Woodwind instruments contra. Woodwind group
Bassoon(Italian fagotto, lit. “knot, bundle, bundle of firewood”, German Fagott, French basson, English bassoon) is a woodwind instrument of bass, tenor and partially alto register. It looks like a bent long tube with a system of valves and a double (like an oboe) reed, which is put on a metal tube (“es”) in the shape of the letter S, connecting the reed to the main body of the instrument. It got its name because when disassembled it resembles a bundle of firewood.
The bassoon was designed in the 16th century in Italy, used in the orchestra from the late 17th - early 18th centuries, and took a permanent place in it by the end of the 18th century. The timbre of the bassoon is very expressive and rich in overtones throughout the entire range. The lower and middle registers of the instrument are most common; the upper notes sound somewhat nasal and compressed. The bassoon is used in symphony orchestras, less often in brass orchestras, and also as a solo and ensemble instrument.
The bassoon is a long, hollow-conical tube. For greater compactness, the air column inside the instrument is folded in half. The main material for making a bassoon is maple wood.
The body of the bassoon consists of four parts: the lower knee (“boot”, which has a U-shape), the small knee (“wing”), the large knee and the bell. From the small knee extends a thin long metal tube, bent in the shape of the letter S (hence its name - es), onto which a cane - the sound-producing element of the bassoon - is attached.
There are numerous holes on the body of the instrument (about 25–30), by opening and closing which the performer changes the pitch of the sound. Only 5-6 holes are controlled by fingers; for the rest, a complex valve mechanism is used.
WITH 
axophone(from Sax - the surname of the inventor and Greek φωνή - “sound”, French saxophone, Italian sassofono, German Saxophon) - a wind musical instrument, according to the principle of sound production, belonging to the wooden family, despite the fact that it was never made of wood . The family of saxophones was designed in 1842 by the Belgian music master Adolphe Sax and patented by him four years later. Since the mid-19th century, the saxophone has been used in a brass band, less often in a symphony band, and also as a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra (ensemble). It is one of the main instruments of jazz and related genres, as well as pop music. The instrument has a full and powerful sound, a melodious timbre and great technical flexibility.
The saxophone fingering is close to the oboe fingering, but the lips do not curl up so much, and the principle of sound production is similar to sound production on the clarinet, but it is a little easier to make an embouchure. Moreover, the registers of the saxophone are more uniform than the registers of the clarinet.
The capabilities of the saxophone are very wide: in terms of technical flexibility, especially in legato, it competes with the clarinet; a large amplitude of sound vibration, a clear accented staccato, and glissanded transitions from one sound to another are possible. In addition, the saxophone has a much greater sound power than other woodwinds (about the same as a horn). His ability to blend organically with both woodwind and brass groups helps him successfully unify these groups in timbre.
In jazz and when performing modern music, saxophonists use a wide variety of playing techniques - frullato (tremolo on one note using the tongue), resonant sound, playing in an ultra-high register with harmonic sounds, polyphonic sound, etc.
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lajolette(French flageolet, diminutive from Old French flageol - flute) - an ancient high-register flute, pipe.
The first known harmonic was made in France by master V. Juvigny in 1581.
It is a tube made of boxwood or ivory with a channel of cylindrical or obverse-conical cross-section, with 6 holes for fingers and a whistle device.
From the beginning of the 18th century, it consisted of two joining parts, and the upper one (with a whistle device) was increased (total length 300 mm) and turned into a special chamber with a tampon that sucks up moisture.
There are French harmonics (with four holes on the front side and two on the back), and English (with all six holes on the front side). In addition, there is a double harmonic - with a single whistle device and two tubes, allowing two sounds to be produced simultaneously.
Due to its high melodic sound, the harmonic was used to teach birds to whistle various melodies.
The harmonic became most widespread in the 17th century and was later replaced by the piccolo flute.
The flageolet was used in their works by J. S. Bach, G. F. Handel, K. W. Gluck and W. A. Mozart.
AND 
Talian bagpipes It is unusual in that it has two tubes to play the melody - one for each hand. All 4 tubes have two reeds. Air blown into the tubes passes through two reeds and produces a sound reminiscent of an organ. Italian bagpipes accompanied by a giaramella (small pipe) are played in small towns, especially at Christmas.
The Italian bagpipes are always played together with a giaramella - a conical pipe. They can often be heard together during Christmas. The Italian bagpipe belongs to the piffero family of bagpipes.
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harmonica(colloquial “(harmonica), harp (from English harp)) is a common reed musical instrument. Inside the harmonica there are copper plates (reeds), which vibrate in the air stream created by the musician. Unlike other reed musical instruments, the harmonica does not have a keyboard. Instead of a keyboard, the tongue and lips are used to select the hole (usually arranged linearly) that corresponds to the desired note.
The harmonica is most often used in such musical styles as blues, folk, bluegrass, blues-rock, country, jazz, and pop.
A musician who plays the harmonica is called a harper.
Chromatic harmonics allow you to play all 12 notes in an octave (including semitones). Learning to play them is more difficult than diatonic ones, but you can play any melody on them without mastering special playing techniques, such as bending. This type of harmonics actually consists of 2 harmonics in one housing. Switching between them and extracting halftones is achieved using a special switch button - a slider, located on one of the sides of the instrument.
Diatonic harmonicas use diatonic tuning (for example: C, D, E, F) without half-tone intervals between notes (C#, D#, and so on). Playing a diatonic harmonica without using special techniques is reminiscent of playing the piano only on white keys, without black ones. Diatonic harmonicas have a range of 1-4 octaves.
The blues harmonica is the most popular today. Usually it has 10 holes, each of which can be played by inhaling (English: draw) and exhaling (English: blow). With certain playing skills, you can play chromatically using special techniques - bends and blows. Sold in different keys and tunings, but the most common is C major.
In a tremolo harmonica, two sound plates sounding simultaneously are slightly out of tune with each other, creating a tremolo effect. Thus, there are 2 reeds for each note, and the sound is more saturated. The presence of the A note in the lower octave allows you to fully play Russian melodies.
Octave harmonic is another type of diatonic. In it, two sound plates sounding simultaneously are tuned exactly an octave relative to each other. This gives greater volume and a different timbre to the sound.
A bass harmonica is actually two separate instruments, one on top of the other, connected by hinges on both sides. Each hole plays only on exhalation, and for each note there are two sound plates tuned to an octave.
The chord harmonica, like the bass harmonica, also consists of two movably fixed plates, the double reeds of which are tuned to the octave. But unlike bass harmonicas, it has both exhale and inhale notes, which allows you to use different chords.
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both(from French hautbois, literally “tall tree”, English, German and Italian oboe) is a woodwind musical instrument of the soprano register, which is a conical tube with a valve system and a double reed (reed). The oboe acquired its modern form in the first half of the 18th century. The instrument has a melodious, but somewhat nasal, and sharp timbre in the upper register.
The instruments, considered the direct predecessors of the modern oboe, have been known since antiquity and have been preserved in their original form in different cultures. Folk instruments such as the bombarda, bagpipes, zhaleika, duduk, gaita, khitiriki, zurna, together with instruments of the New Age (musette, oboe proper, oboe d'amore, cor anglais, baritone oboe, baroque oboe) make up an extensive family of this instrument.
The oboe is used as a solo instrument, in chamber music and in symphony orchestras.
The basis of the oboe repertoire consists of works from the Baroque era (works by Bach and his contemporaries) and classicism (Mozart). Works by romantic composers (Schumann) and modern composers are performed less frequently.
The first oboes were made from reed or bamboo - the natural cavity inside the tube was used to create the body. Despite the fact that some folk instruments are still made in this way, the need to find a material that is more durable and resistant to changes in environment quickly became obvious. In search of a suitable option, musical masters tried different types of wood, usually hard, with the correct arrangement of fibers: boxwood, beech, wild cherry, rosewood, pear. Some Baroque oboes were made of ivory.
In the 19th century, with the addition of new valves, an even stronger material was required. Ebony turned out to be a suitable option. Ebony wood remains the main material for oboe production to this day, although wood from exotic trees such as cocobolo and "purple wood" is sometimes used. Experiments were carried out to create oboes from metal and plexiglass. One of the latest technological innovations is used by Buffet Crampon: tools using Green Line technology made of a material consisting of 95% ebony powder and 5% carbon fiber. Featuring the same acoustic properties as ebony instruments, Green Line clarinets are much less sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity, reducing the risk of damage to the instrument, while also being lighter and less expensive.
A 
English horn(Italian corno inglese, French cor anglais, German Englisch Horn) or alto oboe is a woodwind musical instrument, a type of oboe.
The structure of the English horn is similar to the oboe, but it is larger in size, has a pear-shaped bell and a special curved metal tube with which the reed is connected to the main body.
The fingering of the cor anglais is exactly the same as that of the oboe, but due to the longer body, it sounds a perfect fifth lower.
The playing technique and strokes when playing the cor anglais are the same as on the oboe, but the cor anglais is slightly less technically agile. In his performance, the most typical are cantilena, drawn-out episodes in legato. The timbre of the English horn is thicker, fuller and softer than the oboe.
The range of the English horn in actual sound is from e (E of the small octave) to b2 (B-flat of the second octave). The highest sounds in the range are rarely used. With the same fingering as the oboe, the cor anglais sounds a fifth lower than it, that is, it belongs to the number of transposing instruments in F.
Italian composers of the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries notated the cor anglais part in the bass clef, an octave lower than the actual sound. In the French tradition, it was customary to write notes for it in a rare mezzo-soprano key. The most common notation was in the alto key (it was later used by some composers of the 20th century, in particular S.S. Prokofiev). In modern scores, the cor anglais part is written in the treble clef a perfect fifth higher than the actual sound.
An orchestra usually uses one English horn (rarely two), and its part can be a temporary replacement for one of the oboes (usually the last one in number).
TO 
ena(Quechua qina, Spanish quena) - a longitudinal flute used in the music of the Andean region of Latin America. Usually made from reed. Has six upper and one lower finger holes. Usually made in tuning G. The kenacho flute (Quechua qinachu, Spanish quenacho) is a variant of the kena with a lower sound, in tuning D. It is similar in design and sound production to the Japanese shakuhachi flute: it does not have a whistle, only an oval wedge-shaped notch at the top end. To produce sound, the musician places the upper end of the flute to his lips and directs the air flow towards the wedge. Thanks to this design, compared to a recorder, the range of possibilities for controlling air flow increases, which gives the instrument a lively, expressive sound.
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leita-piccolo ( often called simply piccolo or small flute; Italian flauto piccolo or ottavino, fr. petite flûte, German. kleine Flöte) is a woodwind musical instrument, a type of transverse flute, the highest sounding instrument among wind instruments. It has a brilliant, fort - shrill and whistling timbre. The small flute is half as long as an ordinary flute and sounds an octave higher, and a number of low sounds are impossible to produce on it. The range of the piccolo is from d² to c5 (D of the second octave to the fifth octave), there are also instruments that can play c² and cis². For ease of reading, notes are written an octave lower.
The design of a piccolo flute is generally the same as that of a large flute, but the embouchure (head) hole is smaller in diameter, there is no elbow, and the holes in the body of the instrument are located closer to each other. The piccolo is about 32 centimeters long, which is almost half the length of a large flute, and the drilling diameter is 1 centimeter. Piccolo flutes are made of wood, metal, and less often of other composite materials. The technique of playing the piccolo flute is the same as the large flute, but full mastery of the instrument requires a long, focused period of mastery on the part of the performer (unlike, for example, the alto flute).
The main area of application of the small flute is in symphony and brass orchestras; its use as a solo instrument refers to isolated cases (Vivaldi - Concerto in C major).
The forerunner of the piccolo flute is the harmonic, which was widely used in military music in the Middle Ages. The piccolo flute itself was designed in the 18th century and at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries it became part of the symphony orchestra, where it became one of the highest register instruments. Military and brass bands of the 19th century often used piccolo flutes in D-flat or E-flat tuning; today such instruments are extremely rare.
Typically, a symphony orchestra uses one small flute (less often two), the part of which in the score is placed on a separate line above the parts of large flutes (that is, above all other instruments of the orchestra). Often the small flute part is a temporary replacement for the part of one of the large flutes. The most common function of the piccolo flute in an orchestra is to support the upper voices in the overall sound, but sometimes composers trust this instrument in solo episodes (Ravel - Piano Concerto No. 1, Shchedrin - Piano Concerto No. 4), Shostakovich - symphonies No. 9 and No. 10) .
Clarinet(Italian clarinetto, French clarinette, German Klarinette, English clarinet or clarionet) - a woodwind musical instrument with a single reed. It was invented around 1700 in Nuremberg and has been actively used in music since the second half of the 18th century. It is used in a wide variety of musical genres and compositions: as a solo instrument, in chamber ensembles, symphony and brass orchestras, folk music, on stage and in jazz. The clarinet has a wide range, warm, soft timbre and provides the performer with wide expressive possibilities.
Such parts of the clarinet as the mouthpiece with a single reed and the ring valve system are borrowed almost unchanged from the saxophone.
Bassethorn(German: Bassethorn; French: cor de basset; Italian: corno di bassetto) - a woodwind musical instrument, a type of clarinet.
The basset horn has approximately the same structure as a regular clarinet, but is longer, which is why it sounds lower. Its tube diameter is generally somewhat wider than that of a regular clarinet, making a regular clarinet mouthpiece unsuitable for it and an alto clarinet mouthpiece being used. For compactness, the pipe of a modern basset horn is slightly curved at the mouthpiece and at the bell. Instruments built in the 18th–19th centuries had a more complex shape with several bends and a special chamber, where the air channel changed direction several times, turning into an expanding metal bell.
The instrument is equipped with several additional valves that extend its range downward compared to the clarinet to notes up to the small octave (as written in treble clef). These valves are operated by the right thumb (typical on German models) or the little fingers (on French instruments).
The basset horn is a transposing instrument. It is usually used in F (in F tuning), that is, it sounds a perfect fifth lower than the written notes. Often the notes for such an instrument are written like notes for a horn - in the bass clef a fourth higher than the written notes, in the violin clef a fifth lower. Basset horns in other tunings (G, D, Es, A, B) were used sporadically in the 18th century, but did not come into widespread use. The tone of the basset horn is similar to that of the clarinet, but a little more matte and soft.
The range of the modern basset horn in F is from F of the major octave to B-flat of the second and higher (it is possible to extract sounds up to F of the third, but they are not always stable in intonation)
A 
accordion(from the French accordéon) - a musical instrument, a hand harmonica. In 1829, this name was given by the Viennese organ master K. Damian to the harmonica he improved. In the Russian tradition, it is usually customary to name only instruments with a right-hand piano-type keyboard (usually several timbre registers) - unlike, for example, the button accordion. However, sometimes the name “push-button accordion” is also found. Some of its varieties are called button accordion.
At the end of the 19th century, accordions were made in large quantities in Klingenthal (Saxony). Until now, the most common accordions in Russia are the Weltmeister accordions (various brands, for example, Diana, Stella, Amigo). There are also other manufacturing companies, both foreign (Horch, Hohner) and Russian (Beryozka, Mercury).
There is an opinion that those who know how to play the piano can easily learn to play the accordion. However, despite the external similarity of accordion and piano keyboards, their keys have different sizes; it is also necessary to take into account completely different principles of sound production, playing techniques and the position of the performing apparatus. But at the same time, it is easier for an accordionist to master the piano than for an accordion player.
Tabla- Indian percussion musical instrument.
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There is no definitive information about the origin of the tabla. But according to existing tradition, the creation of this instrument (like many others, whose origin is unknown) is attributed to Amir Khusro (XIII century). The very name “tabla” is foreign, but this has nothing to do with the instrument: ancient Indian reliefs depicting such pairs of drums are known, and even the “Natyashastra” - a text almost two thousand years old - mentions river sand of a certain quality, which is part of the paste for membrane coatings.
There is a legend telling about the birth of the tabla. During Akbar's time, there were two professional pakhawaj players. They were bitter rivals and constantly competed with each other. One day, in a heated battle of a drumming competition, one of the competitors - Sudhar Khan - was defeated and, unable to bear his bitterness, threw his pakhawaj to the ground. The drum broke into two parts, which became tabla and dagga.
The large drum is called bayan, the small one is called daina.
There are several tabla gharanas (schools), the most famous of which are six: Ajrara Gharana, Benares Gharana, Delhi Gharana, Farukhabad Gharana, Lucknow Gharana, Punjab Gharana.
One of the most famous musicians who glorified this instrument throughout the world is the Indian musician Zakir Hussain.
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Arakas or maraca (Spanish maraca) is the oldest percussion and noise instrument of the indigenous inhabitants of the Antilles - the Taino Indians, a type of rattle that produces a characteristic rustling sound when shaken. Currently, maracas are popular throughout Latin America and are one of the symbols of Latin American music. Typically, a maraca player uses a pair of rattles, one in each hand.
In Russian, the name of the instrument is often used in the not entirely correct form “maracas” (masculine, singular) or “maracas” (masculine, plural). This is due to the mechanical transfer into Russian speech of the Spanish plural name for the instrument (Spanish maracas), supplemented in addition by the plural ending characteristic of the Russian language. The more correct form of the name is "maraka" (feminine, singular; plural - "maraki").
T 
ambourine- an ancient musical drum of a cylindrical shape, as well as a dance in bipartite size and music for it.
The tambourine was known in the south of France around the 18th century. Usually the same performer played the flute (similar to a harmonic) and accompanied himself on the tambourine.
Charles-Marie Widor argued that the tambourine “is distinguished from an ordinary drum by its strongly elongated appearance and the absence of a sharp sound.” Joseph Baggars adds that the tambourine is not only longer and narrower than an ordinary drum, but, in contrast, has strings stretched over the skin, which gives the instrument its characteristic “somewhat nasal dullness.” On the contrary, the French military conductor of the 18th century M.-A. Suye be careful. He simply combines these positions and states that the tambourine has "a very long body and is often without strings - sans timbre."
B 
onang- Indonesian percussion musical instrument. It is a set of bronze gongs, secured with cords in a horizontal position on a wooden stand. Each gong has a bulge (penchu) in the center. The sound is produced by striking this convexity with a wooden stick wrapped at the end with cotton cloth or rope. Sometimes spherical resonators made of burnt clay are suspended under the gongs. The sound of the bonang is soft and melodious, slowly fading away.
In gamelan, the bonang usually performs harmonic functions, but sometimes it is also entrusted with leading the main theme.
Bonangs are divided into male (wangun lanang) and female (wangun wedon). The former have high sides and a more convex surface; the latter have lower and flatter gongs. Also distinguished according to size are bonang penerus (small), bonang barung (medium) and bonang penembung (large).
H 
elesta(Italian celesta - “heavenly”) is a small keyboard-percussion musical instrument that looks like a piano and sounds like bells.
The sound is produced by hammers driven by the keys (the mechanism of the hammers resembles that of a piano, but is more simplified). Hammers strike steel plates mounted on wooden resonators. The range of the celesta is from c1 (up to the first octave) to c5 (up to the fifth octave).
Ernest Chausson was the first to use the celesta in an orchestra in the music for Shakespeare’s play “The Tempest” (1888).
During his visit to Paris, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky heard the celesta and was so fascinated by its sound that he introduced the part of this instrument into his works: the ballad “The Voevoda” (1891) and the ballet “The Nutcracker” (“Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy”; 1892).
The celesta is used almost exclusively as an orchestral instrument to create a special flavor by Gustav Holst in the Planets suite, Dmitri Shostakovich in the thirteenth symphony and other academic composers. The celesta also plays the part of the glass harmonica, an instrument that has fallen into disuse but was featured in the works of some 19th-century composers. As a rule, the celesta is played by a full-time pianist of the orchestra (in the absence of a celesta, her part can be performed on the piano).
Also among the composers of the 20th century who used the celeste in their works were Bartok (Music for strings, percussion and celesta, 1936), Britten (opera A Midsummer Night's Dream, 1960), Glass (opera Akhnaten, 1984), Feldman (Philip Guston", 1984).
Notes for the celesta are written on two staves an octave lower than the actual sound. In the score of a symphony orchestra, her part is located under the harp part, above the string parts.
The sound of this instrument was used by Depeche Mode in some of their works.
G 
ender(gendir) is an Indonesian percussion instrument. It consists of 10-12 slightly convex metal plates, fixed in a horizontal position on a wooden stand using cords. Bamboo resonator tubes are suspended from the plates. Gender plates are selected according to the 5-step slendro scale or the 7-step pelog scale.
The sound is produced by striking two short wooden sticks with rubber tips. Compared to its related gambang, gender has a softer timbre. This instrument requires a virtuoso technique from the performer, since playing pieces in an improvisational manner requires extremely fast hand movements. Gender is often played by women.
In gamelan, gender carries out a variational development of the main theme set by the gambang.
Depending on the size of the instrument, there are varieties: gender penerus (small), gender barung (medium) and gender penembung (large).
TO 
Astana(Spanish: castañetas) - a percussion musical instrument, which consists of two concave shell plates, connected in the upper parts with a cord. The plates have traditionally been made from hardwood, although fiberglass is increasingly being used in recent years. Castanets are most widespread in Spain, Southern Italy and Latin America.
Similar simple musical instruments, suitable for rhythmic accompaniment of dance and singing, were used in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece.
The name castanets in Russian is borrowed from Spanish, where they are called castañuelas (“chestnuts”) due to their resemblance to chestnut fruits. In Andalusia they are more often called palillos ("sticks").
In world culture, castanets are most strongly associated with the image of Spanish music, especially with the music of Spanish gypsies, flamenco style, etc. Therefore, this instrument is often used in classical music to create a “Spanish flavor” (for example, in J. Bizet’s opera “Carmen” "). In a symphony orchestra, for the convenience of performers, castanets are most often used mounted on a special stand (the so-called “castanet machine”).
TO 
alimba- the oldest and most widespread instrument in Africa (especially in Central and Southern Africa, on some of the Antilles). Its wide popularity is evidenced by the abundance of names used to designate kalimba among various tribes: Tsantsa, Sanza, Mbira, Mbila, Ndimba, Lukembu, Lala, Malimba, Ndandi, Izhari, Mganga, Likembe, Selimba, etc., of which the “official” name is In our country it is “tsantsa”, in the West it is “kalimba”. Kalimba is used in traditional rituals and by professional musicians. It is called the "African hand piano"; This is a rather virtuosic instrument, intended for playing melodic patterns, but it is also quite suitable for playing chords. It is mostly used as an accompanying instrument. Large kalimbas give a unique low rumble to the lively bass rhythms of African music, while small ones produce a completely ghostly, fragile sound, similar to a music box.
On the resonator body (it comes in different shapes) there is a row or several rows of wooden, bamboo or metal reed plates that serve as a sound source. The simplest samples have a flat one, the more complex ones have a cavity resonator made from a tortoise shell, a hollowed-out tree, a hollow pumpkin, etc.; reeds (4-30) are attached to the resonator board. The high saddle limits the sounding portion of the reeds. When playing (standing, walking, sitting), the kalimba is grasped with the palms of the hands, bent at a right angle and pressed tightly to the sides, or held on the knees, with the thumbs and forefingers of both hands, pinch and release the free (upper) ends of the reeds, bringing them into a state vibrations. Kalimbas come in a variety of sizes; body length 100-350 mm, reed length 30-100 mm, width 3-5 mm. The scale of the kalimba depends on the number of reeds.
WITH 
steel drum(eng. steelpan) - a percussion instrument with a certain pitch. Used in Afro-Caribbean music such as calypso and soca. Invented in the 1930s, some sources consider the steel drum to be the only non-electronic musical instrument invented in the 20th century.
The instrument appeared after the passage of a law in Trinidad and Tobago banning membrane drums and bamboo sticks for playing music. The drum began to be forged from steel barrels (in large numbers left on the beaches after the end of the Second World War), from sheets of steel 0.8 - 1.5 mm thick. Tuning the instrument consists of forming petal-shaped areas in this steel sheet and giving them the desired sound using hammers. Tool resetting may be necessary once or twice a year.
Usually, the ensemble plays several types of instruments: the ping-pong leads the melody, the tune boom forms the harmonic basis, and the bass boom keeps the rhythm. The instrument is even represented in the armed forces of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago - since 1995 there has been a “steel band” with the defense forces, which is the only military band in the world using a steel drum.
B 
ongo(Spanish: bongó) - Cuban percussion instrument: a small double drum of African origin, usually played while sitting, holding the bongo sandwiched between the calves of the legs. In Cuba, the bongo first appeared in the province of Oriente around 1900. The drums that make up the bongos vary in size; The smaller one is considered the “male” (Spanish macho, literally “male”), and the larger one is considered the “female” (Spanish hembra, “female”), the main drum. Traditionally, the lower tuned “female” drum is located to the right hand of the bongocero musician. Bongos are widely used both in traditional Cuban music and in Latin American music in general.
In the 1920s, bongos were tuned lower than they are today, and were played using a technique similar to the conga, including changing the tension of the head during playing. Originally, the skin was attached to the body of the drum with nails, and to tune it, the Bongosero used a small brazier filled with coals, which was placed between the legs while playing.
Modern bongos are tuned higher than in the past, more in keeping with their role as a solo instrument. Nowadays, the technique of playing the bongo is based primarily on the rhythmic pattern of “martillo” (Spanish martillo, “hammer”). The bongo part can also be doubled by other percussion instruments, such as the cencerro, especially as the volume and intensity of the ensemble's rhythm increases.
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areles- a percussion musical instrument with an indefinite pitch. Plates have been known since ancient times, found in China, India, and later in Greece and Turkey.
They are a convex disk made of special alloys by casting and subsequent forging. There is a hole in the center of the plate intended for securing the instrument to a special stand or for attaching a belt.
Among the main playing techniques: hitting suspended cymbals with various sticks and mallets, hitting paired cymbals against each other, playing with a bow. The sound stops when the musician places the cymbals on his chest.
Typically, cymbal hits occur on the downbeat, at the same time as the bass drum. Their parts are written side by side. The sound of the cymbals in forte is sharp, brilliant, wild, in piano it is rattling, but much softer. In an orchestra, cymbals primarily dynamically emphasize the climax, but often their role is reduced to colorful rhythm or special visual effects.
In jargon, musicians sometimes refer to a set of cymbals as “hardware.”
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grate- a folk musical instrument, idiophone, replacing clapping.
Ratchets consist of a set of 18 - 20 thin planks (usually oak) 16 - 18 cm long. They are connected to each other with a thick rope threaded through the holes in the upper part of the planks. To separate the planks, small wooden plates approximately 2 cm wide are inserted between them at the top.
There is another ratchet design - a rectangular box with a wooden gear placed inside, attached to a small handle. A slot is made in one of the walls of this box, in the hole of which a thin elastic wooden or metal plate is fixedly fixed.
The ratchet is held by the rope with both hands, sharp or smooth movements allow you to make different sounds. In this case, the hands are at the level of the chest, head, and sometimes raised to attract attention with their appearance.
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During archaeological excavations in Novgorod in 1992, two tablets were found, which, according to V.I. Povetkin, were part of a set of ancient Novgorod rattles in the 12th century.
Rattles were used in wedding ceremonies when singing songs of praise with dancing. The choral performance of a song of honor is often accompanied by the playing of an entire ensemble, sometimes numbering more than ten people. During a wedding, the rattles are decorated with ribbons, flowers, and sometimes bells.
R 
school bells usually made as a set, tuned to the notes of the scale. Whole choirs (teams) of bell ringers play bells. Musicians are required to have exceptional precision, regularity and dexterity of their fingers. The sound is produced by rapid movements of the performer's hand, which causes the tongue of the bell to beat against the body of the bell. Handbell playing is very popular in the UK and USA, where choirs of 10 OR 12 players play large sets of handbells.
In England, during the 19th century, groups of bell ringers gathered, with a total of up to 200 bells, on which they performed melodies that were popular at that time.
U 
gift installation(drum kit, drums from the English drums) - a set of drums, cymbals and other percussion instruments, adapted for convenient play by a drummer. Commonly used in jazz, rock and pop music.
Individual instrument instruments are played with drumsticks, various brushes and mallets. Pedals are used to play the hi-hat and bass drum, so the drummer plays while sitting on a special chair or stool.
Different genres of music dictate the stylistically appropriate composition of instruments in a drum kit.
1. Plates | 2. Floor tom-tom | 3. Tom-tom
4. Bass Drum | 5. Snare drum | 6. Hi-hat
A standard drum kit includes the following elements:
Crash - a cymbal with a powerful but short sound for accents.
Ride - a cymbal with a ringing, hissing sound.
Hi-hat (hi-hat) - two cymbals mounted on one rod and controlled by a pedal.
Drums:
The snare drum is the main instrument of the kit.
3 tom-toms: high tom-tom, low tom-tom (middle tom-tom) - both are colloquially called violas, floor tom-tom (or simply tom, floor tom-tom).
Bass drum (“barrel”, bass drum).
The number of instruments in the kit varies for each performer and his style. The most minimal setups are used in rockabilly and Dixieland jazz, and the setups of progressive rock, fusion, and metal performers usually include a wide range of instruments: drummers use additional cymbals (collectively called effect cymbals: splash, china, etc.) and tom toms or snare drums, and two hi-hats are also used.
Some manufacturers offer another drum kit option with 1 mounted and 2 floor toms. Artists using this setup include Phil Rudd (AC/DC), Chad Smith (Red Hot Chili Peppers), Hena Habegger (Gotthard) and John Bonham (Led Zeppelin).
In heavy music (metal, hard rock, etc.) two bass drums or a double pedal (the so-called “cardan”) are often used - two pedals connected by a cardan shaft so that both beaters beat the same bass. drum alternately.
There is also a version of the drum set designed for playing while standing (the so-called cocktail drum).
(generic instruments: flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon)
The group of woodwind instruments is very heterogeneous in its timbre and technical capabilities. Possessing much less flexibility, less mobility, and more limited possibilities in the field of nuance than string instruments, the woodwind group plays a much smaller role in the orchestra than bowed instruments. Starting from the first quarter of the 19th century, the importance of this group of instruments increased, and orchestral literature was enriched with a number of expressive solos and episodes for woodwinds. From about the same time, so-called specific woodwind instruments systematically appeared in the orchestra (see orchestra table, Chapter 2 (Possibly a typo, the table of orchestra compositions with specific instruments is in Chapter III - Musstudent)).
The timbre of each of the woodwind instruments is very uneven. Throughout the entire range (scale) of each of the woodwind instruments, three “register timbres” can (conditionally) be distinguished. This circumstance allowed many composers to subtly use the different timbre capabilities of each of these instruments, mixing the timbres of two, three or more instruments in various combinations, various cases of comparison, etc. Pointing out these features of woodwinds, N.A.
Rimsky-Korsakov (“Fundamentals of Orchestration”) notes that each of these instruments has its own area of “expressive playing,” in which the instrument is most capable of shades, changes in dynamics, subtle nuances, etc. This area lies mainly in range of the middle register of the instrument. Outside the “area of expressive playing,” it can provide the orchestrator with only timbral colors, with more limited dynamic shades.
The sounding body - the vibrator - in wind instruments is the air that fills the body of the instrument. Under the influence of a special exciter (sound generator), the column of air enclosed in the instrument begins to oscillate periodically, creating a musical sound of a certain height. This kind of sound can be observed when the wind hums in a chimney, in fans, etc. The timbre of this tool depends on:
1. the shape of the volume of air contained in the instruments, which are given different appearances;
2. on the type of sound generator;
3. and partly from the material from which the instrument is made.
All woodwind instruments consist of a wooden tube (grenadilla or coconut wood) with holes drilled along the body of the instrument. Some of the holes are closed with valves. With all holes closed, the instrument produces the lowest sound - the fundamental tone of its range due to the fact that the entire column of air contained in the instrument is vibrating (“sounding”) at the moment. With the gradual opening of the holes, the column of air contained in the instrument is shortened, and we obtain, using a well-known fingering, a complete chromatic scale within an octave (for example, in a flute) or within a duodecima (in clarinets).
To obtain higher sounds, within two, three or more octaves, the “overblowing” technique is used.
The pitch of the instrument's fundamental tone is determined by the length of the tube, that is, the longer the tube, the lower the instrument's sound. Air injection can be done strongly or weakly. If you blow air strongly, then the air column enclosed in the instrument comes into significant vibration and breaks up into two, and with even stronger blowing into three or more parts, causing the main sound to increase by an octave interval (at the first blowing), duodecima ( during the second blowing), etc., according to the natural scale. In this way the full volume of the instrument is obtained.
Sound generators for woodwinds are divided into two main types:
1. Labial (“labial”).
2. Lingual (“tongue”).
In instruments with a labial sound generator (flute), the sound is obtained from the friction of a stream of air against tense lips and the edges of a hole drilled in the head of the instrument. Thus, flute instruments do not have any additional “peeper” to produce sound. Sound production in this case is completely similar to the sound produced by whistling through a drilled door key.
Reed sound generators are built basically like a children's toy, a squeaker made from an acacia pod.
When two elastic plates do not fit tightly together, a stream of air rushes into the narrow gap with force, causing the sharp edges of the plates to vibrate. This is how a sound generator called a “reed” is built (from a special type of reed from which woodwind reeds are made). For oboe and bassoon, a double reed consisting of two plates is used; in the clarinet, one reed plate is attached to the sharply beveled edge of the instrument's head. The principle of sound formation remains the same here.
The high sound of the peep vibrates the column of air in the instrument and causes the latter to vibrate and produce a musical sound.
A wind instrument can only produce one sound at a time. In the future, when becoming familiar with wind instruments, students will more than once have to encounter the concept of so-called “transposing instruments.” For a variety of technical reasons and due to some historical background, some instruments read lower or higher by a certain interval, compared to its notation on the staff. The scope of the textbook does not allow us to talk in detail about the circumstances that have forced us to this day to use a method of recording some instruments that is so inconvenient for a novice instrument player. But a student of instrumentation should learn to fluently transpose to fp from the very first lessons. batches of such instruments.
Flute (Flauto); volume
The performer holds the instrument in a horizontal position. The flute is a very flexible instrument, allowing you to write fast scale-like sequences, wide leaps, arpeggios, trills and other passages for it. The timbre of the flute is light (especially in the middle), somewhat dull, cold and weak-sounding in the lower register, bright and somewhat harsh, “whisking” in the upper register. The middle and upper registers of the flute have been used continuously by all orchestral composers since ancient times. Lowercase, with rare exceptions, has not been used for a long time. But, starting (approximately) with J. Bizet (1833-1875), a whole series of French composers (Delibes, 1836-1891), (Massenet, 1842-1912), followed by many later composers, both French and outstanding orchestrators among Russian and German authors write a number of interesting solos for flute in the low register. On the flute, a special effect is possible, achieved by double blowing the tongue (quick interruption of the sound - staccato).
Small flute (Flauto piccolo). Volume: 
It is written an octave lower than the actual sonority. Used in an orchestra mainly as an additional instrument, increasing the volume of the large flute in the upper register, or to double the large flute part by an octave (for example: in the large “tutti”). The small flute has a sharp and strong sound. In Russian and Western orchestral literature there are a number of solos for piccolo flute.
The alto flute, sounding a fourth or fifth lower than the large flute, began to appear in the orchestra relatively recently and is not yet very widespread.
Oboe, volume: The performer holds the instrument at a downward angle. The oboe is less mobile than the flute, and it is more characterized by cantilena (singing) melodies. Nevertheless, short passages, trills, and arpeggios at a fairly agile tempo are quite accessible to him.
The timbre of the oboe in the lower register is somewhat harsh, the middle register is soft and light, and the upper register is sharp. The timbre of the oboe has a certain nasal quality, reminiscent of the sounds of a shepherd's horn. It is these timbre features of the oboe that composers often use when depicting pictures of nature, shepherd tunes, etc.
English horn (Corno inglese), volume: 
sounds a fifth lower than the notated sounds. The English horn is played by a second oboist or a special performer (with a three-piece composition: two oboes and an English horn). The timbre of the English horn is even more condensed and nasal than that of the oboe. Its sound resembles the timbre of some oriental wind instruments.
The English horn became widespread among Russian composers, starting with Glinka, who often resorted to the specific timbre of this instrument to depict an oriental flavor.
Clarinet (clarinetto), volume: 
tool. The clarinet has great beauty of timbre and considerable flexibility in nuance. The clarinet sounds excellent in arpeggios, scales, trills and a wide variety of passages in a very dynamic theme. The middle register of the clarinet is soft and rich; the lower one is somewhat dull and gloomy; the upper one is piercingly sharp. The clarinet began to be used in orchestras relatively recently. His invention dates back to approximately 1700. Only in the second half of the 18th century did the clarinet become a permanent member of the orchestra. Haydn and Mozart used it with great caution (some works of these composers were instrumented without clarinets), and only starting from the time of Weber, the clarinet began to occupy almost one of the main places in the family of wind instruments.
Due to the special design of the valves, it is inconvenient to perform pieces with a large number of symbols on the clarinet. To avoid this inconvenience, a modern orchestra uses two clarinet tunings: for sharp keys the clarinet is in tuning A, and for flat keys it is in tuning B. Thus, the clarinet is a transposing instrument.
Melody 
on the clarinet in tuning A it will sound: 
and on the clarinet in tuning B it will sound: 
When modulating in a piece in the clarinet part, several pauses are given to change the tuning (change the clarinet). (In the part it is written: “muta A in B”, that is, replace clarinet A with clarinet B.)
Bass clarinet (Clarinetto basso), transposing instrument. Somewhat less mobile than the clarinet. Used in tunings A and B (the latter more often).
To make it easier to play, his part is written in treble clef.
Letter volume: 
Sounds: 
The timbre of the bass clarinet is gloomy and gloomy; the sound is strong.
Small clarinets (Clarinetti piccoli), starting with Berlioz, are sometimes introduced into the symphony orchestra. The timbre of the small clarinet is sharp and piercing. Used in D and Es tunings.
Bassoon (Fagotto), volume: 
playing with a curved metal tube. The bassoon part is written in bass and tenor keys.
Lower and middle registers are the most beautiful and common. Higher sounds are somewhat dull. The bassoon can perform fairly fast passages, especially arpeggios. Jumps at almost any interval, trills, staccato technique, etc. are very common.
Contrafagotto, volume: 
Sounds an octave lower than the notated sounds. A very bulky instrument, little moving, with a powerful sound. It is used in some cases to double the bassoon part by octave in large orchestras (in large tutti), to strengthen the bass group, etc.
In addition to the main and most commonly used type instruments of the woodwind group discussed here (in the scores of ancient composers and newer ones and our contemporaries - Western and Russian composers), a number of instruments have been and are being used, either completely not used in modern musical practice, or not who have still found a place that is quite strong in the orchestral score. Such instruments include ancient basset horns, oboe d'amour, or, for example, saxophones, heckelphone, etc. The purpose of our short course is not to consider these rare members of the symphony orchestra.
The woodwind group in its main composition, just like the string group, provides a complete harmonic complex: flutes play the role of the soprano voice, oboes - the alto voice, clarinets - the tenor voice, bassoons - the bass voice.
This is exactly what a woodwind “quartet” will sound like if you arrange the instruments according to their nominal height:
But, as will be seen from what follows, any of the instruments in the wind group can play the role of a soprano voice, and the rest can serve as accompaniment.
Specific instruments (piccolo flute, cor anglais, bass and piccolo clarinets, counter-bassoon) serve mainly for special effects, to enhance the group of wooden instruments and to increase the volume (main scale) of generic instruments.
During the time of the Viennese classics, the woodwind group was only established in its paired composition; but often these composers used an incomplete pair composition, either including the 2nd flute part in the score, or not using clarinets at all, etc.
The parts of each pair of main instruments of the woodwind group are usually written on one line (one staff) and only occasionally on two, using the following conventions. When both instruments play in unison, they write at the top: “a2”, which means together. If two instruments play different parts, their notes are written with stems in different directions. Indications “1 solo”, “2 solo” indicate a solo performance of a given passage by one of two instruments
The importance of wind instruments, both solo and in any type of orchestra, is very high. According to music experts, they are the ones who bring together the sounds of strings and keyboards and even out the sound, despite the fact that their technical and artistic qualities are not so outstanding and attractive. With the development of new technologies and the use of new materials for the manufacture of wind musical instruments, the popularity of wooden ones has decreased, but not so much that they have been completely eliminated from use. In symphony and folk orchestras, and in instrumental groups, various pipes and wooden pipes are widely used, since their sound is so unique that it is impossible to replace them with anything.
Types of woodwind instruments
Clarinet – capable of producing a wide range of sound, with a soft and warm timbre. These unique abilities of the instrument provide the performer with unlimited possibilities for playing with the melody.The flute is a wind instrument with the highest sound. It is considered a unique instrument in terms of technical capabilities when performing melodies, which gives it the right to perform a solo part in any direction.
The oboe is a wooden instrument with a slightly harsh, nasal, but unusually melodious voice. It is most often used in symphony orchestras, for playing solo parts or excerpts from works.
The bassoon is a bass wind instrument that produces only a low sound. It is much more difficult to control and play than other wind instruments, but, nevertheless, at least 3 or 4 of them are used in a classical symphony orchestra.
Folklore orchestras use various pipes, pipes, whistles and ocarinas made of wood. Their structure is not complex, like that of symphonic instruments, the sound is not as diverse, but they are also much easier to control.
Where are woodwind instruments used?
In modern music, woodwind instruments are no longer used as often as in past centuries. Their popularity remains unchanged only in symphony and chamber orchestras, as well as in folk ensembles. When performing music of these genres, they often occupy leading positions, and it is they who are given the solo part. There are frequent cases of the sound of wooden instruments in jazz and pop compositions. But, unfortunately, there are fewer and fewer connoisseurs of such creativity.How and from what are modern wind instruments made?
Modern woodwind instruments only superficially resemble their predecessors. They are no longer made only of wood; the air flow is regulated not by the fingers, but by a multi-level system of valve keys that make the sound shorter or longer, raise or lower its pitch.For the production of wind instruments, maple, pear, walnut or the so-called ebony - ebony - are used. Their wood is porous, but elastic and durable; it does not burst during processing and does not crack during use.
Basic information Avlos is an ancient woodwind musical instrument. The aulos is considered a distant predecessor of the modern oboe. It was widespread in Western Asia and Ancient Greece. The performer usually played two aulos (or double aulos). Playing the aulos was used in ancient tragedy, during sacrifice, and in military music (in Sparta). Solo singing accompanied by playing the aulos was called avlodia.
Basic information The English horn is a woodwind musical instrument, which is an alto oboe. The English horn received its name due to the erroneous use of the French word anglais (“English”) instead of the correct angle (“curved at an angle” - in the shape of a hunting oboe, from which the English horn originated). Design The structure of the English horn is similar to the oboe, but has a larger size and a pear-shaped bell
Basic information Bansuri is an ancient Indian woodwind musical instrument. Bansuri is a transverse flute made from a single piece of bamboo. Has six or seven playing holes. Bansuri is widespread in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Bansuri is very popular among shepherds and is part of their customs. It can also be seen in Buddhist paintings around the year 100 AD
Basic information Bass clarinet (Italian: clarinetto basso) is a woodwind musical instrument, a bass type of clarinet that appeared in the second quarter of the 19th century. The range of the bass clarinet is from D (D of the major octave; on some models the range is extended down to B1 - B-flat counter-octave) to B1 (B-flat of the first octave). It is theoretically possible to extract higher sounds, but they are not used.
Basic information The Bassethorn is a woodwind musical instrument, a type of clarinet. The basset horn has the same structure as a regular clarinet, but is longer, causing it to sound lower. For compactness, the basset horn tube is slightly curved at the mouthpiece and at the bell. In addition, the instrument is equipped with several additional valves that extend its range down to the note C (as written). Basset horn tone
Basic information, history The recorder is a woodwind musical instrument from the family of whistled wind instruments, such as the pipe and ocarina. A recorder is a type of longitudinal flute. The recorder has been known in Europe since the 11th century. It was widespread in the 16th-18th centuries. Used as a solo instrument, in ensembles and orchestras. A. Vivaldi, G. F. Telemann, G. F. wrote for the recorder.
Basic information Brelka is a Russian folk wind wooden musical instrument that was used in former times in a pastoral environment, and now occasionally appears at concert venues in the hands of musicians of folk ensembles. The keychain has a strong sound with a very bright and light timbre. The keychain in its essence is nothing more than an ancient version of the oboe, however, compared to the shepherd's pity,
Basic information The whistle is a woodwind musical instrument, a Celtic folk pipe. Whistles are usually made from tin, but there are also wooden, plastic and even silver versions of the instruments. Whistle is very popular not only in Ireland, but throughout Europe. Most whistles, however, are made in England and Ireland, and they are also the most popular among whistlers. Whistles exist
Basic information The oboe is a wind wooden musical instrument of the soprano register, which is a conical tube with a valve system and a double reed (reed). The instrument has a melodious, but somewhat nasal, and sharp timbre in the upper register. The instruments, considered the direct predecessors of the modern oboe, have been known since antiquity and have been preserved in their original form in different cultures. Folk instruments such
Basic information The oboe d'amore is a woodwind musical instrument, very similar to a regular oboe. The oboe d'amore is slightly larger than a regular oboe and, in comparison, produces a less assertive and softer, calmer sound. In the oboe family he is placed as a mezzo-soprano or alto. The range is from G of the small octave to D of the third octave. Oboe d'amore
Basic information, origin Di (henchui, handi - transverse flute) is an ancient Chinese wind wooden musical instrument. Di is one of the most common wind instruments in China. Presumably it was brought from Central Asia between 140 and 87 BC. BC. However, during recent archaeological excavations, bone transverse flutes were discovered that were about
Basic information The didjeridoo is the oldest woodwind musical instrument of the Aboriginal people of northern Australia. One of the most ancient musical instruments on Earth. The didgeridoo is the European-American name for the oldest musical instrument of the Aboriginal people of Australia. In northern Australia, where the didgeridoo originated, it is called yidaki. The uniqueness of the didgeridoo is that it usually sounds on one note (the so-called
Basic information The pipe is a folk wind wooden musical instrument, consisting of a wooden (usually elderberry) reed or reed and having several side holes, and a mouthpiece for blowing. There are double pipes: two folded tubes are blown through one common mouthpiece. In Ukraine, the name sopilka (sopel) has been preserved to this day; in Russia it is rare; in Belarus it is
Basic information Duduk (tsiranapokh) is a wooden wind musical instrument, it is a tube with 9 playing holes and a double reed. Common among the peoples of the Caucasus. It is most popular in Armenia, as well as among Armenians living outside its borders. The traditional name of the Armenian duduk is tsiranapokh, which can be literally translated as “apricot trumpet” or “soul of the apricot tree.” Music
Basic information Zhaleika is an ancient Russian folk wind wooden musical instrument - a wooden, reed or cattail tube with a bell made of horn or birch bark. Zhaleika is also known as zhalomeika. Origin, history of zhaleika The word “zhaleika” is not found in any ancient Russian written monument. The first mention of pity is in the notes of A. Tuchkov dating back to the end of the 18th century.
Basic information Zurna is an ancient woodwind musical instrument, common among the peoples of Transcaucasia and Central Asia. A zurna is a wooden tube with a socket and several (usually 8-9) holes, one of which is on the opposite side to the others. The range of the zurna is about one and a half octaves of the diatonic or chromatic scale. The timbre of the zurna is bright and piercing. Zurna is close
Basic information Kaval is a shepherd's woodwind musical instrument. Kaval is a longitudinal flute with a long wooden barrel and 6-8 playing holes. At the lower end of the barrel there may be up to 3-4 more holes intended for tuning and resonating. The Kavala scale is diatonic. The length of kaval reaches 50-70 cm. Kaval is distributed in Bulgaria, Moldova and Romania, Macedonia, Serbia,
Basic information, structure Kamyl is an Adyghe wind wooden musical instrument, a traditional Adyghe (Circassian) flute. Kamyl is a longitudinal flute made from a metal tube (most often from a gun barrel). There are 3 playing holes at the bottom of the tube. It is possible that the instrument was originally made from reeds (as the name indicates). The length of the kamyl is about 70 cm. The scale of the kamyl
Basic information Kena (Spanish quena) is a woodwind musical instrument - a longitudinal flute, used in the music of the Andean region of Latin America. The ken is usually made of reed and has six upper and one lower playing holes. As a rule, kena is done in G (sol) tuning. The quenacho flute is a lower pitched variant of the quena, in D (D) tuning.
Basic information The clarinet is a woodwind musical instrument with a single reed. The clarinet was invented around 1700 in Nuremberg and has been actively used in music since the second half of the 18th century. It is used in a wide variety of musical genres and compositions: as a solo instrument, in chamber ensembles, symphony and brass orchestras, folk music, on stage and in jazz. Clarinet
Basic information Clarinet d'amore (Italian: clarinetto d'amore) is a woodwind musical instrument. Structure Like the species instrument, the d'amore clarinet had a single reed and a cylindrical tube, but the width of this tube was smaller than that of a regular clarinet, and the sound holes were also narrower. In addition, the part of the tube to which the mouthpiece was attached was slightly curved for compactness - the body
Basic information Kolyuka is a woodwind musical instrument - an ancient Russian type of longitudinal overtone flute without playing holes. To make thorns, dried stems of umbrella plants are used - hogweed, shepherd's pipe and others. The role of a whistle or squeak is performed by the tongue. The height of the sound is achieved by overblowing. To change the sound, the lower hole of the tube is also used, which is clamped with a finger or
Basic information The contrabassoon is a woodwind musical instrument, a type of bassoon. The contrabassoon is an instrument of the same type and structure as the bassoon, but with a column of air enclosed in it twice as large, which is why it sounds an octave lower than the bassoon. The contrabassoon is the lowest-sounding instrument in the woodwind group and plays the contrabass voice in it. Contrabassoon names on
Basic information Kugikly (kuvikly) is a woodwind musical instrument, a Russian variety of the multi-barrel pan flute. Kugikl device Kugikl are a set of hollow tubes of various lengths and diameters with an open upper end and a closed lower end. This tool was usually made from the stems of kugi (reeds), reeds, bamboo, etc., with the stem knot serving as the bottom. Nowadays, plastic, ebonite
Basic information Kurai is a national Bashkir wind wooden musical instrument similar to a flute. The popularity of kurai is due to its timbre richness. The sound of the kurai is poetic and epically sublime, the timbre is soft, and when played it is accompanied by a guttural bourdon sound. The main and traditional feature of playing the kurai is the ability to play with a chest voice. Light whistling is forgiven only for beginning performers. Professionals perform a melody
Basics The Mabu is a traditional woodwind musical instrument of the Solomon Islanders. A mabu is a wooden pipe with a socket, hollowed out from a section of a tree trunk. A half of a coconut was attached to the upper end, in which a playing hole was made. Large specimens of mabu could reach up to a meter in length with a bell width of about 15 cm and a wall thickness of about
Basic information Mabu (mapu) is a traditional Tibetan woodwind musical instrument. Translated from the nose, “ma” means “bamboo”, and “bu” means “pipe”, “reed flute”. Mabu has a bamboo trunk with a single scoring tongue. There are 8 playing holes made in the flute barrel, 7 upper, one lower. At the end of the trunk there is a small horn bell. Mabu is also sometimes made
Basic information, characteristics Small clarinet (piccolo clarinet) is a woodwind musical instrument, a type of clarinet. The small clarinet has the same structure as a regular clarinet, but is smaller in size, which is why it sounds in a higher register. The timbre of the small clarinet is harsh, somewhat loud, especially in the upper register. Like most other instruments in the clarinet family, the small clarinet is transposing and is used
Basic information, device Nai is a Moldavian, Romanian and Ukrainian wind wooden musical instrument - a longitudinal multi-barreled flute. Nai consists of 8-24 tubes of different lengths, mounted in an arched leather clip. The pitch of the sound depends on the length of the tube. Diatonic scale. Folk melodies of various genres are performed on the naya - from doina to dance motifs. The most famous Moldovan naists:
Basic information Ocarina is an ancient woodwind musical instrument, a clay whistle flute. The name “ocarina” translated from Italian means “gosling”. The ocarina is a small egg-shaped chamber with holes for fingers ranging from four to thirteen. The ocarina is usually made in ceramic, but is sometimes also made of plastic, wood, glass or metal. By
Basic information Pinquillo (pingullo) is an ancient woodwind musical instrument of the Quechua Indians, a reed transverse flute. Pinquillo is common among the Indian populations of Peru, Bolivia, Northern Argentina, Chile, and Ecuador. Pinquillo is the ancestor of the Peruvian Kena. Pinquillo is made from reeds, traditionally cut “at dawn, away from prying eyes.” Has 5-6 side playing holes. Pingulio length 30-32 cm. Pingulio range approx.
Basic information, application The transverse flute (or simply flute) is a woodwind musical instrument of the soprano register. The names of the transverse flute in different languages are: flauto (Italian); flatus (Latin); flute (French); flute (English); flote (German). The flute is available in a wide variety of performance techniques; it is often assigned orchestral solos. The transverse flute is used in symphony and brass orchestras, and also, along with the clarinet,
Basic information The Russian horn is a wooden wind musical instrument. The Russian horn has different names: in addition to “Russian” - “shepherd”, “song”, “Vladimir”. The name “Vladimir” horn acquired relatively recently, at the end of the 19th century, as a result of the success of the performances of a choir of horn players led by Nikolai Vasilyevich Kondratiev from the Vladimir region. Horn tunes are divided into 4 genre varieties: signal, song,
Basic information Saxophone (Sax is the surname of the inventor, phone is sound) is a woodwind musical instrument, according to the principle of sound production, it belongs to the wooden family, despite the fact that it is never made of wood. The family of saxophones was designed in 1842 by the Belgian music master Adolphe Sax and patented by him four years later. Adolph Sachs named his first constructed instrument
Basic information The flute is an ancient Russian wind wooden musical instrument of the longitudinal flet type. Origin, history of the pipe The Russian pipe has not yet been sufficiently studied. Experts have long been trying to correlate existing whistle instruments with ancient Russian names. Most often, chroniclers use three names for instruments of this type - flute, nozzle and foregrip. According to legend, the son of the Slavic goddess of love Lada played the flute
Basic information Suling is an Indonesian woodwind musical instrument, a longitudinal whistle flute. Suling consists of a bamboo cylindrical trunk, about 85 cm long and equipped with 3-6 playing holes. The sound of suling is very gentle. Usually sad melodies are played on this instrument. Suling is used as a solo and orchestral instrument. Video: Sulingna video + sound Thanks to these videos you
Basic information, structure, application Shakuhachi is a woodwind musical instrument, a longitudinal bamboo flute that came to Japan from China during the Nara period. The Chinese name for the shakuhachi flute is chi-ba. The standard length of a shakuhachi flute is 1.8 Japanese feet (which is 54.5 cm). This determined the very Japanese name of the instrument, since “shaku” means “foot” and “hachi” means “eight”.
Basic information Tilinka (calf) is a Moldavian, Romanian and Ukrainian folk wind wooden musical instrument, which is an open tube without playing holes. Tilinka is common in rural life, most often used by people living near the Carpathian Mountains. The sound of tilinka depends on how far the musician closes the open end of the tube with his finger. The transition between notes is carried out by blowing and closing/opening the opposite
