Stylistic features of a left-hander. The originality of language in the story “Lefty”

The first writer who comes to his mind is, of course, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. The second portrait that appears before the inner gaze of the domestic bookworm is the face of Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy. But there is one classic who, as a rule, is forgotten in this context (or not mentioned so often) - Nikolai Semenovich Leskov. Meanwhile, his works are also saturated with the “Russian spirit,” and they also reveal not only the peculiarities of the Russian national character, but also the specifics of all Russian life.

In this sense, Leskov’s story “Lefty” stands apart. It reproduces with extraordinary accuracy and depth all the flaws in the structure of domestic life and all the heroism of the Russian people. People, as a rule, now do not have time to read the collected works of Dostoevsky or Tolstoy, but they should find time to open a book on the cover of which it is written: N. S. Leskov “Lefty”.

Plot

The story supposedly begins in 1815. Emperor Alexander the First, on a voyage across Europe, also visits England. The British really want to surprise the Emperor, and at the same time show off the skills of their craftsmen, and for several days they take him around different rooms and show him all sorts of amazing things, but the main thing they have in store for the finale is a filigree work: a steel flea that can dance. Moreover, it is so small that without a microscope it is impossible to see it. Our Tsar was very surprised, but his accompanying Don Cossack Platov was not at all. On the contrary, he kept bawling that ours could do no worse.

He soon died, and ascended the throne who accidentally discovered a strange thing and decided to check Platov’s words by sending him to visit the Tula masters. The Cossack arrived, instructed the gunsmiths and went home, promising to return in two weeks.

The masters, including Lefty, retired to the house of the main character of the tale and worked there for two weeks, until Platov returned. Local residents heard the constant knocking, but the craftsmen themselves never left Lefty’s house during this time. They became recluses until the work was done.

Platov arrives. They bring him the same flea in a box. He furiously throws the first craftsman he came across into the carriage (he turned out to be left-handed) and goes to St. Petersburg to the Tsar “on the carpet.” Of course, Lefty did not get to the king right away; he was first beaten and kept in prison for a short time.

The flea appears before the bright eyes of the monarch. He looks and looks at her and cannot understand what the Tula people did. Both the sovereign and his courtiers struggled with the secret, then the Tsar-Father ordered to invite Lefty, and he told him that he should take and look not at the whole flea, but only at its legs. No sooner said than done. It turned out that the Tula people had shoed the English flea.

Immediately the wonder was returned to the British, and in words something like the following was conveyed: “We, too, can do something.” Here we will pause in the plot presentation and talk about what the image of Lefty is in the tale of N. S. Leskov.

Lefty: between the gunsmith and the holy fool

Lefty’s appearance testifies to his “supremeness”: “he’s left-handed with an oblique look, the hair on his cheek and temples was torn out during training.” When Lefty arrived to the Tsar, he was also dressed in a very peculiar way: “in shorts, one trouser leg is in a boot, the other is dangling, and the leg is old, the hooks are not fastened, they are lost, and the collar is torn.” He spoke to the king as he was, without observing manners and without fawning, if not on an equal footing with the sovereign, then certainly without fear of power.

People who are at least a little interested in history will recognize this portrait - this is a description of the ancient Russian holy fool; he was never afraid of anyone, because Christian Truth and God stood behind him.

Dialogue between Lefty and the British. Continuation of the story

After a short digression, let’s turn again to the plot, but at the same time let’s not forget the image of Lefty in Leskov’s tale.

The British were so delighted with the work that they demanded that the master be brought to them without hesitating for a second. The king respected the British, equipped Lefty and sent him with an escort to them. There are two important moments in the protagonist’s voyage to England: a conversation with the British (Leskov’s story “Lefty” is perhaps the most interesting in this part) and the fact that, unlike the Russians, the ancestors do not clean the barrel of their guns with bricks.

Why did the British want to keep Lefty?

The Russian land is full of nuggets, and they don’t pay much attention, but in Europe they immediately see “diamonds in the rough.” The English elite, having once looked at Lefty, immediately realized that he was a genius, and the gentlemen decided to keep our man, teach him, clean him up, enrich him, but that was not the case!

Lefty told them that he didn’t want to stay in England, he didn’t want to study algebra, his education—the Gospel and the Half-Dream Book—was enough for him. He doesn't need money, nor women.

It was with difficulty that the left-hander was persuaded to stay a little longer and look at Western technologies for the production of guns and other things. Our craftsman was of little interest in the latest technologies of that time, but he was very attentive to the storage of old guns. Studying them, Lefty realized: the British do not clean the barrel of their guns with bricks, which makes the guns more reliable in battle.

Despite this discovery, the main character of the tale still greatly missed his homeland and asked the British to send him home as soon as possible. It was impossible to send by land, because Lefty did not know any languages ​​other than Russian. It was also unsafe to sail on the sea in the fall, because it is restless at this time of year. And yet they equipped Lefty, and he sailed on a ship to the Fatherland.

During the journey, he found himself a drinking buddy, and they drank all the way, but not out of fun, but out of boredom and fear.

How bureaucracy killed a man

When friends from the ship were put ashore in St. Petersburg, the Englishman was sent to where all foreign citizens are supposed to be - to the “messenger house”, and Lefty was sent in an ill state through the bureaucratic circles of hell. They could not admit him to any hospital in the city without documents, except the one where they were taken to die. Moreover, various officials said that Lefty should be helped, but here’s the problem: no one is responsible for anything and no one can do anything. So the left-handed man died in a hospital for the poor, and on his lips there was only one phrase: “Tell the Tsar Father that guns cannot be cleaned with bricks.” He nevertheless told it to one of the sovereign’s servants, but it never reached the Almighty. Can you guess why?

That's almost all on the topic “N.S. Leskov “Lefty”, brief content.”

The image of Lefty in Leskov’s tale and the model of the fate of a creative person in Russia

After reading the work of the Russian classic, a conclusion involuntarily arises: a creative, brilliant person simply has no hope of surviving in Russia. He will either be tortured by unchristian bureaucrats, or he will destroy himself from within, and not because he has some unresolved issues, but because Russian people are not able to simply live, his lot is to die, burning up in life like a meteorite in the earth’s atmosphere . This is the contradictory image of Lefty in Leskov’s tale: on the one hand, a genius and a craftsman, and on the other hand, a person with a serious destructive element inside, capable of self-destruction in conditions when you least expect it.

SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE

"FIRST STEPS INTO SCIENCE"

LANGUAGE FEATURES OF N. S. LESKOV’S TALE “LEFT-HANDED.”

Completed by a student of grade 8 "G" MOBU secondary school No. 4

Mayatskaya Anastasia.

(Scientific supervisor)

Dostoevsky's equal - he is a missed genius.

Igor Severyanin.

Any subject, any activity, any work seems uninteresting to a person if it is not clear. The work of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov “Lefty” is not very popular among seventh graders. Why? I think because it is complex and incomprehensible to schoolchildren of this age. And when you start to think about it, figure it out, assume and get to the bottom of the truth, the most interesting moments open up. And personally, it now seems to me that the story “Lefty” is one of the most extraordinary works of Russian literature, in the linguistic structure of which so much is hidden for a modern schoolchild...

The linguistic features of the story “Lefty” were subject of study our work. We tried to deal with every word usage unusual for the modern Russian language, and, if possible, find the reasons for the differences. We had to track changes of this kind in all sections of the language: phonetics, morphemics, morphology, syntax, punctuation, spelling, orthoepy. This is what it's all about structure our work is a description of linguistic changes in different sections of the language, although it should be noted right away that this classification is very relative, because some language changes can be attributed to several sections at once (however, like many phenomena of modern language).

So , target work - study the work “Lefty” (The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea) for its linguistic features, identify word usages unusual for the modern Russian language at all language levels and, if possible, find explanations for them.

2. The reasons for the occurrence of inconsistencies in word usage in the tale “Lefty” and the modern Russian language.

“The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea” was published in 1881. It is clear that significant changes have occurred in the language over 120 years - and this first reason the appearance of discrepancies with modern norms of word usage.

The second is a genre feature. “Lefty” entered the treasury of Russian literature also because it brought to perfection such a stylistic device as the skaz.

A tale is, by definition, “an artistic orientation towards an oral monologue of a narrative type; it is an artistic imitation of monologue speech.” If you think about the definition, it will become obvious that a work of this genre is characterized by a mixture of spoken (“oral monologue”) and book (“artistic imitation”) speech.

“Skaz”, as a word in the Russian language, clearly comes from the verb “skazat”, the full meaning of which is perfectly explained by: “speak”, “explain”, “notify”, “say” or “bayat”, that is, the skaz style goes back to folklore It is closer not to literary, but to colloquial speech (which means a large number of colloquial word forms, words of so-called folk etymology, are used). The author, as it were, is eliminated from the narrative and reserves the role of recording what he hears. (Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka is in this style). In "Lefty" the imitation of oral monologue speech is carried out at all levels of language, Leskov is especially inventive in word creation. And this second reason discrepancies with modern literary norms.

The sources of the writer’s artistic language are varied - they are primarily related to his stock of life observations, deep acquaintance with the life and language of various social groups. The sources of the language were ancient secular and church books and historical documents. “On my own behalf, I speak in the language of ancient fairy tales and church folk in purely literary speech,” said the writer. In his notebook, Leskov records ancient Russian words and expressions that interested him for their expressiveness, which he later uses in the text of works of art. Thus, in the texts of the works the author also used Old Russian and Church Slavonic word forms, rooted in the distant linguistic past. And this third reason discrepancies between linguistic word forms in Leskov’s work and modern ones.

Igor Severyanin, also distinguished by his unusual word-creation, once wrote a sonnet dedicated to him. There were lines:

Dostoevsky's equal, he is a missed genius.

Enchanted wanderer of the catacombs of language!

It is through these catacombs of language in Leskov’s work “Lefty” that I suggest you go.

VOCABULARY.

Turning to popular vernacular, colloquial language, folk expressions, using words with folk etymology, Leskov tries to show that Russian folk speech is extremely rich, talented, and expressive.

Obsolete words and forms of words.

The text of the work “Lefty,” of course, is unusually rich in archaisms and historicisms (chubuk, postilion, kazakin, erfix (sobering drug), talma...), but any modern edition contains the necessary number of footnotes and explanations of such words, so that every student can read them on one's own. We were more interested obsolete forms of words:

Comparative adjective more useful, that is, more useful;

The participle “servant” as a noun from the lost verb “serve”: “... showed to the servant on the mouth."

The short participle of “blankets” (that is, dressed) from the disappeared blanket.

The participle “hosha”, formed from the verb “to want” (with the modern suffix –sh-, by the way)

The use of the word “although” instead of the modern “though”: “Now if I had Although there is one such master in Russia..."

The case form “on digits” is not a mistake: along with the word “digit”, there also existed the now obsolete (with a touch of irony) form “tsifir”.

Obsolete form of the adverb " alone" instead of "however".(Like " far away burst out: hurray "y).

The appearance of the so-called prosthetic consonant “v” between vowels

(“right-wingers") was characteristic of the Old Russian language in order to eliminate the unusual phenomenon of gaping (confluence of vowels).

Colloquial expressions:

-“...a glass of sour milk choked out";

-“..great I’m driving”, that is, quickly

-“...so watered without mercy,” that is, they beat.

-“...something will take..." that is, it will distract.

-“...smoked without stop"

Pubel poodle

Tugament instead of document

Kazamat - casemate

Symphon - siphon

Grandevu - rendezvous

Schiglets = boots

Washable – washable

Half skipper-sub skipper

Puplection - apoplexy (stroke)

Words with folk zytymology, most often formed by combining words.

Coach two-seater– a combination of the words “double” and “sit down”

The text shows fluctuations in the gender of nouns, which is typical of the literary norm of that time: “. .shutter slammed"; and unusual, erroneous forms: “his by force did not hold back,” that is, the instrumental case is declined according to the masculine gender model, although the nominative case is a feminine noun.

Mixing case forms. The word “look” can be used both with nouns in V. p. and with nouns in R. p.., Leskov mixed these forms: “... in different states miracles look."

- “Everything here is in your sight,” and provide.”, that is, “view”.

- “... Nikolai Pavlovich was terrible... memorable." (instead of “memorable”)

- “...they look at the girl without hiding, but with all relatedness.”(relatives)

-“...so that not a single minute for the Russian usefulness didn’t disappear” (benefits)

Inversion:

- “...now very angry.”

- “...you will have something worthy of presenting to the sovereign’s splendor.”

Mixing styles (colloquial and bookish):

- “...I want to go to my native place as soon as possible, because otherwise I might get a form of insanity.”

-“...no emergency holidays” (special)

- “...wants a detailed intention to discover about the girl...”

-“..from here with the left-hander and foreign species have come.”

-“...we’re going to look at their weapons chamber of curiosities, there are such nature of perfection"

- “...every person has everything for himself absolute circumstances has." In addition, the use of such a form of the predicate verb is not typical of the Russian language (as, for example, English; and it is the English that the hero is talking about).

-“.. I don’t know now , for what need Is this kind of repetition happening to me?

Conclusion.

As can be seen from the above examples, changes have occurred at all levels of language. I believe that having become familiar with at least some of them, seventh graders will not only receive new information, but will also be very interested in reading the work “Lefty.”

For example, we suggested that our classmates work with examples from the “Vocabulary” section, here you can show your ingenuity, your linguistic flair, and no special preparation is required. Having explained several variants of words with folk etymology, they offered to figure out the rest on their own. The students were interested in the work.

And I would like to end my research with the words of M. Gorky: “Leskov is also a wizard of words, but he did not write plastically, but told stories, and in this art he has no equal. His story is an inspired song, simple, purely Great Russian words, descending one after another into intricate lines, sometimes thoughtfully, sometimes laughingly, ringing, and you can always hear in them a reverent love for people...”

1.Introduction (relevance of the topic, structure of the work, purpose of the study).

2. Reasons for the occurrence of inconsistencies in word usage in the work “Lefty” and in the modern Russian language.

3. Study of the language features of the tale “Lefty” at all levels:

Vocabulary;

Morphology;

Word formation;

Phonetics;

Textual criticism;

Syntax and punctuation;

Spelling.

4. Conclusion.

Literature used.

1. . Novels and stories, M.: AST Olimp, 1998

2. . . Historical grammar of the Russian language.-M.: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963

3. . Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language (1866). Electronic version.

The writer’s work is distinguished by a unique manner of presentation using his own style of narration, which allows him to convey folk speech motifs with the greatest accuracy.

The artistic feature of the writer’s works is the presentation of literary stories in the form of legends, in which the narrator is a participant in the described event, while the speech style of the work reproduces the lively intonations of oral stories. It should be noted that Leskov’s tale does not have the traditions of Russian folk tales, since it is presented in the form of stories based on popular rumor, allowing one to understand the authenticity of the author’s narrative.

In the images of narrators in his tales, the author uses various representatives of society who lead the story in accordance with their upbringing, education, age, and profession. The use of this manner of presentation makes it possible to give the work brightness and vitality, demonstrating the richness and diversity of the Russian language, which complements the individual characteristics of the characters in Leskov’s stories.

To create satirical works, the writer uses verbal play when writing them using witticisms, jokes, linguistic curiosities, combined with unclear-sounding foreign phrases, and sometimes deliberately distorted, outdated and incorrectly used words. The linguistic manner of Leskov's works is accurate, colorful, and richly variegated, allowing him to convey numerous simple dialects of Russian speech, thereby differing from the classical forms of the refined, strict literary style of that period of time.

The uniqueness of the writer's artistic style is also distinguished by the characteristic logical structure of his works, in which various literary techniques are used in the form of unusual rhymes, self-repetitions, colloquialisms, puns, tautologies, diminutive suffixes that form the author's colloquial manner of word formation.

In the plot lines of Leskov's tales, one can trace a combination of everyday, everyday stories about ordinary people and fairy-tale motifs of legends, epics, and fantasies, which allows readers to present the work in the form of an amazing, unique, charismatic phenomenon.

The originality of the narrative style

Leskov began his own literary activity at a fairly mature age, but it was this maturity that allowed the author to form his own style, his own narrative manner. A distinctive feature of Leskov is the ability to quite accurately convey the folk style of speech. He really knew what people were saying, and he knew it incredibly accurately.

Here it should be noted a very significant fact that readers can observe in the tale of Lefty. There are a lot of so-called folk words that stylize the narrative as a story that one man could tell to another. At the same time, all these words were invented by Leskov himself, he did not take and retell folk speech, but he was so competent in this aspect of the language that he himself actually came up with some innovations for such speech, moreover, innovations that looked quite harmonious and, perhaps, , after publication, the works really began to be used by ordinary people in their communication.

Also worthy of special attention is the genre invented by Leskov for Russian literature, and this genre is the tale. Etymologically, the term goes back to the word fairy tale and the verb to say, that is, to tell a story.

The tale, however, is not a fairy tale and stands out as a completely special genre, which is distinguished by its versatility and originality. It is most similar to a story that one person could tell to another somewhere in a tavern, or during a break at work. In general, it is something like a popular rumor.

Also, a tale, a typical example of which is the work (most famous by Leskov) “The Tale of the Tula Oblique Left-Hander Who Shoed a Flea,” is to some extent an epic work. As you know, the epic is distinguished by the presence of some grandiose hero who has special qualities and charisma. The tale, in turn, is based, as it were, on a true story, but from this story it makes something incredible, epic and fabulous.

The manner of presentation leads the reader to think about some kind of narrator and about the friendly communication that occurs between the reader and this narrator. So the Tale of the Lefty, for example, comes from the perspective of some gunsmith from near Sestroretsk, that is, Leskov says: they say, these stories come from the people, they are real.

By the way, such a narrative style, which is further supported by the characteristic structure of the work (where there are amazing rhythms and rhymes, self-repetitions that again lead to the idea of ​​colloquial speech, puns, vernacular, colloquial manner of word formation) often leads the reader to the idea of ​​the authenticity of the story. For some critics, the tale of the left-hander created the impression of a simple retelling of the stories of Tula artisans; ordinary people sometimes even wanted to find this left-hander and find out details about him. At the same time, the left-hander was completely invented by Leskov.

This is the peculiarity of his prose, which combines, as it were, two realities. On the one hand, we see stories about everyday life and ordinary people, on the other hand, fairy tales and epics are intertwined here. In fact, in this way Leskom conveys an amazing phenomenon.

Thanks to the tale and his style, Leskov managed to understand how to convey the experience of the consciousness of an entire people. After all, what does it consist of? From stories, legends, tales, fantasies, fictions, conversations, conjectures that are superimposed on everyday reality.

This is what ordinary people exist and “breathe” with, this is their originality and beauty. Leskov, in turn, was able to capture this beauty.

Several interesting essays

• The image and characteristics of Tolstoy in the story Thick and Thin by Chekhov essay

  One of the main characters of the work is a gentleman named Mikhail, presented by the writer in the image of Tolstoy.

• Characteristics and image of Milon in the comedy Nedorosl Fonvizin essay

  In Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor,” the ignorant nobles, of whom there were a lot in Russia, are ridiculed. Such characters seem even more ridiculous against the backdrop of well-mannered and noble people such as Milo.

• Essay on the work War and Peace by Tolstoy

  Lev Nikolaevich wrote his famous work “War and Peace” in the 60s of the last century. The final edition was created in the 70s, when the further development of Russia was being discussed in full swing in Russian society

• The theme of art in Gogol's story Portrait

  The theme of art in N.V. Gogol’s story “Portrait” plays a dominant and connecting role. In “Portrait” Gogol raises the question of what is true art and what is only the appearance of art

• Essay-reasoning Dog is man's best friend

  Man is inextricably linked with pets. For decades, pets have lived under the same roof as people. Dogs are the most loyal and devoted friends.

The originality of the language in the story 8220 Lefty 8221

Story by N.S. Leskov’s “Lefty” is a special work. The author’s idea arose from a folk joke about how “the British made a flea out of steel, but our Tula people shod it and sent it back.” Thus, the story initially assumed closeness to folklore not only in content, but also in the manner of narration. The style of “Lefty” is very unique. Leskov managed to bring the genre of the story as close as possible to oral folk art, namely skaz, while at the same time preserving certain features of a literary author's story.

The originality of the language in the story “Lefty” is manifested primarily in the very manner of narration. The reader immediately gets the feeling that the narrator was directly involved in the events described. This is important for understanding the main ideas of the work, because the emotionality of the main character makes you worry with him, the reader perceives a somewhat subjective view of the actions of other characters in the story, but it is this subjectivity that makes them as real as possible, the reader himself is transported to those distant times.

In addition, the fairy tale style of narration serves as a clear sign that the narrator is a simple person, a hero from the people. He expresses not only his thoughts, feelings and experiences, behind this generalized image stands the entire working Russian people, living from hand to mouth, but caring about the prestige of their native country. With the help of descriptions of views on the life of gunsmiths and craftsmen through the eyes not of an outside observer, but of a sympathetic fellow, Leskov raises an eternal problem: why the fate of the common people, who feed and clothe the entire upper class, is indifferent to those in power, why are craftsmen remembered only when they need to support “prestige of the nation”? Bitterness and anger can be heard in the description of Lefty's death, and the author especially clearly shows the contrast between the fate of the Russian master and the English half-skipper, who found themselves in a similar situation.

However, in addition to the tale-like manner of narration, one can note the rather widespread use of vernacular in the story. For example, in descriptions of the actions of Emperor Alexander I and the Cossack Platov, such colloquial verbs appear as “to ride” and “to jerk”. This not only once again demonstrates the narrator’s closeness to the people, but also expresses his attitude towards the authorities. People understand perfectly well that their pressing problems do not concern the emperor at all, but they are not angry, but come up with naive excuses: Tsar Alexander, in their understanding, is the same simple person, he may want to change the life of the province for the better, but he is forced to deal with more important matters. The absurd order to conduct “internecine negotiations” is put by the narrator into the mouth of Emperor Nicholas with secret pride, but the reader guesses Leskov’s irony: the naive artisan is trying his best to show the significance and importance of the imperial personality and does not suspect how much he is mistaken. Thus, a comic effect arises from the incongruity of overly pompous words.

Also, the stylization of foreign words causes a smile; the narrator, with the same proud expression, talks about Platov’s “aspiration”, about how the flea “dances,” but he doesn’t even realize how stupid it sounds. Here Leskov again demonstrates the naivety of ordinary people, but besides this, this episode conveys the spirit of the times, when sincere patriotism still hid a secret desire to be like enlightened Europeans. A particular manifestation of this is the adaptation of names of works of art that are too inconvenient for a Russian person into the native language; for example, the reader learns about the existence of Abolon Polvedersky and is again surprised in equal measure by both the resourcefulness and, again, the naivety of the Russian peasant.

Even Russian words must be used in a special way by fellow Lefty; he again, with an important and sedate look, reports that Platov “could not quite” speak French, and authoritatively notes that “he doesn’t need it: he’s a married man.” This is an obvious verbal alogism, behind which lies the author’s irony, caused by the author’s pity for the man, and, moreover, the irony is sad.

From the point of view of the uniqueness of the language, special attention is drawn to neologisms caused by ignorance of the thing that the man is talking about. These are words such as “busters” (chandelier plus bust) and “melkoskop” (so named, apparently, according to the function it performs). The author notes that in the minds of the people, objects of lordly luxury have merged into an incomprehensible tangle, people do not distinguish busts from chandeliers, they are so in awe of their senseless pompousness of palaces. And the word “melkoskop” became an illustration of another idea of ​​Leskov: Russian masters are wary of the achievements of foreign science, their talent is so great that no technical inventions will defeat the master’s genius. However, at the same time, in the finale, the narrator sadly notes that machines have nevertheless supplanted human talent and skill.

The originality of the language of the story “Lefty” lies in the manner of narration, in the use of vernacular and neologisms. With the help of these literary techniques, the author managed to reveal the character of Russian craftsmen; the reader is shown bright, original images of Lefty and the narrator.

Development of a lesson on literature on the topic “N.S. Leskov “Lefty”. The concept of the genre of a tale. Lexical features of a tale by N.S. Leskov”

Goals and objectives: expanding knowledge about the life and work of N. S. Leskov; developing skills in text analysis, working with vocabulary, developing the ability to find the right meaning in the dictionary; development of monologue speech of students, to interest students in the unusualness of the narrative, nurturing a love for words, for the folk speech of heroes.

1. Organizational moment

Communicating the topic and purpose of the lesson.

2. Lesson progress

Preparation for perception.

1) Brief information from the biography of N.S. Leskova. A prepared student speaks. slide 1

Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov is a Russian writer of the 19th century, according to many the most national writer of Russia. Leskov was born on February 4 (16), 1831 in the village of Gorokhovo (Oryol province) in a spiritual environment. The writer's father was an official of the criminal chamber, and his mother was a noblewoman. Nikolai spent his childhood years on the family estate in Orel. In 1839 the Leskov family moved to the village of Panino. Life in the village left its mark on the writer’s work. He studied the people through everyday life and conversations, and also considered himself one of the people.

From 1841 to 1846 Leskov attended the Oryol gymnasium. In 1948, he lost his father, and their family property burned down in a fire. Around this time, he entered the service of the criminal chamber, where he collected a lot of material for his future works. A year later he was transferred to the treasury chamber of Kyiv. There he lived with his uncle S.P. Alferev. In Kyiv, in his free time from work, he attended lectures at the university, was interested in icon painting and the Polish language, and also attended religious and philosophical circles and communicated a lot with Old Believers. During this period, his interest in Ukrainian culture awoke.

In 1857, Leskov resigned and entered the service of A. Y. Scott, the English husband of his aunt. While working for Schcott & Wilkens, he gained extensive experience in many sectors, including industry and agriculture. He first showed himself as a publicist in 1860. A year later he moved to St. Petersburg and decided to devote himself to literary activity. His works began to appear in Otechestvennye zapiski. Many of his stories were based on knowledge of Russian original life, and were imbued with sincere participation in the needs of the people.

In his stories, Leskov also tried to show the tragic fate of Russia and its unpreparedness for the revolution. In this regard, he was in conflict with the revolutionary democrats. Much has changed in the writer’s work after meeting Leo Tolstoy. National-historical issues also appeared in his works of 1870-1880. During these years, he wrote several novels and stories about artists. Leskov has always admired the breadth of the Russian soul, and this theme is reflected in the story “Lefty”. The writer died on February 21 (March 5), 1895 in St. Petersburg.

2) The teacher's word. The history of the creation of "Lefty". slide 2

Tale Nikolai Leskov was written and published in1881 .

First published in the magazine “Rus”, in 1881, No. 49, 50 and 51 under the title “The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea (Workshop Legend).” First published as a separate edition in 1882. When published in Rus, as well as in a separate edition, the story was accompanied by a preface:

“I cannot say where exactly the first breeding of the fable about the steel flea was born, that is, whether it started inThule , on Izhme or in Sestroretsk , but obviously she came from one of these places. In any case, the tale of the steel flea is a specifically gunsmith legend, and it expresses the pride of Russian gunsmiths. It depicts the struggle of our masters with the English masters, from which ours emerged victorious and the English were completely shamed and humiliated. Some secret reason is revealed heremilitary failures in Crimea . I wrote down this legend in Sestroretsk according to a local tale from an old gunsmith, a Tula native who moved toSister River during the reign of the emperorAlexander the First . The narrator two years ago was still in good health and with a fresh memory; he readily recalled the old days, greatly honored the sovereignNikolai Pavlovich , lived “according to the old faith,” read divine books and raised canaries. People treated him with respect."

Nikolai Semenovich himself defined the genre of his work as a tale. What is this?

A tale is a storytelling principle based on imitation of the speech manner of the character-storyteller, lexically, syntactically, and intonationally oriented towards oral speech.The narration is told on behalf of the narrator, a person with a special character and style of speech. slide 3

Perception. Now let’s turn directly to the work itself and find the lexical features. The first interesting phrase we come across is internecine conversations. Let's look up the meaning of this word in the explanatory dictionary.

The meaning of the word Internecine according to Efremova:
Interstitial - 1. Correlative in meaning. with noun:civil strife, civil strife, connected with them.
In Ozhegov’s dictionary we find the meaning of the word - (usually about antiquity, the distant past)disagreement , discord between any social groups in the state.

This interpretation does not fit our text. How to determine the value? To do this, let's get acquainted with the concept of folk etymology.

Folk etymology is falseetymology , lexical association arising under the influencevernacular ; in the future it can also be perceived in literary language. slide 4

Let's think about what associations this word could have arisen from.

Student answers: internecine conversations - conversations among themselves.

And now you will begin to compile an explanatory and etymological dictionary on your own. Divide the notebook into 2 columns, in the first column write words that have a definition in a proper dictionary, in the second - those that do not. (The class can be divided into 2 groups, one works on 1 chapter, the other on the second. It is better for children to work in pairs, using the mobile Internet and Internet dictionaries)

Before writing an interpretation of a word, children are asked to think about which words could form new concepts.

Interpretation. Conversation on questions:

Why are there so many unusual, distorted words in the text of the work?

Suggested answer: The narrator is a simple person, illiterate, who changes foreign words to make it “more understandable.” Many words acquired a humorous meaning in the spirit of popular understanding.

What do you think of the characters' speech?

Suggested answer: The speech of the characters is unusual and unusual for the modern reader due to the widespread use of words of folk etymological origin.

3. Lesson summary. Reflection.

Continue with suggestions.

I met.....(creative biography of N.S. Leskov)

I learned about....(the story of the creation of "Lefty")

I remembered new terms...(tale, folk etymology)

I especially liked it..

4.Homework.

Continue compiling the dictionary for the next chapters.

1) Lesson No. 2 can be started by checking the assimilation of the meaning of new words.

Indicate the numbers of words whose interpretation there is an error.

1) escorts - One who accompanies someone

2) coven - It's enough, it's over,That's it.

3) nymphosoria - a type of ciliate, a single-celled organism

4) dayman - day duty officer.

5) agitation - agitation

6) Folding - folding icon

7) Ceramides - Egyptian pyramids.

Correlate words and realities (an object or a picture of this object) when interpreting the lexical meaning of a word.

To complicate the task, you can not give words in the right column, but ask students to choose them themselves.

2) As homework, you can assign a crossword puzzle.

3) In lesson No. 3, to consolidate your knowledge of new words, you can solve a couple of the most successful crossword puzzles.

Crossword. Sample. Work by Yulia Vodopyanova (6th grade, 2015)

Questions:

1. This type of clothing was made from camel hair

2. What was the name of the sea on which Lefty sailed on the ship?

3. Museum, meeting rarities

4. The meaning of this word is explained as to confuse, put in an awkward position.

5. Device for looking at small objects

6.This is the name of the food warehouse.

7.Determination of a nose with a hump

8. They are the main attraction of Egypt

9. The text contains a synonym for the word expectation.

10 Name of the wine drink.

4) After a more detailed conversation about the genre of the tale, give the children a creative task to come up with their own tale. Example of work by a 6th grade student.

A story about how my grandmother attended a rhythmic gymnastics competition.

One day my neighbor’s granddaughter called my neighbor in the village on her sotel (cell phone) and invited her to her rhythmic gymnastics performance. She is a group member (performs in group exercises). Granny went to the railway station, took a ticket and went to the city of Nizhny Novgorod.

Her granddaughter performed at the Olympic Reserve School. Granny entered the hall and there were tons of people. She sat down and began to wait (wait). Here the girls came out in bright, beautiful bodysuits (a swimsuit on the body), with face paint like Seryozha Zersky’s (Zverev). The music started playing. The girls began to perform various tricks (throwing their legs high, behind their ears), throwing clubs up. It took my grandma's breath away. The routine was performed flawlessly (without mistakes or falls). We won.

Folk etymology is a false etymology, a lexical association arising under the influence of vernacular; in the future it can also be perceived in literary language.

table Words recorded in the explanatory dictionary The first chapter guides - Someone who accompanies someone (according to S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary http://tolkslovar.ru /) coven - Enough, it’s over, that’s it. (according to the dictionary of Efremova T.F.) kunstkamera - Museum, collection of rarities, outlandish objects (Ozhegov) burka - Men's clothing in the form of a long cape made of thin felt, expanding at the bottom. dayman - a soldier (sailor) who was attached to a general (admiral) or officer as a government servant Folding - folding icon The second chapter started to gasp and complain. (according to the dictionary of Ushakov D.N. http://www.classes.ru/) to confuse - to embarrass, to embarrass, to put in an awkward position Words of folk etymological origin The first chapter of the tseygauz (tseykhgauz) - a coffin-like military clothing warehouse ( humpbacked) Kislyarka (Kizlyarka) - low-quality grape vodka produced in the city of Kizlyar in the Caucasus Internecine conversations - here in the sense of “conversations among themselves” The second chapter two-seater carriage (double) Abolon Polvedere (Apollo Belvedere) bustters (chandeliers) - a combination of words “ busts" and "chandeliers" storm meters (barometer) from the association with the words - to measure a storm merbluzy (camel) instead of "camel"; a combination of the words “freeze” and “camel”