What age-related crises are characterized by the manifestation of negativism? The concept of negativism and its relationship with age

The basis for the appearance of a negative attitude towards others can be improper family upbringing, character accentuations, psycho-emotional experiences and age characteristics. Negativism often develops in envious, hot-tempered, emotionally stingy individuals.

The concept of negativism and its relationship with age

A negative attitude towards the surrounding reality manifests itself in three main features:

There are also three types of negative manifestations:

The passive type is characterized by ignoring, non-participation, inactivity, in other words, a person simply does not respond to the requests and comments of other people.

Active negativism manifests itself in verbal and physical aggression, defiance, demonstrative behavior, antisocial acts and deviant behavior. This type of negative response is often observed during adolescence.

Children's negativism is a kind of rebellion, a protest against parents, peers, and teachers. This phenomenon is often observed during age-related crises, and, as is known, childhood is rich in them like no other stage. In general, from birth to adolescence, there are 5 ages in which the crisis manifests itself:

• newborn period;
• one year old;
• 3 years of age - “I myself” crisis;
• 7 years of age;
• adolescence (departure).

The age crisis is understood as the transition from one age to another, which is characterized by changes in the cognitive sphere, sudden changes in mood, aggressiveness, a tendency to conflict, decreased ability to work and decline in intellectual activity. Negativism is not present in all age periods of child development; it is more often observed at the age of three years and in adolescents. Thus, we can distinguish 2 phases of children's negativism:

With prolonged dissatisfaction of life's needs, frustration develops, which causes psychological discomfort of the individual. To compensate for this condition, a person resorts to negative emotional manifestations, physical and verbal aggression, especially in adolescence.

The very first age period in which a negative attitude towards others arises is the age of 3 years, junior preschool age. The crisis of this age has another name - “I myself,” which implies the child’s desire to act independently and choose what he wants. At the age of three, a new cognitive process begins to form - will. The child wants to perform independent actions, without the participation of adults, but most often the desires do not coincide with real possibilities, which leads to the appearance of negativism in children. The baby resists, rebels, and flatly refuses to fulfill requests, much less orders from adults. At this age, it is strictly forbidden to oppose autonomy; adults need to give the child the opportunity to be alone with his thoughts and try to act independently, taking into account common sense. If parents often oppose their child’s independent steps, this threatens that the child will stop striving to do anything on his own. The manifestation of a negative attitude towards adults is by no means a necessary phenomenon in early childhood, and in most cases depends on the characteristics of family upbringing and on the competence of parents in this matter.

At the age of 7 years, the phenomenon of negativism can also manifest itself, however, the likelihood of its occurrence is much less than at the age of 3 years and adolescence.

Adolescence itself is a very sensitive period in the life of every child; for some, the age crisis manifests itself excessively, while others hardly notice the negative aspects. Negativism in adolescents largely depends on the environment in which the child lives, on the style of family education and on the behavior of parents that children imitate. If a child is raised in a family with constant conflicts, bad habits, aggression and disrespect, then a negative attitude towards the surrounding reality will sooner or later show itself.

The crisis of adolescence manifests itself in a decrease in intellectual activity, poor concentration, decreased ability to work, sudden changes in mood, increased anxiety and aggressiveness. The negativism phase in girls may develop earlier than in boys, however, it is shorter in duration. According to the research of the famous psychologist L. S. Vygotsky, negativism in teenage girls more often manifests itself in the premenstrual period, and is often passive in nature with possible manifestations of verbal aggression. Boys themselves are by nature more aggressive, and the nature of this behavior is often physical in nature, manifested in fights. The teenager is changeable in everything: both in behavior and in emotional manifestations; some time ago he behaved demonstratively and was in high spirits, but five minutes later his mood dropped and the desire to communicate with anyone disappeared. Such children do not do well in school, are rude to teachers and parents, and ignore comments and requests. Negativism in adolescents lasts from several months to a year or does not appear at all; the duration depends on individual personality characteristics.

It should be noted that adolescence changes the child not only psychologically, but also physiologically. Internal processes are actively transformed, the skeleton and muscles grow, and the genitals change. Physiological transformations in a teenager’s body occur unevenly, which is why frequent dizziness, increased blood pressure and fatigue are possible. The nervous system does not have time to process all the changes that occur in a growing body, which largely justify nervousness, increased excitement and irritability. This age period is very difficult in a person’s life, so it is no wonder that a teenager becomes aggressive, hot-tempered and shows negativism, in this way he defends himself.

Psychological correction of children's negativism

The most effective in the psychotherapy of children's negativism is play, since this type of activity is the main one at this age. In adolescence, cognitive behavioral therapy can be used, since it is rich in a variety of trainings and, in addition to eliminating negativism itself as a phenomenon, explains the reasons for its occurrence.

For young children and preschoolers, the following types of psychotherapy are quite effective: fairy tale therapy, art therapy, sand therapy, play therapy.

Psychologists have outlined several techniques that parents can use. Let's consider the basic rules for correcting negativism in children:

• condemn not the child himself, but his bad behavior, explain why this cannot be done;
• invite the child to take the place of another person;
• tell your child what to do in a conflict or unpleasant situation, what to say and how to behave;
• Teach your child to ask for forgiveness to those he has offended.

Negativism - causes, symptoms, treatment

Negativism

We often meet people who, in response to reasonable advice, act in the opposite way; in response to reprimand, they take a “combat position.” Each of us has these traits, but not everyone is able to see and recognize them. Meanwhile, scientists have given this behavior a specific name: “negativism.”

Negativism in psychology is behavior that has no justification, the opposite of what another person/community asks or demands; resistance to norms and rules, the advice of others, and even common sense.

What is negativism?

1. Active. It represents open resistance to the demands and requests of another individual, the opposite action.
2. Passive. A person simply ignores what they tell him, advise him, ask him, order him.
3. Physiological negativism. Rejection of food; constipation; speech delay; blocking movements.

Total epidemic!

The most common form of negativism, which is almost impossible to diagnose, is directed inward. Sometimes a person is not able to notice how he wants one thing, but does the exact opposite. Certain traits of negativism are inherent in everyone.

Negativism is most pronounced in children and adolescents. Small children refuse to obey their parents, eat, collect toys, or go to bed. In adolescence, the aggravation is repeated: young people reject previous generations, “we will go our own way!”, the desire to do everything in their own way. The reasons in both cases are the same: protection of one’s own “I”, manifestation of individuality and the desire to prove one’s autonomy and independence.

Causes and consequences of negativism

The reasons for the deviation lie in the foundations of the psyche, laid down in childhood. Lack of self-confidence, inferiority complex and lack of independence. If parents constantly forced the child to do something without coordinating it with him, then in adulthood a person will perceive any advice as an attack on his originality and independence.

1. Problems in interaction with others. Negativists are very difficult to communicate with, it is difficult to come to an agreement with them, they are too stubborn.
2. By denying everything and everyone, the negativist comes into conflict with himself. And he can no longer understand what he really needs, what is useful, what he wants.
3. Skepticism, mistrust, excessive criticism.

How to solve the problem?

You can eliminate manifestations of negativism by getting to the roots. To do this, it is necessary to carry out a general rehabilitation of the psyche. A good psychotherapist will help with this. It takes years to understand yourself. For efficiency, you can use the Turbo-Suslik system. It is focused on independent practical application. Its advantage is that it not only eliminates the external manifestations of the problem, but also works with its foundations. Turbo-Suslik carries out total cleaning, individually. Serious results are visible within a few months.

Luckily, there is a way to actually remove stress from your life. I know this is very hard to believe, but there is a way to re-align the mechanisms of your mind so that “stressful” events no longer cause stress. As a result, your life can become almost completely stress-free, and you will be able to easily and constructively experience any stressful situations that arise in your life. If you want to know how to do this, here is a link to a free e-book that will tell you how to do it in detail. This book has already become a lifesaver for tens of thousands of people, so don’t miss your chance.

Negativism: what is this condition, its manifestations and methods of correction

Negativism is an active or passive behavior that manifests itself in actions that are specifically opposite to what is required or expected.

Previously, such a concept as negativism was used exclusively to characterize pathological forms of behavior that arose in certain psychiatric diseases and organic brain lesions. (The development of such behavior cannot be ruled out in cases of the appearance of neoplasms.) And here negativism can manifest itself not only as resistance to the influence of other people, but also in the form of suppression of internal desires and aspirations. People may stop getting out of bed, moving, or talking. Sometimes negativism even manifests itself in the withholding of physiological needs: the patient refuses to eat, drink, or perform natural needs.

As a result, if left unattended, such a person really threatens his life. Therefore, if one of your loved ones or acquaintances shows signs of this particular form of behavior, immediately seek help from a specialist.

Passive negativism is more associated with stubbornness. It is characterized precisely by “inaction,” a lack of response to demands and requests. For example, you can force your child to do his homework three hundred times. He will even sit at a desk for five hours. And at the same time do nothing, play under the counter on the phone, slowly write out words... Although the essence of this behavior is the same: a protest against coercion. However, without seeking yet to “completely shift” the authority of adults. This form is typical for younger children. This turns out to be a “silent” form of not doing.

In a word, asking to remove scattered things, in the first case we can get bickering and demonstrative scattering of other objects in the room, and in the second, rather, simple lying on the bed and a situation “like peas against the wall.”

Pathological resistance in children

If we consider the behavior of very young children, then such a protest most often manifests itself in the form of verbal negativism. And this manifests itself precisely at the stage of formation of the mentioned speech. Many parents, looking at their neighbors’ children, demand from their own that they “speak early” or “speak correctly.” But all children are different: some begin to walk earlier, some begin to talk, and some, already in adulthood, are the first to earn a million. So what is more important in this life? But do mom, dad and all the grandparents put together think about this, if Masha is nearby and is already talking so smartly about the ball? They start pestering the child: “Say ball!”, “Say car”, “Say...”. And if the baby is silent, they begin to scold him or even punish him: “No, I won’t give you food until you say porridge!” What happens to the baby?

Naturally, he gets scared. And the situation is only getting worse. The child begins to “stubbornly remain silent” in opposition to the demands. Often this behavior develops with very demanding parents or in the case of speech defects: stuttering, for example, or poor diction. And it arises along with the fear of speech hesitations or incorrect pronunciation.

It is worth recalling as an example a case where a family sincerely boasted about the funny words that their child came up with, to the horror of their neighbor. She never allowed her daughter to name things incorrectly and took her to see a speech therapist. As a result, by the age of five in kindergarten, the first child clearly, distinctly and under the same general affection of the family recited a lot of poems at all matinees. And the second girl showed all the signs of speech negativism, in protest of increased control over the correctness of speech. Although, of course, this example is not aimed at completely ignoring the child’s speech therapy problems, if they really are present.

It is also worth noting that verbal negativism does not always manifest itself in such a clear form. Often the child simply tries to remain silent once again by doing something himself: taking out a toy, drinking some water. This is more common in children who stutter. Then such behavior, on the contrary, makes parents proud: what an independent child. But, unfortunately, this is a manifestation of undeveloped speech communication skills and speech negativism.

What should you do in this case? First of all, motivate the child to speak. It is to motivate, not to force. And for advice it is better to turn to specialists. Psychologists who specialize in such behavioral nuances will help you choose an action plan specifically for your specific case.

If we ask the question about the age at which one can most actively encounter such behavior and the phenomenon of negativism, then this, of course, is the period of adolescence and from the second half of the 3rd to the first half of the 4th year of the child’s life. In this case, the mentioned negativism will act as a symptom of the three-year crisis and be included in the seven main symptoms of the mentioned crisis.

It is worth noting that this early negativism has some peculiarity. Here the child is not protesting against oppression of his opinion in general, as is often the case with older children. He “boycotts” certain people: a teacher he doesn’t like, a father who is too tough. But with others he is quite friendly, obedient and sociable. The main motive is to do just the opposite of what was said. Often this provokes conflicts and misunderstandings between adults: at home, in the presence of parents, the child is obedient, but in kindergarten they complain about him as if he were a little devil who throws everything around, plays around and offends everyone.

The reason for the appearance of negativism lies in the little man’s awareness of his Self. And the manifestation of such a form of behavior will appear where there is a greater limitation of independence and personal initiative; where incomprehensible prohibitions are strong and inadequate punishment is applied.

So, what can we say in conclusion? Negativism is always a protest. However, the true motives are sometimes hidden. In principle, the child protests that his opinion is not taken into account. However, this can be connected with anything and does not apply to the baby at all in our understanding. For example, a child is “on strike” because his opinion was not taken into account during: the divorce of his parents, the birth of a second child, the choice of a kindergarten teacher, a forced move, the presence of sick or elderly relatives, the status of the family in general, as well as the concept of a “beautiful” craft or picture, good or bad... Sounds funny? But, this is a fact. The child wants to feel like a holistic, significant, separate entity.

Condition correction

How can you help if you are faced with a similar situation, that is, the phenomenon of negativism? Don't forget that the rules apply not only to children, but also to you. The best example is your example. Why, say, should a child not smoke if you yourself are susceptible to this habit, knowing that it harms you?

Therefore, do not forget to develop general and understandable rules. For example, we make sure to tell you what time we are returning home, because we all worry about each other. Do not forget that a child should have not only responsibilities, but also rights.

The child should have the right to choose. Let it be minimal: eat soup or cabbage soup, take a shower or take a bath. But, it should be, as such. This also includes the moment of choosing a hobby and various clubs. Remember that you are a separate person who is not necessarily eager to make your failed dreams come true.

However, situations are not always so transparent and solvable. After all, it is not always easy to change reality. And then it is best to seek advice from a specialist.

Lapshun Galina Nikolaevna, Master of Psychology, psychologist I category

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Negativism treatment

Negativism is a specific behavior when a person speaks out or behaves demonstratively opposite to what is expected. Negativism can be situational or a personality trait. The psychological basis for the manifestation of the negativism pattern is a subjective attitude towards denial and disagreement with certain expectations, demands, and worldviews of individuals and social groups. Negativism can be demonstrated or have hidden forms of manifestation. Children exhibit similar behavior in stubbornness, conflict, resistance to authority, and deviant behavior.

Initially, negativism is a psychiatric term. Active negativism is expressed in actions that deliberately contradict requests, with a passive lack of reaction at all. Referred to as symptoms of schizophrenia, possibly as a manifestation of autism.

Negativism in psychology is a feature of behavior.

What is negativism?

Negativism in psychology is resistance to influence. From lat. “negativus” - denial - was originally used to designate pathological psychiatric conditions, gradually the term moved into the context of behavioral characteristics with a normal psychiatric status, and is also used in a pedagogical context.

Negativism is a symptom of crisis. A characteristic feature of this phenomenon is called unreasonableness and groundlessness, the absence of obvious reasons. Everyday, negativism manifests itself when faced with an influence (verbal, non-verbal, physical, contextual) that contradicts the subject. In some situations, this is a defensive behavior to avoid direct confrontation.

By analogy with its original use, negativism is presented in two forms - active and passive.

The active form of negativism is expressed in actions that are opposite to those expected, the passive form is a refusal to perform an action at all. Negativism is usually considered a situational manifestation of an episodic nature, but when reinforced, this form of behavior can acquire a stable character and become a personality trait. Then they talk about a negative attitude towards the world, a negative assessment of people, events, constant confrontation even with damage to personal interests.

Negativism can be a sign of age-related crises, depression, the onset of mental illness, age-related changes, and addictions.

How a manifestation of a negative attitude can be transmitted at the verbal, behavioral or intrapersonal levels. Communicatively - verbal expression of aggression and disagreement, refusal to do the required or demonstrative doing of the opposite, in the case of a behavioral form. In the deep version, there is resistance that is not translated externally, when, for objective or subjective reasons, the protest is limited to internal experiences, for example, if a person is dependent on the object that has an impact. This form can sometimes be expressed in demonstrative silence. Manifestations can relate to society in general, a separate group or individuals. It seems to a person that they suppress individuality and there is a desire to do the opposite.

Negativism is also possible in relation to the perception of life. The personality perceives life itself, its organization as such, as forcing the individual to obey its laws, to become a “typical representative.” Existence itself is characterized as a problem, a conflict, a lack. This manifests itself as a constant criticism of the world order at different levels from the global to everyday situations. In extreme terms, a complete rejection of social realization is possible as a way of resisting suppression.

Reasons for negativism

The basis for the appearance of negativism can be defects in upbringing, including the family scenario of attitude towards life, formed accentuations of character, periods of crisis, and traumatic situations. What is common to all factors is intrapersonal infantilism, when a person creates the illusion of denying the need for this with the resources to solve a problem, the ability to get out of a conflict, argue one’s position, or ignore an attempt to interfere with one’s boundaries. If this form of perception is episodic in nature, then this may be a stage of recognizing and overcoming the new, unknown and frightening. But if such a pattern of behavior takes on a constant course, then we can talk about the formation of a character, a behavioral script. This is a form of pathological ego defense, a denial of the factor that attracts attention. The reasons include a feeling of internal uncertainty, helplessness, and lack of necessary knowledge and skills to overcome a problematic situation.

During periods of crisis, negativism as a frequent symptom is a reaction to a change in the social situation, as a result of which the individual cannot rely on previous experience and requires new knowledge. Since they don’t exist yet, the fear of not being able to cope causes a reaction of resistance. Normally, having received the necessary knowledge and experience, a person moves to a new level of self-development. Development requires a certain amount of work, a period of mastering and overcoming. If a person avoids this process, then he will grow old at the stage of resistance, refusing to develop and the accent that he cannot overcome is declared as undesirable. During periods of early childhood crises, the cause may be an overprotective upbringing scenario and parents do not allow the child to go through the overcoming stage on his own, trying to reduce his frustration (in fact, his own) from the unknown.

Signs of negativism

Signs of negativism include stubbornness, rudeness, isolation, demonstrative ignoring of communicative contact or individual requests. Verbally, this is expressed in constantly depressed, suffering, pitiful conversations, aggressive statements in relation to various things, especially valuable to society in general or the interlocutor in particular. Criticism towards people who speak positively or neutrally in relation to the emphasis of negativism. Reflections on the negative structure of the world, references to works confirming this thought, often distorting the meaning or ignoring the opposite opinion of a similar authority.

Often, a person’s assumption of negativism causes violent denial and a realistic, open-minded, unbiased view of the surrounding reality is declared. This position differs from a consciously pessimistic position in that negativism is not realized. The goal of negativistic perception usually becomes a desired, but subjectively inaccessible sphere, or an aspect that a person needs, but he does not want or is afraid to do wrong, to be condemned for a mistake. Therefore, instead of admitting his imperfection, he blames an external object.

The sign is an unreasonably aggressive reaction of resistance, emotionally charged and quite sharp, unexpectedly quickly gaining development. A person cannot calmly accept, ignore, or reasonably discuss a request, topic, or situation. Sometimes the reaction may be aimed at arousing pity, in order to avoid further pressure, then stubbornness can be combined with tearfulness and a depressed state. In childhood, this is capriciousness and refusal to fulfill requests; in older age, this is supplemented by an attempt to justify one’s refusal by the unreasonableness or incorrectness of what is happening.

Negativism in children

The first crisis of negativism is attributed to the age of three years, the second is considered to be teenage negativism. The crisis of three years of age implies a child’s strong desire to show independence. By this age, self-awareness is formed, an understanding of the Self arises, and in verbal expression this is manifested in the appearance of the construction “I myself.”

Negativism at this age is associated with a change in worldview. Previously, the child perceived himself as more inseparable from a significant adult. Now, awareness of one’s own autonomy and physical separation arouses interest in learning about the surroundings in a new format, on one’s own. This news of awareness and the subjective shock of the difference between the current sensation and previous impressions, as well as some anxiety that accompanies each new knowledge, causes a somewhat sharp reaction in the perception of an adult. Often, this period is more psychotraumatic for parents; they are shocked by what they perceive as a sharp rejection of the child and, in fear of losing contact with him, try to return the previous, interdependent format of interaction. At the first stage, this provokes an increase in resistance, then it decreases due to the child’s personality suppressing its activity and, in the future, can lead to passivity, weak will, lack of independence and dependent behavior.

Adolescence is also a sensitive period in the formation of personality. Additionally, the crisis of negativism is aggravated by hormonal changes, which affect the general perception and behavior of the child. In girls, it may coincide with menarche and relate more to the formation of gender identification and its relationship with social role. For guys, this period is more associated with designating their position in the social hierarchy; there is a desire to group and build relationships within the team.

If the crisis of 3 years is associated with the separation of the self from parental figures, then adolescent negativism is associated with the differentiation of the self and society and, at the same time, an understanding of the need for adequate inclusion in society, a healthy merger with it for further development. If this period is pathological for the individual, then resistance to social norms can become a life scenario.

The essence and types of negativism

is a manifestation of a negative attitude, an attitude towards a person, towards life or the world with a negative prejudice. Negativism is a typical sign of the presence of a destructive position (destructiveness is a person’s negative attitude and behavior aimed at external objects or at himself). The opposite of negativism is understanding, support and cooperation.

Woody Allen once wrote that two elderly ladies were vacationing at a resort in the Catskills, and one said: “The food here is so bad.” And the second added: “And don’t talk! The portions are also small.” Allen wrote that he felt about the same about life. Negativism, as a manifestation of a negative attitude, manifests itself both totally and selectively - at different levels - communicative, behavioral or deep (without external manifestations).

Negativism is communicative (superficial): at the level of words, people swear, object and blame. At the same time, with regard to relationships and affairs, this can be a “negative” person, or a positive one, or a loving one, or a constructive one.

Behavioral negativism: a person refuses or does the opposite, contrary to demands and requests.

Passive negativism: a person ignores requests and demands.

Active negativism (protest) - a person does everything exactly the opposite, no matter what is asked of him.

Negativism can also manifest itself in relation to society or to a group: a person feels that these people suppress his individuality, and he tries to do everything “differently from others.”

Similar to the concept of negativity is the concept of nonconformism (disagreement), which means active rejection of the established order, generally accepted norms, values, laws or traditions. The opposite concept is conformism - when a person receives the attitude of “being like everyone else.” As a rule, nonconformists are subject to pressure and aggressive behavior from conformists who represent the “silent majority.” Both conformism and nonconformism are elements of immature, childish behavior. Mature, more adult behavior is independent behavior. And even more adult manifestations of behavior are love and care, when people regard their freedom as not the fact that they don’t have to do something, but that they can do what is worthy, what is of value to them.

Negativism also manifests itself in the perception of life: a person has the attitude of seeing complete negativity in life: instead of successes, he sees mistakes, instead of opportunities, problems, and instead of advantages, shortcomings. This is the so-called negative worldview - when a person perceives the world primarily through a negative attitude, in dark and gloomy tones, he is used to noticing only the bad in everything. A negative worldview often becomes negativism in the future - an attitude towards a person or group of people with a negative prejudice.

There is also the concept of deep negativism: no matter how a person communicates externally, inside he treats others with a negative prejudice, he does not trust people, sees only intent and sabotage, he blames and suspects people, provokes negativism in others.

In children, negativism often manifests itself as an objection: “Go for a walk, you’ve been sitting at home!” - “I don’t want to, I’m drawing!” “You have to read today - get busy!” - “I don’t want to, I’m going outside!” - this is how the child’s desires are directly opposite to the requirements, requests or proposals. As for age periods, negativism is a more characteristic feature for children during an age crisis. It is also typical for teenagers - this is the so-called teenage negativism. When its manifestation is a tendency to object. For example, a teenage girl learns to walk in high-heeled shoes. “You can hardly walk in such high heels?” “But she, of course, objects: “No, it’s fine!” So she gives herself the correct operational suggestion. In addition, negativism also occurs in older people, but, be that as it may, it always worsens during periods of personal failure.

Causes and symptoms of negativism: how to avoid its development in yourself

The reasons are very diverse; it is impossible to deny both the genetic factor and the undoubted influence of altered hormonal levels. Regarding psychological reasons, first of all, we are talking about helplessness, lack of skills and knowledge of how to overcome the problem, struggle for power and self-affirmation, lack of attention, expression of hostility and revenge. Sometimes this is a manifestation of a painful version of a negative worldview.

If you know the symptoms of negativism, you may not allow it to develop in you.

So, the symptoms of negativism include:

• Tendency to worry and whine.
• Dislike for a person with a positive outlook.
• Philosophical thoughtfulness about how imperfect the world is.
• Ingratitude, the habit of not seeing the good, focusing on the negative.
• The habit of stating and living a problem, instead of looking for a solution.
• The tendency to motivate yourself through negative motivation. Negative motivation is based on:

Fear of running into trouble or losing what you have;

On dissatisfaction with your results;

On the lack of personal life;

On the desire to prove something to others, to “make” them.

It is worth noting that pointing out symptoms of negativism in other people is very dangerous, because people with developing negativism will react to this with defense and become increasingly stronger in their negativism. If you start to monitor yourself or ask your loved ones to tell you when you “fall into negativism,” success becomes quite real.

Many people suffer from sinusitis and other diseases related to inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. The psychomotor behavior of a runny nose is represented by many reasons.

Senile dementia

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Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's type dementia

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of memory impairment in older people. This disease has a hereditary predisposition.

Adolescent Negativism

For the most part, teenage negativism can be characterized by one phrase: “I don’t want to and I won’t!” Most often this is not stubbornness.

Is a child not speaking a sign of speech negativism?

For what reason does one speech therapist say that it is necessary to constantly ask a non-speaking child to repeat words after adults, to name that.

Inferiority complex

An inferiority complex is a condition when a person acutely experiences his own uselessness, it seems to him that he is defective, and all this is wonderful.

The basis for the appearance of a negative attitude towards others can be improper family upbringing, character accentuations, psycho-emotional experiences and age characteristics. Negativism often develops in envious, hot-tempered, emotionally stingy individuals.

The concept of negativism and its relationship with age

A negative attitude towards the surrounding reality manifests itself in three main features:

There are also three types of negative manifestations:

The passive type is characterized by ignoring, non-participation, inactivity, in other words, a person simply does not respond to the requests and comments of other people.

Active negativism manifests itself in verbal and physical aggression, defiance, demonstrative behavior, antisocial acts and deviant behavior. This type of negative response is often observed during adolescence.

Children's negativism is a kind of rebellion, a protest against parents, peers, and teachers. This phenomenon is often observed during age-related crises, and, as is known, childhood is rich in them like no other stage. In general, from birth to adolescence, there are 5 ages in which the crisis manifests itself:

• newborn period;
• one year old;
• 3 years of age - “I myself” crisis;
• 7 years of age;
• adolescence (departure).

The age crisis is understood as the transition from one age to another, which is characterized by changes in the cognitive sphere, sudden changes in mood, aggressiveness, a tendency to conflict, decreased ability to work and decline in intellectual activity. Negativism is not present in all age periods of child development; it is more often observed at the age of three years and in adolescents. Thus, we can distinguish 2 phases of children's negativism:

• Phase 1 – period of 3 years;
• Phase 2 – adolescence.

With prolonged dissatisfaction of life's needs, frustration develops, which causes psychological discomfort of the individual. To compensate for this condition, a person resorts to negative emotional manifestations, physical and verbal aggression, especially in adolescence.

The very first age period in which a negative attitude towards others arises is the age of 3 years, junior preschool age. The crisis of this age has another name - “I myself,” which implies the child’s desire to act independently and choose what he wants. At the age of three, a new cognitive process begins to form - will. The child wants to perform independent actions, without the participation of adults, but most often the desires do not coincide with real possibilities, which leads to the appearance of negativism in children. The baby resists, rebels, and flatly refuses to fulfill requests, much less orders from adults. At this age, it is strictly forbidden to oppose autonomy; adults need to give the child the opportunity to be alone with his thoughts and try to act independently, taking into account common sense. If parents often oppose their child’s independent steps, this threatens that the child will stop striving to do anything on his own. The manifestation of a negative attitude towards adults is by no means a necessary phenomenon in early childhood, and in most cases depends on the characteristics of family upbringing and on the competence of parents in this matter.

At the age of 7 years, the phenomenon of negativism can also manifest itself, however, the likelihood of its occurrence is much less than at the age of 3 years and adolescence.

Adolescence itself is a very sensitive period in the life of every child; for some, the age crisis manifests itself excessively, while others hardly notice the negative aspects. Negativism in adolescents largely depends on the environment in which the child lives, on the style of family education and on the behavior of parents that children imitate. If a child is raised in a family with constant conflicts, bad habits, aggression and disrespect, then a negative attitude towards the surrounding reality will sooner or later show itself.

The crisis of adolescence manifests itself in a decrease in intellectual activity, poor concentration, decreased ability to work, sudden changes in mood, increased anxiety and aggressiveness. The negativism phase in girls may develop earlier than in boys, however, it is shorter in duration. According to the research of the famous psychologist L. S. Vygotsky, negativism in teenage girls more often manifests itself in the premenstrual period, and is often passive in nature with possible manifestations of verbal aggression. Boys themselves are by nature more aggressive, and the nature of this behavior is often physical in nature, manifested in fights. The teenager is changeable in everything: both in behavior and in emotional manifestations; some time ago he behaved demonstratively and was in high spirits, but five minutes later his mood dropped and the desire to communicate with anyone disappeared. Such children do not do well in school, are rude to teachers and parents, and ignore comments and requests. Negativism in adolescents lasts from several months to a year or does not appear at all; the duration depends on individual personality characteristics.

It should be noted that adolescence changes the child not only psychologically, but also physiologically. Internal processes are actively transformed, the skeleton and muscles grow, and the genitals change. Physiological transformations in a teenager’s body occur unevenly, which is why frequent dizziness, increased blood pressure and fatigue are possible. The nervous system does not have time to process all the changes that occur in a growing body, which largely justify nervousness, increased excitement and irritability. This age period is very difficult in a person’s life, so it is no wonder that a teenager becomes aggressive, hot-tempered and shows negativism, in this way he defends himself.

Psychological correction of children's negativism

The most effective in the psychotherapy of children's negativism is play, since this type of activity is the main one at this age. In adolescence, cognitive behavioral therapy can be used, since it is rich in a variety of trainings and, in addition to eliminating negativism itself as a phenomenon, explains the reasons for its occurrence.

For young children and preschoolers, the following types of psychotherapy are quite effective: fairy tale therapy, art therapy, sand therapy, play therapy.

Psychologists have outlined several techniques that parents can use. Let's consider the basic rules for correcting negativism in children:

• condemn not the child himself, but his bad behavior, explain why this cannot be done;
• invite the child to take the place of another person;
• tell your child what to do in a conflict or unpleasant situation, what to say and how to behave;
• Teach your child to ask for forgiveness to those he has offended.

Negativism as a symptom of an age crisis and as a psychiatric diagnosis

In psychology, negativism means a person’s resistance to any external influence, devoid of rational premises, even contrary to his own well-being.

In a more general sense, this concept denotes a generally negative perception of the world around us, the desire to do everything contrary to requests and expectations.

In pedagogy, the term “negativism” is applied to children who are characterized by an oppositional manner of behavior with people who should be an authority for them (teachers, parents).

Active and passive form of resistance

It is customary to distinguish two main forms of negativism: active and passive. Passive negativism is expressed in absolute ignorance of demands and requests.

In the active form, a person shows aggression and sharply resists any attempts to influence him. As one of the subtypes of active negativism, we can distinguish paradoxical, when a person does everything intentionally the opposite, even if it is at odds with his real desires.

Separately, there are purely physiological manifestations of this condition, when a person refuses to eat, practically does not move, and does not speak.

Related concepts

Negativism is one of the trio of manifestations of a child’s complex of protest behavior.

The second component is stubbornness, which can be considered a form of negativism, with the only amendment that stubbornness in any matter has its own specific reasons, while negativism is resistance that is not motivated by anything. What unites these phenomena is that both arise on the basis of purely subjective human sensations.

One of the closest phenomena to negativism (as a psychiatric term) is mutism. This is a condition in which a person avoids all communication, both through speech and gestures. But, unlike negativism, mutism is mainly the result of a strong shock.

The third component is obstinacy, the difference from stubbornness is that it is not directed at a specific person, but in general at the educational system, the development of events, and so on.

Complex of reasons and factors

As a psychiatric diagnosis, negativism is most often observed with the development of catatonic syndrome (schizophrenia, agitation and stupor), autism, dementia (including senile) and some types of depression.

When negativism is meant in a broader context, then among the reasons for its occurrence it is customary to primarily name frustration caused by long-term and very strong dissatisfaction with life circumstances and the environment surrounding a person. In turn, this frustration creates severe psychological discomfort, to compensate for which the person resorts to negativistic behavior.

Another possible reason for resistance may be difficulties with communication in a person. In this case, such a state arises as a hypercompensatory reaction to one’s own communication problems.

In the form of violent stubbornness, negativism arises as a response to attempts at external influence that are at odds with the person’s personal needs and desires. This reaction is due to a person’s need for his own opinion, self-expression, and control over his own life.

Relationship with age

Age-related crises that characterize the transition from one life period to another are often accompanied by changes in character and thinking, and frequent mood swings.

At this time, a person becomes conflicted and even aggressive to a certain extent, and a pessimistic view of the world around him prevails. Negativism is almost always a symptom of such a crisis, which manifests itself in stressful situations, when a person is most vulnerable and defenseless.

Critical ages

Throughout life, a person experiences several age-related crises, most of which occur before the age of 20:

• newborn crisis;
• crisis of the 1st year of life;
• crisis 3 years;
• crisis 6-7 years (“school crisis”);
• adolescence crisis (from about 12 to 17 years).

In adult life, a person faces only two critical periods associated with the transition from one age to another:

• midlife crisis;
• stress associated with retirement.

Pathological resistance in children 3 years old

Naturally, negativism is not characteristic of the first two periods, but already at the age of three, when children begin to show a desire for independence, parents are faced with the first manifestations of children's stubbornness and categoricalness.

That is why this period is often called “I myself,” since this name best describes the state of a child at three years old. The child wants to perform most of the actions on his own, but his desires do not coincide with his capabilities, which leads to frustration, which, as mentioned above, is one of the main causes of this condition.

At the same time, one should not confuse negativism with simple disobedience of a child. When a baby refuses to do something he doesn't want, that's normal. Negativism manifests itself in situations when a child refuses to perform some action precisely when adults have suggested it to him.

View from the outside

If we talk about a psychiatric term, then in this case negativism itself acts as a symptom of a certain number of diseases. Moreover, depending on the form (active or passive), it can manifest itself both in demonstrative insubordination and in passive resistance to any requests of the doctor, which is its most important feature in this case.

As for negativism from a pedagogical or general psychological point of view, the main external manifestations in this case will be speech and behavioral signs:

• difficulties with communication, interaction with others, even the closest people;
• conflict;
• refusal to compromise;
• skepticism and mistrust bordering on paranoia.

How does it feel from the inside

The feelings of the person himself are quite difficult to describe, primarily because such people rarely recognize their condition as abnormal.

The internal state will be characterized by an extreme degree of confusion in one’s own desires and needs, conflicts with oneself, and sometimes self-aggression.

The passive form in this case can be felt as inhibition of consciousness, an extreme degree of indifference towards all surrounding things and people.

What to do if this affects your family?

If it seems to you that one of your loved ones has signs of negativism in behavior, then, first of all, you should contact a psychologist or psychotherapist to resolve the internal problems that caused this condition, since such pathological stubbornness in itself is only a consequence , therefore, in order to overcome it, it is necessary to work with the root cause.

Among the methods of psychotherapy, play therapy, art therapy, fairy tale therapy, etc. are most suitable for preschoolers and primary schoolchildren.

For negative adolescents and adults, cognitive behavioral therapy has proven itself to be the best treatment. It is also important not to forget about your own attitude towards your loved ones. Psychotherapy will only be most successful if you work on this problem as a team.

In order to correct negativistic behavior and, if possible, avoid any conflicts, it is necessary to be creative. This is especially true for children.

It is necessary to exclude any psychological pressure on the child; in no case should there be threats or physical punishment - this will only aggravate the situation. You will have to use so-called “soft power” - negotiate, adapt, make compromises.

It is advisable to generally avoid situations in which conflict may arise.

Your main goal is to ensure that your child begins to follow positive patterns of communication and interaction with others. Don't forget to praise him every time he does something good, makes concessions, helps you, or communicates calmly with other people. In overcoming negativism, the mechanism of positive reinforcement plays a crucial role.

Preventing it is the best, but sometimes difficult way out

In order to prevent the development of such a condition in children and the elderly, it is first necessary to surround them with care and attention.

It is important to ensure that the socialization and integration of children into society is as successful and problem-free as possible, and that the elderly do not lose communication skills.

You cannot put pressure on people (of any age) and impose your point of view on something on them, force them to do something they do not want.

It is necessary to ensure that there is no feeling of frustration; you must especially carefully monitor your own condition. Frustration is the first step towards negativism.

The most important thing to remember about all of the above is that negativism is not a cause, but a consequence. You can get rid of it only by getting rid of the problem that caused it.

It is also important to remember and not confuse the term, which in psychology and pedagogy denotes irrational resistance to any influence with simple stubbornness and disobedience characteristic of all children.

The behavior of a person with negativism can be successfully corrected. In this case, it is advisable to consult a professional doctor.

This section was created to take care of those who need a qualified specialist, without disturbing the usual rhythm of their own lives.

What is negativism

The concept of “negativism” refers to a specific form of human behavior when, without obvious reasons, he demonstrates resistance in response to any external factors of influence. In psychology, this term is used to denote the inconsistency of a subject who acts contrary to the expectations of others, even contrary to personal gain.

In the broadest sense of the word, negativism refers to a person’s negative perception of his environment as a whole. What it is, and in what cases this designation is used, we will describe in more detail below.

Specific behavior and the main reasons for its manifestation

Negativism as a form of human behavioral activity can be a character trait or a situational quality. It can manifest itself in the form of demonstrably expressed dissatisfaction, in a tendency to negative thinking and statements, in seeing only their shortcomings in those around them, in an unfriendly attitude.

If we assume that a person is a programmable being, then it becomes clear what is the factor that provokes negativism. From the moment of birth and throughout childhood, an individual receives many different attitudes from the outside. In this way, his consciousness is formed and certain reactions are developed.

It is worth noting that in this entire “set of attitudes” there are always negative preconditions that are developed in the child when he is told something with which he does not agree. It is this disagreement that is placed in a distant “box” of the subconscious and can manifest itself over time in the form of such complexes or specific character traits as:

• Timidity.
• Self-doubt.
• Feelings of guilt or loneliness.
• Inability to be independent.
• Excessive suspicion.
• Stealth and many others.

Examples of phrases that predispose to the development of negativism, which a child may hear in childhood, can be: “don’t mess around,” “don’t interfere,” “don’t scream,” “don’t do that,” “don’t trust anyone,” etc. It would seem that the harmless words that parents use in order to protect their child from mistakes are absorbed by him on an unconscious level and in the future simply begin to poison his life.

The most dangerous thing is that once a negative attitude arises, it does not disappear. It begins to manifest itself in almost everything through emotions, feelings or behavior.

Forms of behavioral activity

The term "negativism" is often used in pedagogy. It is used in relation to children who are characterized by an oppositional manner of activity in relations with older people and those who should be an authority for them (parents, grandparents, educators, teachers, instructors).

In psychology, in connection with the concept of negativism, two main forms of behavioral activity of the subject are considered:

1. Active negativism is a form of individual behavior in which he sharply and quite zealously expresses his resistance in response to any attempts at external influence on him. Subtypes of this form of negativism are physiological (a person’s protest is expressed in refusal to eat, unwillingness to do or say something) and paradoxical (intentional desire to do something the opposite) manifestations.

2. Passive negativism is a form of behavior expressed in the individual’s absolute ignoring of requests or demands. In a child in everyday life, this form manifests itself in the form of a refusal to do what was asked, even if the denial goes against his own desires. For example, when a child is offered food, but he stubbornly refuses.

The negativism observed in children deserves special attention. This is due to the fact that the child often uses this form of resistance, opposing it to an imaginary or actually existing negative attitude towards him on the part of adults. In such situations, negative attitudes become permanent and manifest themselves in the form of whims, aggression, isolation, rudeness, etc.

The reasons for the negativism manifested in children include, first of all, dissatisfaction with certain of their needs and desires. Expressing his need for approval or communication and not receiving a response, the child becomes immersed in his experiences. As a result, psychological irritation begins to develop, against the background of which negativism manifests itself.

As the child grows up, he will become aware of the nature of his experiences, and this, in turn, will allow negative emotions to manifest themselves much more often. Prolonged blocking and ignoring of a child's needs by adults and parents can lead to denial becoming a permanent feature of his character.

Cause and effect

Such situations in psychology are considered difficult, but not critical. Timely professional techniques will help identify, eliminate and prevent negative trends in the subject’s behavior.

At the same time, you should not think that negativism is a trait characteristic only of children. Negativism often manifests itself in adolescents, adults and even older people. The reasons for the manifestation of negative attitudes in response to external stimuli can be changes in the social life of an individual, psychological trauma, stressful situations and periods of crisis. However, in any of the cases, the main reason for the expressed negativism is defects in upbringing and attitude towards life, which was formed in certain conditions.

To identify formed negative attitudes and prevent their development in the future, a psychological diagnosis of a potential patient should be carried out. Next comes work to eliminate or mitigate the subject’s negative manifestations. First, the original problem that provoked the development of a negative attitude is eradicated.

In addition, pressure on the individual is eliminated so that he can “unblock” and assess the real situation. Adults will be helped by the technique of self-knowledge, when, while working with a psychologist, a person is immersed in his own memories and can find the reason for his dissatisfaction in order to eliminate the consequences.

Although negativism is a fairly common phenomenon for modern people, it can be easily corrected. If you turn to a specialist for help in a timely manner, a person will be able to get rid of denial and stop seeing only negativity in others.

And the most important advice

Negativism

We often meet people who, in response to reasonable advice, act in the opposite way; in response to reprimand, they take a “combat position.” Each of us has these traits, but not everyone is able to see and recognize them. Meanwhile, scientists have given this behavior a specific name: “negativism.”

Negativism in psychology is behavior that has no justification, the opposite of what another person/community asks or demands; resistance to norms and rules, the advice of others, and even common sense.

What is negativism?

1. Active. It represents open resistance to the demands and requests of another individual, the opposite action.
2. Passive. A person simply ignores what they tell him, advise him, ask him, order him.
3. Physiological negativism. Rejection of food; constipation; speech delay; blocking movements.

Total epidemic!

The most common form of negativism, which is almost impossible to diagnose, is directed inward. Sometimes a person is not able to notice how he wants one thing, but does the exact opposite. Certain traits of negativism are inherent in everyone.

Negativism is most pronounced in children and adolescents. Small children refuse to obey their parents, eat, collect toys, or go to bed. In adolescence, the aggravation is repeated: young people reject previous generations, “we will go our own way!”, the desire to do everything in their own way. The reasons in both cases are the same: protection of one’s own “I”, manifestation of individuality and the desire to prove one’s autonomy and independence.

Causes and consequences of negativism

The reasons for the deviation lie in the foundations of the psyche, laid down in childhood. Lack of self-confidence, inferiority complex and lack of independence. If parents constantly forced the child to do something without coordinating it with him, then in adulthood a person will perceive any advice as an attack on his originality and independence.

Manifestations of negativism:

1. Problems in interaction with others. Negativists are very difficult to communicate with, it is difficult to come to an agreement with them, they are too stubborn.
2. By denying everything and everyone, the negativist comes into conflict with himself. And he can no longer understand what he really needs, what is useful, what he wants.
3. Skepticism, mistrust, excessive criticism.

How to solve the problem?

You can eliminate manifestations of negativism by getting to the roots. To do this, it is necessary to carry out a general rehabilitation of the psyche. A good psychotherapist will help with this. It takes years to understand yourself. For efficiency, you can use the Turbo-Suslik system. It is focused on independent practical application. Its advantage is that it not only eliminates the external manifestations of the problem, but also works with its foundations. Turbo-Suslik carries out total cleaning, individually. Serious results are visible within a few months.

Between the ages of 2 and 3, children tend to show signs of stubbornness and internal tension. Your child may have started being stubborn and angry when he was 15 months old, so this may not be a new situation. But after 2 years, this behavior reaches new heights, taking on other forms. A one-year-old girl contradicts her parents. At the age of 2.5 years she is already starting to contradict herself! She has a hard time making a decision, and then she does something different. She acts like she's being bossed around too much, when in fact no one is bothering her - on the contrary, she's trying to boss everyone around. The girl insists on doing everything her own way and exactly the way she did it before. She becomes furious if anyone interferes with her activities or moves her things.

It seems that it is quite natural for a child between the ages of 2 and 3 to make decisions on his own and resist pressure from adults. Trying to fight on two fronts at once without sufficient life experience puts him in a rather difficult position. For this reason, it is not easy to get along with a child of this age.

The task of parents is to refrain from unnecessary interference and, if possible, to give the child freedom of action. If the baby wants to actively participate in the process of dressing and undressing, he does so. Start the bath early to give him time to splash around in the water and clean the tub. At lunch, allow your child to eat on his own and do not push him. If he doesn't want to eat, allow him to leave the table.

When it's time to go to bed, go for a walk, or return home, guide his behavior by talking about something pleasant. The result should be achieved without unnecessary disputes. You must stop his attempts to establish tyranny in the house and at the same time not get angry over trifles.

Two-year-olds behave best when their parents set fairly firm, consistent, and reasonable boundaries for them. Your job is to carefully define these boundaries. Confronting a two-year-old child takes a lot of energy, so save it for really important matters, such as child safety issues. Getting your baby to sit in a booster seat while driving is much more important than getting him to wear mittens in cold weather (after all, you can put those mittens in your pocket and put them on your baby when his hands get really cold). .

Outbursts of irritability in children

Almost every two-year-old child has them from time to time. Even in completely healthy children they happen quite often. Usually such attacks of rage begin around one year of age and reach their peak at 2-3 years. The reason for them can be disappointment, fatigue, hunger, anger and fear.

Temperamental children, prone to stubbornness and sensitive to change, are more susceptible to them. Sometimes parents notice how a hysteria is brewing and prevent it by diverting the child’s attention. In other cases, the hysteria begins suddenly. The only thing parents can do is wait until the storm subsides.

During a tantrum, it is better to be close to the child so that he does not feel his loneliness. At the same time, you should not get angry with him, threaten him with punishment, persuade him to calm down, or try hard to correct the situation. Any such reaction may cause such episodes to occur more frequently and last much longer.

When the hysteria has passed, you should switch to some pleasant activity and leave this episode in the past. Approving words spoken casually: “You did great, you calmed down quickly” will help increase the child’s self-esteem and teach him to come to his senses faster next time.

Don't forget to praise yourself for staying calm and maintaining your composure. This is not so easy to do when a two-year-old is having a tantrum.

Children's whining

The babies of many mammal species often whine to get attention and signal that they are hungry (think of puppies, for example). This is a natural phenomenon, although at times it can get on your nerves. In the case of a newborn, you have no choice but to try to guess what the baby's cry means. However, when the baby has already learned to speak a little, it is advisable to insist that he express himself in words. Most often, it is enough to firmly and without unnecessary emotions tell him: “Tell me in words, I don’t understand your whining.” Sometimes, however, this has to be repeated for several months until the child fully understands the meaning of what was said. Remember that if you give in to whining (and the temptation to do this can be very strong), then in the future it will be much more difficult for you to eradicate this habit.

Child preference for one of the parents

Sometimes a child aged 2.5-3 years gets along quite well with each of the parents one by one, but when both appear on the scene at once, he becomes uncontrollable. This may be partly explained by jealousy, but at this age, when the child is especially susceptible to any attempts to impose someone else’s will on him and is not averse to giving orders himself, he feels that he is unable to cope with two people who are important to him at once.

Most often at this age the father turns out to be unloved. Sometimes it even seems to him that the child hates him. You should not take this baby’s reaction too seriously or become offended and turn away from him. It is better if the father communicates with the child alone, both during play and during daily routines such as feeding or bathing. In this way, he can show himself as a cheerful, loving and interesting person, and not a troublemaker. Even if the child initially resists when the father takes over, he must kindly but firmly insist on his own. The mother’s attitude should be just as firm but friendly when she leaves the child alone with the father.

Such shift work gives each parent the opportunity to communicate privately with the child and take time for themselves. However, it is equally important when the whole family gets together, even if the two-year-old reacts painfully to this. It is very important for a child (especially if this is the first-born) to understand that parents love each other, want to be close to each other and are not going to indulge him in everything.