all sides by expanses of water and has no land borders with other countries. In addition to the large islands, New Zealand also includes a huge number of small ones (about 700), most of which are uninhabited. The largest of them are: Stuart, Auckland, Antipodes, Campbell, Bounty, Three Kings, Kermadec Island and the Chatham Archipelago.

New Zealand's closest neighbor, Australia, is 1,700 kilometers away, across the Tasman Sea. On the northern side are the neighboring island territories of New Caledonia, the Kingdom of Tonga and the Republic of Fiji Islands.

The capital of New Zealand, Wellington, is located in the south of the North Island. The largest cities, the territorial scale of which is inferior to the capital, are Hamilton, Auckland, Christchurch. In terms of population, Auckland is the largest; there are three times more people there than in the capital.

The population of New Zealand mainly communicates in English, a small part of the population speaks the language of the Maori aborigines, of whom there are 15% in the country. The Maori language is incredible and seemingly impossible in its pronunciation. However, every tourist is sure to utter words in the Maori language more than once, because the vast majority of New Zealand's geographical names are spoken in it.

Nature and climate

Compared to other countries located within the Pacific Seismic Belt, the level of seismic activity in New Zealand is low. Although earthquakes and minor tremors occur quite frequently in some areas, they only rarely cause damage. Tremors measuring 7 on the Richter scale occur on average no more than once every 10 years.

The greatest seismic activity occurs on the North Island approximately east and south of the imaginary line between Whakatāne and Hawera, and on the South Island north of the line connecting Cape Fowlwind to the Banks Peninsula. The most destructive earthquake recorded in the vicinity of Napier was in 1931.

New Zealand is characterized by suddenly changing weather, as they say, all four seasons in one day. Rain and sun alternate each other several times a day. Thanks to this, there is a constant feeling of freshness in the air, and light snow-white clouds always float in the sky.

The air temperature is relatively uniform throughout the year. It is neither very hot nor very cold here, with the exception of mountainous areas - where the air temperature at times drops to -2 °C, and sometimes to -12 °C. Precipitation in the mountains is exclusively snow. And the glaciers on the western slope descend almost to the Tasman Sea itself.

Summer in New Zealand lasts from January to February, these are the warmest months of the year, the air temperature at this time is +20...+30 °C. The further south you travel in the country, the lower the temperature will be. The coldest month is July, when the air temperature drops to +8...+10 °C on the North Island, and to +3...+6 °C on the South Island.

Despite the fact that the temperature conditions are quite moderate, you should be afraid of ultraviolet rays here, especially from September to April from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., even in the shade.

In the 100 years after 1850, New Zealand was transformed from a forested country into a vast grassland. Now only 29% of its territory (7.9 million hectares) is occupied by forests, of which 6.4 million hectares are occupied by natural preserved forests and another 1.5 million hectares by artificial plantings (mainly pine trees Pinus radiata). Of the hundred-odd tree species growing here, only a few are of economic importance, including four species of conifers - Dacridium cypress, Totara, Paniculata and Dacridium - and one broad-leaved species - Nothofagus (southern beech). The famous and once widespread forests of New Zealand agathis are now preserved only in reserves in the north of the North Island.

During the European settlement of the country, large areas of New Zealand, especially on the South Island, were occupied by tall grass turf grasses. Today they are preserved only in the mountains, and on the plains they are replaced by pastures of introduced European cereals (tares, hedgehogs, fescue) and clover. In the east of the North Island, communities of the native grass Danthonia are still quite widespread.

In general, New Zealand soils are poor in humus and infertile. Everywhere, with the exception of periodically flooded and silted areas, large amounts of fertilizer are required to maintain productive pastures.

The most common zonal soil types in New Zealand are brown-gray, yellow-gray and yellow-brown. The first ones are typical for dry intermountain basins of the island. Southern with cereal vegetation, receiving less than 500 mm of precipitation. The areas they occupy are used mainly as sheep pastures and only occasionally for agriculture. In wetter areas transitioning from grass steppes to mixed forests, and in the lower part of the eastern slopes of the mountains, yellow-gray soils are common. They are more fertile and are used for intensive farming (eg on the Canterbury Plain) and as pasture. Wetter areas with dissected hilly terrain and forest vegetation are characterized by highly leached, poor yellow-brown soils. In some places in such areas, gleyic-podzolic soils ("pakihi") are developed on the clay weathering crust, as, for example, in Westland on the South Island, or subtropical clay soils, common under kauri pine forests in Northland. In the profile of such soils, at shallow depths, there is a dense waterproof horizon, which makes drainage and plowing difficult.

About 6 million hectares are occupied by a variety of azonal and intrazonal soils, the properties of which are determined by the parent rock. These are the fertile soils developed on volcanic ash in the central part of the North Island, the peaty soils of the Waikato Valley, the alluvial soils of river valleys, as well as the soils of drained areas of the sea coast.

Almost half of the country's area (13 million hectares) is occupied by mountain soils, usually thin and underdeveloped, often gravelly. About 1.6 million hectares of them are in the upper mountain belt, practically devoid of vegetation. The soils on the slopes are susceptible to erosion, so burning and cutting down the forests and turf grasslands that covered them in many places led to disastrous results.

Attractions

Of course, the main attraction of the country is its unique nature. National parks on the North Island: Urewera, Whanganui, Egmont, Tongariro. National parks on the South Island: Fiordland (the country's largest park), Arthur's Pass, Abel Tasman, Paparoa, Nelson Lakes, Mount Cook, Mount Aspiring, Kaurangi, Westland. However, there is more to see in New Zealand besides the beauty of nature.

In Auckland, you can stroll through a unique ocean aquarium with huge predatory fish, spin on a 328-meter television tower, and visit an exclusive treehouse restaurant.

In Wellington - see a huge wooden building the size of a block or get lost among the many beautiful buildings on Cuba Street. You can ride over the city on a cable car tram.

You can visit the city of Napier, the only city in the world built in the style of the 30s of the 20th century. You can plunge into the neo-Gothic architecture of Dunedin buildings and walk along the steepest (35–40 degrees) street.

New Zealand has many museums, cathedrals and churches, and beautiful botanical gardens. The Maori people with their painted faces, rituals and dances of ancient tribes will also not leave you without impressions.

Fans of The Lord of the Rings trilogy can visit filming locations around Hamilton (Hobbiton), Taupo, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.

4. Generalization and systematization of the studied material.

Exercise 1.

Think about what natural conditions contribute to the life of people on the islands of Oceania, and what complicate it?

Task 2.

What parts is Oceania divided into? Compare two oceanic regions with their population and economic characteristics using thematic maps.

Explain why New Zealand has become a highly developed country.

Task 3.

Working with the map.

Using the map and atlas maps, find Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia, all independent states and dependent territories. Determine which developed countries own the latter.

5. Lesson summary.

6. Homework.

Creative assignment: “Traditions and customs of New Zealand”, “New Zealand’s service sector - the path to prosperity.”

1. Based on the atlas map, tell us about the features of the economic and geographical position of Oceania.

Oceania is the largest collection of islands in the central and southwestern Pacific Ocean on both sides of the equator over an area of 10 million km2. They are usually divided into three groups: Melanesia - islands in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean (New Guinea, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Fiji, Bismarck Archipelago, etc.); Polynesia - islands in the central part of the Pacific Ocean (Marquesas, Tuamotu, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, Hawaii, New Zealand, etc.); Micronesia - islands in the western Pacific Ocean (Marshall, Caroline, Mariana, Gilbert, Nauru, etc.). In general, Oceania includes 26 territories, some of which are independent states, and some are possessions of developed countries. The independent state of Papua New Guinea, located in the eastern part of the island, belongs to Oceania, while the western part of the island is the territory of Indonesia and therefore belongs to the Southeast Asia region. The Hawaiian Islands occupy a special place in Oceania. Geographically, they belong to the Oceania region, but are a territory (50th state) of the United States. Oceania countries are characterized by territorial disunity, a poor natural resource base, the predominance of the consumer agricultural sector, and specialization in the development of recreational and tourism industries.

2. What is the administrative-territorial structure of Australia?

Australia occupies an entire continent, the island of Tasmania and a number of small islands. Its official name is the Commonwealth of Australia, which indicates the federal structure of the country. It consists of six states, two separate territories, in addition, the capital Canberra forms a special administrative unit.

3. What are the natural features of Australia?

The natural appearance of Australia, which lies mainly in the tropics, is unique in many ways. It is the flattest continent in the world (mountains account for less than 5% of the country's area). It is characterized by an extremely dry climate (deserts occupy 2/5 of the territory) and poor surface water. To some extent, the deficit of surface waters is compensated by artesian waters. Frequent droughts, dust storms, forest fires, and catastrophic rainfall often damage the Australian economy.

4. What natural resources does the country supply to the world market?

The country is rich in mineral resources (bauxite, non-ferrous metal ores, coal) and supplies many of them to the world market.

5. How is Australia's population distributed? Explain this placement.

In terms of average population density (2 people per 1 km2), the country is inferior to all industrialized countries. More than 60% of the population lives in the two most economically developed states - New South Wales and Victoria, with 2/5 of the country's residents living in two agglomerations - Melbourne and Sydney. This is explained by the fact that it was from Sydney and Melbourne that the colonization of the mainland began, and during the years of the gold rush in Victoria there was a sharp increase in the population of the colony. In 1851, there were 437,655 people living on the mainland, of whom 77,345 (or 18%) were in Victoria. A decade later, the population of Australia had increased to 1,151,947 people, and the colony of Victoria had increased to 538,628 people (about 47%).

There are few indigenous people (aboriginals) left (about 200 thousand). The bulk of them live in Queensland and Western Australia, where they lead a traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

6. What are the features of the Australian economy?

A key role in the country's economy belongs to the mining industry and agriculture (Fig. 89), which distinguishes Australia from other developed countries and brings it closer to Canada. Australia occupies a leading position in the world in the extraction of a number of metal ores (iron ore, zinc, lead). Her example shows that raw materials specialization is not yet a sign of backwardness. It is important that Australia has highly developed manufacturing industries (automotive manufacturing, electronics and electrical engineering, production of agricultural machinery, etc.), the products of which exceed the value of mining products. A specific feature of Australia is its highly developed food (especially meat) industry, which is largely export-oriented. Agriculture is highly commercial, diversified, and has a pronounced export character. The most important branch of Australian livestock farming is sheep breeding (Australia ranks first in the world in terms of sheep population). In terms of the total value of agricultural exports, Australia is second only to the United States, and in terms of its value per capita it has no equal. The country exports wheat, meat, sugar, and sheep wool.

7. Choose the correct statement:

1) The main coal deposits in Australia are located in the east of the country.

2) Almost a third of the country is desert and semi-desert.

3) Australia's main natural wealth is forest resources.

4) Australian agriculture is highly commercial and diversified.

All except 3.

8. Match:

1) Broken Hill; 2) Canberra; 3) Sydney; 4) Wellington.

A) the capital of Australia; B) center of the mining industry; B) the capital of New Zealand; D) city-agglomeration.

1 - B, 2 - A, 3 - D, 4 - C

11. Compare the geographical location of Australia and Canada.

Canada is a North American country. Occupies the north of the mainland and adjacent islands. It borders the United States in the south and northwest, and also has maritime borders with Denmark (Greenland) in the northeast and France (Saint Pierre and Miquelon) in the east. . It is washed by the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic oceans. It is located in temperate and subarctic natural zones. Australia occupies an entire continent, remote from the centers of civilization. It is washed by the Pacific, Indian and Southern oceans. In the north, Australia has maritime borders with East Timor, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, in the northeast with Vanuatu, New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands, and in the southeast with New Zealand. Australia is located in 3 natural zones: subequatorial, tropical and subtropical.

Oceania became known to Europeans in the 16th century, from the time of F. Magellan's first trip around the world. A special chapter in the history of its discovery and research is made up of the campaigns of Russian navigators. Only in the 19th century. 40 Russian expeditions visited the islands of Oceania and collected valuable scientific information. N.N. made a great contribution to the study of Oceania, describing the life and way of life of the peoples inhabiting the islands.

By examining natural conditions using maps, we can draw the following conclusions:

a) a change in air pressure over the ocean space leads to the emergence of air pressure, which sweeps all living things into the ocean;

b) frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity lead to the formation of waves and the disappearance of islands in the depths of the ocean.

The flora and fauna are very unique, and this is explained by the isolation of the islands. The poorest world of plants and animals is on the coral islands. Representatives of the most ancient plants grow here, such as tree ferns, reaching from 8 to 15 meters in height.

The fauna of the islands lacks large animals and poisonous snakes. The birds salangans (sea swifts), the flightless kiwi bird, petrels, albatrosses, seagulls, weed chicken, etc. are very richly represented. Feral domestic cats have bred on many islands.

The modern political map of Oceania was formed as a result of the stubborn struggle of the colonial powers to divide the islands and archipelagos among themselves. Until the beginning of the 60s. XX century There was only one independent state in Oceania - New Zealand, created by colonists from England.

The natives of Oceania are Papuans and Polynesians, Micronesians, Malaysians. They retain their language and culture, although European influence is very strong. Among the non-European population are Indians, Malays, Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese.

The role of Oceania countries in the world is insignificant. They have a low level of economic development and population life.

The long colonial period in the history of Oceania hampered its economic development, so the manufacturing industry in most of its countries is poorly developed and does not even satisfy the needs of the domestic market. A significant part of production is engaged in the processing of agricultural products, mainly coconut, coffee, spices, and there are enterprises producing clothing and shoes. Traditional crafts have been developed, the products of which are intended for tourists and for export.

Among the countries of Oceania, New Zealand stands out in terms of economic development, which belongs to the developed capitalist countries. New Zealand has a subtropical and temperate climate. Large, per capita, land resources. Its population is 4/5 Anglo-New Zealanders and 12% Maori aborigines, who have preserved their language and culture to this day. New Zealanders are urban dwellers, with only 14% of the population living in rural areas. Its economy was shaped by the significant influence of the metropolis (), so initially the leading place in its manufacturing industry was occupied by the processing of agricultural raw materials. After the end of World War II, the conditions were created for the restructuring of the manufacturing industry on the island. Its rapid growth began based on the use of the latest technologies. Currently, the leading place in it is occupied by old traditional industries: food, textiles and forestry. However, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry and some other industries are becoming increasingly important. The bulk of the manufacturing industry is concentrated in the North Island in the cities and towns. On the less industrially developed South Island, until recently it was concentrated in Christchurch (food, textile, etc.), and now the first non-ferrous metallurgy plant in New Zealand has been built in Bluff.

New Zealand is rich in unique natural landscapes: snow-capped mountains with glaciers, fjords, canyons, mountain lakes, waterfalls, volcanoes and geysers, and unique vegetation. About 10% of the country's territory is declared national parks. The tourism industry is well established, but its capabilities are hampered by the remoteness of the country.

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