Musician's Dictionary. A brief dictionary of musical terms

School Music Dictionary

It is customary to create dictionaries for many school subjects. Usually they are made simply - a regular notebook or notebook is lined into two columns - the first narrow one for writing the word, and the second wider column for writing the meaning of the word. For example, teachers of Russian language and literature suggest writing down new words that are difficult to spell and pronounce or simply incomprehensible in specially lined notebooks/dictionaries. Chemistry and physics teachers suggest creating dictionaries to record complex terms and even formulas. Foreign language teachers consider a dictionary compiled by the children themselves an indispensable attribute of their classes.

It is simply necessary to have dictionaries in music classes. This is where there are a lot of incomprehensible and complex, as well as foreign and innovative words! After all, most musical terms came to us from Italy and France.

The structure of a musical dictionary could be, for example, like this:

Word	Its meaning
Accompaniment	Musical accompaniment.
	A simultaneous combination of three or more sounds of different pitches.
Balalaika	A string instrument that is part of an orchestra of Russian folk instruments.

A music teacher can successfully use the contents of the small musical dictionary proposed below in his lessons, for example, analyze 3-5 words in each lesson and write down their explanations.

Accompaniment - musical accompaniment. The word comes from the French " accompagner" - accompany. The accompaniment may vary. Accompaniment of the soloist singer is entrusted to either one instrument - piano, guitar, accordion, or orchestra.

A chord is a simultaneous combination of several (at least three) sounds of different pitches.

Accordion is a keyboard wind instrument, a type of chromatic harmonica. Its body consists of two boxes, connecting bellows and two keyboards - a push-button one for the left hand and a piano-type keyboard for the right. Like the button accordion, the accordion has rich timbre and dynamic capabilities. The push-button keyboard has 6 (sometimes 7) rows: the first and second contain individual bass sounds, the rest contain “ready” chords (hence the name of the instrument.)

An act is a completed part of a theatrical work (drama, opera, ballet), separated from the previous and subsequent parts by breaks. The name comes from the Latin " actus" - action.

Accent - emphasis, especially loud emphasis on a particular sound or chord. In musical notation, accents are indicated by various symbols: V, sf etc. These signs are placed above or below the note or chord to which they relate.

Viola is a bowed string instrument of the violin family. The viola is slightly larger than the violin. Early examples of this instrument date back to the 16th century. In the search for the best viola design, the outstanding Italian master A. Stradivari played a major role. The instrument's four strings are tuned in fifths, a note lower than those of the violin. Compared to the violin, the viola is a less flexible instrument. Its timbre is dull and dull, but soft and expressive. The viola has long been used in string quartets and symphony orchestras to fill the middle, melodically “neutral” voices in overall sound harmony. Interest in the original expressive capabilities of the viola as a solo instrument arose in the middle of the 19th century, during the heyday of romanticism.

Ensemble - this word has two interpretations. An ensemble is a vocal or instrumental work intended for a small group of performers - two, three, four, etc. Such works include a duet, trio, quartet, quintet, etc. An ensemble is also a group of musicians performing this kind of music. The expression “good ensemble” indicates a high degree of coherence and consistency in the performing arts. The word comes from the French " ensemble" - together. In recent decades, the word “ensemble” is often used in relation to large performing groups, for example, the ensemble “Beryozka” and others.

Intermission is a break between acts of a theatrical performance or parts of a concert. Derived from the merger of the French words " entre" - between and " acte" - act, action. An intermission is also called an orchestral introduction to one of the acts (except the first) in any type of theatrical performance - opera, drama, ballet. (The orchestral introduction to Act 1 goes by different names - overture, prelude, introduction, introduction). The symphonic intermission “Three Miracles” in Korsakov’s opera “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” is widely known.

Full house - an announcement notifying that all tickets for a given concert or performance are completely sold out. The expression “Today is sold out” (or “The concert was sold out”) is often used, wanting to emphasize the great interest of the public in the concert, performance, or lecture.

Aria is a completed episode in an opera (cantata, oratorio). The aria is performed by a singer accompanied by an orchestra. An aria, as a rule, is characterized by wide chanting. In Italian " aria" - not only "song", but also "air", "wind". To complete the characterization of the hero, several arias, different in figurative content, are usually introduced into the opera. The structure of arias also varies. Very often a 3-part form is used, in which the third part is an exact repetition of the first. An example of this is, for example, Susanin’s aria from the opera “Ivan Susanin”. The aria is often preceded by an orchestral introduction or recitative. A simpler definition of an operatic aria is a large song by the main character. A small aria may be called an arietta or arioso.

An artist is a performing musician (singer, conductor or instrumentalist) who constantly performs on the opera stage or concert stage. In the broadest sense of the word, artists are all artists, including composers.

The harp is a plucked string instrument of ancient origin. The simplest harps were known back in Ancient Egypt in the 3rd millennium BC. e. In the Middle Ages, the harp was a favorite instrument of troubadours and minnesingers.

Balalaika is a Russian folk plucked instrument. It consists of a triangular body and a neck on which three strings are stretched. The sound on the balalaika is produced by a number of techniques: “rattling” - hitting the fingers with quick swings of the hand, plucking. The balalaika originated from an instrument called domra and became widespread from the beginning of the 18th century. The organizer of the first orchestra of Russian folk instruments played a major role in its improvement and introduction into concerts.

Ballet is a musical and dance performance. The word comes from the Italian " ballo" - dance, dance. At first, ballet was an integral part of court entertainment. Ballet became an independent genre at the end of the 18th century. Exceptionally high achievements in ballet music belong to the Russian composer, who created three ballets that have become classics: Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker. In the 20th century The works “Romeo and Juliet”, “Cinderella” and “The Stone Flower” became ballet classics.

Barcarolle - the boatman's song. The name comes from the Italian word " bArsa" - boat. Pieces with this name have a calm, melodious character; the accompaniment often imitates the splash of waves.

The bayan is a keyboard wind instrument that has become widespread in Russia since the end of the 19th century. An improved version of the harmonica. The instrument is named after a slightly modified name of the ancient Russian singer-storyteller Boyan.

Bolero is a Spanish folk dance that was performed accompanied by guitar or singing. His music repeats rhythmic figures that are tapped with castanets or finger snaps. The bolero is often seen in operas and ballets. The play “Bolero” by composer M. Ravel is widely known.

The Bolshoi Theater is the oldest Russian theater, founded in Moscow in 1776 to stage musical performances - operas and ballets.

The tambourine is a percussion musical instrument, it is a wooden hoop covered with leather, to which steel bells are attached. It is played with two techniques - hitting and shaking. Widely distributed in Spain and Italy.

Bylina is a Russian folk song-tale telling about the exploits of heroes and outstanding events in people's life.

The horn is a brass instrument that originates from an ancient hunting horn. German word " waldhorn" means forest horn. The horn is a long tube coiled into a spiral. Its timbre is soft and melodious. Three horns depict the appearance of hunters in the fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf.”

Waltz is one of the most popular ballroom dances, during which the dancers spin smoothly. It arose on the basis of folk dances of Austria, the Czech Republic, and Germany. The largest composers created plays written in the form of waltzes:, I. Strauss,.

Variation is a repeated repetition of the main melody with some changes.

The cello is a bowed string instrument, larger than the violin and viola, but smaller than the double bass. Its timbre - warm and expressive - is often compared to the human voice, which is why many outstanding musical works have been written for the cello.

Vaudeville is a fun theatrical play with several musical numbers.

Vocal music is music intended for singing.

Prodigy - translated from German as “miracle child”. In the history of music, there are known cases of exceptionally early manifestation of musical talent: V.-A. Mozart, brothers A. G. and, .

Pitch is one of the properties of musical sound. Music creation is based on the human ear's ability to detect pitch. The pitch of a musical sound can be written using notes.

Harmonica (accordion, accordion) is a musical instrument equipped with bellows and a push-button keyboard. Was popular in many countries. Among the varieties are Tula, Saratov, Siberian, Cherepovets, etc.

Harmony is a means of musical expression based on the combination of many voices.

The guitar is a plucked string instrument, known back in the Middle Ages. The flat wooden body, reminiscent of a figure eight, is equipped with a neck with 6-7 strings. Currently, it is one of the most popular musical instruments.

The oboe is a woodwind instrument, an indispensable participant in military and symphony orchestras. The main melody of “Dance of the Little Swans” is performed by two oboes. The oboe also performs the duck theme in the symphonic tale "Peter and the Wolf".

Volume is the strength of sound. Another name is dynamics. To indicate dynamics, musical signs are used, which are called “dynamic shades”. Basic dynamic shades - forte(loudly) and piano(quiet).

Woodwind instruments are a group of symphony orchestra instruments that includes the flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon, previously made of wood.

Jazz is a type of music often of an entertaining, dance nature. The origins of jazz are in black folk music, which was borrowed by US orchestras in the 20s. XX century A native of Russian emigrants, the American composer D. Gershwin studied black melodies for a long time, on the basis of which he created a number of works that brought jazz features to classical music (“Rhapsody in Blue”, the opera “Porty and Bess”).

Range - breadth, volume of sound of a musical instrument or voice. For example, the sound range of a piano is eight octaves, and the developed human voice is about three. Songs for singing by young children are usually written in the so-called “primary range”, which includes only 4-6 adjacent sounds.

A conductor is a musician, leader of a choral or instrumental group. With the help of gestures, he indicates the introduction and end of the sound, the tempo and strength of the sound, the introduction of soloists and individual groups. The conductor must have keen hearing, a high sense of rhythm, good musical memory, and knowledge of the characteristics of each instrument of the orchestra.

The duration of the sound is the length of the sound. It is impossible to write a melody if all the sounds in it are of the same duration - all long or all short. In each motif, some sounds are long, others are shorter, which is indicated by special signs when writing them. When recording sounds with notes, each of them has its own duration - whole, half, quarter, eighth, etc.

Drum roll is a technique of playing a drum with two sticks with a quick and clear sequence of hits. Fractions are often used when it is necessary to emphasize the particularly tragic nature of a moment or to draw the listener’s attention to some episode.

A brass band is an orchestra consisting of two groups of instruments - wind (mainly brass) and percussion. The number of participants is from 12 to 100 people. Thanks to its ringing, jubilant sound, the brass band is a constant participant in holidays and parades.

A duet is an ensemble of two performers.

Zhaleika is a Russian folk wind instrument. Previously it was made from reeds. The timbre of the pitiful sound is shrill and harsh.

Genre is a type of musical work. Genres are divided by character, theme, means of expression, and performers. The main musical genres are song, dance, march, on the basis of which opera, ballet, and symphony were subsequently created.

The chorus is the beginning of a choral song, which is performed by one or more singers. After the lead singer, the song is picked up by all members of the choir; the leading singer of the choir is usually called the lead singer.

Improvisation is composing music while performing it. In folk art, singers often decorate their performances with improvisations. This technique is also used in jazz music.

Instrumentation is the arrangement of a musical composition for performance by orchestra instruments. You can even guess from the instrumentation which composer the piece you heard for the first time belongs to. For example, the orchestration by Korsakov is clearly individual.

Chamber music is instrumental or vocal music intended to be performed in a small room. Translated from Italian " camera" means "room". Chamber music includes duets, trios, quartets and other works designed for a small number of performers.

A tuning fork is an instrument in the form of a two-pronged fork, which is used to tune musical instruments or give tuning to a choir before its performance. A tuning fork producing the sound “A” of the first octave is taken as a model.

Kant is a type of ancient 3-voice verse song, common in Russia in the 16th-18th centuries. There were cants of different genres - solemn, lyrical, comic. The cant style was used to create his famous chorus “Hail!” in the finale of the opera “Ivan Susanin”.

A cantata is a vocal-symphonic work in several parts. Usually performed by choirs, soloists and orchestra.

A quartet is an ensemble of four performers.

Quintet is an ensemble of five performers.

Clavier is an arrangement of an orchestral composition (score) for performance on the piano. Claviers give musicians the opportunity to get acquainted with many works - symphonies, operas, ballets.

A key is a special lever used in musical instruments to produce sound. When a key is pressed, a hammer strikes a string (as in a piano) or a metal plate (in celesta, bells.) The word comes from the Latin “ clavis" - key. This meant a “key” that led to the opening of the organ pipe valve. Keys are made of wood, plastic, but sometimes they are metal (for example, on a button accordion).

Keyboard instruments are a group of musical instruments whose sound is produced using keys. Keyboards include some strings (harpsichord, piano), some wind instruments (organ, accordion, button accordion, accordion) and individual percussion instruments (celesta, bells).

The clarinet is a musical instrument from the woodwind group, like the oboe, originating from the shepherd's pipe. An indispensable member of the symphony orchestra. For clarinet he wrote the cat theme in his symphonic fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf”.

Classic is a term applied to exemplary, perfect works of art. Derived from the Latin word " classicum" - exemplary. The field of musical classics includes not only the works of great composers, but also the best examples of folk music. Classical works are distinguished by their richness of content and beauty and perfection of form. One can always say about classical works that they are modern, since they usually have existed on earth for several centuries and always bring pleasure to their listeners. This is eternal music.

Classicism is an artistic movement in the culture of European countries in the 17th-18th centuries. Representatives of classicism in painting, sculpture and architecture took as a model the best works that were created in Ancient Greece. Classical musicians strove to create clear and harmonious in form, sublimely noble heroic works on subjects of ancient art. In music, the most famous was the so-called “Viennese classical period”, during which the composers Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven worked.

Key - treble clef, bass clef, alto clef, tenor clef, etc. This is a conventional sign placed at the beginning of the staff and indicating the place where a certain sound is recorded. This provides the “key” to writing and reading other sounds on a given staff.

A peg is a small rod for tensioning and tuning strings in musical instruments. As the peg rotates, the string is either pulled tighter or loosened, causing the sound to become higher or lower. Wooden pegs are made for bowed instruments; metal pegs are used for the harp, piano, and dulcimer.

Bells are a percussion instrument with a certain pitch, used in orchestras to imitate the ringing of bells. It is a set of metal tubes or plates freely suspended on a crossbar.

Bells are a percussion instrument with a certain pitch, consisting of a series of loosely attached metal plates. The sound is produced either by striking sticks (simple bells) or by using a keyboard mechanism similar to a miniature piano (key bells). The timbre of the instruments is clear, sonorous, brilliant. Sometimes bells are called metallophones.

Coloratura is the decoration of a vocal melody with virtuoso, technically difficult passages. The word comes from the Italian " coloratura" - decoration. The coloratura style of singing became widespread in Italian opera of the 18th-19th centuries. The highest female singing voice is called the coloratura soprano. Usually, parts are written for this voice that require virtuosity in performance, as they are richly decorated with difficult passages. The role of the Snow Maiden in Korsakov's opera “The Snow Maiden” was written for coloratura soprano.

Composer is the author, creator of musical works. The word comes from the Latin " compositor" - compiler, writer. Professional composition classes require from a musician, in addition to creative talent, great culture and versatile musical theoretical knowledge.

Composition is composing music, a type of artistic creativity. In addition to general culture and talent, composing requires knowledge of many special disciplines: music theory, harmony, polyphony, analysis of musical works, orchestration. These disciplines are studied by future composers in conservatories and schools. Often, composition refers to the structure of a musical work, the relationship and arrangement of its individual sections. Latin word " composition” means not only “composition”, but also “composition”. In this sense, when studying a piece of music, they say about it “harmonious composition”, “clear composition” or, conversely, “loose composition”.

The Conservatory is a higher musical educational institution. Italian word " conservatorio" means "shelter". The first conservatories appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. in major European cities, and before that they existed only in Paris. There are conservatories in all music centers around the world. The oldest Russian conservatories are St. Petersburg, founded in 1862, and Moscow, founded in 1866. Currently, higher musical institutions are called not only conservatories, but also music academies, higher music schools, institutes, etc.

The double bass is the largest in size and lowest sounding instrument in the bowed string family. The ancestors of the double bass are ancient bass viols, from which it borrowed many of the features of its design. In appearance, the double bass is similar to the cello, but is significantly larger in size. Double basses are widely used in pop ensembles and orchestras, where they are usually played with plucking - pizzicato.

Contralto is the lowest sounding female singing voice. Sometimes composers in operas assign this voice to male roles - Vanya in the opera Ivan Susanin, Lel in the opera The Snow Maiden by Korsakov.

A concert is a public performance of musical works. Depending on the type of performance, there are different types of concerts: symphonic, chamber, solo, pop, etc. This word comes from two sources: from the Latin “ concertare" - compete and from Italian " concerto"- harmony, agreement. A concerto is also called a virtuoso work for a solo instrument, accompanied by an orchestra.

The concertmaster is the first, “main” musician in any group of the orchestra. For example, the accompanist of first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, etc. Leading the members of his group, the accompanist shows them the techniques of performance, and he is usually entrusted with a responsible solo. An accompanist is also called a pianist who helps performers (singers, instrumentalists) in learning the repertoire and performs with them at concerts.

A concert hall is a special room designed for holding public concerts. The first concert halls appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. Previously, concerts were held in churches, theaters, salons, palaces and private homes.

Krakowiak is a Polish folk dance. Krakowiaki is the name of the inhabitants of the Krakow Voivodeship in Poland; This is where the name of the dance comes from. Krakowiak originated from an ancient war dance, so it has retained its temperament and pride; women dance smoothly, gracefully, and men dance with sharp stamps and shouts. In the 19th century Krakowiak was widespread as a ballroom dance and was often found in operas and ballets. Very popular is, for example, Krakowiak, which is heard in the “Polish” action of his opera “Ivan Susanin”.

The xylophone is a percussion instrument with a specific pitch. It is a set of wooden blocks of various sizes. The Greek word " xylon" means tree, wood, " phone" - sound. Trapezoid-shaped bars are placed on straw rollers or special mats with rubber pads. The sound is produced using two wooden sticks. When playing loudly, the sound is dry, clicking; when playing quietly, the sound is gurgling, soft. The xylophone came to Europe from Asia in the Middle Ages. The xylophone is often used as a solo instrument (accompanied by a piano); he is often a member of a symphony orchestra or pop ensemble.

Climax is an episode of a musical work where the highest tension and greatest intensity of emotions are achieved. From the Latin word " culmen" - "top". Usually composers try to emphasize the climax of the work with a loud sound and special musical effects.

Couplet - section of the verse form. Usually the melody of a verse remains the same when it is repeated in other verses. However, the verbal text of each verse is different. The word comes from the French " couplet" - stanza. If a song has a verse and a chorus, then the verse is the part whose lyrics change when repeated.

The verse form is a common form of vocal works in which the same melody is repeated unchanged or slightly varied, but each repetition is performed with new lyrics. In verse form, the melody should reflect the general character of the song and fit the text of all verses. Most folk songs are verses - Russian, German, Italian, etc. d.

Mode is the relationship of musical sounds, their coherence, consistency with each other. The sounds that make up a melody composed on a modal basis have varying degrees of stability in relation to each other, and the ear reacts to them differently.

Laureate is an honorary title awarded to a musician for outstanding achievements in performing and creative activities. Since ancient times, winners of competitions and competitions have been called laureates. The word comes from the Latin - “ laureatus" - crowned with a laurel wreath. In modern music competitions, the title of laureate is given to performers who take 6-7 first places.

Lezginka is a folk dance of the Lezgins living in Dagestan. It is performed at a fast tempo, swiftly, requires great dexterity and strength, the music is rhythmic and clear. Lezginka is found in original music. For example, it sounds in the scene that takes place in the Chernomor castle in the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila”.

Leitmotif is a musical theme or part of it that characterizes any image, idea, phenomenon. It is used in large musical forms - operas, ballets, symphonies, repeating itself when a given image appears. For example, the leitmotif of the Snow Maiden in the opera is Korsakov’s “The Snow Maiden”.

Libretto is a literary text underlying a musical and stage work, mainly an opera. The word “libretto” is often used to describe a retelling of the summary of an opera or ballet. From Italian " libretto"- a little book.

The lyre is the oldest plucked string instrument.

Timpani are a group of percussion instruments with a certain pitch. Each timpani is a copper hemisphere mounted on a special stand, covered with leather. The sound is produced by striking a small mallet with a ball-shaped felt tip.

Spoons are a Russian folk instrument that consists of two wooden spoons. When the spoons hit each other, a clear “dry” sound is produced.

Major is one of the two (along with minor) most common modes in music. The most common opinion is to assign a decisive, strong, strong-willed character to music written in the major mode. In Italian the word "major" is represented by " dur", which means hard.

Mazurka is a Polish folk dance. The name comes from the word “Masurians” - this is the name given to the inhabitants of Mazovia. The mazurka dance is characterized by jumping, tapping with heels and spurs. When composing a mazurka, composers use dotted rhythmic figures.

A snare drum is a percussion musical instrument with an indefinite pitch. Like the big drum, it has been known since ancient times. The size of the drum is approximately 3 times smaller than a large one. It is a cylindrical frame with leather stretched on both sides. The snare drum has strings stretched over the skin. This gives the sound a rattling tone. The drum is played using two thin sticks.

March - a piece in a clear rhythm to accompany military campaigns, demonstrations and other processions. The word comes from the French " marche" - walking. Often national anthems are written in the genre of marches. Many popular songs were written in the march genre, for example, the composer’s “Song of the Motherland.”

A music lover is a passionate lover of music and singing. In the past, music lovers were people who were ardently interested in music, but essentially not very deeply.

Minuet is a dance of French origin, popular in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries. Performed in small steps (the name comes from the French “ menu" - small).

Meter is a continuous alternation of strong and weak beats in a melody, thereby creating the desired musical genre - a march, dance or song. The name of the term comes from the Greek word " metron" - measure. The main cell of the meter is a segment of music concluded between two strong beats, which is called a beat.

Mezzo-soprano is a female singing voice, intermediate between contralto and soprano. In terms of sound character and timbre coloring, this voice is close to contralto. Many leading roles in famous operas were written for mezzo-soprano, for example Carmen in the opera of the same name by J. Bizet.

Minor is one of the two (along with major) most common modes in music. The coloring of the minor mode is soft elegiac. In Latin it is denoted by the word " moll", which means "soft". But a large amount of cheerful, joyful, humorous music is also written in the minor scale.

A motive is the smallest element of a musical form, any smallest segment of melody that has a clear, definite musical content. Sometimes, based on the motive, we can remember a famous musical piece or talk about its character.

Musical literacy - basic information on music theory, names and rules for writing notes and other musical symbols. The study of elementary music theory begins with the basics of musical literacy.

Musical literature is an academic discipline that aims to introduce students to the works of major composers and provide initial information on the history of the musical culture of various countries and peoples.

Amateur musical activities are systematic musical activities that are widespread in our country among music lovers. For such activities there are houses of culture and clubs. The forms of amateur music are very different - from small circles to large associations. Many famous singers, including soloists of the Bolshoi Theater, began their first steps in amateur music.

Musical form - the construction of a musical work, the relationship of its parts.

Music competitions are competitions of musicians held according to a specific, pre-announced program. The best participants in the competition are named by the jury.

Musical sound is a sound that (unlike noise) has a clearly defined pitch that can be determined with absolute accuracy and repeated on a musical instrument. The main material for creating music is musical sounds.

Musical ear is a person’s ability to perceive music, remember and be aware of it.

A musician is a person professionally engaged in any type of musical activity: composing, conducting, performing.

A musicologist is a musician who specializes in the field of musicology. The activities of a musicologist cover various spheres of musical and social life: scientific and theoretical research, pedagogy, editorial work, etc.

A chant is a small vocal melody. In everyday life it is often replaced by the word “motive”.

Folk musical instruments are musical instruments created by the people, firmly rooted in their musical life. Russian folk instruments include domra, gusli, balalaika, button accordion; for Ukrainian - bandura; to Caucasian ones - tar, kamancha, etc. Just like among professional instruments, among folk instruments there are plucked, stringed, wind, etc.

Folk dances are dances created by the masses, widespread in folk life. For example: trepak (Russian), hopak (Ukrainian), mazurka (Polish), csardas (Hungarian).

A thread is a horizontal line that replaces the staff in the parts of many percussion instruments.

Nocturne is a dreamy, melodious piece inspired by images of the night. The nocturne is written mainly for piano. Comes from the French " nokturn" - night.

A note is a conventional graphic sign located on a musical staff and indicating the height and relative duration of a sound. The note consists of a white or shaded head and a small stick - a tail, going up or down. The word comes from the Latin " nota" - a written sign.

Notation is a way of recording music using special graphic symbols. The word comes from the Latin " notatio" - recording.

A one-part work is a work in which there is no division into independent parts.

Opera is a type of theatrical art in which stage action is closely related to music - vocal and orchestral. Translated from Italian " orerA" - composition. The first operas were created in Italy at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. In the 19th century Russian music, in which the composer laid the foundations of national opera, took one of the leading places in world art. The traditions were brilliantly developed by his successors - composers - Korsakov, as well as composers of the 20th century -,.

Operetta is a musical comedy. A musical and stage work of comedic content with vocal and dance scenes accompanied by an orchestra and conversational episodes.

Opus is a term used to sequentially number a composer's works. Derived from the Latin word " opus"- work, work. In Russian it is often used in abbreviation: op. or op. Sometimes an opus may contain not one, but several works. For example, a collection of 12 plays “Children’s Music” was published under one opus - op. 65.

Oratorio is a vocal-symphonic work of many parts. An oratorio usually consists of an alternation of choral episodes, symphonic fragments and vocal numbers - arias, ensembles, recitatives. It differs from the cantata in its larger scale and development of the plot. It arose at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. The oratorio genre is close to works called “Requiem”. Samples of Russian oratorio arose at the beginning of the 19th century; this genre became quite popular in the 20th century. They address him (oratorio “On Guard of the World”), (“Song of the Forests”), (“Requiem”).

The organ is a keyboard wind instrument, distinguished by its enormous size and richness of timbre and dynamic shades. Its name comes from the Latin word " organum" - tool. The largest musical instrument.

An orchestra is a large group of instrumental musicians performing works specially designed for a given composition. Sometimes orchestras consist of homogeneous instruments, but more often they are composed of different instrumental groups. Depending on the composition, orchestras have different expressive, timbre and dynamic capabilities and have different names - wind, chamber, folk instruments, symphonic, pop.

Orchestration is the arrangement of a piece of music for orchestra.

An orchestra of Russian musical instruments is an orchestra consisting mainly of domras and balalaikas, including zhaleikas, gusli, horns and other instruments of folk origin.

A score is a musical notation of a polyphonic work for a choir, orchestra or chamber ensemble. The score brings together the parts of individual voices and instruments. The score is a thick, voluminous, hard-bound book, which is placed on the conductor's stand when a piece of music is performed. The parts in the score are arranged one above the other, line by line. The word comes from the Italian " partitura"- division, distribution.

A part is an integral part of a musical work, assigned to an individual voice, instrument, or a group of similar voices or instruments.

A pedal is a special lever device in musical instruments that is controlled by the feet. The word comes from the Latin " pedalis" - foot. Using the pedal, you change the tuning of an instrument (harp, timpani), stop or prolong the sound, and reduce the sound strength (piano).

Singing is the performance of music using a singing voice. Singing differs from spoken speech in the precision of pitch intonation and is one of the most expressive means of musical art. Singing can be choral, solo, ensemble (duet, trio). Singing is the basis of opera, romance, and song genres.

The first violins are a group of violins in a symphony or chamber orchestra that are assigned a more significant role: playing the upper leading voice, they are the main carriers of the most expressive melody in the overall orchestral sound. The number of first violins in a large orchestra reaches 20 pieces.

Arrangement, arrangement - reworking of a musical work written for certain voices or instruments in order to adapt it to performance by other means, for example, arrangement of a symphony for performance on the piano, choral arrangement of a one-voice song, etc. The word “arrangement” comes from the French “ arranger" - process.

A songbook is a collection of popular songs containing the lyrics of these songs and the musical notation of the melody. Songbooks are also commonly called notebooks of singing lovers with recordings of the lyrics of their favorite songs.

Song is one of the forms of vocal music, widespread in folk music, musical everyday life, as well as in professional music. Nowadays, the song can be pop, choral, mass, folk and is addressed to a wide range of music lovers.

Piano is a string-keyboard musical instrument, a type of piano. The piano was invented at the end of the 18th century. A characteristic feature of the piano is a vertically positioned frame with strings (in a grand piano, the strings are stretched in a horizontal position), which makes the instrument more compact in size. Italian word " piano"means small" piano" In turn, the Italian " piano" is an abbreviation for the word "piano".

Polonaise is a dance of Polish origin. The polonaise has the character of a brilliant procession. The dancers move smoothly, majestically, slightly crouching at the 3rd quarter of each beat. The word comes from the French " polonaise" - Polish dance.

The chorus is part of the verse form. Usually in a song the chorus comes after the chorus. But when the chorus is repeated, its words and melody do not change.

Program music is instrumental music based on a program, that is, a specific plot. The programmatic nature of the music can be stated in its title (for example, the suite “Pictures at an Exhibition”, the overture “Romeo and Juliet”), in the epigraph (Kovich’s Seventh Symphony: “Dedicated to my hometown Leningrad, our future victory over fascism”) or in a special program , which talks in detail about the content of the music (“Fantastic Symphony” by G. Berlioz).

The console is a stand for music in the form of an inclined frame on a long leg, sometimes on two. To adjust the height, the remote control is equipped with a retractable stand.

A play is a completed musical work of small size. This term is usually used in relation to instrumental music.

A music stand is a stand for music, built into a piano or organ.

Repertoire is a selection of musical works performed in concerts or theatre, as well as plays that constitute the “creative baggage” of a soloist.

Rehearsal is a preparatory trial performance of a piece of music. To achieve perfection, a number of rehearsals are usually carried out before a performance. From Latin " repetito" - repetition.

Refrain is the main section of the rondo, which is repeated several times, alternating with other sections - episodes. In verse form, the refrain is the same as the chorus. Translated from French the word " refrain"That's what it means - chorus.

Rhythm is the alternation of different durations of sounds in music, short and long. One of the main elements of melody expressiveness. The word comes from the Greek " rhythmos" - proportionality.

Romance is a work for voice with instrumental accompaniment. The genres of romance are varied - lyrics, satire, storytelling, etc. Romance became widespread in Russia in the 19th-20th centuries. Classic examples of romances were created by composers - Korsakov,.

Romanticism is an artistic movement in culture at the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries, which is characterized by ardor and sublime aspiration of ideas. Romanticism became the progenitor of new musical genres - ballad, fantasy, poem. The greatest romantic musicians: F. Schumann, F. Chopin, F. Liszt.

Rondo is a musical form consisting of the repeated construction of a main section - a refrain, with which other episodes alternate. Rondo begins and ends with a refrain, forming a circle. It comes from the French word " rond" - round dance, walking in a circle.

Grand piano is the name of the main type of piano that has taken root in Russia. The wing-like shape of the body, characteristic of a grand piano, is due to the difference in the length of the strings. The name of the instrument comes from the French word " royal" - royal. Indeed, it is customary to say about the piano that this instrument is the king of the orchestra.

A symphony orchestra is a musical group that is the most advanced and rich in its expressive capabilities. Large symphony orchestras have more than 10 musicians. The capabilities of this orchestra are very great. A modern orchestra consists of four main groups: a string group, a woodwind group, a brass group and a percussion group. The symphony orchestra is an indispensable participant in musical performances (operas, ballets, operettas), as well as cantatas and oratorios.

A symphony is a work for orchestra, written in the form of a sonata cycle. There are symphonies in the form of an extended cycle - up to 6-7 parts, and in the form of an incomplete cycle - up to one-part ones. The word comes from the Greek " symphonia" - consonance. The symphonies of V.-A. are widely known. Mozart, L. Beethoven, . Some symphonies are programmatic - “Fantastic” by G. Berlioz, “Pathetique”, “Pastoral” by L. Beethoven.

Syncope is a sound that begins on the weak beat of a bar and is sustained on the following strong beat. This term comes from the Greek " sinkope"- omission of something. Syncopation is characteristic of the Polish mazurka, as well as jazz music.

Scherzo is the name of various sharp-character plays - humorous, grotesque, fantastic. The word comes from the Italian " scherzo" - joke. Pieces created in the scherzo genre can be of different sizes - from a funny miniature to part of a symphony. Thus, the Russian composer used the scherzo genre to create the second part of his famous “Bogatyr Symphony”.

Skomorokh is a wandering musician, actor, singer and dancer in medieval Russia. The “amusement” buffoons usually accompanied their performances by playing the bagpipes, pipes, and harp.

The treble clef is one of the main clefs used in musical notation. The treble clef is a Latin letter distorted over time. G. The treble clef is most convenient for recording sounds in the middle and high register.

The violin is a bowed string instrument, the highest in sound, the richest in expressive and technical capabilities among the instruments of the violin family. It is believed that the immediate predecessor of the violin was Lira da Braccio, which, like a violin, was also held at the shoulder (in Italian the word " braccio" means shoulder). The techniques of playing it were also similar to those of the violin. The body of a modern violin has an oval shape with notches on the sides. The violin is a predominantly single-voice instrument. The timbre of the violin is rich, melodious, and in terms of expressiveness it approaches the human voice.

The bow is a thin wooden stick with a stretched “ribbon” of horsehair. Used to extract sound from bowed string instruments (violin, cello). The length of a modern bow is about 75 cm.

Soloist is a performer of a piece of music intended for one voice or instrument. In opera, the soloist is the performer of a responsible role.

Solo - an episode in a vocal-symphonic, chamber, or choral work, performed by one singer or instrument. The word comes from the Italian " solo" - the only one, one.

Sonata is a work for one or two instruments, written in the form of a sonata cycle. The word comes from the Italian " sonare" - play any instrument.

Soprano is the highest female singing voice. In musical practice there are dramatic, lyric and coloratura sopranos. The word comes from the Italian " sopra"-at the top, above.

A string is an elastic, tightly stretched thread used in many instruments (piano, violin, harp, balalaika, etc.) and serves as a source of sound. The pitch of a string depends on its length, tension force and density of the material from which it is made. Strings are made of metal, animal veins, and also silk.

A stage is a specially equipped part of a theater room intended for the performance of artists, singers, and dancers. The word “scene” also refers to a part of an act or picture of a musical stage performance, which is a relatively complete fragment.

A measure is a short segment of a piece of music contained between downbeats. Starting on a downbeat, the measure ends before the next downbeat; depicted by vertical lines crossing the staff. The word comes from the Latin " tactus" - action.

Theme is a melody, usually short, that expresses the main idea of ​​the work and is material for further development. In Greek " theme" - what lies at the core.

Timbre is a specific coloring of sound characteristic of a given musical instrument or voice. The character of timbre depends on the overtones accompanying the sound and their relative strength. The timbre can be dull, ringing, clear, etc.

Tempo - speed of movement. The pace of the work depends on its character, mood, content. Deviation from the correct tempo leads to distortion of the content. The word comes from the Latin " tempus" - time.

Tenor is the highest sounding male singing voice. There are two main types of tenor: lyric - soft in timbre, gentle, and dramatic - more juicy, strong. In addition to the singing voice, tenor is also called a brass instrument of the middle register, characterized by a warm and rich timbre.

Trill is a rapid alternation of a given sound and the adjacent upper degree of the fret. In Italian " trillare" - rattle.

Trepak is a Russian folk dance, fast, perky, rhythmically clear, with dashing steps. The main figures are improvised by dancers showing their dexterity and ingenuity. The trepaka dance genre was used by classical composers. For example, “Russian Dance” in the ballet “The Nutcracker” was written in this genre.

The triangle is a percussion instrument with an indefinite pitch. It is a rod made of silver steel, bent in the shape of a triangle. When playing the triangle, it is suspended from a string or strap and vibrated by touching a metal stick.

A trio is an ensemble of three performers with an independent part for each of them. Trios are also called works for such an ensemble. Vocal trios are called terzets and exist as a chamber genre. The word "trio" also means the middle part in some musical pieces of the 3-part form - dances, marches, scherzos.

The trumpet is a brass wind instrument, the simplest examples of which are known long before our era. A modern pipe is a pipe bent several times and ending in a small bell. The narrow end is equipped with a mouthpiece.

Troubadour - a traveling poet and singer in France during the Middle Ages. The word comes from the Provençal " trobar" - invent, compose poetry. The main themes in the art of troubadours are the singing of love, deeds, and the beauty of nature.

The troupe is a creative team of theater artists.

Touche is a short musical “greeting” of a fanfare type. It is usually performed at ceremonies.

An overture is an orchestral piece performed before a theatrical performance and introduces the ideas and moods of the upcoming spectacle. In French the word " ouverture" - means "opening".

The bassoon is a low-sounding woodwind instrument invented in the 16th century. It is a long tube, its channel length is 2.5 m, folded several times. The word comes from the Italian " fagotto"- bunch, bundle. The theme of the grandfather in the musical fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf” was written for the bassoon.

Falsetto is the sound of a particularly high register of male voices with a characteristic timbre colorlessness; differs in low sound strength and some artificiality. The word comes from the Italian " falso" - false, false. Occasionally falsetto is used as an expressive artistic device.

Fanfare is a wind musical instrument such as a bugle. Fanfare is also called a trumpet signal of an inviting and ceremonial nature. Fanfare intonations are used in works of various forms and genres.

Finale is the last part of a cyclic musical work (symphony, concert, quartet, sonata), as well as the final scene of an opera, ballet or individual act. The word comes from the Italian " final" - final, final.

The flute is a woodwind instrument, one of the most ancient in origin. The ancestors of the flute are various kinds of reed pipes and pipes. The primary sample of the flute is the longitudinal flute, which was later replaced by the transverse flute sample. A modern flute is a narrow tube, closed at one end, with special holes for blowing air into it. The name comes from the Latin " flatus" - wind, blow. The flute is an indispensable participant in symphony ensembles, brass bands and chamber ensembles. The flute, as a moving instrument, is usually entrusted with the performance of fast, winding melodic phrases, light and graceful passages. The part of the bird in the musical fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf” was written for flute. The flute performs the leitmotif of the Snow Maiden in Korsakov's opera of the same name.

Folklore - oral folk art (Old English word " folklore" - means "folk wisdom"). Musical folklore includes the song and instrumental creativity of the people, reflecting their history, way of life, aspirations, and thoughts. The main area of ​​musical folklore is folk song.

Piano ( t.zh. piano) is a stringed keyboard instrument that has gained exceptional importance in musical practice due to its enormous range and universal technical capabilities. The first examples of this instrument were imperfect: their sound was harsh and their range was limited. Having undergone a number of improvements, the piano by the end of the 18th century. replaced the harpsichord and clavichord. An important step towards the rich dynamic capabilities of the piano was the invention of pedals. At the beginning of the 19th century. Two main types of pianos became established - the upright piano and the grand piano. They are still widespread today. A large number of musical works have been created for the piano. In the history of music, the names of outstanding pianists-performers are known - Stein, etc.

A fugue is a polyphonic work with many voices, in which the main theme is heard in different voices. Translated from Latin the word " fugue" means " running" The fugue reached its highest development in the work of the German composer J.-S. Bach. Often the fugue is performed in combination with other musical pieces - prelude, toccata, fantasy.

Habanera is a Spanish dance of Cuban origin. The name comes from the word Havana- capital of Cuba. Performed at a slow tempo, much of the movement is freely improvised. Habanera is the predecessor of tango, which is characterized by the same rhythm of accompaniment. The habanera genre was used by composer J. Bizet in his opera Carmen.

A choir is a singing group that performs vocal music, mostly polyphonic. There are single (male and female), mixed and children's choirs. The word comes from the Latin " chorus" - crowd, meeting. According to the manner of performance, choirs are divided into academic and folk.

The choirmaster is the conductor of the choir. Typically, a choirmaster is an assistant choir director who works with the group when learning the repertoire. The responsible leader of a choral group in an opera house is also called a choirmaster.

Jota is a Spanish folk dance, performed at a fast pace, accompanied by playing the guitar, mandolin, and the clicking of castanets. The jota genre was used in the creation of his Spanish overture “Aragonese jota”.

Csardas is a Hungarian folk dance. The name comes from the Hungarian word " csarda" - tavern. Consists of slow and fast parts. Czardas is often found in musical literature.

Chastushki are Russian folk songs based on the repeated repetition of a small verse. Appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. The word "ditty" comes from the word "frequent", repeated many times. According to the content, ditties can be satirical, mischievous, lyrical, etc. Slow love ditties are usually called suffering.

The barrel organ is a mechanical wind instrument that became widespread among wandering musicians in Europe at the beginning of the 18th century. A barrel organ is a small box, inside of which there is a mechanism made of a tube, fur and a roller. When the handle is rotated, a piece of music sounds, usually very simple in melodic pattern. The piece is “programmed” into the organ, so playing it does not require any special skills.

Noise sound is a sound that does not have (unlike musical) a clearly defined pitch. Noise sounds include hum, crackling, ringing, rustling, etc. Some noise sounds have found application in music: drumming, clicking of castanets, hitting cymbals, etc.

Plucked instruments are a group of ancient stringed instruments, the sound of which is produced by plucking, that is, by hooking the strings with a finger, as well as by a mediator, a special device for hooking strings. Plucked instruments include harp, domra, mandolin, etc.

Elegy is a play of a sad and thoughtful nature. In Greek " elegeia" - complaint.

A pop orchestra is a name rooted in our country for an orchestra that performs “light” music. Such an orchestra includes a group of wind instruments, a set of drums, piano, guitars, and sometimes several violins.

Humoresque is a short play of a humorous, whimsical nature. In music, musical plays called “Humoresque” by composers A. Dvorak, E. Grieg, etc. are popular.

MUSIC AND OTHER ARTS

Lesson 6

Subject: Become music, word!

1. Similarities between literary and musical speech (using the example of Symphony No. 40 by W. A. ​​Mozart).
2. The influence of musical and poetic intonations on instrumental music (using the example of the finale of P. Tchaikovsky’s Piano Concerto No. 1).

Musical material:

1. W. A. ​​Mozart. Symphony No. 40, I movement. Fragment (listening);
2. P. Tchaikovsky. Concerto No. 1 for piano and orchestra. Part III. Fragment (listening).

Description of activities:

1. Perceive and identify internal connections between music and literature.
2. Explore the significance of literature for the embodiment of musical images.
3. Discuss the commonality and differences in the organization of speech in works of literature and music.

“Open your mind! Become the music of the word!
Strike into the hearts so that the world may triumph!..”
(N. Zabolotsky)

With all the power of its capabilities, music has always learned from poetry. If you listen carefully to the sound of a piece of music, you can distinguish phrases and sentences, exclamations and sighs. But all this is part of human speech!

Remember the beginning of W. A. ​​Mozart's Fortieth Symphony.

Listening: W. Mozart. Symphony No. 40, I movement (fragment).

Like a poem in this musical statement, everything rhymes, everything is proportional - the intonation movement, the rhythmic pattern, and the accents. It seems that this music is an endless movement, a striving forward. However, in this movement both pauses and stops are discernible. It’s as if you can hear the intonations of the excited speech of a person who needs breaks to catch his breath.

This intermittency of musical speech, its division into phrases and sentences, originates in those distant times when word and music were not yet separated from each other. The man worked and sang, he was sad and sang, he danced and sang at the same time. So word, music and dance arose from one source, one element.

Listening: W. Mozart. Symphony No. 40, I movement (full version, at the request of the teacher).

And now, even in music that is not even connected with words, one can sometimes hear the intonations and rhythms of bygone times - those times when words and music were fused together.

Tchaikovsky absorbed everything that sounded around him: Russian folk song, urban romance, choral music, and everything that was close to him in the music of other peoples. But this, so to speak, musical atmosphere that surrounded Tchaikovsky was for him only a support on which he created his own, brightly individual melodic style, about which Boris Vladimirovich Asafiev once said well: “Melody is a kind of Tchaikovsky’s handwriting.” " Indeed, by Tchaikovsky’s melodicism, as by his handwriting, we recognize his music from the very first bars.

He could take a simple folk melody or his own composition and carefully preserve it, without touching a single note, decorating it with only a modest arrangement, slightly emphasizing the most important points of the melody. Or he could grow from the same modest song melody a hymn of joy, a hymn of love or a great human tragedy. All from one melodic grain!

Listening: P. Tchaikovsky. Concerto No. 1 for piano and orchestra. Part III (fragment).

Listen to the beginning of the finale of P. Tchaikovsky's First Piano Concerto. The basis of this beautiful virtuoso music was the folk song - spring, which was usually called spring, and with it the hope for warmth and a good harvest was associated. The intonations of such a call were heard in the music of stoneflies, in which one or two phrases were repeated many times.

The intonations of the stonefly can also be heard in Tchaikovsky’s music. They determine its expressiveness, mood, and dance character. The main motif is repeated many times - just as the invocation words are repeated in many stoneflies.

In 1874, Pyotr Ilyich completed his First Piano Concerto. He wanted to dedicate it to N. G. Rubinstein, asking him to be the first performer of this work. But Rubinstein did not like the concert, and he even called it unperformable. Very upset, Tchaikovsky sent the notes to the wonderful German pianist and conductor Hans von Bülow, who became his first performer. In gratitude, Tchaikovsky dedicated the concert to him. Many years later, Bülow called this concert “... the most sparkling, the most perfect” among the works of the Russian composer.

Listening: P. Tchaikovsky. Fourth Symphony (finale).

Melodies of song origin are found among many composers. Sometimes the songs themselves become the themes of musical works. For example, in the finale of P. Tchaikovsky’s Fourth Symphony, the Russian folk song “A Birch Stood in the Field” is used, and in the second part of D. Kabalevsky’s Piano Concerto No. 3, his own song “Our Land” is featured.

However, folk musical culture is not the only source of influence on the work of composers. The entire history of music suggests that there were other sources of such influence. “Become music, word!” - this line from a poem by N. Zabolotsky reflects the eternal desire of composers to capture in musical sounds all the richness of human speech, to combine word and sound into an inextricable whole.

Questions and tasks:

1. How do you understand the meaning of N. Zabolotsky’s words “Become music, word!”?
2. Why is the music of Mozart's Fortieth Symphony so similar to poetry? Explain your answer.
3. How did the nature of the stonefly influence the music of P. Tchaikovsky's First Piano Concerto?

Presentation

Included:
1. Presentation, ppsx;
2. Sounds of music:
There was a birch tree in the field (Russian folk song), mp3;
Come out, come out, Ivanka (Ukrainian folk melody), mp3;
Mozart. Symphony No. 40, Part 1 Allegro molto (main part), mp3;
Mozart. Symphony No. 40, Part I. Allegro molto, mp3;
Tchaikovsky. Concerto No. 1 for piano and orchestra. Part III, mp3;
Tchaikovsky. Symphony No. 4, IV movement, mp3;
3. Lesson summary, docx.

The world of music is multifaceted; several main directions form the basis of the entire musical culture. Classical, symphony, blues, jazz, pop music, rock and roll, folk, country - there are different genres and styles to suit every taste and every mood.

Origin

Music as an art arose in the early sixteenth century, when the first bowed and plucked instruments appeared. Much earlier, primitive pipes, horns and pipes were invented, which were made from reeds, animal horns and other improvised means. In the seventeenth century, musical culture was already developing at a rapid pace: more and more instruments appeared, musicians began to unite in groups, duets, trios, quartets, and later in orchestras.

Music notation

Notation appeared before musical instruments, since singing and the art of vocals required some kind of consistency, the ability to write down invented melodies on paper and only then perform them. This is how the musical staff and the well-known seven notes appeared. By adding notes in a certain order, it was possible to obtain a melody that was compositionally simple, since there were no halftones. Then sharp and flat appeared, which immediately expanded the composer's capabilities. All this concerns the performing skills of musicians who adhere to the theoretical foundations of music. But there are many masters who play only by ear, they are not familiar with music theory, they do not need it. Such musicians include country music. A few memorized chords on the guitar or piano, and natural talent completes the rest. Nevertheless, these musicians are familiar with the terms directly related to their art, but only superficially.

The emergence of musical terms

In order not to get confused in the styles and directions of music, various instruments and devices, musical terms were invented. Gradually, everything related to music received its name. And since music originated in Italy, almost all musical terms were adopted in Italian and in its transcription. Some song titles are written in French or Latin, depending on their origin. Italian musical terms reflect only the general picture and can be replaced in individual cases by other names that are similar in meaning.

Italian origin

Music is a vast layer of world culture that requires a serious systematic approach. Musical terms were approved at the level of linguistics committees in leading European countries, including Italy, and thus received official status. The administrative support of musical institutions around the world is based on the use of terms in accordance with their application - reference books and manuals have been created for this purpose.

Known terms

The most famous musical term is “treble clef”, everyone knows it. The importance of the most popular names is difficult to overestimate; there is a kind of axiom in their spelling, the same thing happens when we hear a well-known phrase. For example, the most musical term is, of course, “jazz”. Many people associate it with black rhythms and exotic variations.

Names and classification

It is impossible to unambiguously define the most famous musical term. This category includes the name "symphony", a synonym for classical music. When we hear this word, an orchestra on stage appears before our eyes, violins and cellos, music stands with notes and a conductor in a tailcoat. Musical concepts and terms help to comprehend what is happening in the concert hall and better understand the essence of the work. The sophisticated audience attending concerts at the Philharmonic will never confuse adagio with andante, since each term has its own definition.

Fundamental terms in music

Let us present to your attention the most famous musical terms. The list includes titles such as:

• Arpeggio - alternation of notes when sounds are built one after another.
• An aria is a vocal work, part of an opera, performed accompanied by an orchestra.
• Variations are an instrumental work or its excerpts, performed with various complications.
• Gamma - alternating notes in a certain order, but without mixing, up or down to an octave repetition.
• Range is the interval between the lowest and highest sounds of an instrument or voice.
• Scale - sounds arranged in a row in height, similar to a scale. The scale may be present in or in their passages.
• Cantata is a work for concert performance by an orchestra, soloists or choir.
• Clavier - arrangement of a symphony or opera for interpretation on the piano or for singing with piano accompaniment.
• Opera is the most important musical genre, connecting drama and music, music and ballet.
• Prelude - an introduction before the main piece of music. Can be used as an independent form for a small piece.
• Romance is a work for vocal performance with accompaniment. It is distinguished by a romantic mood and melody.
• Rondo is a repetition of the main theme of the work with the inclusion of other accompanying episodes between the refrains.
• A symphony is a work performed by an orchestra in four parts. Based on the principles of sonata form.
• A sonata is an instrumental work of complex form consisting of several parts, one of which dominates.
• A suite is a musical work consisting of several parts, different in content and contrasting with each other.
• Overture is an introduction to a work that briefly reveals the main content. Orchestral overtures, as a rule, are an independent musical work.
• Piano is the unifying name for instruments that operate on the principle of hitting a hammer on a string using keys.
• The chromatic scale is a scale of semitones, formed by filling major seconds with intermediate semitones.
• Texture is a way of presenting music. Main types: piano, vocal, choral, orchestral and instrumental.
• Tonality is the characteristic of a fret in height. Tonality is distinguished by key components that determine the composition of sounds.
• Third is a three-step interval. The major third is two tones, the minor third is one and a half tones.
• Solfeggio - classes based on the principle of tutoring with the aim of developing an ear for music and its further development.
• The scherzo is a musical sketch of a light, playful nature. May be included in a major musical work as its integral part. It can also be an independent piece of music.

Musical term "allegro"

Some techniques are widely used. An example is the musical term - “fast”, “fun”, “expressive”. It immediately becomes clear that the work contains major expression. In addition, the musical term “allegro” denotes the unusual, and sometimes festive, nature of what is happening. The style that is characterized by this concept seems to be the most life-affirming. Only in rare cases does the musical term “allegro” denote a calm and measured development of a plot, performance or opera. But even in this case, the overall tone of the work is cheerful and expressive.

Terms defining style and genres of music

Titles are divided into several categories. Tempo, rhythm, or speed of performance define certain musical terms. List of symbols:

• Adagio - calm, slow.
• Adgitato - excited, excited, impulsive.
• - measuredly, slowly, thoughtfully.
• Appassionato - lively, with passion.
• Accelerando - increasing the pace, accelerating.
• Calando - with fading, reducing speed and reducing pressure.
• Cantabile - melodious, sing-song, with feeling.
• Con dolcherezza - softly, with tenderness.
• Con forza - with force, assertively.
• Decrescendo - gradually decreasing the sound strength.
• Dolce - tender, sweet, soft.
• Doloroso - with sadness, pitifully, with despair.
• Forte - loudly, with force.
• Fortissimo - very strong and loud, thunderous.
• Largo - wide, free, leisurely.
• Legato - smoothly, calmly, serenely.
• Lento - slowly, slowing down even more.
• Legiero - easily, smoothly, thoughtlessly.
• Maestoso - majestic, solemn.
• Misterioso - quiet, mysterious.
• Moderato - moderately, with arrangement, slowly.
• Piano - quietly, quietly.
• Pianissimo - very quiet, muffled.
• Presto - quickly, intensely.
• Sempre - constantly, without changing.
• Spirituozo - spiritually, with feeling.
• Staccato - abruptly.
• Vivace - lively, quickly, non-stop.
• Vivo - tempo intermediate between presto and allegro.

Technical Terminology

• Treble clef is a special symbol placed at the beginning of the musical line, indicating that the note of the first octave “G” is located on the second line of the staff.
• Bass clef - an icon confirming the location of the note “F” of the small octave on the fourth line of the staff.
• Bekar is an icon indicating the cancellation of the “flat” and “sharp” signs. It is a sign of alteration.
• A sharp is an icon indicating an increase in sound by a semitone. It is a sign of alteration.
• Flat is an icon indicating a decrease in sound by a semitone. It is a sign of alteration.
• Double-sharp is an icon indicating an increase in sound by two semitones, a whole tone. It is a sign of alteration.
• Double-flat is an icon indicating a decrease in sound by two semitones, a whole tone. It is a sign of alteration.
• A beat is an incomplete beat that gives rise to a piece of music.
• Signs that abbreviate musical notation serve to simplify musical notation if it is extensive. The most common: tremolo, reprise sign, melismatic signs.
• Quintole - a five-note form replacing the usual group of four notes, symbolized by the number 5, below or above the notes.
• A key is an icon indicating the place where a sound is recorded on a musical scale in relation to other sounds.
• Key signs are alteration icons placed next to the key.
• A note is an icon placed on one of the lines of the staff or between them, indicating the pitch and duration of the sound.
• Staff - five parallel lines for placing notes. The arrangement of note symbols is carried out from bottom to top.
• Score - musical notation, separate for each participant in the performance of the work, taking into account the compatibility of voices and instruments.
• Reprise is an icon indicating the repetition of any part of a work. Repeating the fragment with some changes.
• Degree - designation of the order of the sounds of the scale, indicated by Roman numerals.

Musical terms for all times

Musical terminology is the basis of modern performing arts. Without terms, it is impossible to write down notes, and without notes, a professional musician or singer will not be able to play or sing. The terms are academic - they do not change over time and do not become a thing of the past. Invented more than three hundred years ago, they are still relevant.