Global consequences of science and technology. Scientific and technological revolution and moral education

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Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

Educational institution

Minsk State College of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Abstract on geography

“ The influence of scientific and technological progress and scientific progress on development, change and placementuhenergy industry of the world“

Prepared by student

groups 8691 “KD”

Ivanishkin Vitaly

Minsk - 2009

1. General energy provisions

2. Scientific and technological progress in the energy sector

3. Scientific and technological revolution in the energy sector

4. Scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological progress in the fuel and energy complex

5. Scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological progress in the natural gas industry

6. Scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological progress in the coal industry

7. References

1. General provisionsuhenergetics

The energy industry is part of the fuel and energy industry and is inextricably linked with another component of this gigantic economic complex - the fuel industry.

Energy is the basis for the development of production forces in any state and ensures the uninterrupted operation of industry, agriculture, transport, and utilities. Stable economic development is impossible without constantly developing energy. The most universal form of energy is electricity. It is generated at power plants and distributed to consumers through electrical networks by utilities. Energy demands continue to constantly increase.

The electric power industry, along with other sectors of the national economy, is considered as part of a single national economic system.

2. Scientific and technicalprogress in energy

Scientific and technological progress is the use of advanced achievements of science and technology, technology in the economy, in production in order to increase the efficiency and quality of production processes, to better meet people's needs. In modern economic theory, scientific achievements used in economics and technology are more often called innovations.

Scientific and technological progress is impossible without the development of energy and electrification. To increase labor productivity, mechanization and automation of production processes, replacing human labor (especially heavy or monotonous) with machine labor, is of paramount importance. But the vast majority of technical means of mechanization and automation (equipment, instruments, computers) have an electrical basis. Electrical energy is especially widely used to drive electric motors. The power of electrical machines (depending on their purpose) varies: from fractions of a watt (micromotors used in many branches of technology and in household products) to enormous values exceeding a million kilowatts (power plant generators), devices of this level require a huge amount of electricity, and how As a result, the demand for electricity increases.

Total world electricity production since 1991 to 1996 increased by 1566 TWh, or 12.9% and continued to increase further. But NTP also provides for an increase in equipment running on liquid fuel. According to forecasts - in 2020. energy consumption will exceed the level of 2002. by 65%. Demand for liquid fuels will increase sharply as a result of the increase in the global vehicle fleet. Of course, the demand for electricity and energy resources growing at such a pace could not and would not affect the energy sector as a whole.

· New energy enterprises began to be created and old ones were modernized.

· Reliable automated process control systems (APCS) began to be introduced everywhere.

· New types of progressive equipment began to be created and existing ones were improved.

· Creation and implementation of new materials with qualitatively new effective properties (corrosion and radiation resistance, heat resistance, wear resistance, superconductivity, etc.);

Over time, the achievements of scientific and technological progress reach a certain point and the Scientific and Technical Revolution (STR) occurs.

3. Scientific and technological revolution in energy

(STR) scientific and technological revolution is a radical qualitative transformation of the productive forces based on the transformation of science into a leading factor of production, as a result of which the transformation of industrial society into a post-industrial one occurs. The main features of which are: Extreme acceleration of scientific and technological transformations: reducing the time between discovery and implementation into production, constant obsolescence and updating. Increasing requirements for the level of qualifications of labor resources: an increase in the knowledge intensity of production, its complete electronicization and comprehensive automation.

The era of scientific and technological revolution began in the 40s and 50s. It was then that its main directions were born and developed: production automation, control and management based on electronics; creation and application of new structural materials, etc.

New major scientific discoveries and inventions of the 70-80s gave rise to the second, modern, stage of scientific and technological revolution. Several leading areas are typical for it: electronization, complex automation, new types of energy, technology for the production of new materials. In addition, nuclear energy has received special development, which has become one of the most important achievements of mankind and predetermines the shape of energy in the late 20th - early 21st centuries.

The main directions of scientific and technological progress in the electric power industry in recent years have been:

· improving the efficiency of the steam-gas cycle and increasing energy production on this basis;

· expanding the use of highly efficient combined production of electrical and thermal energy, including at low- and medium-power thermal power plants using gas turbine, steam-gas and diesel drives for centralized and decentralized energy supply;

· introduction of environmentally friendly technologies at thermal power plants operating on fossil fuels;

· increasing efficiency and reducing the cost of energy production at low- and medium-power power plants operating on non-traditional renewable energy sources, as well as using fuel cells.

Scientific and technological progress is of particular importance for the development of nuclear energy. It helps to improve the attitude of the world community towards it and increases the level of confidence in the safety of nuclear power plants. Tightening requirements for protecting the environment from harmful emissions has a certain impact on changing public opinion. An important factor in the development of nuclear energy is also the desire of countries importing fossil fuels to reduce their dependence on the import of energy resources from other countries and thereby increase their level of energy security. Currently, more than 60 nuclear power units with a total capacity of over 50 GW are being built around the world.

4 . NTP and NTRVfuel and energy complex

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) plays a special role in the economy of any country; without its products, the functioning of the economy is impossible.

World consumption of primary energy resources (PER), which includes oil, gas, coal, nuclear and renewable energy sources, increased by 172 million tons of fuel equivalent in 1999 compared to 1998. (by 1.5%) and amounted to 11,789 million tons of fuel equivalent. This year, an increase in consumption is expected in the amount of 296 million tons of fuel equivalent. (by 2.5%). In the structure of consumption, the dominant position remains with fuel and energy resources of organic origin - more than 94%. The rest is energy from nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power stations and renewable sources.

In the total volume of production and consumption of primary energy resources, oil is still in first place, followed by coal and gas. Nevertheless, in the structure of consumption for 1998-2000. a slight decrease in the share of oil is expected (from 42 to 41.7%) with an increase in the share of gas (from 24.9 to 25%) and coal (from 27.5 to 27.6%). The shares of energy from nuclear power plants and hydroelectric power plants will not change and will remain at the level of 2.3 and 3.3%, respectively.

Oil industry.

Oil is the primary energy carrier on the basis of which a number of refined products for final consumption are obtained as secondary ones: gasoline, lighting kerosene, jet and diesel fuel, fuel oil, etc. Oil has a number of physical and technological advantages:

· 1-2 times higher calorific value;

· High combustion rate;

· Relative ease of processing and extraction of a wide range of hydrocarbons;

· The use of oil is more environmentally friendly than coal;

· Many petroleum products have the same or even greater

Which made it possible to create new materials, so necessary in the era of scientific and technical progress and determined the rapid growth of oil production in the second half of the twentieth century. Petroleum products began to be used not only in the areas of material production, but also in mass quantities for household consumption: kerosene - in the first period of its formation at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, and then gasoline - in connection with the needs of automobile and aviation transport.

With the development of science and technology in the 20th century, more and more countries were able to extract and refine oil. What led to regional shifts in the location of oil production:

The destruction of the powerful potential of the oil industry in Eastern Europe, the region is thrown back to the level of the 60s and 70s;

Transformation of Asia into the leader in oil production in the world;

Creation of large oil production in Western Europe, as well as in Africa;

Decrease in the share of North and South America in oil production.

The role of the oil industry in Asia has become more consistent with the geography of oil reserves in the world.

The role of individual states in the industry has changed significantly:

USSR in 1987-1988 reached the maximum level of oil production among all oil-producing states - 624 million tons, which has not been surpassed by any country in the entire history of the oil industry; in the 90s oil production in Russia and a number of other CIS countries has fallen sharply;

The leaders in oil production are the USA and Saudi Arabia (in total they account for 1/4 of the world's oil production);

The discovery and development of oil resources in the North Sea brought Norway and Great Britain among the leading oil-producing countries in the world;

China has become a major oil producer;

Iraq has temporarily dropped out of the industry's leading position.

All the changes that have occurred in oil production have led to a decrease in its territorial concentration: in 1950, the ten leading states provided 94% of the world's oil, and in 1995 only 64%. Accordingly, in 1950, over half of the oil was produced by one country, in 1980 - by three countries, and in 1995 - by six. This had a strong impact on oil trade, the implementation of trade policies by oil-producing states and oil buyers, and significantly changed oil cargo flows in the world.

However, the problem of the oil and gas industry is that oil and gas reserves do not cover production volumes. As for the coal industry, its reserves exceed 400 years.

5. NTP and NTR innatural gas industry

During the NTP years, due to its unique properties (good resource base, ease of use, environmental friendliness), gas became an important resource. From the second half of the twentieth century. Natural gas is widely used as a raw material for a number of industries. The largest consumer of gas has become the chemical industry, which focuses on nitrogen production.

Of all primary energy resources, the production and consumption of natural gas is growing at the fastest pace. Gas is used in the residential sector, trade, services, industry and transport. Its consumption for electricity generation is growing. In 1999, world natural gas consumption increased by 35 billion cubic meters. m., in 2000 an increase of about 60 billion cubic meters is expected. m. (see table 3).

The share of natural gas in the structure of consumption of primary energy resources is also gradually growing.

6. Scientific and technological progress (STP) in the coal industry

Despite all the benefits of natural gas, the lion's share of electricity in OECD countries is generated from coal-fired power plants. The USA, for example, receives more than 70% of its electricity, EU countries - up to 60%. This type of raw material became very necessary during the years of heavy growth. industry and contributed to the development of scientific and technological revolution. In contrast to industrialized countries, in Russia the share of coal in electricity production fell to 29% in 1998, and the share of gas exceeded 62%. Such a structure of the fuel balance could be considered rational if the state of the resource base allowed maintaining the current level of production.

References

1. Heat engineering and heat power engineering vol. 1 General questions. A.V. Klimenko, V.M. Zorina. Publishing house MPEI. Moscow 1999, 527 p.

2. Current state and prospects for the development of world energy D.B. Wolfberg, Thermal Power Engineering. 1999. No. 5. With. 2-7.

3. Current state and prospects for the development of world energy D.B. Wolfberg. Thermal power engineering. 1998. No. 9. With. 24-28.

4. From Stalin to Yeltsin. N.K. Baibakov. Goz-Oilpress. 1998 352 p.

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL REVOLUTION

The concept of scientific and technological revolution

The concept of “progress” in combination with the epithets “scientific”, “social”, etc. It is no coincidence that it has become one of the most used when it comes to the history of the 20th century. Along with pivotal political events, the past century was marked by enormous advances in the spheres of human knowledge, material production and culture, and changes in people's daily lives. In the second half of the century this process accelerated significantly. In the 50s a scientific, technical, scientific and technological revolution took place, which is characterized by close interaction between science and technology, the rapid introduction of scientific achievements in various fields of activity, the use of new materials and technologies, and production automation. In the 70s An information revolution unfolded, contributing to the transformation of industrial society into a post-industrial or information society.

2. Achievements of NTR

In the field of atomic physics

Let us name the most important achievements of scientific and technological progress of the 20th century. In the field of atomic physics, an urgent scientific and practical task back in the 40s. became the production and use of atomic energy. In 1942, in the USA, a group of scientists led by E. Fermi created the first uranium reactor. The atomic fuel obtained in it was used to create atomic weapons (two of the three atomic bombs created then were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki). In 1946, an atomic reactor was created in the USSR (the work was supervised by I.V. Kurchatov), and in 1949 the first test of Soviet atomic weapons took place. After the war, the question arose about the peaceful use of atomic energy. In 1954, the world's first power plant was built in the USSR, and in 1957, the first nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" was launched. 1

In the field of medicine

The scientific and technological revolution had a great influence on medicine. When South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the first human heart transplant in 1967, many were concerned about the moral aspects of the operation.

Today, hundreds of people live normally with someone else’s heart.

1 Russia and the world in the 20th century p. 214

Successful transplants are performed not only of the heart, but also of the kidneys, liver, and lungs. Artificial “spare parts” for humans have been created, and artificial joints have become commonplace. Surgeons use a laser as a scalpel and miniature television cameras during operations. 1

Thanks to the discovery of the structure of DNA, it became clear how many life forms arose. The main building blocks of a living organism are proteins, formed inside cells by combining 20 different amino acids in different sequences. There are thousands of possible

variants of their compounds, yielding thousands of different proteins. But how and what determines a particular amino acid sequence and protein composition?

By 1950, it was already established that the DNA molecule (first discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1969 as part of the cell nucleus) is the material that controls the production of proteins and the hereditary traits of all living things. The structure of DNA discovered by Watson and Crick suggested how hereditary information is transmitted during cell division and how DNA determines the structure of the body's proteins.

The solution to the genetic code explained the origins of hereditary diseases. A single error in the order of bases in DNA can be enough to interrupt the formation of a normal protein. The modern level of genetics makes it possible to correct errors that cause genetic diseases. Gene therapy identifies a defective gene and offers an arsenal of tools to correct it. 2

2 Collection “The Forest for the Trees” p. 15

Having joined the scientific and technological revolution, Japanese scientists took up biotechnology, microelectronics with robotics, computer science, the creation of new materials, and nuclear energy. Computer software, watch, film, industrial electronics and soda ash firms have teamed up to assemble a device that can decipher DNA, the genetic material that determines the development of all living organisms. The development of the biotechnological industry depends on knowledge of genetic information, and understanding the secrets of human DNA opens the way to the successful treatment of all diseases, including those that are now considered fatal.

DNA research requires numerous and repetitive laboratory experiments. The Seiko company, known for its watches, proposed using robots to move particles of genetic material, which it usually uses in the high-precision assembly of watch movements. The Fuji photographic film company provided a special jelly-like emulsion. It helps separate genes into different elements. The electronics and electrical engineering company Hitachi has supplied laboratories with computers that translate the “pattern code” of DNA elements into data suitable for reading by electronic computers.

In the field of automotive and aircraft manufacturing

Scientific and technical thought is especially evident in the automotive and aircraft industries. Concorde, the first supersonic airliner in the world, is the result of fourteen years of creative research and testing by English and French designers. It flies at more than twice the speed of sound. Regular flights began in 1976. The plane travels from London to New York in 3 hours and 20 minutes.

When designing this machine, many problems had to be solved. For example, the complex curve of a delta wing

was designed to produce lift at low speeds and low drag at high speeds. By the end of the 60s, when prototypes were already taking off, quarrels began about the cost of the Concorde, its

viability and environmental impact. The noise effect when crossing the sound barrier did not allow flying at maximum speed. At low speeds, the aircraft were not economically profitable: at a speed of 800 km per hour, the aircraft consumed 8 times more fuel than conventional airliners. In total, only 14 Concorde aircraft were built. 1

A ceramic engine and a plastic body are far from the only new features of a car of the near future. Is it possible to imagine the world around us without metal and plastics? Before the scientific and technological revolution, it was impossible to imagine such a world. Now, at the Kethe Ceramics plant in Kagoshima, on the island of Kyushu, a future is being created in which, as the company's engineers say, there is no need for either metal or plastics. The car engine of tomorrow is made of ceramic. Nowadays there are motors that can withstand temperatures of up to 700-800 degrees, and they need water and air cooling, but a ceramic motor is not dangerous even at 1200 degrees. 2

1 Encyclopedia “When, where, how and why this happened” p. 369

2 Collection “The Forest for the Trees” p. 18

In the field of chemistry

There is no area where the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution are not used. In the 20s and 30s, many items began to be made from plastic, such as slide viewers, powder boxes, hair clips and hairpins. Polyethylene

film is used in construction.

Plastic is an example of using synthetics instead of natural raw materials. Lightweight, moldable, durable, stable

resistant to chemicals and high temperature, good insulating material, it is used to produce various

products: from paints and adhesives to plastic packaging materials. In 1907, the first plastic - Bakelite - was created in America by Leo Baekeland. At first it was produced on the basis of natural raw materials: celluloid was made from cellulose. Bakelite was obtained in the laboratory as a result of the synthesis of phenol-formaldehyde resin, which, when heated under pressure, formed a solid mass. This was followed by polymers, which were made from larger molecules. In 1935, nylon was created that was resistant to rotting and bacteria. 1

Computer revolution

An important component of the development of science and technology in the period under review was the “computer revolution”. The first electronic computers (computers) were created in the early 40s. Work on them was carried out in parallel by German, American, and English specialists, the greatest successes were

1 Encyclopedia “When, where, how and why this happened” p. 368

achieved in the USA. The first computers took up an entire room and required considerable time to set them up. The first computers used vacuum tubes. The machines carried out calculations and performed logical operations. The British Colossus computer, made in the 40s in England and the USA, helped decipher the code of the German Enigma cipher machine during

during the Second World War.

In the early 70s. microprocessors appeared, and after

they are personal computers. This was already a real revolution. The functions of computers have also expanded,

are no longer used only for processing and storing information, but also for exchanging it, designing, teaching, etc. Currently, the European Organization for Nuclear Research uses a supercomputer to store and process information - a giant computer with a memory of 8 million bits and 128 million words. In the 90s Global computer networks began to be created, which became extremely widespread. Thus, in 1993, over 2 million computers in 60 countries were connected to the Internet. and a year later the number of users of this network reached 25 million people.

Television era

Second half of the twentieth century. often referred to as the "era of television". It was invented before World War II. In 1897, German physicist Karl Braun invented cathode ray tubes. This was the impetus for the emergence of a means of transmitting visible images using radio waves. However, Russian scientist Boris Rosing discovered in 1907 that light transmitted through a tube to a screen could be used to produce a picture. In 1908, Scottish electrical engineer Campbell Swinton proposed using a cathode ray tube to both receive and transmit images.

The honor of the first public demonstration of capabilities

television belongs to another Scot - John Loggia Baird. He worked on a mechanical scanning system and in 1927 successfully demonstrated it to members of the Royal

Institute. Baird transmitted the first television images using BBC transmitters in 1929, and a year later his television receivers appeared on the market. 1

France, Russia and the Netherlands began television broadcasting in the 1930s, but it was more experimental than regular. America lagged behind, which was explained by two reasons: firstly, there were disputes over the patent, and secondly, they were waiting for the right moment to start transmissions. The war stopped the development of a new type of technology. But already from the 50s. television began to enter people's everyday life. Currently, in developed countries, television receivers are available in 98% of homes.

Space exploration

In the second half of the 20th century, human exploration of space began. The championship in this industry belonged to Soviet scientists and designers led by S.P. Korolev. In 1961, the first cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin took off. In 1969, American cosmonauts N. Armstrong and E. Aldrin landed on the moon. Since the 1970s, Soviet orbital stations began operating in space. By the early 1980s, the USSR and the USA launched more than 2,000 artificial satellites, and launched their own satellites into orbit

1 Encyclopedia “When, where, how and why this happened” p.388

also India, China, Japan. 1

The conquest of space revolutionized the world

communication systems. These devices are used to transmit radio and

television signals, observations of the earth's surface, weather,

spy, discover areas of environmental pollution and mineral resources. In order to evaluate the significance of these

events, it is necessary to imagine that there are achievements behind them

many other sciences - aeronautics, astrophysics, atomic physics, quantum electronics, biology, medicine, etc.

Previously, satellites were used only for scientific research, but other applications were soon found. The first commercial communications satellite, Telstar, transmitted television pictures from America to Europe in July 1962. Today, satellites are in orbit 36,000 km above the Earth's surface. 2

3. Problems of scientific and technological revolution

Technical progress in the second half of the 20th century. had not only positive aspects, it gave rise to a significant number of problems. One of them was that. that “a machine replaces a person” (already at the beginning of the introduction of computers it was calculated that one computer replaces the labor of 35 people). But what about those who lost their jobs because they were replaced by a machine? How should we react to the opinion that a machine can teach everything better than a teacher, that human communication successfully fulfills about us? Why have friends when you can play with the computer? These are questions that people of different ages and occupations argue about to this day. Behind them are real contradictions in the spheres of social relations,

culture, spiritual life, emerging information society.

A number of serious global problems are related to the consequences of scientific and technological progress for the ecology and human environment. Already in the 60-70s. it became clear that nature, resources

Our planet is not an inexhaustible storehouse, and reckless technocratism leads to irreversible environmental losses and disasters. One of the tragic events that showed the danger of technological failures of modern technology was the accident at

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (April 1986), as a result of which millions of people found themselves in the area of radioactive contamination. The problems of preserving forests and fertile lands, purity of water and air are relevant today on all continents of the Earth.

III Final part

In my report I touched only on some of the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution. Among them: in the field of atomic physics - the use of atomic energy, in medicine - the discovery of the structure of DNA, in the automotive industry - the use of new materials, in the field of chemistry - the creation and use of plastics, in addition, the creation of television, computers and achievements in the space industry. It is simply impossible to tell about everyone.

For us, scientific and technological revolution is a familiar part of everyday life. We cannot imagine our life without cars and various household appliances. In the modern world, people are accustomed to the fact that improved types of technology, new materials, and new research methods appear almost every day. The population of the planet also feels all the negative aspects of scientific and technological revolution. But the scientific and technological revolution is, first of all, high productivity, profitability, competitiveness; these factors are the main driving force of progress, which ultimately leads our society to a higher standard of living.

Scientific and technical translation

Currently, the theory of technical translation as an independent scientific discipline, and with it translation practice, is largely being transformed into a broader, global discipline - the theory of intercultural communication. as a special type of speech activity, it is one of the main and generally accepted means of intercultural communication, since very often it is the translator who becomes the intermediary in the exchange of scientific information. One of the most important realities of translation is the situation of the relativity of the result of the translation process, the solution to the problem of equivalence in relation to each specific text. There are several views on this problem. Thus, the concept of formal correspondence [L.K. Latyshev: 11.] is formulated as follows: everything that can be verbally expressed is transmitted. Untranslatable and difficult to translate elements are transformed, only those elements of the source text that cannot be conveyed are omitted. The authors of the concept of normative-content compliance argue that the translator must follow two requirements: convey all the essential elements of the content of the source text and comply with the norms of the translating language. In this case, equivalence is interpreted as an equilibrium relationship between the completeness of information transfer and the norms of the target language. The authors of the concept of adequate (full) translation consider translation and accurate retelling of a text to be completely different types of activity. They believe that when translating, one should strive to comprehensively convey the semantic content of the text, and ensure that the process of transmitting information occurs by the same (equivalent) means as in the original text. In relation to the practice of translating scientific texts, the concept of equivalence is relevant and quite understandable and is most likely based on the concept of L.K. Latyshev, who considers in his work the specifics of translating texts of various styles. The most difficult problem associated with the translation of scientific texts is the problem of transmitting the original content using a different terminology system. We believe that the terminology system of the target language is fundamentally unique, as is the lexical system as a whole. This is due to the following reasons: the terminology system is part of the lexical system of the national language, therefore, it to one degree or another reflects its national and cultural specifics. the terminology system reflects the subject-conceptual area of knowledge in a specific disciplinary area, which may also differ in different cultures; The terminological system is always dynamic, it is constantly changing both in the systemic relations between units and in relation to the content plan of a separate terminological unit. These factors often lead to terms being treated as non-equivalent or partially equivalent units. The concept of non-equivalence at the lexical level is considered and described, its reasons are: 1) the absence of an object or phenomenon in the life of the people; 2) absence of an identical concept; 3) difference in lexical and stylistic characteristics. In terms of terminology, the most common are the first two reasons, especially the lack of an identical concept. As an example, we can cite attempts to compare Russian and English legal terminology, which revealed a fundamental discrepancy in the lexical meanings of functionally identical and often similar in sound terms, which is explained by the fundamentally different structure of the legal system itself in Russia, Great Britain and the USA. We can identify the same fundamental differences in almost any humanities science that studies and describes society, the realities of its life and, as a result, is inextricably linked with the national and cultural specifics of these realities. Meanwhile, most terminological units are created on the basis of international vocabulary and international morphemes, and because of this, very often there can be an illusion of terminological identity, which in fact does not exist, or an attempt to recreate the semantic structure of a term based on the meaning of its constituent morphemes. Such situations often lead to inaccuracies or even serious errors in translation. From the above, it follows that there is an urgent need for comparative studies of term systems, both in terms of a semantic description of their meanings and in terms of studying methods of nomination that are productive in a particular knowledge system, as well as the need to develop methods for translating non-equivalent terms. In translation practice, transliteration and transcription are often used to translate many terminological units. This translation technique can be considered acceptable provided that further explanatory translation is followed, i.e. definition of this concept. It should be mentioned that this method, on the one hand, leads to the internationalization of terminological systems, on the other hand, the consequence of this technique may be unjustified borrowing, which leads to shifts in the terminological system as a whole. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specific translation procedures in the transfer of terminological units of another language. Conclusions: Communication in the field of science is one of the most important areas of information exchange in the global community in connection with scientific and technological progress. Unlike other areas of communication, written communication is of utmost importance. When carrying out written communication, the grammatical and stylistic features of scientific and technical texts are determined by the goals of communication, on the basis of which the strategies used by authors when writing scientific and technical texts are developed: the strategy of completeness, the strategy of generality, the strategy of abstraction, the strategy of objectivity, the strategy of politeness, the strategy of irony, the strategy of social prestige. The most important reasons that complicate communication processes in the scientific field are linguistic problems - language and speech. Thus, the problem of translating scientific and technical literature as a tool of intercultural communication is of utmost importance. The most important problem of achieving equivalence in the translation of scientific and technical texts is the transfer of the original content of the text using treminosystems of the target language. The difference between the terminology systems of the FL and TL is the cause of the greatest difficulties. This implies the need to study treminosystems and develop methods for translating partially equivalent and non-equivalent vocabulary.

scientific revolution social consequence

The transformation of individual and joint activities of people towards the intensification and unification of its nature, the release of a significant amount of free time and human resources have led to significant qualitative changes in the lifestyle of modern people. It is the development of scientific and technological revolution that is primarily associated with the transition from industrial to the so-called “post-industrial society”, which is characterized by: the priority not of production, but of information and service spheres, the spread of professionalism in all spheres of activity and the transition from a class to a professionally stratified society, the leading role scientific elites in determining public policy and management, a high degree of global integration both in the field of economics and culture.

Modern philosophy and sociology are characterized by an ambiguous assessment of the phenomenon of scientific and technological revolution. Traditionally, there have been two main approaches to assessing scientific progress - optimistic, considering scientific and technological progress as a natural stage of social and scientific development in the general context of modernization of the human community, which will ensure the further development of human civilization, and pessimistic, focusing on the negative consequences of technical development (environmental disasters, the threat of a nuclear apocalypse, the ability to manipulate consciousness, standardization of human activity and alienation of the individual, the negative impact of technology on the human body and psyche, etc.).

Today, the achievements of science in one way or another affect the life of every person, no matter where he lives and no matter what he does. For example, an illiterate resident of some Afro-Asian country - with a transistor, learning to read and write in India - through satellite television. A modern manager - in a car, with a computer, a cellular connection - is able to perform his functional duties while caught in a traffic jam.

The pace and depth of the deployment of scientific and technological progress determine the amount of knowledge, methods of its development, duration of training and much more. The basic learning paradigm is changing. The main thing is not the assimilation of a certain amount of information, but the ability to find it and work with this information. Figuratively speaking, what is valued is not the specialist who knows a lot, but the one who knows where to quickly find the necessary information. One of the main goals of education is to develop a person’s need for self-education and constant replenishment of his knowledge.

People who work primarily in physical labor have their own problems. Under the influence of modern technological and information revolutions, the time to update technologies in leading industries is reduced to an average of 5 years. Consequently, the employee, while remaining within the framework of his previous profession, is forced to change it and constantly retrain. All this will require a person to have professional flexibility, mobility, high adaptability and, of course, constantly improve their professional knowledge.

Also, new technical means create conditions for the dissemination of scientific, technical, cultural and artistic knowledge, enriching people with information and cultural values.

But a person’s adaptation to the environment that he has adapted to his life is a very difficult process. The rapid development of the technosphere is ahead of the evolutionarily established adaptive capabilities of humans. Difficulties in connecting the psychophysiological potentials of a person with the requirements of modern equipment and technology have been recorded everywhere, both theoretically and practically. Increasing mental stress, which people increasingly face in the modern world, causes the accumulation of negative emotions and often stimulates the use of artificial means of relieving stress. The constantly changing world breaks off many roots and traditions, forces a person to live in different cultures, adapt to constantly updated circumstances.

The negative consequences of scientific and technological revolution also include the growing gap in the level of economic and cultural development between the developed industrial countries of the West and the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America; an ecological crisis generated by a catastrophic human invasion of the biosphere, accompanied by pollution of the natural environment - the atmosphere, soil, water basins - by industrial and agricultural waste; displacement of the majority of the population from the active sphere of activity.

Also, one of the negative factors of modern scientific and technological revolution is the stratification of humanity. Man is a social being; he never evaluates absolute indicators, but evaluates everything in comparison. Stratification occurs according to several signs. Stratification by property. Scientific and technological progress will strengthen it due to the fact that everyone has different starting capabilities, and the result of scientific and technological progress will be the multiplication of the initial capital. Stratification by age. The acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological development has become obvious. The rapid change in living conditions caused by this acceleration is one of the factors negatively affecting the formation of a homeostatic system of customs and norms in the modern world. Stratification according to intellectual characteristics.

Of fundamental importance, however, is not the compilation of a somewhat exhaustive list of problems, but the identification of their origin, nature and characteristics, and most importantly, the search for scientifically based and practically realistic ways to solve them. It is with this that a number of general theoretical, socio-philosophical and methodological issues in their study are connected, which have now developed into a consistent concept of the problems of our time, based on the achievements of modern science and philosophy.

From all of the above, it is clear that scientific and technological revolution, no matter how effective it may be, provides only a basis for human development, but how he uses this basis is difficult or even practically impossible to predict.

Conclusion

The comprehensive development of man begins, undoubtedly, from the main side of human activity - from labor, constructive and creative work. It is in it that his inner essence is most fully manifested. In this regard, the prospect of such a “facilitation” of human labor as a result of the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, when a person will only observe machines, is very doubtful, as portrayed by some futurologists. Work brings joy to a person, even with its certain intensity, since it poses rather complex mental and physical tasks for a person, which he solves with pleasure and thereby asserts himself.

Most people already react reflexively to typical situations, this is quite understandable, life is getting faster and faster, while at the same time becoming more complicated, there is no time to think for a long time; decisions must be made here and now, otherwise you may not have time. Science is moving forward by leaps and bounds, the main feature of modern science is the formalization of the problem, with its subsequent decomposition and reduction to standard ones, solvable using known algorithms, and since life is now completely unthinkable without the achievements of science, then all actions taking place in society are reduced to standard ones with previously known results. And society itself, over the years of its existence, has developed persistent stereotypes of behavior. Undoubtedly, all this is correct, but life cannot always be squeezed into the rigid framework of our ideas about it.

In the context of weakening confrontation in the world, it is possible to eliminate the development of new types of weapons, solve global problems - the global environmental crisis, hunger, epidemics, illiteracy, etc. Scientific and technological revolution allows us to eliminate the threat of environmental disaster, to use the energy of the sun, water, wind, and the depths of the Earth.

Progress gives humanity opportunities that open up new aspects of the world to us. Science and technology have become the driving forces of civilization. Without them it is impossible to imagine the further development of humanity. A turn towards a new form of progress is expected. Without everything we have achieved, we cannot become better. I think that this form of progress will strive for zero waste, a minimum of resource consumption, the problems of man and machines, the tense rhythm of life and self-destruction in the environment of technology will disappear.

Social consequences of scientific and technological revolution
Under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, significant changes took place in the social structure of society. Along with the acceleration of urban population growth, the share of people employed in the service and trade sectors increased at a tremendous pace. The appearance of the worker changed, his qualifications, the level of general education and professional training grew; the level of payment, and at the same time the level and style of life. The social status of industrial workers was becoming more and more similar to the life indicators of office workers and specialists. Based on structural changes in the national economy, the sectoral composition of the working class changed. There was a reduction in employment in industries with high labor intensity (mining, traditional light industry, etc.) and an increase in employment in new industries (radio electronics, computers, nuclear energy, polymer chemistry, etc.).
By the beginning of the 70s. the number of middle strata of the population ranged from 1/4 to 1/3 of the amateur population. There was an increase in the share of small and medium-sized owners.
In the 70s The West has increasingly reoriented its economy towards social needs. Scientific and technical programs began to be more closely linked with social ones. This immediately affected the improvement of technical equipment and the quality of labor, the growth of workers' incomes, and the growth of per capita consumption.
Cons
Global environmental crisis
Demographic explosion
Scientific and technological progress
There are statements about the impending crisis of scientific and technological progress.
Positive processes of scientific and technological revolution

1) Expanding the horizons of knowledge.
2) Global networks and infrastructure.
3) Opportunities for spiritual growth.
4) Humanization of knowledge.
5) Independence from external factors.

By creating maximum convenience for people and reducing the need for their work, it has caused serious disruptions in the ecology of the planet.

Emissions of industrial waste into the atmosphere and water bodies have proven harmful to nature. The water you drink contains a large amount of heavy metals, salts, etc., and it can no longer be called crystal clear. If you want to prolong a relatively healthy life, you simply need to purchase a good water filter. But dealing with air pollution is much more difficult.

The governments of many countries are working to create special structures and equipment that facilitate the processing of industrial waste, but achievements in this area are not being actively implemented everywhere, despite the publication of relevant laws. The owners of many plants and factories observe only documentary formalities. In reality, violations occur all the time.

Also, thanks to scientific and technological progress, people moved from carts to cars, and this made it possible to cover long distances in a short time. One positive consequence of this is mobility. However, a side effect was air pollution from exhaust gases. In modern large cities this is especially noticeable, since there is practically no clean air there. The solution to the problem could be more environmentally friendly cars, however, they are not yet widely used.

Demography

Due to the development of medicine, many previously fatal diseases have become curable. The first step was the development of the chemical industry, the invention of penicillin and other antibiotic derivatives. If previously the law of natural selection was in effect, now not only the strongest, but also everyone else began to survive. Modern medicine has also solved the problem of childlessness and, as a result, the birth rate has increased. In general, this led to a complicated demographic situation. Although, the above is more relevant for developed countries, where medicine is at the proper level. In developing countries like India and a number of African countries, a high birth rate is accompanied by a high mortality rate.

Social sphere

The scientific and technological revolution caused changes in the social sphere. Automation of industry has led to a sharp increase in unemployment. Today, a large number of workers are replaced by one operator. Employers' requirements for personnel have also changed, and new professions have emerged.

The scientific and technological revolution, despite all the negative consequences, is an inevitable stage in the development of civilization. There is, of course, no turning back. And yet it is worth thinking about how to preserve human relationships and the environment, and, accordingly, health, beauty and longevity in the current world.

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Consequences of scientific and technological revolution

Under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, significant changes took place in the social structure of capitalist society. Along with the acceleration of urban population growth, the share of people employed in the service and trade sectors increased at a tremendous pace. If the number of people employed in this area in 1950 was 33% of the total amateur population in capital countries, then in 1970 it was already 44%, exceeding the share of those employed in industry and transport.

The appearance of the worker changed, his qualifications, the level of general education and professional training grew; the level of payment, and at the same time the level and style of life. The social status of industrial workers was becoming more and more similar to the life indicators of office workers and specialists. Based on structural changes in the national economy, the sectoral composition of the working class changed.

There was a reduction in employment in industries with high labor intensity (mining, traditional light industry, etc.) and an increase in employment in new industries (radio electronics, computers, nuclear energy, polymer chemistry, etc.).

By the beginning of the 70s. the number of middle strata of the population ranged from 1/4 to 1/3 of the amateur population. There was an increase in the share of small and medium-sized owners.

At the second stage of NRT, which began in the 70s, the processes considered acquired a “second wind,” as it were. A big role was played by the fact that by the mid-70s. In connection with the process of international detente, significant funds began to be released, previously directed to the military-industrial complexes (MIC) of the leading countries. The West has increasingly reoriented its economy towards social needs.

Scientific and technical programs began to be more closely linked with social ones. This immediately affected the improvement of technical equipment and the quality of labor, the growth of workers' incomes, and the growth of per capita consumption.

In combination with reforming the model of state regulation of the economy, such a reorientation of the economy allowed, based on the development of scientific and technological revolution, capitalist countries to avoid a depressive state and begin the transition to a higher stage of social structure.

It is generally accepted that the invention of microprocessors and the development of electronic information technology, achievements in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering ushered in the second stage of scientific and technological revolution, the stage of improving the productive forces or the “high-tech society.”

Based on the use of microprocessors, the process of comprehensive automation of production began, accompanied by a repeated reduction in the number of machine tools and mechanics, service personnel, etc. Such means of labor as automatic lines, automated sections, workshops, numerically controlled machines, and machining centers are being developed.

At the same time, the process of information automation has spread to other areas of the economy - management, finance, design work, etc. Information technology itself is becoming a special branch of industry, and science is turning into a powerful knowledge industry.

As noted, under the influence of scientific and technological revolution in the 50-60s. changes have occurred in the sectoral structure of the national economy. At its second stage, based on a widespread transition to resource- and labor-saving, environmentally friendly, knowledge-intensive industries and technologies, a deep structural restructuring of the economy of the leading countries took place.

This could not but cause profound social changes. Today, the largest number of employed people (from half to 2/3 of the self-employed population) are in the information and services sector (tertiary type of employment), and then in industry and the agricultural sector. The working class does not currently constitute the majority of the population in developed countries. These changes indicate an increase in the intellectual functions of labor and an increase in the general educational level of persons employed in various sectors of the economy.

However, it should also be noted that there are negative phenomena accompanying the victorious march of scientific and technological revolution. In the employment sector, this is chronic unemployment. In particular, it is the result of rapid structural changes in the economy due to the release of large numbers of workers in old industries.

In addition, this is the result of the deepening process of international division of labor and, as a consequence, mass migration of labor, and, finally, the rationalization of production in conditions of fierce competition.

At the second stage of the scientific and technological revolution, Western countries faced serious economic and socio-political crises, which caused the beginning of quite deep internal transformations.

Only the combination of scientific and technological innovations and socio-political reforms allowed capitalist countries to take full advantage of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, providing the majority of the population of their countries with material wealth and a high level of democratic freedoms.

Thus, we can say with a high degree of confidence that the third scientific and technological revolution (like previous scientific and technological revolutions) qualitatively transformed not only the sphere of material production, but also significantly changed social relations and had a huge impact on the spiritual life of society.