What are evil arguments. Unified State Exam Russian language

Abstracts

Good and evil are two sides of the same coin.

The law of the worthy is to do good.

Quotes

- “I am part of that force that always wants evil and always does good” (I. Goethe “Faust”).

- “A good person is not the one who knows how to do good, but the one who does not know how to do evil” (V.O. Klyuchevsky).

- “What would your good do if evil did not exist, and what would the earth look like if the shadows disappeared from it” (M.A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”).

- “Good is the eternal, highest goal of our life” (L.N. Tolstoy).

- “Good by decree is not good” (I.S. Turgenev).

- “Kindness is above all blessings” (M. Gorky).

“The path of evil does not lead to good” (William Shakespeare).

- “The highest wisdom is to distinguish between good and evil” (Socrates).

- “Evil cannot fly quietly” (Peter I).

- “A person is sometimes more corrected by the sight of evil than by the example of good” (B. Pascal).

Literary arguments

In M. A Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” Woland is the embodiment of evil, Yeshua is the bearer of the idea of good, he does not harm anyone. But most importantly, he does not see evil in other people. “There are no evil people in the world,” says the wandering preacher. But evil and good separately do not make sense: Woland is the devil, he says that he is part of evil, which, without meaning to, brings good. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Raskolnikov commits all his crimes for the sake of good. A paradoxical idea arises: good is the basis of evil. Good and evil fight in Raskolnikov's soul. Evil, brought to the limit, brings him closer to Svidrigailov, good, brought to the point of self-sacrifice, brings him in common with Sonya Marmeladova. In the novel, Raskolnikov and Sonya are a confrontation between good and evil. Sonya preaches goodness based on Christian humility, Christian love for one's neighbor and for all who suffer. The plot of Goethe's tragedy "Faust" is the struggle between good and evil, the sublime and the base, the great and the insignificant. The hero is tested by passionate love, fame, wealth, strives to serve people, while sacrificing the people themselves. A special place in Lermontov’s work and spiritual life was occupied by the image of the Demon, a fallen angel expelled from paradise for disobedience, for the thirst for knowledge and sowing “evil without pleasure.” This image personifies the eternal struggle between good and evil.

Introduction The problem of choosing between good and evil is as old as the world. Without awareness of the essence of good and evil, it is impossible to understand either the essence of our world or the role of each of us in this world. Without this, concepts such as conscience, honor, morality, ethics, spirituality, truth, justice, freedom, sinfulness, righteousness, decency, holiness lose all meaning...

The problem of Russian character.

Abstracts

The will is closest to the Russian heart.

Quotes

- “The Russian man has an enemy, an irreconcilable, dangerous enemy, without whom he would be a giant. This enemy is laziness” (N.V. Gogol).

- “If only one farm remains for Russians, then Russia will be reborn” (N.V. Gogol).

Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger de Saint-Exupéry(1900, Lyon, France - July 31, 1944) - famous French writer, poet and professional pilot.

A. de Saint-Exupéry “The Little Prince”. The Old Fox taught the Little Prince to comprehend the wisdom of human relationships. To understand a person, you need to learn to peer into him and forgive minor shortcomings. After all, the most important thing is always hidden inside, and you can’t see it right away.

This is the story of the accidental landing of the writer himself and his mechanic Prevost in the desert.
The symbol of life is water, it quenches the thirst of people lost in the sands, the source of everything that exists on earth, the food and flesh of everyone, the substance that makes rebirth possible.
The dehydrated desert is a symbol of a world devastated by war, chaos, destruction, human callousness, envy and selfishness. This is a world in which man dies of spiritual thirst.

A rose is a symbol of love, beauty, and femininity. The little prince did not immediately discern the true inner essence of beauty. But after a conversation with the Fox, the truth was revealed to him - beauty only becomes beautiful when it is filled with meaning and content.

“Loving does not mean looking at each other, it means looking in the same direction” - this thought determines the ideological concept of the fairy tale.

He examines the theme of Evil in two aspects: on the one hand, it is “micro-evil,” that is, evil within an individual person. This is the deadness and inner emptiness of the inhabitants of the planets, who personify all human vices. And it is no coincidence that the inhabitants of the planet Earth are characterized through the inhabitants of the planets seen by the Little Prince. By this, the author emphasizes how petty and dramatic the modern world is. He believes that humanity, like the Little Prince, will comprehend the mystery of existence, and each person will find his own guiding star, which will illuminate his path in life. The second aspect of the theme of evil can be conditionally called “macroevil”. Baobabs are a spiritualized image of evil in general. One interpretation of this metaphorical image is associated with fascism. Saint-Exupéry wanted people to carefully uproot the evil “baobab trees” that threatened to tear the planet apart. “Beware of the baobabs!” - the writer conjures.

Saint-Exupéry encourages us to treat everything beautiful as carefully as possible and try not to lose the beauty within ourselves on the difficult path of life - the beauty of the soul and heart.
The Little Prince learns the most important thing about beauty from the Fox. Outwardly beautiful, but empty inside, roses do not evoke any feelings in a child-contemplator. They are dead to him. The main character discovers the truth for himself, the author and the readers - only that which is filled with content and deep meaning is beautiful.

Misunderstanding and alienation of people is another important philosophical topic. The deadness of the human soul leads to loneliness. A person judges others only by their “outer shell”, without seeing the main thing in a person - his inner moral beauty: “When you tell adults: “I saw a beautiful house made of pink brick, there are geraniums in the windows, and pigeons on the roof,” they do not can't imagine this house. They must be told: “I saw a house for a hundred thousand francs,” and then they exclaim: “What a beauty!”
People must take care of the purity and beauty of their planet, together protect and decorate it, and prevent all living things from perishing. So, gradually, unobtrusively, another important theme arises in the fairy tale - environmental, which is very relevant for our time. The Little Prince's journey from star to star brings us closer to today's vision of cosmic distances, where the Earth, due to the carelessness of people, can disappear almost unnoticed.
Love And the Fox reveals one more secret to the baby: “Only the heart is vigilant. You can’t see the most important thing with your eyes... Your Rose is so dear to you because you gave her your whole soul... People have forgotten this truth, but don’t forget: you are forever responsible for everyone you have tamed.” To tame means to bind oneself to another creature with tenderness, love, and a sense of responsibility. To tame means to destroy facelessness and indifference towards all living things. To tame means to make the world significant and generous, because everything in it reminds of a beloved creature. The narrator comprehends this truth, and the stars come to life for him, and he hears the ringing of silver bells in the sky, reminiscent of the laughter of the Little Prince. The theme of “expansion of the soul” through love runs through the entire tale.

Only friendship can melt the ice of loneliness and alienation, since it is based on mutual understanding, mutual trust and mutual assistance.
“It's sad when friends are forgotten. Not everyone has a friend,” says the hero of the fairy tale. At the beginning of the fairy tale, the Little Prince leaves his only Rose, then he leaves his new friend Fox on Earth. “There is no perfection in the world,” the Fox will say. But there is harmony, there is humanity, there is a person’s responsibility for the work entrusted to him, for the person close to him, there is also responsibility for his planet, for everything that happens on it.
Exupery wants to say that each person has his own planet, his own island and his own guiding star, which a person should not forget about. “I would like to know why the stars glow,” said the Little Prince thoughtfully. “Probably so that sooner or later everyone can find theirs again.”

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy ---1828 --- 1910 Novel "War and Peace"

Pierre (Tolstoy's "V. and the World") was helped to survive in captivity by the wisdom of Platon Karataev, who taught him to live simply and appreciate what you have: the sun is shining, the rain is falling - all is good. There is no need to rush, rush around in search of happiness - live and rejoice, be happy that you live. He found a common language with everyone, even the French.

Using the example of Pierre Bezukhov and Platon Karataev L. N. Tolstoy showed two completely different types of Russian characters, two different social heroes.
The first of them is the count, who was captured by the French as an “arsonist” and, miraculously, escaped execution. The second is a simple, experienced, patient soldier. Nevertheless, the soldier Platon Karataev managed to play an extremely important role in the life of Pierre Bezukhov.
After the execution of the “arsonists,” of which Pierre became an eyewitness, “it was as if the spring on which everything was held was pulled out in his soul, and everything fell into a heap of meaningless rubbish. Faith in the improvement of the world, and in the human soul, and in God."
A meeting in a booth with Platon Karataev helped Pierre’s spiritual revival: “He felt that the previously destroyed world was now being erected in his soul with new beauty, on some new and unshakable foundations.” Karataev made a huge impression on Pierre with his behavior, common sense, expediency of actions, and ability to “do everything not very well, but not badly either.” For Pierre, he became “an incomprehensible, round and eternal personification of the spirit of simplicity and truth.”
Bezukhov, having endured severe suffering and fear of death, finds himself in another world. He sees how Karataev carefully arranged all his “household” in the corner, how a little dog ran up to him and began to caress him. The soldier started talking about something very simple, began muttering prayers. All these everyday words and actions in those conditions seemed to Pierre a miracle, a great discovery of the truth of life. Pierre felt the new beauty of the recently destroyed world, received “peace and contentment with himself”: “And he, without thinking about it, received this peace and this agreement with himself only through the horror of death, through deprivation and through what he understood in Karataev."
Karataev feels like a part of the people: ordinary soldiers, the peasantry. His wisdom is contained in numerous proverbs and sayings, each of which reveals an episode of Plato’s life. For example, “where there is justice, there is untruth.” He suffered from an unfair trial and was forced to serve in the army. However, Plato takes any twists of fate calmly; he is ready to sacrifice himself for the well-being of his family. Karataev loves every person, every living creature: he is affectionate with an ordinary stray dog, helps other prisoners, sews shirts for the French and sincerely admires his work.
Platon Karataev becomes for Pierre an example of the perception of another world, where simplicity and truth, love for humanity reign.
The relationship between Platon Karataev and Pierre Bezukhov developed very briefly in the novel. Due to the worsening illness, Karataev was shot by the French.
The soldier passed away unnoticed, and Pierre took Karataev’s death calmly, as a matter of course.
Plato appeared next to Pierre, like a savior, at the most difficult moment of his life and left casually. But, despite this, his personality is so extraordinary and his influence on Pierre’s fate is so great that Karataev cannot simply be counted among the episodic heroes of the novel.
It was not for nothing that years later Pierre often remembered him, thought about what Plato would say about this or that event, “would he approve or not approve.” The meeting of these two heroes largely determined the future fate of Count Pierre Bezukhov and showed the greatest wisdom of the Russian people, embodied in the guise of the soldier Platon Karataev

Good and evil is the most popular topic chosen by students during the final exam. To write such an essay for the maximum score, you need high-quality and outstanding arguments from the literature. In this collection, we have given just such examples from different sources: M. A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”, F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” and Russian folklore. There are 4 arguments under each heading.

People perceive good and evil differently. It often happens that one thing replaces the other, but the appearance remains, which a person takes for granted: he attributes evil intent to virtue, and takes outright evil for good. For example, Mikhail Bulgakov in his novel “The Master and Margarita” describes the life and customs of Soviet writers and critics. Writers from MOSSOLITH write only what the authorities want. In a conversation with Ivan Bezdomny, Berlioz directly points out that in his poem it is necessary to clearly define the atheistic position, which is part of the ideology of the USSR. It doesn’t matter to him what the artist of words wants to say, he is only concerned with how a superior person will evaluate the book. Such slavish involvement in the political process only harms art. The true genius of the Master was hounded by critics, and the mediocrities in the role of creators only sat in the restaurant and ate up people's money. This is an obvious evil, but society, represented by the same writers and critics, saw this as a good thing, and only a few honest people like Margarita and the Master saw that this system was vicious. Thus, people often make mistakes and mistake evil for good and vice versa.
The great danger of evil lies in the fact that it often disguises itself as good. An example is the situation described by M. A. Bulgakov in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. Pontius Pilate believed that he was serving good by sentencing Yeshua to death. He feared that because of his conflict with the local elite over deciding who should be pardoned in honor of the holiday, a mob riot would break out against the Roman soldiers and much blood would be shed. With a small sacrifice, the procurator hoped to prevent major upheavals. But his calculation was immoral and selfish, because Pilate, first of all, feared not for the city entrusted to him, which he hated with all his soul, but for his position in it. Yeshua suffered martyrdom because of the cowardice of his judge. Thus, the hero mistook an evil act for a good and wise decision, and was punished for it.
The theme of good and evil greatly worried M. A. Bulgakov. In his novel “The Master and Margarita” he interpreted these concepts in his own way. So, Woland, the embodiment of evil and the king of shadows, committed truly good deeds. For example, he helped Margarita return the Master, despite the fact that she had already used her wish by helping Frida. He also gave them the opportunity to live in eternal peace and finally find harmony in their life together. Unlike representatives of the forces of light, Woland tried to find a suitable solution for the couple, without condemning them as harshly as Matvey Levi. Probably, the author was inspired to create his image by Goethe’s character, Mephistopheles, who strived for evil, but did good. The Russian writer showed this paradox using the example of his heroes. Thus, he proved that the concepts of good and evil are subjective, their essence depends on what the person evaluating them comes from.
A person spends his whole life forming and expanding his ideas about good and evil. Often he veers off the right path and makes mistakes, but still it is never too late to reconsider his views and take the right side. For example, in M. A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita,” Ivan Bezdomny served party interests all his life: he wrote bad poems, put propaganda into them and convinced readers that everything was fine in the Soviet Union, and the only problem was those who were jealous general happiness. He blatantly lied, like most of his colleagues. The consequences of the devastation after the civil war were clearly felt in the USSR. For example, M.A. Bulgakov subtly ridicules the absurdity of what is happening, citing as an example Likhodeev’s speeches, where he boasts that he orders “pike perch a la naturel” in a restaurant. He believes that this exquisite dish is the height of luxury, which cannot be prepared in an ordinary kitchen. But the irony is that pike perch is a cheap fish, and the prefix “a la naturel” means that it will be served in its natural form, even without any original decoration or recipe. Under the tsar, every peasant could afford this fish. And this wretched new reality, where pike perch has become a delicacy, is defended and extolled by the poet. And only after meeting the Master, he realizes how wrong he was. Ivan admits his mediocrity, stops being rude and writing bad poetry. Now he is not attracted to serving the state, which fools its population and brazenly deceives them. Thus, he abandoned the generally accepted false good and began to profess faith in the true good.

Crime and Punishment

The struggle between good and evil is depicted by F. M. Dostoevsky in the novel “Crime and Punishment.” The main character is a very kind person. This fact is convincingly proven by his dream, where he, as a little boy, pities a beaten horse to tears. His actions also speak of the exclusivity of his character: he leaves his last money to the Marmeladov family, seeing their grief. But there is also a dark side to Rodion: he longs to prove to himself that he has the right to decide the fate of the world. To do this, Raskolnikov decides to kill, evil has prevailed over him. However, gradually the hero comes to the idea that he needs to repent of his sin. He was directed to take this step by Sonya Marmeladova, who managed to strengthen Rodion’s protesting conscience. He confessed to the evil he had done, and already in hard labor his moral rebirth began for goodness, justice and love.
The confrontation between good and evil was depicted by F. M. Dostoevsky in his novel “Crime and Punishment.” We see a hero who lost in this fight. This is Mr. Marmeladov, whom we meet in the tavern, his habitat. Before us appeared an alcohol-dependent middle-aged man who had driven his family into poverty. And once he did a very kind and merciful act, marrying a poor widow with children. Then the hero worked and could support them, but then something in his soul broke, and he started drinking. Left without service, he began to lean even harder on alcohol, which brought his household to the threshold of physical death. Because of this, his own daughter began to earn money through prostitution. But this fact did not stop the father of the family: he continued to drink away these rubles obtained with shame and disgrace. Evil, clothed in vice, finally captured Marmeladov; he could no longer fight it due to lack of willpower.
It happens that even in the midst of absolute evil, sprouts of good sprout. An example was described by F. M. Dostoevsky in the novel Crime and Punishment. The heroine, trying to feed her family, began working as a prostitute. In the midst of vice and sin, Sonya inevitably had to become a cynical and dirty corrupt woman. But the persistent girl did not lose faith in God and retained purity in her soul. The external dirt did not touch her. Seeing human tragedies, she sacrificed herself to help people. It was very difficult for her to live, but Sonya overcame the pain and was able to get rid of the vicious craft. She sincerely fell in love with Raskolnikov and followed him to hard labor, where she gave her responsiveness to all the needy and oppressed inhabitants of prisons. Her virtue overcame the malice of the whole world.
The battle between good and evil occurs everywhere, not only in the human soul. For example, F. M. Dostoevsky in “Crime and Punishment” described how good and evil people collide in life. Oddly enough, most often those who bring good, not harm, win, because we all subconsciously gravitate toward good things. In the book, Dunya Raskolnikova defeats Svidrigailov with her will, escaping from him and not succumbing to his humiliating persuasion. Even Luzhin with his reasonable egoism cannot extinguish her inner light. The girl realizes in time that this marriage is a shameful deal in which she is just a discounted product. But she finds a kindred spirit and life partner in Razumikhin, her brother’s friend. This young man also defeated the evil and vice of the world around him, taking the right path. He earned money honestly and helped his neighbors without taking credit for it. Remaining true to their beliefs, the heroes were able to overcome temptations, trials and temptations in order to bring good to the people around them.

Folk tales

Russian folklore is rich in examples of the struggle between good and evil. For example, in the fairy tale “Little Khavroshechka” the heroine was a modest and kind girl. She became an orphan early and was taken in by strangers. But her patrons were distinguished by malice, laziness and envy, so they always tried to give her impossible tasks. Unhappy Khavroshechka only meekly listened to the abuse and got to work. All her days were filled with honest work, but this did not stop her tormentors from beating and starving the heroine. And yet Khavroshechka did not harbor anger towards them, she forgave cruelty and insults. That is why mystical powers helped her fulfill all the wishes of the housewives. The girl's kindness was generously rewarded by fate. The master saw her hard work, beauty and modesty, appreciated them and married her. The moral is simple: good always triumphs over evil.
The victory of good over evil is often found in fairy tales, because people want to teach their children the main thing - the ability to do good deeds. For example, in the fairy tale “Morozko,” the main character worked honestly and zealously around the house, did not contradict her elders and was not capricious, but her stepmother still disliked her. Every day she tried to bring her stepdaughter to complete exhaustion. One day she got angry and sent her husband into the forest with a demand: to abandon her own daughter there. The man obeyed and left the girl to certain death in the winter thicket. However, she was lucky enough to meet Morozko in the forest, who was immediately captivated by the kind and modest disposition of her interlocutor. Then he rewarded her with valuable gifts. But he punished her evil and rude stepsister, who came to him demanding a reward, for her insolence and left her with nothing.
In the fairy tale "Baba Yaga" good clearly defeats evil. The heroine was disliked by her stepmother and sent her to the forest to Baba Yaga while her father was away. The girl was kind and obedient, so she fulfilled the order. Before this, she went to her aunt and learned a life lesson: you need to treat everyone humanely, and then even an evil witch is not scary. The heroine did just that when she realized that Baba Yaga intended to eat her. She fed her cat and dogs, greased the gates and tied up the birch tree on her way so that they would let her through and teach her how to escape from their mistress. Thanks to kindness and affection, the heroine was able to return home and get her father to kick her evil stepmother out of the house.
In the fairy tale “The Magic Ring,” rescued animals helped their owner in difficult times. One day he spent his last money to save them from certain death. And so he himself found himself in a difficult situation. Having found the magic ring, the hero married the princess, because he fulfilled her father’s condition - he built a palace, a cathedral and a crystal bridge in one day with the help of magical powers. But the wife turned out to be a cunning and evil woman. Having learned the secret, she stole the ring and destroyed everything that Martin had built. Then the king locked him in prison and doomed him to starvation. The cat and the dog decided to pull out the owner after finding the ring. Then Martin returned his position, his buildings

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Arguments for the essay

Problems 1. The role of art (science, media) in the spiritual life of society 2. The impact of art on the spiritual development of a person 3. The educational function of art Affirmative theses 1. True art ennobles a person. 2. Art teaches a person to love life. 3. To bring people the light of high truths, “pure teachings of goodness and truth” - this is the meaning of true art. 4. The artist must put his whole soul into the work in order to infect another person with his feelings and thoughts. Quotes 1. Without Chekhov, we would be many times poorer in spirit and heart (K Paustovsky, Russian writer). 2. The whole life of mankind was consistently deposited in books (A. Herzen, Russian writer). 3. Conscientiousness is a feeling that literature must excite (N. Evdokimova, Russian writer). 4. Art is designed to preserve the human in a person (Yu. Bondarev, Russian writer). 5. The world of the book is the world of a real miracle (L. Leonov, Russian writer). 6. A good book is just a holiday (M. Gorky, Russian writer). 7. Art creates good people, shapes the human soul (P. Tchaikovsky, Russian composer). 8. They went into the darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer). 9. Art is a shadow of divine perfection (Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and artist). 10. The purpose of art is to condensely convey the beauty dissolved in the world (French philosopher). 11. There is no poet’s career, there is a poet’s destiny (S. Marshak, Russian writer). 12. The essence of literature is not fiction, but the need to speak to the heart (V. Rozanov, Russian philosopher). 13. The artist’s job is to create joy (K Paustovsky, Russian writer). Arguments 1) Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system and human tone. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music arouses compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child. 2) Can art change a person's life? Actress Vera Alentova recalls such an incident. One day she received a letter from an unknown woman who said that she was left alone and did not want to live. But after watching the film “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears,” she became a different person: “You won’t believe it, I suddenly saw that people were smiling and they weren’t as bad as I thought all these years. And the grass, it turns out, is green, And the sun is shining... I recovered, for which I thank you very much.” 3) Many front-line soldiers talk about how soldiers exchanged smokes and bread for clippings from a front-line newspaper, where chapters from A. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin” were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important to the soldiers than food. 4) The outstanding Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky, talking about his impressions of Raphael’s painting “The Sistine Madonna,” said that the hour he spent in front of it belonged to the happiest hours of his life, and it seemed to him that this painting was born in a moment of miracle. 5) The famous children's writer N. Nosov told an incident that happened to him in childhood. One day he missed the train and stayed overnight on the station square with street children. They saw a book in his bag and asked him to read it. Nosov agreed, and the children, deprived of parental warmth, began to listen with bated breath to the story about the lonely old man, mentally comparing his bitter, homeless life with their fate. 6) When the Nazis laid siege to Leningrad, Dmitry Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony had a huge impact on the city’s residents. which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy. 7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of “The Minor”. They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland. 8) A gang operated in Moscow for a long time, which was particularly cruel. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior and their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film “Natural Born Killers,” which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the characters in this picture in real life. 9) The artist serves eternity. Today we imagine this or that historical figure exactly as he is depicted in a work of art. Even tyrants trembled before this truly regal power of the artist. Here is an example from the Renaissance. Young Michelangelo fulfills the order of the Medici and behaves quite boldly. When one of the Medici expressed displeasure about his lack of resemblance to the portrait, Michelangelo said: “Don’t worry, your Holiness, in a hundred years he will look like you.” 10) As children, many of us read the novel by A. Dumas “The Three Musketeers”. Athos, Porthos, Aramis, d'Artagnan - these heroes seemed to us the embodiment of nobility and chivalry, and Cardinal Richelieu, their opponent, the personification of treachery and cruelty. But the image of the novel's villain bears little resemblance to a real historical figure. After all, it was Richelieu who introduced almost forgotten During the religious wars, the words “French”, “homeland.” He banned duels, believing that young, strong men should shed blood not because of petty quarrels, but for the sake of their homeland. But under the pen of the novelist, Richelieu took on a different appearance, and Dumas's invention affects the reader much more powerfully and vividly than the historical truth. 11) V. Soloukhin told the following story: two intellectuals argued about what kind of snow there is. One says that there is blue snow, the other proves that blue snow is nonsense, an invention of the impressionists. decadents, that snow is snow, white as... snow. Repin went to him to resolve the dispute: he didn’t like being taken away from work. He shouted angrily: “Well, what do you need?” ? - What kind of snow is there? - Just not white! - and slammed the door. 12) People believed in the truly magical power of art. Thus, some cultural figures suggested that during the First World War the French should defend Verdun, their strongest fortress, not with forts and cannons, but with the treasures of the Louvre. “Place “La Gioconda” or “Madonna and Child with Saint Anne”, the great Leonardo da Vinci in front of the besiegers - and the Germans will not dare to shoot!,” they argued.

Text from the Unified State Examination

(1) Good and evil will give rise to actions specific to the respective cases. (2) Good brings pleasant experiences to others, but evil, on the contrary, wants him to suffer. (3) Do you feel it? (4) Good wants to protect someone from suffering, and evil wants to protect someone from pleasure. (5) Good rejoices in the happiness of others, evil in the suffering of others. (6) Good suffers from someone else’s suffering, and evil suffers from someone else’s happiness. (7) Good is ashamed of its motives, and evil is ashamed of its own. (8) Therefore, good disguises itself as a small evil, and evil disguises itself as a great good. (9) How does this happen, you say? (10) How is this good disguised? (11) Didn’t you really notice?..

(12) This happens every day, every day! (13) Good generously and shyly tries to hide its good motives, reduces them, disguises them as morally negative ones. (14) Or under neutral. (15) “No need for gratitude, it didn’t cost me anything.” (16) “This thing took up extra space, I didn’t know where to put it.” (17) “Don’t be mistaken, I’m not that sentimental, I’m terribly greedy, stingy, and this happened by accident, a whim suddenly came over me. (18) “Take it quickly, before I change my mind.” (19) Good is painful to listen to when people thank him. (20) But evil... (21) This comrade willingly accepts gratitude for his good deeds, even for non-existent ones, and loves to be rewarded loudly and in front of witnesses.

(22) Good is careless, acts without reasoning, and evil is a great professor of morality. (23) And he always gives a good justification for his dirty tricks.

(24) Aren’t you surprised by the harmony and orderliness of these manifestations? (25) How blind people are! (26) However, it is difficult to figure out where is light and where is dark. (27) The light one courageously says: “How light I am, I have a lot of dark spots.” (28) And the dark shouts: “I am all made of silver and the rays of the sun, but who can suspect a flaw in me!” (29) It’s impossible to behave any other way. (30) As soon as he says: “Here I have dark spots, too, the critics will rejoice and start talking. (31) No, you can’t! (32) That it is good to show off one’s virtues and suppress people with one’s nobility, that it is good to talk about one’s dirty tricks—neither one nor the other is unthinkable.

(33) Is a person capable of resisting evil, defeating it, establishing goodness, or, doomed to defeat, must he retreat and suppress his powerlessness?

(34) There is no limit to the improvement of the world, of man, therefore evil can be limited, but ultimately defeated... (35) Hardly. (36) But as long as a person lives, he will strive for good and to curb evil.

(according to V. Dudintsev)

Introduction

Good and evil are two extremes opposed to each other. There is enough of both in the world and it is quite difficult to determine what we are faced with at any given moment. Good is grace, it is self-sacrifice, it is the ability to live correctly, without demanding anything in return. Evil is a lie, a pretense, a desire for one’s own benefit by any means.

Problem

The problem of the collision of good and evil is raised in his text by V. Dudintsev. Reflecting on these two opposing categories, he asks the question: is a person capable of resisting evil, taking the path of good, or is it his fate to powerlessly kneel before evil?

A comment

The author reflects that good and evil give rise to actions appropriate to a given situation. Good sows pleasant feelings, moods and experiences, while evil, on the contrary, causes suffering to people. Good protects from suffering, and evil from happiness. Good is saddened by the misfortunes of others, and evil oppresses the joy of others.

The author is also confident that good and evil are equally ashamed of their motives. Therefore, they disguise them: good presents its motives as random, negative or neutral, and evil presents them as generosity and nobility. Dobro says: “It wasn’t difficult for me.” And evil gladly accepts gratitude for its actions.

Good acts spontaneously, not caring about consequences and benefits, while evil is prudent and cold-blooded, convincing everyone of the goodness of its motives.

It is often difficult for people to understand where good actually is and where evil is. After all, good slanderes itself, convincing everyone that it is not without sin, not without dark spots. Evil, on the contrary, praises itself, convinces of its own innocence and perfection. Neither one nor the other can do otherwise. Otherwise, life will become too obvious and meaningless.

Author's position

V. Dudintsev is convinced that man is constantly improving, just like the world around him. Therefore, there is hope that evil can be limited in its power, but it is unlikely that it will be possible to defeat it completely. However, as long as a person is alive, he will invariably strive for good and to overcome evil.

Your position

I would like to say that the author is wrong, and sooner or later a person will completely defeat evil in his soul and in the world around him. But it is quite obvious that this is not the case. It will not be possible to completely overcome evil, because it is excellent at camouflaging itself, hiding under the guise of goodness and best intentions. This misconception is what primarily prevents humanity from defeating everything dark in our world and building an ideal social system. A lot of people died in the fight against injustice, against evil, against darkness.

Argument No. 1

I remember the image of Danko from M. Gorky’s story “Old Woman Izergil”, who gave his life for the good of his people. In search of light, people wandered through the forest thickets for a long time, losing their way due to darkness. They had already lost heart and began to blame the one who led them - a young and strong man named Danko.

To save the people, Danko tore out his burning heart and began to illuminate their path. When the crowd left the thicket, Danko fell powerless, and one cautious person trampled his heart with his foot.

This is how people repaid the young man for his salvation, for the good that he did for them.

Argument No. 2

Another example that proves the ambiguity of people’s behavior in the name of good, when evil is disguised as good intentions, is Rodion Raskolnikov from the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".

The hero created a whole theory in which he considered all the points of assistance to those in need. But to achieve an idyll, he had to kill the old pawnbroker and her sick sister, who was carrying a child. As a result, his theory was debunked by him.

Conclusion

It is difficult to imagine a person who evaluates his every action from the standpoint of good or evil. More often we act as our inner self allows us. And each of our actions can be assessed in two ways - by doing good for someone, we can hurt another person. But at the same time, I believe that most of us still strive more for goodness and justice.