Connecting letter o. Difficult words

At the beginning of foreign words, if pronounced e , written yo , For example: yogi, iodine, yoghurt, yeoman, yorkshire, not one bit(But: ions, Jordanian– with separate pronunciation of initial vowel sounds).

IX. Spelling difficult words

§ 41. Connecting vowels o and e

In complex words, after the stem, a connecting vowel is written on the hard consonant O , after the base to a soft consonant, to a sibilant and ts – connecting vowel e . For example: homebody, skin eater, bird catcher, False Dmitry I.

In some cases the final soft consonant v, n, r, t the first stem is pronounced firmly and after it a connecting vowel is written O (in parallel with these words, those in which, according to the rule, it is written e ). For example: long-range - long-range, quarry - stone crusher, horse thief - horse breeder, bone-carver - bone-crushing, bloodthirsty - blood-bearing, chant - song-making. Wed. various educations after foundation on ts : trapezoid – trapezoidal – trapezoidal – trapezohedron(not all of these formations distinguish two bases in the Russian language).

§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel

It is necessary to distinguish between compound words with connecting vowels and compound words without a connecting vowel. Wed: psychotherapy(psycho + therapy) – psychasthenia(psych + asthenia).

In some compound words, the first part is the word in its initial form, for example: time calculation, pastime; cotyledon, seed stalk, ovule(cf.: seed production, seed storage– with a connecting vowel).

Without a connecting vowel, terms like nitrogen-fixing, forward-looking, oxygen-containing and so on.

The letter is saved A at the end of the element air (short for aviation), forming the first part of compound words like airbase, airborne troops, airmail, air unit and so on.

With a case ending in the first part, words arising from phrases are formed crazy, insane and so on.

In the genitive case form without a connecting vowel, numerals are included in compound words, for example: three-meter, five-time, seven-year. Exceptions are numerals one, ninety, one hundred And thousand, For example: one-year, ninetieth, hundredfold, thousandth. Numeral fourty as part of compound words it is used in two forms: without a connecting vowel ( forty days) and with a connecting vowel ( magpie, centipede- not in the literal meaning of the account).

It is necessary to distinguish between complex words and words in which two stems are not distinguished in the Russian language. Wed: gas pipeline - gasification, electrician - electrification.

Note 1. Foreign language prefixes are written together on a common basis anti-, arch-, hyper-, inter-, infra-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, extra- etc., for example: anti-national(But: Anti-Duhring– in the function of a proper name), archiplut, hypersound, international, infrared, counterproposal(But: rear admiral, where the first part has a different meaning), post-impressionism(preserving the initial root And ), post-romanticism(cf. the continuous spelling of the same prefix in words of foreign origin indivisible into morphemes: postscript, after the fact and so on.), dust jacket, subtropics, Trans-Siberian, ultrasound, trendy, extraordinary(But: extra mail, extra class– before a noun).

Note 2. The initial components are written together quasi-, pseudo-, pan- , For example: quasi-scientific, pseudo-classical, pan-German(But: quasi-Pushkin, pan-Europe etc. – before proper names

Let's see how the word is formed airplane. He flies by himself. The word has two roots: sam-, let-. Words that have two roots are called compound.

What do these compound words have in common: airplane, samovar, scooter, homemade product, pride?

The samovar cooks itself, the second root cooks.

The scooter itself rolls, rolls, the second root rolls.

Homemade - he does it himself, business, the second root of business.

Self-love - self-esteem - oneself, loves, the root of love.

Self is the first part of compound words.

Let's see which vowel letters connect two roots in compound words.

sailor (goes to sea, roots sea-, walk-),

steam O move (walks on a pair, roots of pairs-, move-)

stone e fall (stones fall, roots of stone-, fall-),

stars O fall (stars fall, roots of stars-, fall-)

In words sailor and rockfall the first root ends in a soft consonant sound p" and n", the roots are connected by the letter E.

In words steamboat and starfall the first root ends in a hard consonant sound p and d, the roots are connected by the letter O.

Most often, roots in complex words connect the vowel letters o or e. These letters are called connecting vowel letters.

How to proceed to correctly write the letter of the connecting vowel indifficult words?

1. Make sure that the word is complex: find the roots and orally select words with the same root for each.

2. If the word is complex, listen to what consonant sound the first root ends with. If it’s hard, you should write O, if it’s soft, E.

The letter E comes after unpaired solids: g, w, c.

Determine which letter should be written in place of the gap.

Perennial- many years, roots many-, years-, connecting vowel letter O,

guide- path, lead, roots put-, water-, connecting vowel letter E,

Old Russian-ancient, Rus', roots ancient-, rus-, connecting vowel letter E,

waterfowl- water, swim, roots water-, floating-, connecting vowel letter O.

Forming complex words

What compound words can replace these sentences?

1) A stream of water that falls from a great height.

2) A person who plows the land.

3) Animals similar to mice that dig the ground.

4) A beetle that eats bark.

5) A man walking.

Check yourself: waterfall (roots of water-, fall-), tiller (roots of earth-, pash-), shrew (roots of earth-, swarm-), bark beetle (roots of bark-, food-), pedestrian (roots of foot-, walk-).

What are these fabulous objects called?

Boots- self-propelled guns, tablecloth - self-assembled, harp - samogud.

What common root is there in these words? The root itself.

Why are fairy-tale magical objects called this? The boots walk on their own. The tablecloth itself collects food (to take means to get food). The gusli plays and hums on its own.

Finding complex words in poetic lines:

Birds jump early in the morning

Along the snow-covered branches -

Yellow-breasted tits

They flew to visit us.

(Yu. Sinitsyn)

Spring came! Spring is red

With green grass by the window.

Hung up the earrings

White-legged birch.

(E. Trutneva)

Along ravines, along cliffs,

Through the fingers of the willow

It pours quietly and timidly

Yellow Leaf River.

One-story school house

Smiles through the window.

The rook wanders importantly through the fields,

Like a rural agronomist.

(M. Isakovsky)

Leaf fall! Leaf fall!

Autumn caulking forest.

The hemp came,

The edges turned red.

(N. Egorov)

Difficult words:

yellow-breasted- with yellow breasts, roots yellow-, breasts-;

white-legged- with a white leg, leg, roots white-, knife-;

leaf fall- leaves fall, roots leaf-, fall-;

yellow-leaved- with yellow leaves, roots yellow-, leaf-;

one-story- with one floor, roots one-, floor-.

What kind of person can you say that about?

Couch potato- likes to lie on its side, the roots are lying-, side-, the first root ends in w, we write the letter e;

sweet tooth- likes sweets as food, sweet roots, hedgehog;

idle talker- speaks empty words, roots of empty-, words-.

These words describe a person's character traits. Let's explain the meaning of the words.

Hardworking- loves work, roots labor-, love-;

weak-willed- weak will, roots weak-, vol-;

merciful- sweet heart, roots mil-, heart-;

good-natured- kind soul, roots of good-, soul-;

noble- good to the family, roots of good -, family -.

What do you call a person who has a great soul, a sharp mind, clear eyes, dark hair?

Great soul - generous(roots great-, soul-),

sharp mind - witty(roots sharp-, mind-),

clear eyes - clear-eyed(roots clear-, eye-),

dark hair - dark-haired(roots dark-, hair-).

Let's read the names and think about whether they are complex words.

Dobrolyubov- to love good, the roots of good-, love-. Nikolai Dobrolyubov is a Russian writer.

Dobronravov- good disposition, roots of good-, disposition-. Nikolai Dobronravov is a songwriter.

Bogolyubov- loving God, roots god-, love-.

Krasnoshchekova- red cheeks, roots of red-, cheeks-.

Compound words name people by profession.

Commander- leads the regiments, the roots of the regiment-, water-,

fabulist- writes fables, roots fable-, write-,

beekeeper- breeds bees, bee roots-, water-,

plumber- conducts water, roots water-, water-, prefix pro-,

steelmaker- cooks steel, roots steel-, var-,

bird catcher- catches birds, roots of birds-, catch-, the first root ends in ts, we write e.

Listen to the text, determine how many difficult words there are.

Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Moscow was first a wooden fortress, surrounded by a palisade made of logs. The oak walls of the Kremlin were replaced by white stone ones. It was then that Moscow received a name for all times - white stone. And also golden-domed, with golden heads, domes of temples. Chistoprudny Boulevard is one of the old streets in the center of Moscow.

Dolgoruky- long hands, roots debt-, hands-,

stockade- a fence made of tightly driven stakes, the roots are often,

white stone- built of white stone, the roots are white, stone,

golden-headed- with golden heads, roots of gold-, heads-,

Chistoprudny- clean ponds, clean roots, pond-.

The rudd fish is very beautiful. Her back is green, her sides have golden scales with a brown border on the sides. Eyes are orange, lips are yellow. The fish got its nickname for the color of its fins. (According to N. Osipov)

A blade of grass grows, straight, strong, and at the end of it a green brush sticks up. This is what a foxtail looks like. Of course, such a tail is too small even for a fox cub, but it still looks like a tail.

Water strider- this is the name of an insect that runs quickly through the water, as if it wants to measure the distance.

Redstart- a compound word consisting of two roots gory- and tail-. Similar words: burn, tail.

Rudd- a complex word, consists of two roots: red- and per-. Similar words: red, feathers.

Foxtail- fox roots-, tail-. Related words: fox, tail.

Water strider- roots water-, mer-. Water, measure.

As service morphemes, connecting vowels (interfixes) o/e are distinguished only in the derived stems of complex words. This property sharply distinguishes them from suffixes and prefixes, which can be found in both complex and simple words. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, which can be both word-forming and formative affixes, connecting vowels o/e are specifically word-forming morphemes. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, which always (if they are regular) have a certain lexical and grammatical meaning, connecting vowels o!e have a meaning that acts as a purely word-formative one and is reduced to expressing the idea of connection. In terms of their semantics (completely independent, in contrast to the meaning of suffixes and prefixes from the forming stems), connecting vowels o/e are similar to connecting conjunctions.
In some cases, connecting vowels o/e acquire the character of semantically empty sounds that appear in a word only
for phonetic reasons. So, if in the words reinforced concrete, fisherman, dried fruits the connecting vowel o is a copular morpheme, determined by certain rules of word formation (the addition of complete stems and words is carried out, as a rule, with the help of connecting vowels), then in the word tekhnoruk it, from a word-formation point of view, represents is an illegal phenomenon (since the addition of abbreviated stems is carried out without the aid of connecting vowels o/e; cf.: political instructor, military instructor, physical instructor) and has no meaning. The sound o here is only a means to avoid an unpronounceable combination of consonants (technruk - technoruk).
Connecting vowels o/e most often act as phonetically determined variants: if the first stem of the addition ends in a paired hard consonant, then o acts as a connecting vowel (mortar mixer, water carrier, etc.); if the first stem of the addition ends in a soft consonant, a hard hissing or c, then the connecting vowel e is used (sailor, pedestrian, sheep farmer, etc.). The appearance of e after hard sibilants and c is historically justified: the sibilants zh, sh and c were soft in the Old Russian language and hardened only in the 14th-15th centuries, when the noted word-formation rule for the use of o/e was already a strong tradition.
However, in a number of complex words, the first stem of which ends in a soft consonant n, p, t or v, in place of the expected e there is an “illegal” o: hitching post, trapper, animal-like, stonecutter, quarry, ambition, lust for power, carnivore, carnivore, blood circulation, bloodsucker, bloodthirsty, chant, fabulist, etc. Next to this kind of words, there are also words where, after the same first stem, the connecting vowel e naturally appears: horse breeder, stud farm, stone processing, stone-cutting, bone-crushing, blood-bearing, songwriting, etc. . d. All these words are much later formations than their related words with the connecting vowel o.
The undivided dominance of the word-formation model with o/e in the production of complex words is evidenced, first of all, by the large number and variety of types of additions with o/e compared to additions without a connecting vowel. Almost all new formations of a complex nature that have appeared recently (both among nouns and among adjectives; in the sphere of verbs there is no method of addition) are words with connecting vowels o/e.
Connecting vowels o/e must be clearly distinguished from phenomena that outwardly resemble them. Thus, the words rarely used, wild-growing, following, etc., arising using the lexical-syntactic method of word formation (about it, see § 31), do not contain connecting vowels: o/e in them are adverbial suffixes (o - word-forming, e - formative). In the words car factory, bicycle race, auto regulator, weather report, o is the same integral part of the abbreviated stems (automobile, bicycle, automatic, meteorological) as the consonants f, t, r in the words trade union, party active, salary. Phonetically, connecting vowels o/e are characterized by unstress. In complex words, stress is always observed on root morphemes (vacuum cleaner, water supply, frost-resistant, mechanical engineering, etc.).
Connecting vowels o/e as significant parts of a word can, naturally, be isolated only if the analyzed word is recognized as complex. If a word has undergone a process of simplification or re-decomposition, then it does not contain any copular morphemes. Thus, the connecting vowels in the words pandemonium (which arose by ellipsis on the basis of the phraseological phrase Babylonian pandemonium), porcupine (the addition of wild and image), horizon (the addition of circle and zor - from seeing), psychologist, library, etc. . d. There is no connecting vowel in some compound words that have undergone the process of dropping one of the syllables, for example: tabakur, standard bearer (originally tobacco smoker, standard bearer).

Russian language
6th grade

33. Connecting O And e in difficult words

Complex words are words consisting of two (less often three) roots.. Complex words are formed from the stems of the original words (steam, carry → steam locomotive), from whole words (sofa, bed → sofa bed).

When forming complex words, connecting vowels are most often used O and e.

Sometimes complex words are formed without connecting vowels: plastic.

Consider difficult words. Which connecting vowel is used after hard consonants, and which one is used after soft consonants, sibilants and ts!

167 . Write down compound words that have the same roots as these words. Indicate the conditions for selecting the studied spellings. Which of these compound words appeared later than others? Make complex sentences with any two written words.

Water, falling. Forest, cutting down. Porridge, cook. Gas, conduct. Ice, chop. General, live. Atom, walk. Storm, break. Bird, catch. Moon, walk. Path, walk.

168 . Write down complex words, indicating the conditions for choosing connective owe. Then write down the remaining words, indicating the suffixes in them.

And..investigator, rain..measure, close..pitel, switch, observer, bee..water, accountant, steam..hod, tongue..ved, eye..measure, count.. tchik, test pilot.

169 . The roots shown in the box are most often found in the second part of compound nouns. Select and write down 2-3 words with each of them. With two compound nouns, make up sentences that help you understand the meaning of these nouns.

Russian language lesson in 6th grade.

Teacher: Egorova

Albina Vsevolodovna,

Teacher of Russian language

And literature from MBOU

"Secondary school No. 24" Cheboksary

Topic: “Connecting vowels O-E in compound words»

Target:

repeat the basic ways of forming words;
introduce the method of forming words from the stems of original words using connecting vowels;
teach how to choose connecting vowels o-e in complex words;
to cultivate interest in words, to show the visual possibilities of word formation.

During the classes

1. Repetition of ways of forming words already known to students

Give a coherent answer to the question: “What are the main ways of forming words in the Russian language do you know?” Illustrate your answer with examples.”

Guys, I want to give you a statement from the famous children's writer K.I. Chukovsky:

“Prefixes give Russian speech so many rich shades. The wonderful expressiveness of speech largely depends on them. In the variety of prefixes lies a variety of meaning.” Do you agree with him? Try to prove Chukovsky’s point of view with examples.

Indeed, a prefix can change the meaning of even obviously similar words beyond recognition. For example: contribution, tray, transfer, denunciation, wear, removal, etc.

Form a new word from these words using these prefixes and suffixes. Write down the words and sort them according to their composition:

Source word	Console	suffix
Drive	Once-	Xia
Law
Pair	On the-	Nick
Gnaw		OK
Border	By-	Nick
Secret
River	Behind-

2. Setting the lesson goal:

Working with a table:

Look at the table carefully. What do you think will be discussed in class today? How would you phrase the problem we will be working on today? Determine the objectives of today's lesson.

(The teacher summarizes the children’s answers)

3. Explanation of a new topic

What is special about the words included in the table? (They all have 2 roots)

What vowels are used to connect them? What do you think determines the choice of the vowel –o and –e?

What can you say about the words presented in the third column? Why are they separate?

What would you write on the first line of the table?

Complete the table with your own examples.

Conclusion : Connecting vowel -O is written after hard consonants. Consonants do not follow the rule–zh,-sh,-ts , after which a connecting vowel is written-e.

After the base on a soft consonant, after sibilants and–ts the connecting vowel is written - e.

4.Training exercises

Creative dictation

Replace the phrases with one complex word, underline the consonant on which the choice of connecting vowel depends.

Help mutually (mutual aid)

Love work (hard work)

People of the same surname (namesakes)

One who walks (pedestrian)

One who makes steel (steelmaker)

Logging (logging)

Device for catching mice (mouse trap)

Treatment with mud (mud therapy)

Beetle that eats bark (bark beetle)

The one who swims in the sea (navigator)

5. “Guess the riddle”

Guys, we will continue the vocabulary dictation, only you must write down the words yourself. Write down the word that is the answer to the riddle.

1. I’ll purr, I’ll scream, I’ll fly into the sky (helicopter, plane).

2. It drinks with its tail and gives away with its beak (water supply).

3. It has a rubber trunk, a canvas stomach, and when its motor hums, it swallows both dust and litter (vacuum cleaner).

4. I’ve had a hedgehog living in my room for years.

If you smear the floor with wax, it will rub it to a shine (electric polisher).

5. There is a hole on top, a hole on the bottom, and in the middle there is fire and a hole (samovar).

6. A miracle janitor in front of us, with his raking hands, raked up a huge snowdrift (snow blower) in one minute.

7. A fable bird is flying, and people are sitting inside, talking to each other (airplane).

8. Whatever this eye looks at, it will convey everything in the picture (camera).

"Find yourself a mate"

- Guys, now we are going to play. Each of you will receive a piece of paper on which one or another word is written. Your task is to find a partner and create a complex word using a connecting vowel.

(The table shows an approximate group of words that are given to children)

Water	ABOUT	Fall
Thunder		Withdraw
Earth		measure
Ship		Crash
edge		Know
Ice		Stab
Forest		chop
Oil		The wire
Fire		Stew
On foot		Walk
Bird		Farm
Fish		Catch

5. Visual possibilities of word formation

Writers often use well-known word-formation methods to create their own; they are called author's words. For example, the famous writer Saltykov-Shchedrin, whom you know from his fairy tales, creates accusatory words necessary for a satirical depiction of his contemporary society: nonsense brethren, hedgehog sense, foam skimmers, etc.

Modern writers actively use the possibilities of word formation. Let's read Matusovsky's poem, in which the poet forms new words similar to the word forbs (flowering meadows).

Who else could compete?

With this forest greenery?

Summer all your riches

Scatters in front of me.

To note

We haven't been able to yet

Forbs, variety of colors,

The diversity of forests throughout the Earth.

We will never get bored

Never get tired of it

Variety, variety of sounds,

The diversity of these places.