Atlantic and Indian oceans. First trip around the world
As you know, the territory of our planet is washed by four oceans. The Atlantic and Indian oceans rank second and third in terms of volume of water, respectively.
The waters of these oceans are home to unique species of aquatic animals and vegetation.
History of the discovery of the Atlantic Ocean
The development of the Atlantic Ocean began in early Antiquity. It was then that the ancient Phoenician sailors began to make their first voyages along the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
However, only the European northern peoples managed to cross the Atlantic Ocean in the 9th century. The famous navigator started the “golden era” of Atlantic exploration Christopher Columbus.
During his expeditions, many seas and bays of the Atlantic Ocean were discovered. Modern oceanographers continue to study the Atlantic Ocean, in particular the relief structures of its bottom.
History of the discovery of the Indian Ocean
The history of the discovery of the Indian Ocean goes back to the times of ancient civilizations. The ocean served as the main trade route for the Persians, Indians, Egyptians and Phoenicians.
The Chinese were the first to explore the Indian Ocean. It was to the Chinese navigator Ho's wife managed for the first time during his expedition to explore the shores of Sri Lanka, the Arabian Peninsula, Persia and Africa.
Large-scale exploration of the Indian Ocean began with the first expeditions of the Portuguese Vasco de Gama, who managed not only to reach the shores of India, completely circumnavigating the African coast, but also to discover many islands in the Indian Ocean.
Atlantic Ocean: general information
The Atlantic Ocean ranks second among the world's oceans in size. Its waters cover an area of 80 million square meters. km.
The formation of the Atlantic Ocean began more than 150 million years ago, at a time when the modern American continent began to separate from Eurasia. The Atlantic Ocean is considered the youngest among all existing oceans.
The maximum depth reaches 9 km(a trench located off the coast of Puerto Rico). The Atlantic Ocean washes the shores of the following continents: Eurasia, Africa, South and North America, as well as Antarctica.
Indian Ocean: general information
Indian Ocean, with an area of about 70 million km. sq., ranks third in size among other oceans. The deepest place in the Indian Ocean is a depression near java islands(Indonesia), the depth of which reaches 7 km.
The waters of the Indian Ocean are characterized by frequent changes in current direction. The Indian Ocean washes Eurasia, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica.
James Cook is one of the greatest explorers of the 18th century. A man who led three expeditions around the world, discovered many new lands and islands, an experienced navigator, explorer and cartographer - that’s who James Cook is. Read briefly about his travels in this article.
Childhood and youth
The future navigator was born on October 27, 1728 in the village of Marton (England). His father was a poor farmer. Over time, the family moved to the village of Great Ayton, where James Cook was educated at a local school. Since the family was poor, James's parents were forced to apprentice him to a shopkeeper who lived in the small seaside town of Staithes.
As an 18-year-old boy, James Cook, whose biography tells of him as a hardworking and purposeful man, left his job with a shopkeeper and became a cabin boy on a coal ship. Thus began his career as a sailor. The ship on which he went to sea for the first few years mainly sailed between London and England. He also managed to visit Ireland, Norway and the Baltic, and devoted almost all his free time to self-education, being interested in such sciences as mathematics, navigation , astronomy and geography. James Cook, who was offered a high position on one of the ships of the trading company, chose to enlist as an ordinary sailor in the British Navy. He subsequently took part in the Seven Years' War, and at its end established himself as an experienced cartographer and topographer.
First trip around the world
In 1766, the British Admiralty decided to send a scientific expedition to the Pacific Ocean, the purpose of which was various observations of cosmic bodies, as well as some calculations. In addition, it was necessary to study the coast of New Zealand, discovered by Tasman back in 1642. James Cook was appointed head of the voyage. His biography, however, contains more than one journey in which he played a leading role.
James Cook sailed from Plymouth in August 1768. The expedition ship crossed the Atlantic, circled South America and entered the Pacific Ocean. The astronomical task was completed on the island of Tahiti on June 3, 1769, after which Cook sent the ships in a southwesterly direction and four months later reached New Zealand, the coast of which he thoroughly explored before continuing the journey. Then he sailed towards Australia and, having discovered which at that time was unknown to Europeans, he circled it from the north and on October 11, 1970, sailed to Batavia. In Indonesia, the expedition was hit by an epidemic of malaria and dysentery, which killed a third of the team. From there Cook headed west, crossed the Indian Ocean, circled Africa and returned to his homeland on July 12, 1771.
Second trip around the world
In the autumn of the same year, the British Admiralty again started another voyage. This time his goal is to explore the still unexplored parts of the Southern Hemisphere and search for the supposed Southern Continent. This task was entrusted to James Cook.
Two ships of the expedition sailed from Plymouth on July 13, 1772 and on October 30 landed in Kapstadt (now Cape Town), located in southern Africa. After staying there for just under a month, Cook continued to sail south. In mid-December, travelers came across solid ice that blocked the ships' path, but Cook was not going to give up. He crossed the Antarctic Circle on January 17, 1773, but was soon forced to turn the ships north. Over the next few months, he visited several islands in Oceania and the Pacific, after which he made another attempt to make his way south. On January 30, 1774, the expedition managed to reach the southernmost point of its voyage. Then Cook again headed north and visited several islands. James Cook, whose biography is full of discoveries, came across new islands this time too. Having completed his research in this region, he sailed east and landed in Tierra del Fuego in December. The expedition returned to England on July 13, 1775.
Upon completion of this voyage, which made Cook very famous throughout Europe, he received a new promotion, and also became a member of the Royal Geographical Society, which also awarded him a gold medal.
Third trip around the world
The purpose of the next voyage was to search for a northwestern route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. James Cook's journey began in Plymouth, from where on July 12, 1776, an expedition of two ships set out under his leadership. The sailors arrived in Kapstadt, and from there they went to the southeast and by the end of 1777 they visited Tasmania, New Zealand and other places. In mid-December of the following year, the expedition visited the Hawaiian Islands, after which it continued to travel north, where Cook sent ships along the coast of Canada and Alaska, crossed and soon, finally getting stuck in solid ice, was forced to turn back to the south.
The Pacific Ocean received its name from Ferdinand Magellan, who in 1521 crossed this ocean and called it Pacific, which means quiet, because his expedition never encountered a storm during the entire journey. And Magellan’s path lay no less than from the western coast of South America to the coast of Asia.
But Francis Drake, who crossed the Pacific Ocean second after Magellan, said that it should be called the Mad Ocean.
By the way, everyone from the school geography course knows the Strait of Magellan - this is a strait from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, it is named after this famous navigator, who discovered it during a trip around the world.
The Pacific Ocean got its name thanks to such a legendary navigator of the era of great geographical discoveries as Fernando Magellan. The brave Spaniard was lucky to avoid strong storms during the voyage. But despite its deceptive name, the Pacific usually rages no less than all the other oceans.
Paradoxically, a very turbulent ocean with violent volcanic activity at the bottom and regular huge storms and tsunamis is called the Pacific Ocean. This name was given to it by the first European who swam into the waters of this ocean - Fernando Magellan. This happened in 1520. Magellan was lucky - during his entire stay in this water basin, not a single serious storm occurred, so the navigator unreasonably decided that it was always like this here. Also, in parallel, the ocean was called the Great, so called by the French scientist Buache. In Russia it has long been called the Eastern Ocean. By now the name Magellan has taken root. And this despite the fact that out of the 10 most destructive tsunamis in human history, 9 occurred in the Pacific Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan. He crossed the ocean from Tierra del Fuego to the Philippine Islands. And for 3 months and 20 days the weather was calm. That is why Magellan called it the Pacific Ocean.
Once they wanted to call it the Great Ocean, as the largest of the oceans, but this name did not receive universal recognition.
I think that it could be Bering, since the strait in the Pacific Ocean is called Bering, although I could be wrong.
Pacific Ocean- the largest on our planet. This applies to both its area and depth. It got its name thanks to the great Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan.
In fact, the ocean is not like that. It’s just that a navigator, when sailing through the southern tip of America, which was stormy, found himself in calmer waters, where there were no storms or storms. That's how this name came about.
The name of the Pacific Ocean was given by a Spanish and Portuguese navigator Fernando Magellan (1480-1521),
Ferdinand Magellan discovered the strait
In 1520, Ferdinand Magellan went out into the Ocean and crossed it in three months and 20 days.
This Portuguese navigator's name was Fernando Magellan. During his three and a half month voyage in 1520, he did not experience a single serious storm. Although this ocean usually has a rather violent temperament.
The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in terms of area and depth on all Earth! It is located between Eurasia and Australia in the west, North America and South America in the east, and Antarctica in the south. It is this ocean that extends 15.8 thousand km from north to south and 19.5 thousand km. from east to west. The greatest depth of the Pacific Ocean is 10,994 meters in the Mariinsky Trench. It is through this ocean that the date line runs along the 180th meridian.
The very first person to see this ocean was a Spanish conquistador named Nulles de Balboa. And he and his companions only went out to the ocean in a bay open to the south, and they called it the South Sea. But on November 28, 1520, Ferdinand Magellan entered the ocean.
He crossed the Pacific Ocean from Tierra del Fuego to the Philippine Islands within 3 months and 20 days. During his entire journey, the weather was calm and calm, which is why the ocean was called the Pacific. Although in 1753 a French geographer proposed calling this ocean the Great, as the largest, this name did not receive universal recognition.
The Pacific Ocean occupies 49.5% of the surface of the World Ocean and holds 53% of the volume of water. There are several thousand islands scattered across the Pacific Ocean.
But human economic activity has led to the pollution of ocean waters, and biological wealth has been severely depleted. A Pacific Garbage Patch of waste has formed in the northern part.
The largest environmental disaster occurred on March 23, 1989 off the coast of Alaska. It was a tanker accident called the Exxon Valdez. As a result, about 260 thousand barrels of oil simply spilled into the sea, leaving behind a slick of 28 thousand square kilometers.
Take care of nature!
This person is studied in some detail in History and Geography lessons.
The navigator in question was from Portugal.
His name was Fernando Magellan
It was he who, being in the nameless ocean, was struck by the silence around
Hence the name - Pacific Ocean. That's what Magellan called him
In 1520, the ocean received its name, the Pacific Ocean, from the man who was the first to set sail on this ocean, it was one European Fernando Magellan, he gave the name to the ocean for a reason, Fernando stayed in the open ocean for 3 months and 20 days during all this time there were no terrible storms
The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on our planet. The name PACIFIC was given to the ocean by the famous navigator Ferdinand Magellan, who made the first trip around the world.
Magellan's expedition (during a trip around the world 1519-1522) crossed this large ocean in 1520 in three and a half months. Surprisingly, the huge body of water at that time showed its best side - it was calm and quiet. This is how the name came about - the Pacific Ocean.
Travel has always attracted people, but before it was not only interesting, but also extremely difficult. The territories were unexplored, and when setting off, everyone became an explorer. Which travelers are the most famous and what exactly did each of them discover?
James Cook
The famous Englishman was one of the best cartographers of the eighteenth century. He was born in the north of England and by the age of thirteen began to work with his father. But the boy turned out to be incapable of trading, so he decided to take up sailing. In those days, all the famous travelers of the world went to distant lands by ship. James became interested in maritime affairs and rose through the ranks so quickly that he was offered to become a captain. He refused and went to the Royal Navy. Already in 1757, the talented Cook began to steer the ship himself. His first achievement was the design of the channel of the St. Lawrence River. He discovered his talent as a navigator and cartographer. In the 1760s he explored Newfoundland, which attracted the attention of the Royal Society and the Admiralty. He was entrusted with a journey across the Pacific Ocean, where he reached the shores of New Zealand. In 1770, he accomplished something that other famous travelers had not achieved before - he discovered a new continent. Cook returned to England in 1771 as the famous pioneer of Australia. His last journey was an expedition in search of a passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Today, even schoolchildren know the sad fate of Cook, who was killed by cannibal natives.
Christopher Columbus
Famous travelers and their discoveries have always had a significant influence on the course of history, but few turned out to be as famous as this man. Columbus became a national hero of Spain, decisively expanding the map of the country. Christopher was born in 1451. The boy quickly achieved success because he was diligent and studied well. Already at the age of 14 he went to sea. In 1479, he met his love and began life in Portugal, but after the tragic death of his wife, he and his son went to Spain. Having received the support of the Spanish king, he set out on an expedition, the purpose of which was to find a route to Asia. Three ships sailed from the coast of Spain to the west. In October 1492 they reached the Bahamas. This is how America was discovered. Christopher mistakenly decided to call the local residents Indians, believing that he had reached India. His report changed history: the two new continents and many islands discovered by Columbus became the main focus of colonial voyages over the next few centuries.
Vasco da Gama
The most famous traveler of Portugal was born in the city of Sines on September 29, 1460. From a young age he worked in the navy and became famous as a confident and fearless captain. In 1495, King Manuel came to power in Portugal, who dreamed of developing trade with India. For this, a sea route was needed, in search of which Vasco da Gama had to go. There were more famous sailors and travelers in the country, but for some reason the king chose him. In 1497, four ships sailed south, rounded and sailed to Mozambique. They had to stop there for a month - half the team by that time was suffering from scurvy. After the break, Vasco da Gama reached Calcutta. In India, he established trade relations for three months, and a year later returned to Portugal, where he became a national hero. The discovery of a sea route that made it possible to get to Calcutta along the east coast of Africa was his main achievement.
Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay
Famous Russian travelers also made many important discoveries. For example, the same Nikolai Mikhlukho-Maclay, born in 1864 in the Novgorod province. He was unable to graduate from St. Petersburg University, as he was expelled for participating in student demonstrations. To continue his education, Nikolai went to Germany, where he met Haeckel, a natural scientist who invited Miklouho-Maclay to his scientific expedition. This is how the world of wanderings opened up for him. His whole life was devoted to travel and scientific work. Nikolai lived in Sicily, Australia, studied New Guinea, implementing a project of the Russian Geographical Society, and visited Indonesia, the Philippines, the Malacca Peninsula and Oceania. In 1886, the naturalist returned to Russia and proposed to the emperor to found a Russian colony overseas. But the project with New Guinea did not receive royal support, and Miklouho-Maclay became seriously ill and soon died without completing his work on the travel book.
Ferdinand Magellan
Many famous navigators and travelers lived during the era of the Great Magellan is no exception. In 1480 he was born in Portugal, in the city of Sabrosa. Having gone to serve at court (at that time he was only 12 years old), he learned about the confrontation between his native country and Spain, about travel to the East Indies and trade routes. This is how he first became interested in the sea. In 1505, Fernand got on a ship. For seven years after that, he roamed the seas and took part in expeditions to India and Africa. In 1513, Magellan traveled to Morocco, where he was wounded in battle. But this did not curb his thirst for travel - he planned an expedition for spices. The king rejected his request, and Magellan went to Spain, where he received all the necessary support. Thus began his journey around the world. Fernand thought that from the west the route to India might be shorter. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean, reached South America and opened a strait that would later be named after him. became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. He used it to reach the Philippines and almost reached his goal - the Moluccas, but died in a battle with local tribes, wounded by a poisonous arrow. However, his journey revealed a new ocean to Europe and the understanding that the planet was much larger than scientists had previously thought.
Roald Amundsen
The Norwegian was born at the very end of an era in which many famous travelers became famous. Amundsen became the last of the explorers trying to find undiscovered lands. Since childhood, he was distinguished by perseverance and self-confidence, which allowed him to conquer the South Geographic Pole. The beginning of the journey is connected with 1893, when the boy dropped out of university and got a job as a sailor. In 1896 he became a navigator, and the following year he set off on his first expedition to Antarctica. The ship was lost in the ice, the crew suffered from scurvy, but Amundsen did not give up. He took command, cured the people, remembering his medical training, and led the ship back to Europe. Having become a captain, in 1903 he set out to search for the Northwest Passage off Canada. Famous travelers before him had never done anything like this - in two years the team covered the path from the east of the American continent to its west. Amundsen became famous throughout the world. The next expedition was a two-month trip to the Southern Plus, and the last enterprise was the search for Nobile, during which he went missing.
David Livingston
Many famous travelers are associated with sailing. He became a land explorer, namely the African continent. The famous Scot was born in March 1813. At age 20, he decided to become a missionary, met Robert Moffett and wanted to go to African villages. In 1841, he came to Kuruman, where he taught local residents how to farm, served as a doctor, and taught literacy. There he learned the Bechuana language, which helped him in his travels around Africa. Livingston studied in detail the life and customs of the local residents, wrote several books about them and went on an expedition in search of the sources of the Nile, in which he fell ill and died of a fever.
Amerigo Vespucci
The world's most famous travelers most often came from Spain or Portugal. Amerigo Vespucci was born in Italy and became one of the famous Florentines. He received a good education and trained as a financier. From 1490 he worked in Seville, in the Medici trade mission. His life was connected with sea travel, for example, he sponsored Columbus's second expedition. Christopher inspired him with the idea of trying himself as a traveler, and already in 1499 Vespucci went to Suriname. The purpose of the voyage was to explore the coastline. There he opened a settlement called Venezuela - little Venice. In 1500 he returned home, bringing 200 slaves. In 1501 and 1503 Amerigo repeated his travels, acting not only as a navigator, but also as a cartographer. He discovered the bay of Rio de Janeiro, the name of which he gave himself. From 1505 he served the king of Castile and did not participate in campaigns, only equipped other people’s expeditions.
Francis Drake
Many famous travelers and their discoveries benefited humanity. But among them there are also those who left behind a bad memory, since their names were associated with rather cruel events. The English Protestant, who sailed on a ship from the age of twelve, was no exception. He captured locals in the Caribbean, sold them into slavery to the Spaniards, attacked ships and fought with Catholics. Perhaps no one could match Drake in the number of captured foreign ships. His campaigns were sponsored by the Queen of England. In 1577, he went to South America to defeat the Spanish settlements. During the journey, he found Tierra del Fuego and a strait, which was later named in his honor. Having sailed around Argentina, Drake plundered the port of Valparaiso and two Spanish ships. Having reached California, he met the natives who presented the British with gifts of tobacco and bird feathers. Drake crossed the Indian Ocean and returned to Plymouth, becoming the first British person to circumnavigate the world. He was admitted to the House of Commons and awarded the title of Sir. In 1595 he died on his last trip to the Caribbean.
Afanasy Nikitin
Few famous Russian travelers have achieved the same heights as this native of Tver. Afanasy Nikitin became the first European to visit India. He traveled to the Portuguese colonialists and wrote “Walking across the Three Seas” - a most valuable literary and historical monument. The success of the expedition was ensured by the career of a merchant: Afanasy knew several languages and knew how to negotiate with people. On his journey, he visited Baku, lived in Persia for about two years and reached India by ship. After visiting several cities in an exotic country, he went to Parvat, where he stayed for a year and a half. After the province of Raichur, he headed to Russia, charting a route through the Arabian and Somali peninsulas. However, Afanasy Nikitin never made it home, because he fell ill and died near Smolensk, but his notes were preserved and provided the merchant with world fame.
