1598 1612 event in Rus'. Topic: Time of Troubles and its consequences for Rus'

The Troubles of the early 17th century, the prerequisites, the stages of which will be discussed further, are a historical period accompanied by natural disasters, deep socio-economic and state-political crises. The difficult situation in the country was aggravated by the Polish-Swedish intervention.

Troubles of the 17th century in Russia: reasons

The crisis was caused by a number of factors. The first problems occurred, according to historians, due to the cessation and struggle between the royal power and the boyars. The latter sought to preserve and strengthen political influence and increase traditional privileges. The tsarist government, on the contrary, tried to limit these powers. The boyars, in addition, ignored the proposals of the Zemstvo people. The role of representatives of this class is assessed extremely negatively by many researchers. Historians point out that the boyars' claims turned into a direct struggle with the tsarist power. Their intrigues had an extremely negative impact on the position of the sovereign. This is what created the favorable soil on which the Troubles arose in Russia. At the beginning of the 17th century it was characterized only from an economic point of view. The situation in the country was very difficult. Subsequently, political and social problems joined this crisis.

Economic situation

The turmoil in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century coincided with the aggressive campaigns of Grozny and the Livonian War. These events required great tension from the productive forces. The devastation in Veliky Novgorod and the forced displacement of service people had an extremely negative impact on the economic situation. This is how the Troubles began to brew in Russia. The beginning of the 17th century was also marked by widespread famine. In 1601-1603, thousands of small and large farms went bankrupt.

Social tension

The Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century were fueled by the rejection of the existing system by masses of fugitive peasants, impoverished townspeople, city Cossacks and Cossack freemen, and a large number of servicemen. The introduced oprichnina, according to some researchers, significantly undermined the people's respect and trust in the law and government.

First events

How did the Time of Troubles develop in Russia? The beginning of the 17th century, in short, coincided with a reshuffle of forces in the ruling circles. The heir to Ivan the Terrible, Fyodor the First, did not have the necessary managerial abilities. The youngest son, Dmitry, was still a baby at that time. After the death of the heirs, the Rurik dynasty came to an end. The boyar families - the Godunovs and Yuryevs - came closer to power. In 1598, Boris Godunov took the throne. Period from 1601 to 1603 there were no harvests. The frosts did not stop even in the summer, and in the fall, in September, it snowed. The ensuing famine killed about half a million people. Exhausted people went to Moscow, where they were given bread and money. But these measures only worsened economic problems. The landowners were unable to feed the servants and slaves and kicked them out. People left without food and shelter began to engage in robbery and robbery.

False Dmitry the First

The Troubles in Russia in the early 17th century coincided with the spread of rumors that Tsarevich Dmitry had survived. It followed from this that Boris Godunov was on the throne illegally. The impostor False Dmitry announced his origin to Adam Vishnevetsky, the Lithuanian prince. After this, he became friends with Jerzy Mniszek, a Polish magnate, and Ragoni, the papal nuncio. At the beginning of 1604, False Dmitry 1 received an audience with the Polish king. After some time, the impostor converted to Catholicism. The rights of False Dmitry were recognized by King Sigismund. The monarch allowed everyone to help the Russian Tsar.

Entry to Moscow

False Dmitry entered the city in 1605, on June 20th. The boyars, led by Belsky, publicly recognized him as the Prince of Moscow and the legal heir. During his reign, False Dmitry focused on Poland and tried to carry out some reforms. However, not all the boyars recognized the legitimacy of his reign. Almost immediately after the arrival of False Dmitry, Shuisky began to spread rumors about his imposture. In 1606, in mid-May, the opposition of the boyars took advantage of the population's protests against the Polish adventurers who came to Moscow for the wedding of False Dmitry and raised an uprising. During it, the impostor was killed. The coming to power of Shuisky, who represented the Suzdal branch of the Rurikovichs, did not bring peace to the state. In the southern regions, a movement of “thieves” broke out. Events of 1606-1607 describes R. G. Skrynnikov. "Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. Troubles" is a book he created based on a large amount of documentary material.

False Dmitry II

Nevertheless, rumors still circulated in the country about the miraculous salvation of the rightful prince. In the summer of 1607, a new impostor appeared in Starodub. The turmoil in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century continued. By the end of 1608, he achieved the spread of his influence to Yaroslavl, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Vologda, Galich, Uglich, Kostroma, Vladimir. The impostor settled in the village of Tushino. Kazan, Veliky Novgorod, Smolensk, Kolomna, Novgorod, Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky remained faithful to the capital.

Seven Boyars

One of the key events that marked the Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century was the coup. Shuisky, who was in power, was removed. The country's leadership had a council of seven boyars - the Seven Boyars. They recognized Vsevolod, the Polish prince, as such. The population of many cities swore allegiance to False Dmitry 2. Among them were those who had recently opposed the impostor. The real threat from False Dmitry II forced the council of boyars to allow Polish-Lithuanian troops into Moscow. It was assumed that they would be able to overthrow the impostor. However, False Dmitry was warned about this and left the camp in a timely manner.

Militia

The turmoil in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century continued. It began It contributed to the formation of militias. The first was commanded by a nobleman from Ryazan Lyapunov. He was supported by supporters of False Dmitry II. Among them were Trubetskoy, Masalsky, Cherkassky and others. On the side of the militia there were also Cossack freemen, the head of which was Ataman Zarutsky. The second movement began under the leadership of He invited Pozharsky as leader. In the spring, the Moscow region camp of the First Militia swore allegiance to False Dmitry the Third. The detachments of Minin and Pozharsky were unable to march in the capital while supporters of the impostor ruled there. In this regard, they made Yaroslavl their camp. At the end of August, the militia reached Moscow. As a result of a series of battles, the Kremlin was liberated, and the Polish garrison that occupied it capitulated. After some time, a new king was chosen. He became

Consequences

The Troubles in Russia of the early 17th century, in terms of its destructive power and the depth of the crisis in the country, can probably only be compared with the state of the country during the period of the Tatar-Mongol invasion. This terrible period in the life of the state ended with huge territorial losses and economic decline. The Great Troubles of the early 17th century claimed a huge number of lives. Many cities, arable lands, and villages were devastated. The population could not recover to its previous level for quite some time. Many cities fell into the hands of the enemies and remained in their power for several subsequent decades. The area of ​​cultivated land has decreased significantly.

22-10-2017, 18:13 |

The history of our state includes many important events. refers to just such. This period of time is from 1604 to 1613. became predetermining for the further development of Russia. This is a time of struggle for power, in which many contenders participated. The winner was an unremarkable young man of 16, who had neither military nor political skills. It was . It is difficult to even imagine how the future fate of the country would have developed if everything had turned out differently. But, as you know, “history does not know the subjunctive mood.”

Time of Troubles chronology in the table

So, it all began, perhaps, with death. at the time of his death he had only two heirs - Tsarevich Fyodor and Tsarevich Dmitry. was in poor health, but since he was much older than Dmitry, after the death of his father he ascended the throne. However, his reign was short-lived and he died in 1598. And even earlier, in 1591, under mysterious circumstances, this event was named in history as the “Uglik drama.” Thus, from 1598 a political crisis began in the country, which would last about 15 years. It was the dynastic crisis after death that became the beginning of the Time of Troubles.

TROUBLES (TIME OF TROUBLES) - a deep spiritual, economic, social, and foreign policy crisis that befell Russia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It coincided with the dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar groups for power, which brought the country to the brink of disaster. The main signs of unrest are considered to be anarchy (anarchy), imposture, civil war and intervention. According to a number of historians, the Time of Troubles can be considered the first civil war in Russian history.

Contemporaries spoke of the Troubles as a time of “shakyness,” “disorder,” and “confusion of minds,” which caused bloody clashes and conflicts. The term “troubles” was used in everyday speech of the 17th century, in the paperwork of Moscow orders, and was included in the title of the work of Grigory Kotoshikhin ( Time of Troubles). In the 19th and early 20th centuries. got into research about Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky. In Soviet science, phenomena and events of the early 17th century. classified as a period of socio-political crisis, the first peasant war ( I.I. Bolotnikova) and the foreign intervention that coincided with it, but the term “turmoil” was not used. In Polish historical science, this time is called “Dimitriada”, since at the center of historical events stood False Dmitry I, False Dmitry II, False Dmitry III- Poles or impostors who sympathized with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, posing as the escaped Tsarevich Dmitry.

The preconditions for the Troubles were the consequences oprichnina And Livonian War 1558–1583: economic ruin, rising social tension.

The causes of the Time of Troubles as an era of anarchy, according to the historiography of the 19th and early 20th centuries, are rooted in the suppression of the Rurik dynasty and the intervention of neighboring states (especially united Lithuania and Poland, which is why the period was sometimes called the “Lithuanian or Moscow ruin”) in the affairs of the Muscovite kingdom. The combination of these events led to the appearance of adventurers and impostors on the Russian throne, claims to the throne from Cossacks, runaway peasants and slaves (which manifested itself in Bolotnikov's peasant war). Church historiography of the 19th–early 20th centuries. considered the Troubles a period of spiritual crisis in society, seeing the reasons in the distortion of moral and moral values.

The chronological framework of the Time of Troubles is determined, on the one hand, by the death in Uglich in 1591 of Tsarevich Dmitry, the last representative of the Rurik dynasty, on the other hand, by the election to the kingdom of the first king from the Romanov dynasty Mikhail Fedorovich in 1613, the subsequent years of struggle against the Polish and Swedish invaders (1616–1618), the return of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Filaret (1619) to Moscow.

First stage

The Time of Troubles began with a dynastic crisis caused by the assassination of the king Ivan IV the Terrible his eldest son Ivan, the rise to power of his brother Fedor Ivanovich and the death of their younger half-brother Dmitry (according to many, stabbed to death by the minions of the actual ruler of the country Boris Godunov). The throne lost the last heir from the Rurik dynasty.

The death of the childless Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (1598) allowed Boris Godunov (1598–1605) to come to power, who ruled energetically and wisely, but was unable to stop the intrigues of disgruntled boyars. The crop failure of 1601–1602 and the subsequent famine initially caused the first social explosion (1603, the Cotton uprising). External reasons were added to the internal ones: Poland and Lithuania, united in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, rushed to take advantage of Russia’s weakness. The appearance in Poland of the young Galich nobleman Grigory Otrepyev, who declared himself Tsarevich Dmitry to be “miraculously saved”, became a gift to King Sigismund III, who supported the impostor.

At the end of 1604, having converted to Catholicism, False Dmitry I entered Russia with a small army. Many cities in southern Russia, Cossacks, and dissatisfied peasants went over to his side. In April 1605, after the unexpected death of Boris Godunov and the non-recognition of his son Fyodor as tsar, the Moscow boyars also went over to the side of False Dmitry I. In June 1605, the impostor became Tsar Dmitry I for almost a year. However, a boyar conspiracy and an uprising of Muscovites on May 17, 1606, dissatisfied with the direction of his policy, swept him from the throne. Two days later, the tsar “shouted out” the boyar Vasily Shuisky, who gave the cross-kissing record to rule with the Boyar Duma, not to impose disgrace and not to execute without trial.

By the summer of 1606, rumors spread throughout the country about a new miraculous salvation of Tsarevich Dmitry: an uprising broke out in Putivl under the leadership of a fugitive slave Ivan Bolotnikova, peasants, archers, and nobles joined him. The rebels reached Moscow, besieged it, but were defeated. Bolotnikov was captured in the summer of 1607, exiled to Kargopol and killed there.

The new contender for the Russian throne was False Dmitry II (origin unknown), who united around himself the surviving participants in the Bolotnikov uprising, the Cossacks led by Ivan Zarutsky, and Polish troops. Having settled in June 1608 in the village of Tushino near Moscow (hence his nickname “Tushino Thief”), he besieged Moscow.

Second phase

The Time of Troubles is associated with the split of the country in 1609: in Muscovy there were formed two kings, two Boyar Dumas, two patriarchs (Hermogenes in Moscow and Filaret in Tushino), territories recognizing the power of False Dmitry II, and territories remaining loyal to Shuisky. The successes of the Tushins forced Shuisky to conclude an agreement with Sweden, hostile to Poland, in February 1609. Having given the Russian fortress of Korela to the Swedes, he received military assistance, and the Russian-Swedish army liberated a number of cities in the north of the country. This gave the Polish king Sigismund III a reason for intervention: in the fall of 1609, Polish troops besieged Smolensk and reached the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. False Dmitry II fled from Tushino, the Tushino people who left him concluded an agreement with Sigismund at the beginning of 1610 on the election of his son, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne.

In July 1610, Shuisky was overthrown by the boyars and forcibly tonsured a monk. Power temporarily passed to the “Seven Boyars,” a government that signed an agreement with Sigismund III in August 1610 on the election of Vladislav as king on the condition that he convert to Orthodoxy. Polish troops entered Moscow.

Third stage

The Time of Troubles is associated with the desire to overcome the conciliatory position of the Seven Boyars, which had no real power and was unable to force Vladislav to fulfill the terms of the agreement and accept Orthodoxy. With the rise of patriotic sentiment since 1611, calls for an end to discord and restoration of unity intensified. The center of attraction of patriotic forces became the Moscow Patriarch Hermogenes, Prince. D.T. Trubetskoy. The formed First Militia included the noble detachments of P. Lyapunov, the Cossacks of I. Zarutsky, and former Tushino residents. In Nizhny Novgorod and Yaroslavl he gathered an army K. Minin, a new government was formed, the “Council of All the Earth”. The first militia failed to liberate Moscow; in the summer of 1611 the militia disintegrated. At this time, the Poles managed to capture Smolensk after a two-year siege, the Swedes managed to take Novgorod, a new impostor appeared in Pskov - False Dmitry III, who was “proclaimed” by the tsar there on December 4, 1611.

In the fall of 1611, on the initiative of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky, who was invited by him, the Second Militia was formed in Nizhny Novgorod. In August 1612 it approached Moscow and liberated it on October 26, 1612. In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected a 16-year-old tsar. Mikhail Romanov, his father, Patriarch Filaret, returned to Russia from captivity, with whose name the people pinned hopes for the eradication of robbery and robbery. In 1617, the Peace of Stolbovo was signed with Sweden, which received the Korelu fortress and the coast of the Gulf of Finland. In 1618, the Deulin Truce was concluded with Poland: Russia ceded Smolensk, Chernigov and a number of other cities to it. Only Tsar Peter I was able to compensate and restore Russia’s territorial losses almost a hundred years later.

However, the long and difficult crisis was resolved, although the economic consequences of the Troubles - the devastation and desolation of a vast territory, especially in the west and southwest, the death of almost a third of the country's population continued to affect another decade and a half.

The consequence of the Time of Troubles was changes in the system of government of the country. The weakening of the boyars, the rise of the nobility who received estates and the possibility of legislatively assigning peasants to them resulted in the gradual evolution of Russia towards absolutism. The revaluation of the ideals of the previous era, the negative consequences of boyar participation in governing the country, which became obvious, and the severe polarization of society led to the growth of ideocratic tendencies. They were expressed, among other things, in the desire to substantiate the inviolability of the Orthodox faith and the inadmissibility of deviations from the values ​​of national religion and ideology (especially in opposition to “Latinism” and the Protestantism of the West). This strengthened anti-Western sentiments, which aggravated the cultural and, ultimately, civilizational isolation of Russia for many centuries.

Russian history. Time of Troubles Morozova Lyudmila Evgenievna

When did the Troubles begin?

When did the Troubles begin?

There is no consensus among researchers about when the Troubles began. Some believe that its beginning was the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the last representative of the dynasty of Moscow princes. After this, a dynastic crisis broke out with leapfrog on the throne and chaos in the country. It ended only with the election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom, who became the founder of the new royal dynasty. Others believe that the real Troubles began only in the fall of 1604, when a small detachment of False Dmitry I invaded the territory of the Russian state and military operations began.

However, most authors - contemporaries of the Troubles believed that its beginning can be considered the accession of Fyodor Ivanovich in 1584. It was from this year that the following works began: “The Tale of How to Take Revenge”, “The Tale of How to Delight”, “The Tale of Grishka Otrepiev”, “The Tale of Katyrev” Rostovsky" in two editions, "Shakhovsky's Tale", "The Legend of Fyodor Ivanovich", "The Legend" of Abraham Palitsyn, "Another Legend", "The New Chronicler", etc.

Only the author of the “Vremennik of Days and Tsars,” clerk I. Timofeev, tried to find the causes of the Troubles in the reign of Ivan the Terrible. His opinion obviously influenced the historian S.F. Platonov, who decided that it was this tsar who, through his unreasonable policies, provoked what happened in the Russian state at the beginning of the 17th century. Therefore, we should consider Timofeev’s work in more detail.

"Vremennik" is one of the most striking and original works about the Troubles. It has come down to us in a single list, revised several times. To understand the content of this work, it is necessary to refer to the biography of its author.