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When did industry emerge as an independent branch of the economy? Industrial production is

Maintaining the functioning of human society at the modern level would be impossible without the achievements of the industrial economy. This is the most important segment of the production of labor tools, raw materials and materials on which the world market is based. However, there are many aspects that must be taken into account when defining the term “industry”. from the point of view of an ordinary person? At a minimum, a means of producing products, without which he cannot imagine his life today. But there are also many areas of production that do not in any way affect the lives of certain groups of people. Therefore, this concept requires a more detailed decoding.

Definition of industry

In a broad sense, industry should be understood as one of the branches of the national economy. If we talk about its tasks, then the provision of manufacturing industries with technical means and materials that will allow them to maintain the functioning of enterprises will come to the fore. The production of goods for personal use is also an important part of the production activity that modern industry covers. What is it from a technological point of view? This is a set of enterprises provided with technical means and materials for the production of a particular product. At the same time, it is necessary to separate the processing and the given farm. In the first case, enterprises engaged in processing already received raw materials or workpieces can be considered. In the second, mining activities are carried out directly. Moreover, it is not always the case that processing facilities provide a product that is more ready for final use than mining facilities.

Types of industries

The industry covers many sectors from traditional mining sectors to high-tech areas. More familiar and classic ones include the woodworking, mining and food industries. In the 20th century, against the backdrop of intensive technological development, areas such as metallurgy, mechanical engineering, energy, production of building materials, etc. experienced an upsurge. Against this background, the connection in which industry and production played a complementary role was strengthened. The current stage is characterized by the development of specialized industries. These include the electric power industry, chemical and microbiological industries, instrument making, etc.

Many areas can be divided into light and heavy industries. The first group will include areas in which small-format products or products are produced - mainly for personal consumption. Enterprises from the second category produce machines, units, turbines, structures and raw materials in large volumes. These include the heavy engineering industry, which is closely related to metallurgy and metalworking. In fact, this is a small conglomerate of industries whose resources and capacities allow them to produce not only machines with rolled metal, but also high-tech equipment, materials for the research complex, etc.

Final products

Most often, the industrial sector provides only blanks as its product for subsequent processing at highly specialized enterprises. It can be the same lumber, ore, coke, plastic, etc. That is, at the time of release they are not a ready-made product from a consumer point of view. Nevertheless, in the same industrial sector there is a considerable percentage of enterprises that complete the production cycle by releasing the final product. These could be cars, machine tools, building materials, glass and porcelain products, instruments, etc. A separate segment is fuel and energy industrial products, which means coal, oil, gas, as well as some biomaterials. The generation of energy in different forms is also a kind of product that ensures the performance of the same industrial enterprises as the most demanding consumer. In this area, thermal, nuclear and hydrological stations are distinguished.

Industrial facilities

The concept of an object is also quite broad. In this capacity, we can consider both the enterprises themselves (plants, mills, factories, processing complexes, workshops, etc.) and the components that form the industrial infrastructure within one organization. From a technical point of view, objects can be units, conveyor lines, equipment and structures through which the production or processing of a product is carried out. But most often, machines, presses and conveyors determine only the power potential on which an industrial enterprise is based. What is an industrial facility from a construction point of view? This can be a whole complex of structures, premises, workshops and hangars in which diverse processes are implemented. Again, energy generation stations can be classified as a separate category of objects of this kind. A hydroelectric power plant, for example, is a capital structure, the result of which is transported via power lines.

Impact on the economy

The development of the economy of a modern state directly reflects the state of the industrial sector. Moreover, experts include electric power, mechanical engineering and the chemical sector as the most influential industries. Both the quantitative and the products produced by such enterprises characterize, in turn, their competitiveness in market conditions - accordingly, this affects productivity and the economy. Of course, the importance of industry for a particular economy can also have a negative connotation. This mainly applies to industries with a focus on the raw materials sector. As a rule, they are characterized by a low level of technical base and modest production assets.

The future of industry

Like construction, industry clearly reflects the benefits of modern technology. The introduction of new ideas and solutions helps to increase productivity, optimize logistics processes and reduce costs. In the near future, technologists predict a full-scale transition of most enterprises to computer-automated management of operations. Thus, heavy engineering can completely switch to robotic maintenance of conveyor lines, and energy stations will receive intelligent control systems for the transportation, distribution and conversion of energy.

Conclusion

Despite the intensive development in various industries and directions, there are many factors that hinder this growth. These include problems of environmental safety and lack of finance. After all, what is industry in the modern sense? This is necessarily a competitive, safe and viable enterprise in the market that is capable of providing the consumer with a quality product. Accordingly, it should not harm the environment, look for opportunities to use alternative technological solutions and, of course, cope with excess costs also caused by the transition to new technical means.

Analyzing the fuel and energy balance for a certain historical period, it should be noted that the world’s fuel industry has gone through several stages in its development:

  • coal stage (first half of the 20th century);
  • oil and gas stage (from the second half of the 20th century).

Oil production in the world in 1950 - 2000. increased almost 7 times (from 0.5 to 3.5 billion tons). The oil industry is one of the most monopolized extractive industries. Apart from a few countries where oil production is run by state-owned companies, the industry is completely controlled by the largest TNCs and Western European countries. In contrast, oil exporters created an organization fighting for the right to dispose of oil on their territory and controlling over half of its production.

Before World War 2, 80% of oil was produced by the North. and , where the United States stood out (over half of the world's production) and . But after the war, with the discovery of large oil fields in the Near and Middle East, as well as in the USSR, America’s share began to decline rapidly (2000 - 21%). Now it produces the bulk of oil (up to 38%). The shares of individual leading countries in production in 2000 (USA or ) did not exceed 12 - 13%. USSR in the late 80s. reached the maximum level of oil production among all oil-producing states - 624 million tons (20% of world production), which no country has surpassed.

Oil is one of the most important export commodities in world trade. Half of all oil produced is exported (over 1.5 billion tons). Its most important suppliers are the countries of the Near and Middle East. The vast majority of exported oil is transported in tankers along sea routes. The largest flow through pipelines comes from Russia to many countries in Western and Eastern Europe. And although the share of oil has decreased slightly, it remains in first place in terms of global energy consumption.

Natural Gas Industry

Natural gas production in the second half of the 20th century. increased 11 times (from 0.2 to 2.3 trillion m3). This allowed it to approach (about 24%) in the structure of consumption of primary energy sources. At the same time, in terms of explored resources (almost 150 billion tons or 145 trillion m3), natural gas is comparable to oil. To this should be added the resources of associated petroleum gas associated with oil fields.

By 1990, Eastern became the leader in production, with the USSR playing the leading role. Significant gas production emerged in Western Europe and Asia. The result was a change in the geography of the world. The USA lost its monopoly position, and its share decreased to 1/4, and the USSR became the leader (it has now retained its leadership). Russia and the United States concentrate half of the world's natural gas. Russia remains stable and the world's most important gas exporter.

Coal industry

Oil industry

Gas industry

Gas is produced in 60 countries, with Russia, the USA, and the leaders.
The main problems of the fuel industry are:

  • depletion of fuel reserves (according to experts, proven coal reserves will last for about 240 years, oil - for 50 years, gas - 65);
  • environmental disruption during fuel extraction and transportation;
  • territorial gap between the main production areas and consumption areas.

To solve these problems, new resource-saving technologies are being developed and new deposits are being searched.

Electric power industry of the world

The share of different types of power plants in energy production varies in different countries; thermal power plants predominate in the Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, China, Mexico, and Italy. A significant share of hydroelectric power plants is located in Norway, Brazil, Canada. In the late 80s, nuclear power plants were actively built and operating. During this period they were built in 30 countries around the world. A significant share of energy at nuclear power plants is generated in France, the Republic of Korea, Sweden, and.

The main problems of the electric power industry are:

  • depletion of primary energy resources and their rise in price;
  • environmental pollution.

The solution to the problem is to use energy, such as:

  • geothermal (already used in Iceland, Italy, France, Japan, USA);
  • solar (, Spain, Japan, USA);
  • (France, Russia, China, jointly Canada and the USA);
  • (, Sweden, Germany, UK, Netherlands).

Metallurgical industry of the world: composition, location, problems.

Metallurgy– one of the main basic industries, providing other industries with structural materials (ferrous and non-ferrous metals).

For quite a long time, the size of metal smelting almost primarily determined the economic power of any country. And all over the world they were growing rapidly. But in the 70s of the 20th century, the growth rate of metallurgy slowed down. But steel remains the main structural material in the world.

Metallurgy includes all processes from ore mining to the production of finished products. The metallurgical industry includes two branches: ferrous and non-ferrous.

world: meaning, composition, placement features, environmental problems.

Chemical industry is one of the vanguard industries ensuring economic development in the era of scientific and technological revolution. The development of the entire economy depends on its development, since it provides other industries with new materials - mineral fertilizers and plant protection products, and the population with a variety of household chemicals.

The chemical industry has a complex industrial composition. It includes:

  • mining (extraction of raw materials: sulfur, apatites, phosphorites, salts);
  • basic chemistry (production of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers);
  • chemistry of organic synthesis (production of polymers - plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers);
  • other industries (household chemicals, perfumery, microbiology, etc.).
  • The placement features are determined by a combination of various factors.

For mining chemistry - the determining factor is natural resource, for basic and organic synthesis chemistry - consumer, water and energy.

There are 4 large regions:

  • Foreign Europe (Germany leads);
  • North America (USA);
  • East and Southeast Asia (Japan, China, Newly Industrialized Countries);
  • CIS (Russia, Ukraine, ).

The following countries are leaders in the production of certain types of chemical products:

  • in the production of sulfuric acid - USA, Russia, China;
  • in the production of mineral fertilizers - USA, China, Russia;
  • in the production of plastics - USA, Japan, Germany;
  • in the production of chemical fibers - USA, Japan, ;
  • in the production of synthetic rubber - USA, Japan, France.

The chemical industry has a significant impact on nature. On the one hand, the chemical industry has a wide raw material base that allows it to recycle waste and actively use secondary raw materials, which contributes to a more economical use of natural resources. In addition, it creates substances that are used for chemical purification of water, air, plant protection, and restoration.

On the other hand, it itself is one of the most “dirty” industries that affects all components of the natural environment, which requires regular environmental protection measures.

Industry– the leading branch of material production.

Despite a slight decrease in recent decades due to the rapid development of the service sector, the share of industry in the structure of GDP (up to 35%) and in the total (500 million people), industry still continues to have a very serious impact not only on, but on everything other aspects of social development. Over the last century, industrial production has increased more than 50 times, and? This increase occurred in the second half of the 20th century.

Most of the research and development work (R&D) is focused specifically on this sector of the world economy. The dominant importance of industrial goods is noted in the structure of the world.

Modern industry is characterized by the complexity of the composition of industries, productions and connections between them.

Each of the industries and productions is characterized by varying degrees of capital intensity, labor intensity, material intensity, energy intensity, water intensity, knowledge intensity, etc. There are different approaches to classifying industries.

Depending on the time of origin, industries are divided into three groups:

  1. Old (coal, iron ore, metallurgy, shipbuilding, textile industry, etc.). These industries arose during the industrial revolution. These days, their development is slow, but they still continue to have a significant impact on the geography of global industry.
  2. New ones (automotive industry, aluminum smelting, production of plastics, chemical fiber, etc.), which determined scientific and technological progress in the first half of the twentieth century. Previously, they were concentrated mainly in developed countries and grew at a very fast pace. Today, their growth rates have slowed down somewhat, but remain quite high due to their spread to developing countries.
  3. The latest (microelectronics, computer technology, robotics, nuclear production, aerospace production, organic synthesis chemistry, microbiological industry and other high-tech industries.), which arose in the era of scientific and technological revolution. Currently, they are growing at the fastest and most sustainable pace and their impact on the geography of industry is increasing. They are typical mainly for economically developed and newly industrialized countries.

Sometimes industries are distinguished according to another principle: heavy and light industry. Heavy industry includes the mining industry, part, energy, metallurgy, etc. “” includes all types of light and.

Very often, industries are divided into two large groups: mining and processing industries.

Mining industry- a set of industries involved in the extraction of various raw materials and fuels from waters and forests. The importance of these industries lies in the fact that they, along with creating a raw material base for manufacturing industries.

The extractive industry has a different share in the industry of different countries. Thus, in developed countries, the extractive industries account for about 8% and the manufacturing industries – 92%. In developing countries, the weight of extractive industries is much higher. In the modern world, a huge amount of raw materials, mainly mineral, is mined. It is known that about 98% of mined raw materials goes to waste in the form of waste rock, soil, non-standard wood, etc. Only 2% of raw materials reach the level of processing.

Main branches of the mining industry:

  • mining industry;
  • hunting;
  • fishing;
  • timber harvesting.

The mining industry is understood as a group of industries associated with extraction and primary processing (enrichment).

Although the share of the mining industry in the GMP is gradually decreasing, it continues to have a significant impact on the MGRT and.

Naturally, mining enterprises gravitate towards areas where natural resources are extracted. The general modern trend for it is movement to the north and to the shelf zone, i.e. to new mining areas.

Until the 70s of the twentieth century, the main suppliers of raw materials for developed countries were developing countries. Since the mid-70s, a raw materials crisis has emerged, which has significantly affected the entire concept of the mineral resources sector. Developed countries began to focus on saving raw materials and greater use of their own resources. Some countries even began to reserve their raw materials () in cases where the cost of raw materials purchased in other countries turned out to be lower than their own.

In these conditions, the role of developed countries has increased significantly: , Australia and. Nowadays, developed countries meet 1/3 of their needs with supplies from developing countries, the rest is provided by their own production and supplies from Canada, Australia and South Africa.

As a result of the MGRT, three groups of major mining powers were formed in the world economy:
Eight great mining powers: developed - USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa; countries with economies in transition - China; developing – , India.

The second group is formed by countries with a highly developed mining industry, for which many mining industries have become industries of international specialization. , Kazakhstan, Mexico, etc.
The third echelon is formed by countries that stand out in any one sector of international specialization. First of all, these are the Gulf countries - the oil industry; Chile, Peru – copper ore mining; – mining of tin ores; , – bauxite; – phosphorites, etc.
Many developed countries, despite the fact that they have large reserves of mineral resources, are not their suppliers to the world market. This is due to the fact that they themselves are large consumers of these raw materials and try to supply the market not with raw materials, but with final products.

The geography of the main areas was considered when studying the topic “World Natural Resources”.

Manufacturing industry– a set of industries involved in the processing and processing of industrial and agricultural raw materials. It includes: production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals; chemical and petrochemical products; machinery and equipment; woodworking products and pulp and paper industry; cement and building materials; light and food industry products, etc.

Industry is the most important sector of the national economy, which has a decisive impact on the level of development of the productive forces of society. The sectoral structure of industry is the composition and share ratio of the various industries and types of production included in it, as well as the dynamics of changes in these shares.

An industrial sector is an objectively isolated part of the industry, uniting enterprises that produce homogeneous, specific products that have the same type of technology and a limited range of consumers.

The following consolidated industries are distinguished:

    Electric power industry;

    Fuel industry;

    Ferrous metallurgy;

    Non-ferrous metallurgy;

    Chemical and petrochemical industry;

    Mechanical engineering and metalworking;

    Forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries;

    Construction materials industry;

    Glass and porcelain-faience industry;

    Light industry;

    Food industry;

    Microbiological industry;

    Flour-grinding and feed industry;

    Medical industry;

    Printing industry;

and other industrial productions

Electric power is the most important branch of energy, including the production, transmission and distribution of electricity. The advantages of electric power over other types of energy: the relative ease of transmission over long distances, distribution between consumers, as well as conversion into other types of energy (mechanical, thermal, chemical, light and others). A distinctive feature of electrical energy is the practical simultaneity of its generation and consumption, since electric current spreads through networks at a speed close to the speed of light. The Federal Law “On Electric Power Industry” gives the following definition of electric power industry: “Electric power industry is a branch of the economy of the Russian Federation, which includes a complex of economic relations arising in the production process (including production in the mode of combined generation of electrical and thermal energy), transmission of electrical energy, operational dispatch control in the electric power industry, sales and consumption of electric energy using production and other property facilities (including those included in the Unified Energy System of Russia) owned by right of ownership or on another basis provided for by federal laws to electric power industry entities or other persons. Electric power is the basis for the functioning of the economy and life support."

Definition of electric power industry in GOST 19431-84:

Electric power industry is a branch of energy that ensures the electrification of the country based on the rational expansion of the production and use of electrical energy.

The fuel industry is the basis for the development of the Russian economy, an instrument for conducting domestic and foreign policy. The fuel industry is connected with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% of funds are spent on its development, accounting for 30% of fixed assets and 30% of the cost of industrial products in Russia.

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is a complex system that includes a set of production facilities, processes, and material devices for the extraction of fuel and energy resources (FER), their transformation, transportation, distribution and consumption of both primary fuel and energy resources and converted types of energy carriers. It includes:

Gas industry;

Coal industry;

Oil industry.

Ferrous metallurgy serves as the basis for the development of mechanical engineering (one third of the cast metal from a blast furnace goes into mechanical engineering) and construction (1/4 of the metal goes into construction). The main raw materials for the production of ferrous metals are iron ore, manganese, coking coals and alloying metal ores.

The ferrous metallurgy industry includes the following main sub-sectors:

Extraction and beneficiation of ferrous metal ores (iron, chromium and manganese ore);

Extraction and processing of nonmetallic raw materials for ferrous metallurgy (fluxing limestone, refractory clay, etc.);

Production of ferrous metals (cast iron, carbon steel, rolled products, metal powders of ferrous metals);

Production of steel and cast iron pipes;

Coke and chemical industry (production of coke, coke oven gas, etc.);

Secondary processing of ferrous metals (cutting scrap and waste of ferrous metals).

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a branch of metallurgy that includes the extraction, enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores and smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys. Based on their physical properties and purpose, non-ferrous metals can be divided into heavy (copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel) and light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium). Based on this division, a distinction is made between the metallurgy of light metals and the metallurgy of heavy metals.

Chemical industry is a branch of industry that includes the production of products from hydrocarbon, mineral and other raw materials through their chemical processing. The gross output of the chemical industry in the world is about 2 trillion US dollars.

The concept of petrochemicals combines several interrelated meanings:

A branch of chemistry that studies the chemistry of the transformation of hydrocarbons, oil, and natural gas into useful products and raw materials;

Section of chemical technology (the second name is petrochemical synthesis), describing technological processes used in industry in the processing of oil and natural gas - rectification, cracking, reforming, alkylation, isomerization, coking, pyrolysis, dehydrogenation (including, in this list, mention should be made also oxidative), hydrogenation, hydration, ammonolysis, oxidation, nitration, etc.;

A branch of the chemical industry, including production, the common feature of which is the deep chemical processing of hydrocarbon raw materials (oil fractions, natural and associated gas).

Mechanical engineering is a branch of heavy industry that produces all kinds of machines, tools, instruments, as well as consumer goods and defense products. Mechanical engineering is divided into three groups - labor-intensive, metal-intensive and knowledge-intensive. In turn, these groups are divided into the following industry subgroups: heavy engineering, general engineering, medium engineering, precision engineering, production of metal products and blanks, repair of machinery and equipment.

Metalworking is a technological process, a process of working with metals, during which their shape and size are changed, parts are given the desired shape using one or more metal processing methods to create individual parts, assemblies or large structures (metal structures). The term covers a wide range of different activities from building large ships and bridges to making the smallest pieces of jewelry. The term therefore includes a wide range of skills, processes and tools. The reliability and technology of any production, of any metal structure depends on the quality of the metalworking performed, so this task must be entrusted to professionals with sufficient experience and the necessary equipment designed specifically for these types of metalworking. Metalworking began to develop with the discovery of various ores, the processing of docile and malleable metals for the production of tools and jewelry.

Forestry industry is a set of industries that harvest and process wood. Timber harvesting in countries and areas with limited forest reserves is usually carried out by forestry enterprises - forestry enterprises, forest districts, etc. In countries and areas with large reserves of natural forests, timber harvesting, including rafting, is in the nature of an extractive industry and represents an independent industry - the logging industry. In Russia, issues of the forest industry are currently dealt with by the Federal Forestry Agency (Rosleskhoz). There is no specialized ministry in Russia. The main legislative act for the forestry industry is the Forest Code. The timber industry accounts for less than 5% of the country's GDP, despite the fact that Russia contains 25% of all world timber reserves.

All wood processing and processing industries, taken together, form the forest processing industry, which includes the following types of industry:

Woodworking industry, which unites groups of enterprises producing mechanical and partially chemical-mechanical processing and processing of wood;

Pulp and paper production is a technological process aimed at producing cellulose, paper, cardboard and other related products of final or intermediate processing; hydrolysis industry and forest chemical industry, the production of which is based on the chemical processing of wood and some non-wood forest products.

Construction materials - materials for the construction of buildings and structures. Along with the “old” traditional materials such as wood and brick, with the beginning of the industrial revolution new building materials such as concrete, steel, glass and plastic appeared. Currently, prestressed reinforced concrete and metal-plastic materials are widely used. There are:

Natural stone materials;

Wood building materials and products;

Non-firing artificial stone materials and products based on hydration binders;

Artificial firing materials;

Metals and metal products;

Glass and glass products;

Decoration Materials;

Polymer materials;

Thermal insulation materials and products made from them;

Waterproofing and roofing materials based on bitumen and polymers;

Portland cement;

Hydration (inorganic) binders;

Coagulation (organic) binders.

Light industry is a set of specialized industries that produce mainly consumer goods from various types of raw materials. Light industry occupies one of the important places in the production of the gross national product and plays a significant role in the country's economy. Light industry carries out both primary processing of raw materials and production of finished products. Light industry enterprises also produce products for industrial, technical and special purposes, used in furniture, aviation, automobile, chemical, electrical, food and other industries, agriculture, law enforcement agencies, transport and healthcare. One of the features of light industry is the rapid return on investment. Technological features of the industry make it possible to quickly change the range of products at a minimum of costs, which ensures high mobility of production.

Sub-sectors of light industry:

Textile;

Sewing;

Haberdashery;

Tanning;

Fur;

Shoe;

The porcelain and earthenware industry is a branch of light industry specializing in the production of fine ceramics: household and artistic porcelain, earthenware, semi-porcelain and majolica.

The food industry is a set of production of food products in finished form or in the form of semi-finished products, as well as tobacco products, soaps and detergents. In the agro-industrial complex, the food industry is closely linked with agriculture as a supplier of raw materials and trade. Some branches of the food industry gravitate towards raw material areas, others - towards consumption areas.

3. List of used literature

1. “Industry” - concept


An industrial sector is a set of organizations, enterprises, institutions producing homogeneous goods and services, using similar technologies, satisfying needs that are similar in nature.

The sectoral structure of an economy is the totality of its industries, characterized by certain quantitative relationships (composition and proportions of development of industries) and interrelations.

The sectoral structure of the economy is represented by branches of material and non-material production (branches of the production and non-production spheres).

The production sector consists of the following industries:

· directly creating a material product (industry and construction, agriculture and forestry);

· delivering a material product to the consumer (transport and communications);

· related to the continuation of the production process in the sphere of circulation (trade, public catering, logistics, sales, procurement).

The non-productive sector includes service sectors (housing and communal services and consumer services, transport and communications for public services) and social services (education, healthcare, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending, financing and insurance, management, etc. ).

The presented main sectors of the economy - industry, agriculture, construction industry, transport - are divided into so-called enlarged industries, and those, in turn, into homogeneous (specialized) industries and types of production (for example, agriculture is divided into farming and livestock farming; agriculture - for grain farming, production of industrial crops, vegetable growing, melon growing, horticulture and viticulture, etc.; livestock farming - for cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, beekeeping, etc.).

In the sectoral structure of the economy, inter-industry combinations (complexes) are also distinguished, represented as a set of homogeneous industries within one industry (for example, fuel and energy, metallurgy, engineering, transport complexes), and technologically related different industries (for example, construction, military-industrial , agricultural-industrial complexes).

Classification of industrial sectors is a list of industrial sectors approved in accordance with the established procedure, ensuring comparability of indicators for planning, accounting and analysis of industrial development.

The classification of industries determines the composition of each industry, the names of industries, sub-sectors and productions, the code of each of them necessary for computer processing of information.

The grouping of enterprises by industry is based on:

ü purpose of manufactured products

ü the nature of the technological process

ü the commonality of raw materials used

For example, the aviation industry unites enterprises based on the purpose of the products they produce (aviation equipment), the chemical industry - based on the commonality of the technological process, the fruit and vegetable industry - based on the commonality of the raw materials used.

The classification unit is an enterprise on its own balance sheet; Each individual enterprise belongs to only one industry.

Ancillary industrial production at non-industrial organizations, allocated to separate accounting units, belong to the corresponding industries.

The classification identifies 16 consolidated industries: electric power, fuel industry, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, etc. Each consolidated industry includes several industries. For example, the fuel industry includes the oil, gas, coal, shale industries, etc.

The most complex sector of the national economy is industry. It includes 16 integrated industries: electric power, fuel industry, ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous metallurgy, and petrochemical industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, building materials industry, glass and porcelain-faience industry, light industry, food industry, microbiological, feed milling, medical, printing, etc. Each of these complex industries includes industries that are homogeneous, but specialized in the production of certain types of products.

The industries include production, for example in the coal industry - coal mining, coal beneficiation, production of coal briquettes.

Non-industrial organizations and farms included in industrial enterprises, accounted for separately, do not belong to industry, but to the corresponding sectors of the national economy. For example, subsidiary agriculture at an industrial enterprise belongs to the “Agriculture” industry.

2. Classification of industries


In Russia there is an Industry Classifier of Industries of the National Economy (OKONKH), which distinguishes:

Manufacturing sectors

· 10,000 - industry;

· 20,000 - agriculture;

· 30,000 - forestry;

· 50,000 - transport and communications;

· 60,000 - construction;

· 70,000 - trade and catering;

· 80,000 - logistics and sales;

· 81,000 - blanks;

· 82,000 - information and computing services;

· 83,000 - transactions with real estate;

· 84,000 - general commercial activities to ensure the functioning of the market;

· 85,000 - geology and subsoil exploration, geodetic and hydrometeorological services;

· 87,000 - other activities in the sphere of material production

Non-production sectors

· 90,000 - housing and communal services;

· 90,300 - non-production types of consumer services for the population;

· 91,000 - healthcare, physical education and social security;

· 92,000 - public education;

· 93,000 - culture and art;

· 95,000 - science and scientific services;

· 96,000 - finance, credit, insurance and pensions;

· 97,000 - management;

· 98,000 - public associations.

OKONH is designed to provide machine information processing for managing the national economy and is used to solve problems of automated control systems at various levels of management and ensure their information compatibility.

OKONH represents groupings of activities into industries that differ in the nature of the functions they perform in the general system of social division of labor.

With the help of a classifier, the structure of the national economy that is emerging in the process of expanded reproduction is studied, the level of development of the productive forces of society, the degree of development of the social division of labor are characterized.

OKONH is designed to ensure the grouping of enterprises and organizations by industry in order to provide a scientific analysis of intersectoral connections and proportions in the development of the national economy, comparability of indicators when analyzing the economic efficiency of social production and growth in social labor productivity, as well as linking planned and reporting indicators characterizing the development of the economy and culture countries.

Within large sectors of the national economy, which are formed on the basis of the social division of labor, more fractional sectors are distinguished, which represent a set of enterprises producing homogeneous products, or a set of institutions and organizations associated with the performance of certain social functions.

However, since OKONH was put into effect a very long time ago, it is morally outdated. It was replaced by the Classifier of Types of Economic Activities (OKVED). Resolution of the State Standard of Russia dated November 6, 2001. No. 454-st OKVED is introduced from January 1, 2003 into the practice of the Russian economy, including into the information system of state statistics (Order of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated December 7, 2001 No. 164).

The characteristics of the Russian economy according to OKONKH differ significantly from the description of the market economy of developed countries in accordance with classifications by type of economic activity of economic entities, and in modern conditions it does not allow obtaining a reliable reflection of the actually existing infrastructure and significantly complicates international comparisons of statistical data on the most important macroeconomic indicators in accordance with methodology of the System of National Accounts.

OKVED is built on the basis of harmonization with the official version in Russian of the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Economic Community (NACE Red1) by preserving the codes and names of the corresponding four-digit positions in OKVED from NACE. Features that reflect the needs of the Russian economy in detailing types of activities are taken into account in OKVED groupings with five- and six-digit codes.

OKVED identifies the following types of economic activity (by sections):

Section A Agriculture, hunting and forestry

Section B Fisheries, fish farming

Section C Mining

Section D Manufacturing

Section E Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water

Section F Construction

Section G Wholesale and retail trade

Section H Hotels and restaurants

Section I Transport and Communications

Section J Financial Activities

Section K Real estate transactions, rental and provision of services

Section L Public administration and military security

Section M Education

Section N Health and Social Services

Section O Provision of other utility, social and personal services

Section P Provision of housekeeping services

Section Q Activities of extraterritorial organizations

Among other things, there are:

ü pure industries producing a single product (for example, the coal industry);

ü economic sectors in which the majority of industry organizations are engaged in the production of industry products;

ü administrative branches, the organizations of which belong to one ministry or department.

Mechanical engineering complex - the largest of the industrial complexes, it accounts for almost 25% of the value of manufactured products and almost 35% of all workers in the Russian economy, as well as about 25% of the value of fixed industrial production assets. The main heavy engineering region in Russia is the Ural region - the country's first metallurgical base.

The second place in development in Russia is occupied by the fuel industry - 17% of production.

In the structure of the country's fuel and energy balance, the leading place belongs to the production of gas (more than 50% of total fuel production) and oil (more than 30%). Along with oil and gas, the coal industry is of great economic importance (13-14%). Western Siberia is of greatest importance for the fuel industry, since it is in this area that the main reserves of oil, gas, and coal are concentrated.

Other industries account for the remaining percentage of output.

The service sector (service) is different from other sectors of the economy. The service sector is a sector of the economy where goods are produced, the beneficial effect of which is manifested in the very process of their creation.

Depending on what exactly services are manifested in, the structure of the service sector is most often divided into two subsectors:

Production of material services (transport, trade, housing and consumer services, etc.);

Production of intangible services (management, activities of the army and security agencies, education, healthcare, science, art, show business, social services, marketing, audit, lending, insurance, etc.).

The production of material services is inextricably linked with material objects: transport changes the position of objects in space, trade – their belonging to someone, etc. In contrast, the production of intangible services (knowledge, safety, health, positive emotions) is much more separated from material objects. Here the object of influence is not other things, but the person himself.

The list of material services can be represented by the following types of services:

Material services in production: transport services, utilities;

Non-production services: hotel services, material services to the population (dry cleaning, laundries, photography, car repair and maintenance, watch repair, clothing, shoes, etc.)

Production and distribution services: services for organizing and establishing production management and its public relations, facilities maintenance, advertising, various research auxiliary laboratories, equipment rental agencies, design bureaus, photocopying, etc.

The list of intangible services can be represented by the following types of services:

Social services: healthcare, education, science.

Personal services: insurance services, legal services, banking services, consulting services.

However, this contrast between material and intangible is very relative: say, in trade you can sell intangible services (as happens, for example, when buying a movie ticket), but healthcare is impossible without the use of completely material equipment. Many specific types of services connect both subsectors at once: for example, tourism includes both transport services and education (excursion services). Therefore, there is still no consensus among experts about what the sectoral composition of the service sector is. For example, some classify transport as a service sector, while others consider it necessary to consider it as a special sector of the economy, equivalent to agriculture, industry and the service sector itself.

Also distinguishes two types of services: those provided with the help of equipment without the use of equipment.

Speaking about development prospects, it should be noted that the fuel and energy complex has the best development prospects, about 12-17%, other industries also have an upward trend, however, among all industries, the only industry that allowed a decrease in the level of development by 3.9% in Light industry began to grow in 2004, which is explained by an increase in the volume of unaccounted imports and “shadow production”.

List of used literature


1. Vidyapin V.I. Economic geography of Russia. Textbook. M.: INFRA-M. 2002

4. Zheltikov V.P., Kuznetsov N.G. Economical geography. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix. 2001

5. Rodionova I.A., Bunakova T.M. Economic geography: Textbook. Benefit. M: Moscow. Lyceum. 2004

6. Shuvalova G.G. Economics of industry. Educational and methodological development. - Vladivostok: Publishing house VGUES, 2002.

Practical task

Problem 1

Define:

1)Average production size

2)Average enterprise size in the industry

3) The share of large enterprises in the total number of enterprises and in production volumes and numbers

4) Industry concentration indicators (concentration coefficient, Hirschman-Herfindahl coefficient)


Initial data:


1) Average production size =

(27287+6280+21021+9451+20516+13836)/6=16398.5 thousand rubles.

2) Average enterprise size in the industry =

(198+94+157+105+107+89)/6=125 people.

3) Share of large enterprises in the total number of enterprises:

Share of large enterprises in the total number of production volumes:

((27287+21021+20516)/98391)*100= 69,95%

Share of large enterprises in the total number of employees:

((198+157)/750)*100=47,33%

4)CR(3) = ((27287+21021+20516)/98391)*100= 69.95% (the market is moderately concentrated, because 45%<СR(3)<70%)