Northern Europeans. Nordic countries

Of course, a very important article for understanding both the reasons for the emergence of the greatest cultures and civilizations on earth, and the reasons for the difference in mentality and, accordingly, the different psychology of nations within even one white race.

About the Romans and the Germans.

Continuing the debate about the relationship between Romanesque and Germanic origins in Europe.

A very important issue is touched upon - the question of the relationship between racial and cultural principles in a given civilization. Assuming the real superiority of Romanesque culture over Germanic culture, we are simultaneously talking about the dominance of the cultural component over the racial one. Which, of course, is not entirely true. But it is also incorrect to treat the culture of a people solely from the point of view of its racial composition, according to the principle “the more Nordids, the more perfect the culture.” Both approaches lead to idiocy. The first approach, in its maximum idiocy, claims that genetics are completely unimportant; yesterday’s cannibal Negro, who went through upbringing in a developed culture, will be equal to a European. The second approach, not lagging behind in idiocy, will elevate the culture of Norwegian fishermen above the Italian Renaissance and French classicism.

Obviously, the truth is somewhere in the middle. Man is a complex creature in which both cultural and biological components are intricately related to each other. The easiest way to understand the issue of this relationship is to use a computer analogy.

The biological in a person can be compared to the factory hardware in a computer. Processor operating frequency, RAM, video card power, quality of parts and their reliability, and so on and so forth - this is human genetics. True, unlike a computer, you cannot take and replace individual parts in a person. The “system unit” is tightly sealed and cannot be changed.

In turn, culture and education are a set of programs that are installed on top of the factory hardware.
It is clear that not every hardware can have the same set of programs installed. Some programs have high demands on hardware power, and weak hardware cannot handle them. In turn, poorly written, crooked programs can leave most of the excellent hardware unused, or even harm it. And also, good programs may be incompatible with this particular, also good hardware.

It is also difficult to say what is more important than hardware or more important than software. Just as the most perfect computer without programs is a pile of silicon, so the most perfect person without cultural firmware is an animal. It is absolutely impossible to install convenient, modern programs on a bad, weak computer.

Among Europeans, it is the Northern Europeans who have the most advanced hardware. The skull of a Northern European is on average larger, and the brain is larger than that of a Southern European. The later puberty of Northern Europeans provides them with a longer period of learning (with the onset of a riot of sex hormones, both animals and humans become dull, become poorly trained, conflict-oriented, and focused on the implementation of instinctive programs). The peoples of the Nordic Cromanid composition - the Germans of Hanover, the Danes, the Scots - have the highest average brain mass in the world. In addition to intellectual advantages, Northern Europeans are not deprived of physical parameters. They, unlike the also very large-headed Mongoloids, do not have a reduced level of male hormones, which is expressed in a decrease in body size and weight, decreased libido, decreased aggressiveness and self-esteem. Smart and strong, it was no coincidence that the Northern Europeans conquered and populated vast areas, forming the ruling class everywhere. The original habitat of Northern Europeans is harsh enough to ensure natural selection, allowing only the smartest and strongest to survive and produce offspring.

(note: the colossal difference in the structure of the Nordic Cromanid and Mongoloid skulls shows that with comparable brain sizes of a North European and a Mongoloid, the development of different lobes of the brain will be very different. That is, with the same weight of 1600 grams, the German brain will be heavier due to completely different areas than the Chinese brain)

However, the same harsh habitat did not contribute to the development of rich and strong cultures until recently. Two factors prevented this:
1. Natural. In the harsh northern conditions, most of the strength and energy had to be spent on fighting the environment. When the question of survival is at stake, there is no time for art and philosophy.
2. Racial-social. To create high examples of culture, even the smartest person needs an abundance of time. Excess time, in the technological conditions of the ancient world, is created through hierarchy. When a dependent person - a slave, a trell, a lackey - does menial work for the master, helping him free up time for something else. But the Germanic tribe, surrounded by other Germanic tribes (consisting of smart and strong Northern Europeans) simply did not have a constant source of slave power.

But in the south, where the climate allowed the northerners to breathe out and significantly increase their numbers, and all the dirty work fell on the shoulders of the conquered population, the descendants of the northern invaders created great civilizations and amazed the world with the splendor of their cultures. Such cultures flourished until the northern blood dried up in them, after which they became prey to the next wave from the north. Actually, these are Romanesque cultures, which are completely wrong to consider, especially in retrospect, as a product exclusively of Southern Europe.

(note: The process of creation and fall of ancient cultures was brilliantly revealed by Hans Gunther in his work “The Racial History of the Hellenic and Roman Peoples”)

European history is a history of constant interchange. The best human material flowed in the direction from north to south, and the high culture created with the active participation of this material returned home after centuries, from south to north, where it created purely Germanic cultures. That is, Germanic cultures, in historical terms, are indeed later than Romanesque ones, and are often secondary in relation to them.

When comparing the actual Germanic and Romanesque cultures, the following is striking. German culture is always a culture of clear hierarchy and order. German ordnung, Roman Legem et Ordinis. German society is a society of harsh but fair laws, a rigid but obvious hierarchy. In German culture, valor, directness, honesty, decency, restraint and practicality are extolled; cunning, cunning, talkativeness, intemperance, explosive emotionality are disapproved.

Romanesque society is a booth and a brothel, where behind the outward appearance of chaos, nevertheless, a certain order is hidden, maintained through all kinds of secret societies, diasporas, mafias, sects, and lodges. In Romanesque culture, intelligence, cunning, acquisitiveness, enterprise, eloquence, masks, situational morality are extolled, and directness, inflexibility, and stiffness are disapproved and ridiculed. Decency is perceived as a lack of intelligence and cunning.

A significant drawback of Germanic culture is that it is suitable only for peoples who are predominantly Northern European racially. Formed by northern Europeans to communicate with northern Europeans, the entire Germanic culture is built on teaching and education, which are addressed primarily to the minds of students. A German by default assumes in any person the same qualities that are inherent in him. Rationality, logic, restraint in emotions, the ability to see and understand one’s own interest and correlate it with that of others, the ability to make reasonable compromises and concessions, the ability to correct instinctive behavior with one’s head are necessary conditions for a full perception of German culture.

When faced with other peoples demonstrating behavior that is illogical from the point of view of a Northern European, a German always tries to act as a teacher, appealing to reason, explaining to his students that they are wrong. For obvious reasons, to no avail. Then the German moves from moralizing to punishment, and again with a negative result.

Romance culture, on the contrary, demonstrates a very good understanding of people of other ethnic groups and races. It was born as a product of interaction between northern and southern Europeans, and was initially built on an understanding of how different people are. Romance cultures easily find a common language with any natives, never aiming to re-educate them. Therefore, it was the Roman nations that became famous for their colonial successes - the colonialist always sees the native as he is, uses his strengths and takes into account his weaknesses. Where the German sees the non-European native as a threat, the Roman always sees an opportunity to profit from him.

Actually, even racial theories can be divided into 2 branches:
- The first - the Romanesque - affirms the non-white world as a world of people slightly deprived of God. The attitude of the Roman nations towards the natives is as inferior, but very useful assistants who require a certain subtlety in development and management, but do not pose any danger at all. The idea of ​​the total superiority of Europeans over non-Europeans among the Romance peoples coexists with a condescending and benevolent attitude towards the natives, as children or pets, completely incompetent without an owner.
- The second - German - perceives non-Europeans as a threat. Incomprehensible in their thoughts and illogical in their actions, not amenable to re-education, people of color for the Germans are a threat that requires constant control and periodic military suppression. The inability to govern the colored population is a huge headache for people of Germanic culture. For Germans, people of color are not people. The ideal option for the Germans is to solve the color issue through the destruction of the non-white population, but this option takes into account the fact that the meaning of the existence of the colonies is to extract valuable resources, and Northern Europeans are not suitable for living in a hot tropical climate. The same Nazism is a purely German phenomenon, if only because the Nazis perceived non-Europeans, especially half-breed Semites, as a real threat and enemy. A thought that would never have found a response in a person of Romanesque culture.

The conclusions from the above are very simple. European cultures - both Romanesque and Germanic - have both their strengths and significant shortcomings. Living at the beginning of the post-national era, modern Europeans are able to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each culture, forming the correct views and guidelines. Moreover, there is one culture in the world that has demonstrated a successful synthesis of Romanesque and Germanic cultures.

The dominance of the Anglo-Saxons in the modern world is not at all accidental. While retaining a significant Nordic component, especially in the middle and upper classes, the British created a fairly transparent and stable legal system for a comfortable life for Europeans. At the same time, having masterfully mastered Romanesque techniques of subtle management, the British received serious weapons in the fight against other nations and maintaining control over the colonies. Combining the Romanesque and Germanic understanding of non-European races, the British rationally used and continue to use the natives where necessary, and destroyed them where they were a problem or were useless (that is, in those climatic conditions where Europeans could live quietly).

If we do not take into account dependent regions and incompletely recognized states, then Europe in 2017 covers 44 powers. Each of them has a capital, in which not only its administration is located, but also the highest authority, that is, the government of the state.

European countries

The territory of Europe extends from east to west for more than 3 thousand kilometers, and from south to north (from the island of Crete to the island of Spitsbergen) for 5 thousand kilometers. The majority of European powers are relatively small. With such small sizes of territories and good transport accessibility, these states either closely border each other or are separated by very short distances.

The European continent is divided territorially into parts:

• western;
• eastern;
• northern;
• southern

All powers, located on the European continent, belong to one of these territories.

• There are 11 countries in the western region.
• In the east - 10 (including Russia).
• In the north - 8.
• In the south - 15.

We list all European countries and their capitals. We will divide the list of countries and capitals of Europe into four parts according to the territorial and geographical position of the powers on the world map.

Western

List of states belonging to Western Europe, with a list of main cities:

The states of Western Europe are washed mainly by the currents of the Atlantic Ocean and only in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula they border on the waters of the Arctic Ocean. In general, these are highly developed and prosperous powers. But they stand out as an unfavorable demographic situation. This is a low birth rate and a low level of natural increase in population. In Germany there is even a population decline. All this led to the fact that developed Western Europe began to play the role of a subregion in the global system of population migration; it turned into the main center of labor immigration.

Eastern

List of states located in the eastern zone of the European continent and their capitals:

Eastern European countries have a lower level of economic development than their western neighbors. However, they better preserved their cultural and ethnic identity. Eastern Europe is more of a cultural and historical region than a geographical one. The Russian expanses can also be classified as the eastern territory of Europe. And the geographic center of Eastern Europe is located approximately within Ukraine.

Northern

The list of states included in northern Europe, including capitals, looks like this:

The territories of the states of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jutland, the Baltic States, the islands of Spitsbergen and Iceland are included in the northern part of Europe. The population of these regions makes up only 4% of the entire European population. The largest country in the eight is Sweden, and the smallest is Iceland. The population density in these lands is lower in Europe - 22 people/m2, and in Iceland - only 3 people/m2. This is due to the harsh conditions of the climatic zone. But economic development indicators highlight northern Europe as the leader of the entire world economy.

South

And finally, the most numerous list of territories located in the southern part and the capitals of European states:

The Balkan and Iberian peninsulas are occupied by these southern European powers. Industry is developed here, especially ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The countries are rich in mineral resources. In agriculture the main efforts aimed at growing food products such as:

• grape;
• olives;
• pomegranate;
• dates.

It is known that Spain is the world's leading olive harvesting country. It is here that 45% of all olive oil in the world is produced. Spain is also famous for its famous artists - Salvador Dali, Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró.

European Union

The idea of ​​​​creating a single community of European powers appeared in the middle of the twentieth century, or more precisely after the Second World War. The official unification of the countries of the European Union (EU) occurred only in 1992, when this union was sealed by the legal consent of the parties. Over time, the membership of the European Union has expanded and now includes 28 allies. And states that want to join these prosperous countries will have to prove their compliance with European foundations and EU principles, such as:

• protection of citizens' rights;
• democracy;
• freedom of trade in a developed economy.

EU Members

The European Union in 2017 includes the following states:

Today there are also candidate countries to join this foreign community. These include:

1. Albania.
2. Serbia.
3. Macedonia.
4. Montenegro.
5. Türkiye.

On the map of the European Union you can clearly see its geography, European countries and their capitals.

Regulations and prerogatives of EU partners

The EU has a customs policy under which its members can trade with each other without tariffs and without restrictions. And in relation to other powers, the accepted customs tariff applies. Having common laws, the EU countries created a single market and introduced a single monetary currency - the euro. Many EU member countries are part of the so-called Schengen zone, which allows their citizens to move freely throughout the territory of all allies.

The European Union has governing bodies common to its member countries, which include:

• European Court.
• European Parliament.
• European Commission.
• The audit community that controls the EU budget.

Despite the unity, European states that have joined the community have complete independence and state sovereignty. Each country uses its own national language and has its own governing bodies. But there are certain criteria for all participants, and they must meet them. For example, coordination of all important political decisions with the European Parliament.

It should be noted that since its founding, only one power has left the European community. This was the Danish autonomy - Greenland. In 1985, she was outraged by the low quotas imposed by the European Union on fishing. You can also recall the sensational events of 2016 referendum in Great Britain, when the population voted for the country to leave the European Union. This suggests that even in such an influential and seemingly stable community, serious problems are brewing.

Europe is a unique continent - it is not surrounded by water on all sides, and has a conventional land border with neighboring Asia. From a scientific point of view, Europe is part of the large continent of Eurasia, that is, there is no separate continent of Europe.

But from a geopolitical point of view, Europe stands out as a territory surrounded by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Mediterranean Sea in the south, and the Black Sea in the southeast.

European countries

The territory of Europe stretches from east to west for more than 3,000 kilometers, and from south to north for 5,000 kilometers (from the island of Crete to the island of Spitsbergen). The powers of Europe are mostly relatively small. Despite the small size of the territories, they have good transport infrastructure and close economic ties.
According to most classifications, the European continent is divided territorially into parts: western; eastern; northern; southern All powers located on the European continent belong to one of these territories.

• There are 11 countries in Western Europe.
• In the east - 10 (including Russia).
• In the north - 8.
• In the south - 15.

We list all European countries and their capitals. We will divide the list of countries and capitals of Europe into four parts according to the territorial and geographical position of the powers on the world map.

The most visited countries in Europe are Great Britain and Germany.

Let us first present a list of all countries in alphabetical order, and then by parts of Europe. Whoever finds it more convenient, look there.

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Unrecognized

Western Europe

Austria and Germany belong to separate classifications.

The states of Western Europe are washed mainly by the currents of the Atlantic Ocean and only in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula they border on the waters of the Arctic Ocean.

In general, these are highly developed and prosperous powers. But they stand out due to their unfavorable demographic situation. Fertility and low level of natural population growth. In Germany there is even a population decline. All this led to the fact that developed Western Europe began to play the role of a subregion in the global system of population migration; it turned into the main center of labor immigration.

East Europe

Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic also belong to separate classifications.

Eastern European countries have a lower level of economic development than their western neighbors. However, they have better preserved their cultural and ethnic identity.

Eastern Europe is more of a cultural and historical region than a geographical one. The Russian expanses can also be classified as the eastern territory of Europe. And the geographic center of Eastern Europe is located approximately within Ukraine.

Northern Europe

The territories of the states of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jutland, the Baltic States, the islands of Spitsbergen and Iceland are included in the northern part of Europe. The population of these regions is only 4% of the entire European population. The largest country in the eight is Sweden, and the smallest is Iceland. The population density in these lands is lower in Europe - 22 people/m2, and in Iceland - only 3 people/m2. This is due to the harsh conditions of the climatic zone. But economic development indicators highlight northern Europe as the leader of the entire world economy.

Southern Europe

Slovenia also belongs to certain classifications.

The Balkan and Iberian peninsulas are occupied by these southern European powers. Industry is developed here, especially ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The countries are rich in mineral resources. In agriculture, the main efforts are aimed at growing food products, such as: grapes; olives; pomegranate; dates. It is known that Spain is the world's leading olive harvesting country. It is here that 45% of all olive oil in the world is produced. Spain is also famous for its famous artists - Salvador Dali, Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró.

European Union

The countries of Europe have another division in modern history. In 1992, the countries officially united into the European Union (EU). The idea of ​​such a union has been incubated since the mid-20th century, but the legal agreement of the parties was signed precisely in 1992. Over time, the number of members of the European Union has expanded; it now includes 28 allies. There are still states that have a desire to join the relatively prosperous EU countries, but proving their compliance with European foundations and the high principles of the EU is not easy or quick.

The main principles that are declared most important for the EU are the protection of citizens' rights; democracy; freedom of trade in a developed economy; single customs space.

1. Austria
2. Germany
3. Bulgaria
4. Hungary
5. Romania
6. Czech Republic
7. Poland
8. Belgium
9. British Kingdom
10. Greece
11. Italy
12. Spanish Kingdom
13. Ireland
14. France
15. Denmark
16. Sweden
17. Finland
18. Lithuania
19. Latvia
20. Estonia
21. Republic of Cyprus
22. Malta
23. Kingdom of the Netherlands
24. Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
25. Slovenia
26. Slovakia
27. Portugal
28. Croatia

Such European countries as Albania, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Türkiye are applying to join this union. Three countries have signed the Association Agreement with the EU: Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine.

Members of the European Union are subject to a common customs policy and trade with each other without duties or restrictions. And in relation to other powers, the accepted customs tariff applies. EU countries have a single currency - the euro. Many EU member countries are part of the so-called Schengen zone, which allows their citizens to move freely throughout the territory of all allies.

The governing bodies of the European Union are the European Parliament, the European Commission, the European Court, and the Audit Community, which controls the EU budget.

Despite the unity, the European countries that have joined the community have complete independence and state sovereignty. Each country uses its own national language and has its own governing bodies. But there are certain criteria for all participants, and they must meet them. For example, coordination of all important political decisions with the European Parliament.

The plains of Fennoscandia, the islands of Iceland and Spitsbergen make up the northern part of Europe. The living population in these parts is 4% of the total population and makes up 20% of the entire Europe.

8 small states located on these lands make up the countries of Northern Europe. eight are Sweden, and the smallest is Iceland. According to the political system, only three countries are constitutional monarchies - Sweden, Norway and Denmark, the rest are republics.

Northern Europe. Participating countries:

• Estonia;
• Denmark;
• Latvia;
• Finland;
• Lithuania;
• Sweden.

Northern European countries - NATO members - Iceland and Norway.

Nordic countries. Population

Throughout Europe, 52% of the population is male and 48% female. In these parts, the population density is considered the lowest in Europe and in the densely populated southern regions is no more than 22 people per 1 m2 (in Iceland - 3 people/m2). This is facilitated by the harsh northern climate zone. The territory of Denmark is more evenly populated. The urban part of the Northern European population is mainly concentrated in metropolitan areas. The natural growth rate of this area is considered low at approximately 4%. Most residents profess Christianity - Catholicism or Protestantism.

Nordic countries of Europe. Natural resources

Northern European countries have large reserves of natural mineral deposits. Iron, copper, and molybdenum ores are mined on the territory of the Scandinavian Peninsula, natural gas and oil are mined in the Norwegian and North Seas, and coal is mined in the Spitsbergen archipelago. Scandinavian countries have rich water resources. Nuclear power plants and hydroelectric power stations play an important role here. Iceland uses thermal waters as a source of electricity.

Nordic countries. Agricultural complex

The agro-industrial complex of the Northern European countries consists of fishing, farming and livestock farming. Mainly meat and dairy production predominates (in Iceland - sheep farming). Among the crops grown are grains - rye, potatoes, wheat, sugar beets, barley.

Economy

Many indicators of economic development prove that the Nordic countries lead the entire world economy. Unemployment and inflation rates, public finances and growth dynamics differ significantly from other European areas. It is not for nothing that the Northern European model of economic growth is recognized as the most attractive in the world community. Many indicators were influenced by the effectiveness of the use of national resources and foreign policy. The economy of this model is built on high-quality exported products. This applies to the production of metal products and goods from the pulp and paper industry, the timber processing industry, the engineering industry, as well as ore deposits. The main trading partners of the Northern European countries in foreign trade are Western European countries and the United States. Three quarters of Iceland's export structure is

The video lesson allows you to get interesting and detailed information about Northern Europe. From the lesson you will learn about the countries of Northern Europe, their characteristics, geographical location, nature, climate, place in this subregion. The teacher will tell you in detail about one of the Northern European countries - Great Britain.

Topic: Regional characteristics of the world. Foreign Europe

Lesson: Northern Europe

Subregions of Europe:

1. Northern Europe.

2. Southern Europe.

3. Western Europe.

4. Eastern Europe.

Rice. 1. Map of subregions of Europe ()

Northern Europe- a cultural and geographical region that includes the states of the Scandinavian Peninsula and adjacent territories, the Baltic states, Iceland and the British Isles.

Rice. 2. Map of Northern Europe ()

Share (value) of Northern Europe

According to the UN division, Northern Europe includes the following states:

1. UK - London

Guernsey Island

Jersey Island

Isle of Man

2. Denmark - Copenhagen

Faroe Islands

3. Ireland - Dublin

4. Iceland - Reykjavik

5. Latvia - Riga

6. Lithuania - Vilnius

7. Norway - Oslo

Svalbard and Jan Mayen

8. Finland - Helsinki

Åland Islands

9. Sweden - Stockholm

The region has one of the highest life expectancy rates.

Northern European countries are characterized by high rates of urbanization - up to 80%, in Sweden - 85%, in Iceland - 94%.

Largest cities: London, Copenhagen, Stockholm.

The majority of believers in Northern Europe are Protestants.

Largest economies in Northern Europe: Great Britain, Sweden, Norway. The highest GDP per person is in Norway: almost $60,000.

Almost all Nordic countries are characterized by high living standards. These countries are benchmarks for the standard of living of the population and the development of society. Norway ranks first in the HDI ranking. Sweden, Finland, Iceland, and Denmark are among the top ten leading countries in the HDI.

United Kingdom- an island state in northern Europe, located in the British Isles. The full name of the state is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Great Britain includes Northern Ireland, Scotland, England, Wales, and some small overseas territories. The capital is London. Great Britain has an amazing history: originally inhabited by Celtic tribes, it went from a remote Roman province to the mighty British Empire, shrinking to almost its original size in the mid-twentieth century without losing either its influence on the world stage or the respect of the world community.

English is now essentially the international language of communication. English is one of the six official and working languages ​​of the UN.

The culture of Great Britain is rich and diverse, it greatly influences the culture of the world community on a global scale. The UK has strong cultural ties to its former colonies, especially those countries where English is the official language. Immigrants from the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean have made significant contributions to British culture over the past half century. During the formation of Great Britain, it included former independent states with different cultures.

Great Britain is a democratic country, its political structure is a parliamentary monarchy headed by the queen. The legislative body of Great Britain is a bicameral parliament. Parliament is the highest authority throughout the territory, despite the presence of their own governing administrative structures in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The government is headed by the monarch, and is directly administered by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch, who is thus the Chairman of His (Her) Majesty's Government.

Rice. 4. Map of Great Britain ()

The main sectors of the UK economy: mechanical engineering (especially automobile manufacturing), chemical industry (especially organic chemistry, pharmaceuticals), light industry, agriculture, transport, services and many others.

The UK is a member of NATO and the European Union, however, the country is not part of the Euro zone, maintaining its traditional national currency - the pound sterling. Great Britain is one of the leaders of the modern world. The country has nuclear weapons, is one of the top ten countries in terms of GDP, is a permanent member of the UN Security Council, and a member of the G7.

The head of state for more than 50 years has been Elizabeth II, who heads the Commonwealth.

Rice. 5. Elizabeth II - Queen of Great Britain ()

Homework

Topic 6, P. 3

1. What are the features of the geographical location of Northern Europe?

2. What are the features of the geographical location of Great Britain?

References

Main

1. Geography. Basic level. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

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3. Atlas with a set of outline maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and applicants to universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 80 p.

2. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography. Textbook / Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.

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8. Textbook on geography. Tests and practical assignments in geography / I.A. Rodionova. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.

9. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.

10. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for preparing students / FIPI - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.

11. Geography. Answers to questions. Oral examination, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.

12. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.

13. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Model exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2011. - 288 p.

14. Unified State Exam 2011. Geography: Model exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().