Decembrists in the Yenisei province. Decembrists, “People’s Volya” and revolutionaries who served exile in the Yenisei province (Krasnoyarsk Territory)
185 years since the Decembrist uprising.
December 14 (December 26, new style) 1825
year, on the day of accession to the throne of Nicholas I, there was Decembrist uprising. “The Decembrists are important not as a conspiracy, not as a secret society,” wrote the Russian historian Vasily Klyuchevsky, “they are a moral and social symptom that revealed to society ailments that it did not suspect in itself.”
Has it really passed and there is no return?
On a frosty day, the cherished hour,
They, on Senate Square,
Then we got together for the first time.
They go towards hope,
To the steps of the Winter Porch...
Under thin uniform fabric
Greedy hearts tremble.
With my young love
Their feat is cutting and sharp,
But it was extinguished by their own blood
Liberation fire.
"...The executioner threw nooses on the condemned. He tightened them. He double-checked them. With a deft blow, he knocked out the benches from under their feet. The snake ropes stretched and turned into tight strings.
And suddenly... Ryleev broke off.
And suddenly... Sergei Muravyov-Apostol broke off.
And suddenly... Kakhovsky broke off.
The soldiers present at the execution froze. Someone quickly crossed himself and whispered:
-The Lord had mercy, had mercy.
In the old days there was a custom according to which a person who fell from the gallows was not executed a second time - he was pardoned.
The executioner himself was confused. He turned to Chernyshev.
The general waved his hand. The executioner did not understand and hesitated.
“Hang you!” Chernyshev shouted.
Those executed were buried on Goloday Island (Decembrist Island) - secretly. Where is unknown.
Their graves have not yet been found."
Fonvizina Natalya Dmitrievna
In 1850, Petrashevites sentenced to hard labor passed through Tobolsk: the organizer of this secret circle, M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky, and eight of its members: N.P. Grigoriev, F.M. Dostoevsky, S.F. Durov, F.N. Lvov, N. Mombelli, N. A. Speshnev, F. G. Tol and I. L. Yastrzhembsky. As soon as the wives of the Decembrists found out about their arrival, they decided to get a meeting with them. All the Decembrists took part in this and gathered at the Fonvizins to discuss the question of how best to meet with the Petrashevites. We decided that it was best to act through Natalia Dmitrievna. Indeed, she found a way to enter the prison. Having arrived with Natalia Dmitrievna in Siberia, her serf Matryona Petrovna, who became a member of the Fonvizin family, their faithful friend and assistant, turned out to be acquainted with the caretaker of the Tobolsk prison Kashkadamov, and he said that you could go to the prison to distribute alms. First, Natalia Dmitrievna visited one Petrashevsky, who was in the prison hospital. She was shocked by both his appearance and his stories. From Petrashevsky she learned that her eldest son was a Petrashevsky. The next time the prison was visited by Natalia Dmitrievna, P.E. Annenkova and the wife of the Decembrist A.M. Muravyov, Josephine Adamovna. They talked with the Petrashevites, provided them with food and everything they needed, and encouraged them. Natalia Dmitrievna decided to say that Durov was her nephew, and everyone believed it. Only Mikhail Alexandrovich and Matryona Petrovna knew the secret. At the request of the wives of the Decembrists, the officer on duty allowed the Petrashevites, who were kept in different cells, to meet each other. Their joy was extraordinary.
After the first meeting with the imprisoned Petrashevites, Natalia Dmitrievna wrote: “... after that it was no longer possible for us not to take an active part in all these poor people and not consider them ours.” She saw in them the continuers of the Decembrists' work. In his views, F. M. Dostoevsky was especially close to Natalia Dmitrievna.
On the night of Dostoevsky and Durov’s departure to Omsk, Natalia Dmitrievna and Maria Dmitrievna Frantseva went far outside the city to say goodbye to those who were leaving. We had to wait quite a long time, but, despite the 30-degree frost, they did not leave. When the Petrashevites arrived, the women supplied them with food and quickly said goodbye so that no one would see them.
Subsequently, F. M. Dostoevsky wrote: “The wives of the exiles of the old time (i.e., the Decembrists) took care of them as if they were relatives. What wonderful souls, tested by 25 years of grief and self-sacrifice. We saw them briefly, for we were held strictly But they sent us food, clothing, comforted and encouraged us."
In 1852, Mikhail Alexandrovich’s brother, Ivan Alexandrovich, came to the Fonvizins with the sister of his deceased wife. He brought encouraging news, but Natalia Dmitrievna did not believe them. She said: “For 26 years now we have been condemned to be consoled only by hopes for a better future.” The following year, I. A. Fonvizin became very ill, and Mikhail Alexandrovich began to bother about leaving Siberia to visit his sick brother. Permission was given to him and Natalia Dmitrievna. But she was somewhat delayed in leaving because of the road - the rivers began to open up, and crossing them was dangerous. Mikhail Alexandrovich wanted to go to his sick brother as soon as possible. He set off, overcame all obstacles, but when he arrived at his brother’s estate, Maryino, near Moscow, he was no longer alive. Mikhail Alexandrovich arrived in early May, Ivan Alexandrovich died at the end of April.
After leaving Tobolsk, Natalia Dmitrievna experienced some kind of unaccountable fear. She left on May 4, 1853. Before leaving, she begged Frantsev to let Maria Dmitrievna go with her for at least a year.
Everyone was accommodated in three tarantasses: in one Natalia Dmitrievna with Maria Dmitrievna Frantseva, in the other - the above-mentioned Matryona Petrovna and two pupils, in the third - the servants and luggage.
Natalia Dmitrievna experienced the same feelings as the Decembrists when they applied for settlement: she was happy, leaving Siberia - the country of exile, and sad, being separated from friends, in this case from Tobolsk and Yalutorovsk.
The depressed state worsened upon entering the European part of Russia: bad roads, bad horses, even worse coachmen, unattractive provincial towns, people also seemed worse than Siberians, there was fraud and deception all around. The only good impression was left by Yekaterinburg, where a family familiar to Natalia Dmitrievna lived and where Natalia Dmitrievna saw the sights of the city. After Yekaterinburg, she calls Perm “Asia”. Natalia Dmitrievna's mood was gloomy. It did not improve even upon her arrival in Moscow: before she had time to enter her hometown, an official sent from the governor demanded immediate departure from Moscow. In Bronnitsy she was met by Mikhail Alexandrovich.
The Fonvizins did not live together for long in Maryino. In the spring of 1854, Mikhail Alexandrovich died. Maria Dmitrievna writes in her “Memoirs” that for Natalia Dmitrievna after his death “all the charm of life disappeared.”
Upon arrival in Maryino, Natalia Dmitrievna began organizing the estate. After the death of Mikhail Alexandrovich, troubles and concerns increased even more. Even during her husband’s lifetime, it was decided to give freedom to her peasants. To do this, Natalia Dmitrievna had to examine the estates that belonged to them, which were located in different provinces: Moscow, Tverskoy, Tambov, Ryazan, Kostroma. First of all, she went to the Ryazan province, since there it was necessary to make a division between her and the sister of Ivan Alexandrovich’s wife, with whom Natalia Dmitrievna had a strained relationship. Natalia Dmitrievna wrote: “The fate, life and well-being of the peasants are in my hands, I’m ashamed of myself, I feel sorry for them all.” And further: “And how many such kind, simple people are terribly oppressed by the unkind educated ones. It’s terrible to think.”
In October 1854, Natalia Dmitrievna went to the Kostroma estate, to the village of Kuzhbolovo, located 70 miles from her parents’ estate, Otradnoe. She went because letters came from there and even walkers appeared, whose stories made her heart bleed: she was outraged by the manager - a real exploiter. She came to Kuzhbolovo in order to transfer the peasants to the treasury, but they asked her to keep them. Natalia Dmitrievna very truthfully conveys the local reprimand of the peasants: “Well, whatever wakes you up, so be it, but the taper is already very good for us, our nurse.”
30 versts from Otradny (or Kuzhbolovo, it is unclear) there was another family estate - Davydkovo, given by gift from Natalia Dmitrievna’s mother when she got married. The patrimonial office was located in the village of Samylovo, 20 versts from it there were 26 villages located in the swamps, the inhabitants of which Natalia Dmitrievna called “my unfortunate forest savages.” Really unfortunate, since the burgomaster mercilessly oppressed them. When Natalia Dmitrievna arrived there and began to carry out “judgment,” he lay at her feet, swore that this would not happen again, etc.
In one of her letters, she wrote: “My extraordinary activity, continuous (heartfelt concerns for the people entrusted to my care, seemed to have reborn me.” Practical activity replaced introspection.
Natalia Dmitrievna was traveling to her Kostroma estates through the city of Makaryev, about which she later wrote: “Makaryev on Unzha is a town dear to me from the memories of my youth.” She repeatedly traveled to St. Petersburg on peasant affairs. At first she wanted to free all her peasants, but she was told that this could not be done. Then she decided to transfer them to the treasury, but was again refused.
After arriving home, Natalia Dmitrievna had less opportunity than in Siberia, especially in the settlement, to escape from everyday affairs and withdraw into herself. This made her, in one of her letters, recall Siberia as “a country of exile, which, according to her memories, turned into a spiritual paradise village.”
Despite the worries, troubles and travel on peasant affairs, Natalya Dmitrievna did not stop her correspondence with the Decembrists who still remained in Siberia. There was a particularly lively correspondence with I.I. Pushchin, to whom she confided all her smallest experiences. I. I. Pushin showed concern for her. In 1856, Natalia Dmitrievna went to visit Tobolsk. One must assume that Yalutorovsk was forgotten by her.
In a letter to I. I. Pushits dated January 15, 1857 from Kaluga, Obolensky wrote that Natalia Dmitrievna was not indifferent to I. I. Pushchin and, probably, he was to her too, that this marriage would be good for appeasing Ivan Ivanovich, that in He will find Natalia Dmitrievna a friend in full, there will be silence, peace, solid support. Indeed, the marriage of I. I. Pushchin, who arrived from Siberia to St. Petersburg in December 1856, with Natalia Dmitrievna took place in May 1857 on the estate of a friend of I. I. Pushchin, Erastovo. It is difficult to say how happy this marriage was. In 1859, I. I. Pushchin died, and Natalia Dmitrievna moved from Maryino to Moscow.
The last years of her life, Natalia Dmitrievna was bedridden - she was paralyzed. She died on October 10, 1869 and was buried in the former Pokrovsky Monastery. The grave has not survived. She lived to see the abolition of serfdom, for which both her husbands fought and suffered.
The characteristic features of Natalia Dmitrievna were deep religiosity, desire for the feat of self-denial, introspection, imbalance, turning into hysteria in her youth, contempt for everyday goods, familiarity with the life of serfs, love and compassion for them, the desire to free them, indignation at serfdom - the source of violence and oppression. All these features indicate the complexity of Natalia Dmitrievna’s nature and distinguish her from other wives of the Decembrists.
Natalia Dmitrievna's trip to Siberia to alleviate the plight of her husband was caused more by a sense of duty and compassion than by a feeling of love.
In 1856, when the Decembrists were returning from Siberia after an amnesty, L.N. Tolstoy conceived a novel whose hero would be a Decembrist who returned from exile. He meets with the Decembrists, collects detailed material about each of them. The image of Natalya Dmitrievna charmed Tolstoy with her spiritual beauty and thirst for self-sacrifice. After reading her “Confession,” Tolstoy wrote to the Decembrist P.N. Svistunov: “Yesterday I read Fonvizina’s notebook inattentively and was about to send it away, believing that I understood everything, but when I started reading it again today, I was amazed at the height and depth of this soul. Now it no longer interests me, as only a characteristic of a famous, very highly moral personality, but as a charming expression of the spiritual life of a wonderful Russian woman." Much indicates that the main character of the novel “Decembrists” L.N. Tolstoy intended to make Natalya Dmitrievna. “When he was captured,” we read in one of the versions of “Decembrists,” “she was close to giving birth... Since she was in this position, and the other child was breastfeeding. She immediately packed her things that same day, said goodbye to relatives and went with him. Moreover, she was a providence for all the exiles there. She had such amazing strength of character that the men were amazed at her.” The novel "The Decembrists" was not written by Tolstoy. Sketches and drafts of the novel were published in the 17th volume of the Complete Works of L.N. Tolstoy. (Tolstoy L.N. Complete works: in 91 volumes: Reprint reproduction of the edition 1928 - 1958, vol. 17. - M.: Terra, 1992. - P. 256 - 299).
The rebels on Senate Square. Grapeshot volleys. Blood. The uprising was suppressed, and its organizers and active participants were in the casemates of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Consequence. Court. A sentence according to which more than a hundred participants in the uprising were sentenced to hard labor in Siberia, and then to a settlement.
Participants in the December uprising were scattered throughout Siberia. Of the 25 Decembrists settled after serving hard labor within the Yenisei province, 12 lived at different times in Krasnoyarsk. As a memory of them - the names of the streets. For example, Dekabristov Street. On the corner of this street, formerly called Battalionny Lane, and Voskresenskaya Street (Mira Avenue), the Decembrist Vasily Lvovich Davydov, a friend of A.S., settled in 1840. Pushkin.
Davydov's house was the center of cultural life in Krasnoyarsk. Exiles, friends, and the progressive part of the local intelligentsia often gathered here. Davydov V.L. died. in exile in 1855 and buried in the Krasnoyarsk city cemetery.
It was with the Decembrists that the beneficial influence of political exiles on the cultural and political development of Siberia began.
Decembrist Pavel Sergeevich Bobrishchev-Pushkin, who temporarily lived in Krasnoyarsk with his brother Nikolai Sergeevich, also a Decembrist, enjoyed a reputation among Krasnoyarsk residents as a knowledgeable and disinterested doctor. His name was especially popular among the urban poor. The Bobrishchev-Pushkin brothers lived on Blagoveshchenskaya Street (Lenin Street 17). The house is still standing. They worked in the Krasnoyarsk State Chamber. The house where the state chamber was located has also been preserved (Mira, 6).
Decembrist Mikhail Fedorovich Mitkov, who lived in our city from 1836 to 1849 (died in Krasnoyarsk and was buried in the city cemetery, his grave is next to the grave of V.L. Davydov) conducted detailed meteorological observations for ten years. His data was subsequently used by many scientists and researchers of Siberia, noting their great scientific value.
As a diligent assistant to M.F. Mitkov's role in carrying out meteorological observations was the Decembrist Alexander Ivanovich Yakubovich, who lived for some time in Krasnoyarsk.
Wife of V.L. Davydova, Alexandra Ivanovna, following the example of many friends of the Decembrists, followed her husband into exile. She organized an entire classroom for her children and the children of some Krasnoyarsk residents. Her teaching abilities were put to excellent use here. Her closest assistants and teachers were V.L. Davydov and lyceum friend A.S. Pushkin Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin, who lived for some time in Krasnoyarsk.
Decembrist Sergei Grigorievich Krasnokutsky, while in Krasnoyarsk, bedridden with paralysis, still found the opportunity to communicate with city residents and study economic statistics. All his friends helped him diligently. Krasnoyarsk residents often turned to him for advice on various complicated legal and purely everyday issues.
Mikhail Matveevich Spiridov became an exemplary gardener in Siberia. He generously supplied the Decembrists with fresh vegetables from his plantations located in the suburban village of Areiskoye (now the village of Yemelyanovo), for which he received the playful nickname “supplier to the court of state criminals.” This nickname was awarded to him by the lively, sociable and witty Mikhail Aleksandrovich Fonvizin, who, after many years of exile spent in Yeniseisk, lived for some time in Krasnoyarsk. But the most important thing in the agricultural activities of M.M. Spiridov was that he began to introduce potatoes in our region (potatoes in the Yenisei province were called “spiridovka” for a long time), and tirelessly promoted new cultural methods of farming.
Alexander Petrovich Baryatinsky, P.I.’s closest friend, did not stay long in Krasnoyarsk (travelling from Nerchinsk to Tobolsk). Pestel. He stayed at the Davydovs' house. Krasnoyarsk residents remembered his short stay: he was an excellent musician, a charming, well-educated person, he was the initiator of home concerts.
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The flower of everything that was educated and truly noble in Russia was sent in chains to hard labor in an almost uninhabited part of Siberia. As A.S. Pushkin wrote, “the hanged are hanged, but the hard labor of 120 friends, brothers, comrades is terrible.”
The history of Siberia in the first half of the 19th century is closely connected with the history of Decembrism. The Decembrists were the founders of an open revolutionary struggle against the feudal-serf system, Grigory Batenkov in his testimony called December 14 “the first experience of a political revolution in Russia, an experience venerable in everyday life and in the eyes of other enlightened peoples.” The experience was...: 5 were hanged, 120 were sentenced to exile to hard labor for a period of 2 to 20 years, followed by settlement in Siberia, or to indefinite exile to a settlement, to demotion to the ranks of soldiers.
Many thought that they were not taking them to Siberia, but to prison fortresses. Siberia is remote and scary, but still no more terrible than the stone casemates of Petropavlovsk or Shlisselburg.
On the night of July 21 and 23, 1826, the first two parties (8 people) were sentenced to be sent to Siberia, they were taken from the Peter and Paul Fortress to Siberia. They made their way to Irkutsk in the “leg glands”. A gendarme was sitting in the cart. “We galloped day and night,” recalls Baron Andrei Rosen, “it was awkward to doze off in the sleigh; It was uneasy to spend the night in shackles and clothes. Therefore, we dozed at the stations for several minutes during the re-harness: Kostroma, Vyatka, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Tyumen, Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Irkutsk... 9 cities at a distance of 3000 miles.” The road to Siberia showed the Decembrists the deep sympathy of the population. And not only ordinary people, but even many Siberian governors and officials tried in any way to show them signs of attention. Nikolai Basargin for many years treasured a coin given to him on the road by a poor old woman.
“The further we moved into Siberia, the more she won in my eyes. The common people seemed to me much freer, smarter, and even more educated than our Russian peasants, especially the landowners. He understood human dignity more, we value our rights more..."
At first they wanted to scatter the Decembrists throughout Siberia, but then, in order to have complete control over everyone, place them nearby: Nerchinsk, Blagodatsky mine, Petrovsky plant... All the years they lived in a prison “dark and dirty, stinking hard labor, eaten by all kinds of insects” - This is what Princess Maria Volkonskaya wrote. They worked in the mines from 5 a.m. to 11 p.m. The norm is at least 3 pounds of ore, carried on a stretcher. The head of the Nerchinsky mine, Burnashev, was very sorry that the instructions for keeping convicts mentioned caring for the health of the Decembrists. “Without this squiggle, I would have put everyone out of business in 2 months.” They worked in leg and hand shackles. Convicts were paid 6 kopecks. per day and 2 pounds of flour per month. The most prominent participants in the uprising were sentenced to hard labor. The remaining convicts of 6-8 categories were sentenced to settlement in sparsely populated areas of Western and Eastern Siberia. There were 11 categories in total. They lived very poorly; not everyone had rich relatives. Later they were given a salary for the maintenance of a soldier - 4 rubles 35 kopecks. silver per month, and even later they allocated 15 acres of land. It was not for nothing that there were those who went crazy (that’s 5 people) and died in the prime of life at the age of 29-35 years (12 people).
While still in prison and the mines, they outlined a number of programmatic demands in the struggle for the rise of culture and education in Siberia:
creation of a wide network of primary schools through voluntary donations from the local population;
officially granting exiles the right to educate their children;
increasing the number of secondary educational institutions;
provision of government support in universities of the capital for graduates of Siberian gymnasiums;
the creation of a special class at the Irkutsk gymnasium to train people for service in Siberia;
opening of the Siberian University;
The Decembrists believed that agriculture was the main source of prosperity and national wealth and foreign trade. Therefore, we developed the following software requirements:
shift the burden of taxes from poor peasants to wealthy ones;
sell state-owned lands into private hands;
organize model farms;
open agricultural schools and generalize best practices in agricultural technology;
provide economic assistance to peasants in starting a farm through the opening of peasant banks in each volost.
Industry Development Program:
to acquaint Russian society and Siberians with the enormous natural wealth of the region, to attract capital from Russian and Siberian merchants to develop the wealth;
allow and encourage the formation of commercial and industrial companies;
to prepare and attract educated people capable of applying and disseminating the achievements of science and technology to the development of the region’s wealth.
The proposals of the Decembrists to promote the development of trade in Siberia are interesting:
establish a merchant fleet in the Pacific Ocean, open new routes of communication along the system of Siberian and Russian rivers;
build a railway from Perm to Tyumen and country roads connecting the cities of Western and Eastern Siberia;
open commercial schools.
Political demands of the Decembrists:
the destruction of serfdom and colonial oppression in Siberia;
providing Siberia with freedom and self-government;
transformation of the administrative apparatus of management;
reorganization of the court.
Over the years, the life of the prisoners acquired a certain stability: the Decembrists, educated and extraordinary people, began to share knowledge with each other, began studying languages, created small instrumental ensembles, and took up gardening, which greatly diversified their meager table. “The real field of life began with our entry into Siberia, where we are called to serve by word and example the cause to which we have dedicated ourselves,” wrote Mikhail Lunin.
“In the prison, everything was common - things, books, but it was very crowded: there was no more than an arshin distance between the beds: the clanking of chains, the noise of conversations and songs... The prison was dark, with windows near the ceiling, like in a stable,” wrote Maria Volkonskaya. “In the summer we dig the ground, level the roads, fill up the ravines, in the winter we grind flour by hand using millstones. We live among ourselves like brothers. Everything is common, nothing is our own,” wrote Kornilovich. “We all wore our own clothes and underwear; the haves bought them and shared them with the have-nots. They did everything decisively among themselves: both grief and penny. We sewed everything ourselves: shoes, clothes, caps.” (A. Rosen.)
The Decembrists created an artel, where they contributed money for common food, and this equalized those who received financial assistance from relatives with those who had nothing. Those who completed their term of hard labor and began exile were given an allowance from the artel sums, which alleviated difficulties on the way and made it possible at first to settle down and acquire the most necessary things.
In 1832, the Decembrists, convicted of category 8, were given the opportunity to leave prison; they were now sent to a settlement. Then those who were convicted of categories 7, 6, and 5 set off. The prison casemates gradually emptied, the prisoners were resettled throughout the vast Siberia. They now faced lifelong exile in the remote outskirts of the country. In July 1839, the last Decembrists, those who were convicted under the first category, left prison. Three dozen carts, carts, wagons set off through forests, mountains, rivers - each had their own lot, their own destiny. A new stage in the life of the heroes of Russia began - settlement. It became quiet in the cells, the dust settled on the road. The Decembrists set off on a journey towards the unknown, towards new trials prepared for them.
Decembrist Nikolai Basargin wrote: “We can positively say that our long-term stay in different places in Siberia brought several new and useful ideas into the public eye regarding the moral education of Siberian residents.”
“The last act of our drama has already begun and is breaking apart...”, this is how the Decembrists wrote about the beginning of the move to the settlement. In the Yenisei province there were 31 people in exile. 5 Decembrists were assigned to the Kansky district of the Yenisei province:
In the village of Taseevskoye - Igelstrom Konstantinovich Gustavovich (Evstafievich) (1799-1851), captain, commander of the 1st company of the Lithuanian Pioneer Battalion stationed in the city of Bialystok. Born May 6, 1799 in Shumsk, Volyn province, on the Victorino estate, which belonged to father Gustav Gustavovich. The Decembrist graduated from the 2nd Cadet Corps. A very educated person: he knew German, French, and Polish. He was interested in history, geography, algebra, geometry. 10 days after the uprising in St. Petersburg, his soldiers refused to swear allegiance to the new Emperor Nicholas I, Captain Igelstrom led his company away shouting “Hurray,” breaking the whole ceremony. Nicholas I wrote on his deed: “To be hanged.” The death penalty was replaced by hard labor. He was not a member of the Decembrist society, but shared their views, therefore, when he was arrested, he was sentenced to hanging, then the sentence was replaced by hard labor and exile for 10 years, followed by settlement in Siberia. They were transported to Tobolsk on horseback and then on foot. He walked from Tobolsk to Irkutsk together with a party of convicts, and was in the Nerchinsk penal servitude (1827-1832) for exactly 5 years. At hard labor he practiced practical medicine. He played the flute beautifully. Forgotten by his relatives, he was in great need of a settlement, so he wrote a request to be sent to the active army in the Caucasus and his request was finally granted: after spending 4 years in Taseevsky, in 1836 he became a private in the Caucasian separate corps. For his bravery he was even promoted to ensign, but due to injury he retired in 1843. He lives on a pension in Ukraine - in the city of Taganrog (military settlement Kamenskoye), works at customs. He was a wonderful musician. After hard labor and exile, he married in the Caucasus in 1842. in polka Bertha Borisovna Elzingek. In 1843 retired.
From Igelstrom’s letter to the Decembrist Kryukov:
“Now I’ll say something about my place of residence. Taseevskoye lies 179 versts directly north of Kansk on the Usolka River. It is surrounded on all sides by forest. It has 250 houses, a volost administration, a stone church, two shops, a salt exhibition, and two taverns. The main industry of the local residents is arable farming and squirrel hunting, which is bought locally by Yenisei merchants. Women weave linen and peasant cloth. Their main characteristic feature is drunkenness and laziness, this latter is so deeply rooted that some of the residents buy fathoms of firewood for a ruble, whereas no more than a mile from their houses they could chop several thousand fathoms of firewood. Think about the climate: yesterday everyone was riding sleighs here. In the summer there are so many midges that you can’t go outside without a net, but the location is unusually beautiful. The prices of food supplies are incomparable. Imagine that while bread is sold at 25 kopecks per pound, for 100 potatoes they pay 60 kopecks, for a pound of beef they pay 3.5 and 4 rubles, and a calf, which contains more than 1 pound, can be bought for 2 rubles with skin. They demand from me that I plow the land. I spent 10 years in the cadet corps, 10 years in military service, 7 years in various prisons. The question is, where could I learn farming? Throughout Lent I was fed porridge with water, boiled potatoes, beets, and sometimes barley jelly, all of which was served with horseradish diluted in beer vinegar. And for such a “dainty table” they charged me only 15 rubles a month. And best of all, yesterday the landlady told me that if I didn’t increase the rent, I could move to another apartment, so I decided to buy myself some kind of house and had already asked, but had not yet received permission.”
The father treated his criminal son unfriendly, wrote him little, did not help him during difficult years, as evidenced in the letters of M. N. Volkonsky. But my heart trembled when my son in 1834. returned home, he gathered his entire large family in Novograduk. Igelstrom's brothers and sisters arrived with their wives, husbands, and children. The meeting was joyful and sad; they had not seen each other for 20 years. November 13, 1851 died visiting his sister (Lapteva) in Kremenskoye. Life has passed.
Coming from an old princely family, staff captain of the Life Guards of the Moscow Regiment. Father - captain Alexander Ivanovich, mother - Olga Mironova (nee Varentsova). He was educated in the Naval Cadet Corps and went from midshipman to lieutenant commander. He sailed from Kronstadt to Spain on the ship Neptunus. When he left the navy, he was assigned to serve in the Moscow Life Guards Regiment, guarding the Winter Palace. The investigation later established that he was not a member of the secret societies of the Decembrists, but he was present at the last meeting of the secret society (on the eve of the uprising); it was the Moscow regiment that arrived first on Senate Square on December 14, 1825. by 11 o'clock in the morning. The regiment lined up in a combat quadrangle (square) near the monument to Peter I, i.e. Dmitry Alexandrovich was an active participant in the uprising on December 14. He was arrested on the same day and on July 10, 1826 he was sentenced to category I - “sentenced to hard labor forever.” Then the period was reduced to 20 years. In his arrest file, his characteristics were preserved: “height 2 arshins 6 vershoks, white complexion, thin, brown eyes, long, straight nose, dark brown hair on the head and eyebrows.” He was in the Chita prison and the Petropavlovsk Plant, his sentence was reduced twice more: to 15 years, to 13 years. After serving hard labor (from 1827 to 1839), i.e. 12 years, he was sent to settle in the village of Taseevskoye, Yenisei province, Kansk district and stayed here for 3 years. At the request of his mother, he was transferred to the city of Kurgan, but the Kurgan mayor Tarasovich disliked Prince Shchepin-Rostovsky, constantly denounced him that “the prince was conducting propaganda, his speeches breathed the republican spirit,” there was even an investigation into this conflict by specially sent officials. After the amnesty of 1856, having lived in Siberia for 33 years, he left for Russia, but with a ban on living in the capitals, he lived in the Yaroslavl province (the village of Ivankovo) in the Rostov district. He was in great need financially, and therefore he was ordered by the highest order to pay an allowance of 114 rubles annually. 28kop. silver According to one version, he died in the city of Shuya, Vladimir province, according to another - in Rostov-Yaroslavl. He was 60 years old.
Bibliography:
1. Memoirs of the Bestuzhevs. M.-L., 1951.
2. Memoirs and stories of secret society figures. 1820s. M. 1974, vol. 1-3.
3. Decembrist uprising. Documents. M.-L., 1980, vol. 1-17.
4. Gorbachevsky I. I. Notes, letters. M., 163.
5. Notes, articles, letters of the Decembrist I. D. Yakushkin. M., 1951.
6. Decembrist movement. Bibliography, 1959/ Comp. R. G. Eymontova. Under general Ed. M. V. Nechkina. M., 1960.
7. Druzhinin N. M. Decembrist Nikita Muravyov. M., 1980.
8. Landa S. M. The spirit of revolutionary transformations., 1816-1825. M., 1975.
9. Nechkina M. V. Decembrist Movement. M., 1955, vol. 1-2.
11. Semevsky V.I. political and social ideas of the Decembrists. St. Petersburg, 1990.
12. Shatrova G.P. Essays on the history of Decembrism. Krasnoyarsk, 1982.
13. Newspaper: “Taseevo - Sibirskoe village”, No. 5,6. TO THE 65TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE TASEEVSKY GARTISA REPUBLIC.
Education Administration Agency
Krasnoyarsk Territory
KGOU SPO "Kan Pedagogical College"
Department of Pedagogy and Psychology
Methodical manual
in literary local history
DECEMBERISTS IN SIBERIA
Published by decision of the editorial publishing council of Kansk Pedagogical College
Compiled by: L.M. Megalinskaya Reviewer: A.V. Kiselman. Decembrists in Siberia: Methodological manual. Kansk., 2007-34p. Intended for students of the Pedagogical College. This methodological manual presents materials about the activities of the Decembrists in Siberia, in the Kansk district: economic activities, life, features of the material and spiritual culture of the Decembrists. The materials will help college students in preparing and conducting lessons and elective classes in local history, and will provide a regional component. © Author – compiler: L.M. Megalinskaya © KGOU SPO "Kan Pedagogical College"
1. Explanatory note 52. Uprising road to Siberia 63. Decembrists in the Yenisei province 84. Decembrists in the Kansk district 174.1. Dmitry Aleksandrovich Shchepin-Rostovsky 174.2. Konstantin Gustavovich Igelstrom 204.3 Valentin Nikolaevich Solovyov and Alexander Evtikhievich Mozalevsky 214.4. Petr Ivanovich Falenberg 265. The right to memory 286. Questions and assignments on the topic “The Decembrist Uprising” 307. Bibliography 33
