Many modern authors try to explain the mysteries. Preparation for the exam

Read the text and complete tasks 1–3.
(1) For the Antarctic voyage under the command of Bellingshausen, the Admiralty equipped two ships: the sloops Mirny and Vostok, which turned out to be not the best choice and had a negative impact on the plans of the expedition. (2) If "Mirny", built according to the design of Russian engineers Kolodkin and Kurepanov and strengthened by captain Lazarev before the start of the expedition, showed itself brilliantly in the ice campaign, then "Vostok", designed by British engineers, was qualitatively inferior to "Mirny" and turned out to be so weak for sailing in polar ice, that by the end of the expedition the condition of the sloop was unsatisfactory. (3) .... prompted Bellingshausen to think about ending the expedition early, and then forced him to decide to return.
1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) The Mirny sloop, built according to the design of Russian engineers, turned out to be much stronger than the Vostok, which was designed by the British.
2) For Bellingshausen’s Antarctic expedition, the Admiralty selected ships built according to different designs and at different shipyards.
3) The not very successful choice of ships for Bellingshausen’s Antarctic expedition was the reason for its early end: the sloop “Vostok” turned out to be too weak to sail in the ice.
4) The commander of the Russian Antarctic expedition, Captain Bellingshausen, had at his disposal two ships of different seaworthiness: the sloops “Mirny” and “Vostok”.
5) Bellingshausen was forced to prematurely terminate the Antarctic expedition due to the fact that one of the selected ships turned out to be weak for navigation in the polar ice.
2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
however
That's why
This
because
Although
3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word PLAN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this meaning in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
PLAN, husband.
1) A drawing depicting something on a plane. area, building. P. city. P. of the building (image of it in a horizontal section).
2) A pre-planned system of activities, providing for the order, sequence and timing of work.
Production point. Work according to plan. Strategic p. Calendar p.
3) The relative arrangement of the parts, a brief program of some kind. presentation. P. report.
4) Place, location of something. subject in perspective. Front, rear p. Pull something out. to the first paragraph (also translated: to give something important, significant meaning).
5) The scale of the image of someone. Give faces in close-up (in a film or television frame: in the foreground, closer to the viewer).
6) The area of ​​manifestation of something. or way of looking at something, point of view
(book). The action in the play develops on two levels. In theoretical terms.
4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.
overtook´
busy
self-interest will make it easier to pour in5. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
Look what nails she GROWED, white-handed!
Many parents strive to PROTECT their children from material problems.
I feel sorry for the people: they find themselves in the most disastrous situation.
There will be a CHARITY concert on Sunday. Funds from it will go to support the activities of the Vera Foundation.
Hard work doesn't go well with a COMFORTABLE lifestyle, it's worth realizing.
6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
more than EIGHT HUNDRED rubles
five KILOGRAMS
Grandma's FELT FEET
FROM THE YEAR NINE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SEVEN
eight KILOGRAMS
7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
GRAMMAR ERRORS
A) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases
B) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech
C) incorrect construction of a sentence with an adverbial phrase
D) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate
D) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
OFFERS
1) The notary said that I need original documents, and you brought copies. Now I have to bring him the originals.
2) It is quite difficult to monitor the life of penguins: they are shy, especially emperor penguins.
3) The globalization of the modern world, contrary to expectations and forecasts, has aggravated social and political contradictions in the world.
4) Neither the plant nor the factory started operating last year.
5) Rooms furnished with palace furniture and decorated with sculpture, antique bronze and paintings tell about the owners of the estate.
6) Sources of dust in the atmosphere are very diverse: soil and salts of sea water entering the air, volcanic emissions, fires.
7) It has been noticed that those who spent more time in childhood outdoors rather than at home are less likely to become myopic.
8) Upon returning from a business trip, my father always asked us about school news.
9) When making ice cream at home, the process is usually entrusted to an electric ice cream maker.
8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
m...creation...fantastic element...ment
par...dox
9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.
walk around, in...cheer up
pr...previous, pr...giving without...reason, painstakingly...to...search, o...swim
pro...gained, pr...stop
10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
deplete the cartoon...
lily of the valley
dangerous
calcium...
11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
hated... breathing... hooked up... rattling... gathering... 12. Identify a sentence in which NOT is written CONTENUOUSLY with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.
Batyushkov had a difficult fate, which (did not) spare his youth and talent.
I (don’t) want to see him in my house anymore.
The power of Athens did not give rest to its neighbors, other Greek city states.
In 1809, the Russian navigator V.M. Golovin reached Vanuata on a (small) large sailing ship.
F. M. Dostoevsky always started (not) from feelings or sensations, but from ideas.
13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.
No one drives along (THIS) path BECAUSE (BECAUSE) the road here is in disrepair.
We were late for the meeting, although (DUE) to the snowfall we left the house an hour earlier.
AND (SO), (IN) CLOSING, let me thank you for your cooperation.
(IN) IN VIEW of the unstable political situation, the trip to Egypt, which we had planned (IN) HURRY, had to be postponed.
(F) AWAY from civilization, you seem to realize all the imperfections of our modern world.
14. Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.
The shop sold old(1) dishes and kitchen(2) utensils: silver(3) cutlery, glass(4) dishes, honey(5) jugs and washstands.
15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1. Our ability to think about the consequences of our actions and actions distinguishes us from animals.
2. Man is able to think about the consequences of his actions and actions, and this distinguishes us from animals.
3. A person is able to think about the consequences of his actions and decisions, and this distinguishes us from animals.
4. The ability to think through consequences is what distinguishes us from animals.
5. What distinguishes us from animals is the ability to think about the consequences of our actions, actions and decisions.
16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
N. A. Nekrasov’s mother (1) was quiet and meek (2) and was a well-educated woman (3) who spoke French (4) and played excellent music.
17. Place all the missing punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.
I couldn't tell anyone (1)
The sacred words "father" and "mother".
Of course (2) you wanted (3) old man (4)
So that I get out of the habit in the monastery (5)
From these sweet names -
In vain: their sound was born
With me. (M.Yu. Lermontov)
18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
When he expressed a useless thought out loud (1), his comrade suddenly became nervous again and began to say irritably (2) that he did not understand the careless Russian people (3) who (4) not only do not put their own lives at anything, but also on others spit.
19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
It is generally accepted (1) that (2) the closer the site’s current position is to the required one (3), the higher the site’s performance indicator, and (4) if the required position is achieved, then the effectiveness indicator has a maximum value.
20. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.
Many modern authors try to explain the mysteries of ancient history with the help of a tentative hypothesis about space aliens.
(1) The accelerated pace of the modern world, the material wealth accumulated in it, cars, crazy speeds, overpopulated cities with their new architecture, continuous movement, and finally, the power of television and cinema - all this sometimes creates a feeling of replacing true beauty, replacing the essence of beauty and in the real world, and in humans. (2) Sometimes it seems to us that we have learned everything, that nothing will surprise us. (3) The sunset in the span of the street is unlikely to make us stop for a moment. (4) The starry sky no longer seems to us a secret of secrets.
(5) In the everyday routine of everyday worries, in the quickened rhythm of life, in the noise and bustle, we slide past the beautiful. (6) We are sure: the truths are in the palm of our hands, they seem to be so clearly visible, so familiar that we are tired of them. (7) And in the end we deceive ourselves. (8) No matter how precise science dominates the earth, the world and man in it are still a mystery that we have only just touched upon. (9) But if someone all-knowing appeared on earth and suddenly revealed all the mysteries of the Universe, it would give people little. (10) For everyone is destined to go through a long path of knowledge, and the role of human memory on this path is enormous.
(11) After all, human memory, as is known, is associated with a complex of associations. (12) A small push from the outside - and whole historical pictures, characters, phenomena appear in our excited consciousness. (13) Memory can explain something, it can even be a research tool. (14) To some people memory is given as a punishment, to others as a responsibility. (15) A person cannot force himself not to think, not to remember, not to generalize.
(16) The process of cognition begins with the past; it cannot be separated from the present and localized. (17) And I think that Mikhail Sholokhov, Leonid Leonov, and Alexei Tolstoy were endowed with such memory-responsibility and memory of knowledge when they wrote their most famous novels in the thirties. (18) This was the deepest penetration into the past, and therefore, a discovery that never lost its novelty. (19) The twenties, as well as the thirties, were thus comprehensively studied by Soviet literature.
(20) I think that now in our art the time has come for a thorough study of the forties and fifties. (21) We have accumulated a wealth of life and spiritual experience associated with this era. (22) This is a study of the heroic and tragic, a study of the courage of the people and their character.
(23) Everything related to morality is a subject of art, and everything related to morality lies in the social sphere. (24) Literature cannot not be social!
(According to Yu.V. Bondarev*)
* Yuri Vasilyevich Bondarev (born in 1924) - Russian writer, screenwriter, author of numerous works about the Great Patriotic War.
21. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Due to the bustle of everyday life, we often do not notice the beauty in life.
2) The process of cognition begins with the past and proceeds autonomously, regardless of the present.
3) Despite the rapid development of exact sciences, the world and man in it have not yet been studied.
4) Even if all the mysteries of the Universe are solved, each person will have to go through his own path of knowledge.
5) If necessary, a person can force himself not to think, not to remember, not to generalize.
22. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
1) Sentence 8 presents a narrative.
2) Proposition 12 explains the judgment expressed in sentence 11.
3) Propositions 17–18 confirm the judgment expressed in sentence 16.
4) Sentences 20–24 contain reasoning.
5) The predominant type of text is narrative.
23. Write antonyms from sentences 16-18.
24. Among sentences 13–19, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).
25. Read a fragment of the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.
“Naming the reasons that, in his opinion, distract people from true beauty, Yuri Bondarev uses a syntactic means of expressiveness - (A)_____ (in sentence 1). Speaking about the main value in our world, the writer uses the trope - (B) _____ (“truths in the palm of our hand” in sentence 6). Yu. Bondarev is helped to characterize the role of literature of the thirties by the trope - (B)_____ (“rich experience” in sentence 21), as well as the syntactic means of expressiveness - (D)_____ (sentence 24).”

List of terms:
1) rhetorical appeal
2) exclamatory sentence
3) series of homogeneous members
4) contextual synonyms
5) contextual antonyms
6) metaphor
7) parcellation
8) epithet
9) dialectism
Answers
35
This
2
Makes it easier
Fence
Eight hundred
51948
Fantastic
PreviousTeachingCautiously
Breathe
Small
Due to success124
25
123
234
123
13
Presumable
134
234
Pastpresent1718

Unified State Exam-2018 Trial test

Read the text and complete tasks 1–3.

(1) For the Antarctic voyage under the command of Bellingshausen, the Admiralty equipped two ships: the sloops Mirny and Vostok, which turned out to be not the best choice and had a negative impact on the plans of the expedition. (2) If the Mirny, built according to the design of the Russian engineers Kolodkin and Kurepanov and fortified by Captain Lazarev before the start of the expedition, showed itself brilliantly in the ice campaign, then the Vostok, designed by the British engineers, was qualitatively inferior to the Mirny and turned out to be so weak for sailing in polar ice, that by the end of the expedition the condition of the sloop was unsatisfactory. (3) .... prompted Bellingshausen to think about ending the expedition early, and then forced him to decide to return.

1.Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The Mirny sloop, built according to the design of Russian engineers, turned out to be much stronger than the Vostok, which was designed by the British.

2) For Bellingshausen’s Antarctic expedition, the Admiralty selected ships built according to different designs and at different shipyards.

3) The not very successful choice of ships for Bellingshausen’s Antarctic expedition was the reason for its early end: the sloop “Vostok” turned out to be too weak to sail in the ice.

4) The commander of the Russian Antarctic expedition, Captain Bellingshausen, had at his disposal two ships of different seaworthiness: the sloops “Mirny” and “Vostok”.

5) Bellingshausen was forced to prematurely terminate the Antarctic expedition due to the fact that one of the selected ships turned out to be weak for navigation in the polar ice.

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

however therefore it is because although

3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word PLAN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this meaning in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

PLAN, husband.

1) A drawing depicting something on a plane. area, building. P. city. P. buildings(image of it in a horizontal section).

2) A pre-planned system of activities, providing for the order, sequence and timing of work. Production point. Work according to plan. Strategic p. Calendar p.

3) The relative arrangement of the parts, a brief program of some kind. presentation. P. report.

4) Place, location of something. subject in perspective. Front, rear p. Pull something out. on the first point(also translated: to give something important, significant meaning).

5) The scale of the image of someone. Give faces close up(in a film or television frame: in the foreground, closer to the viewer).

6) The area of ​​manifestation of something. or way of looking at something, point of view

(book). The action in the play develops on two levels. In theoretical terms.

4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

overtaken busy self-interest will make it easier poured in

5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

Look what nails she GROWED, white-handed!

Many parents strive to PROTECT their children from material problems.

I feel sorry for the people: they find themselves in the most disastrous situation.

There will be a CHARITY concert on Sunday. Funds from it will go to support the activities of the Vera Foundation.

Hard work doesn't go well with a COMFORTABLE lifestyle, it's worth realizing.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

more than EIGHT HUNDRED rubles five KILOGRAMS of grandma's FELT FEET

from THE YEAR THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SEVEN eight KILOGRAMS

7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

m...creation fantastic...stic element...ment par...dox

9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

ra...walk, in...cheer up pr...previous, pr...supply

without...reasonably, painstakingly...to...search, oh...to...swim,...found,...to...stop

10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

deplete...the cartoon...lily of the valley...dangerous...calcium...

11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

hated... breathing... hooked... roaring... gathering...

12.Identify a sentence in which NOT is spelled CONTINUOUSLY with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

Batyushkov had a difficult fate, which (did not) spare his youth and talent.

I (don’t) want to see him in my house anymore.

The power of Athens did not give rest to its neighbors, other Greek city states.

In 1809, the Russian navigator V.M. Golovin reached Vanuata on a (small) large sailing ship.

F. M. Dostoevsky always started (not) from feelings or sensations, but from ideas.

13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

No one drives along (THIS) path BECAUSE (BECAUSE) the road here is in disrepair.

We were late for the meeting, although (DUE) to the snowfall we left the house an hour earlier.

AND (SO), (IN) CLOSING, let me thank you for your cooperation.

(IN) IN VIEW of the unstable political situation, the trip to Egypt, which we had planned (IN) HURRY, had to be postponed.

(F) AWAY from civilization, you seem to realize all the imperfections of our modern world.

14. Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.

The shop sold old(1) dishes and kitchen(2) utensils: silver(3) cutlery, glass(4) dishes, honey(5) jugs and washstands.

15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1. Our ability to think about the consequences of our actions and actions distinguishes us from animals.

2. Man is able to think about the consequences of his actions and actions, and this distinguishes us from animals.

3. A person is able to think about the consequences of his actions and decisions, and this distinguishes us from animals.

4. The ability to think through consequences is what distinguishes us from animals.

5. What distinguishes us from animals is the ability to think about the consequences of our actions, actions and decisions.

16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

N. A. Nekrasov’s mother (1) was quiet and meek (2) and was a well-educated woman (3) who spoke French (4) and played excellent music.

17. Place all the missing punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

I couldn't tell anyone (1)

The sacred words "father" and "mother".

Of course (2) you wanted (3) old man (4)

So that I get out of the habit in the monastery (5)

From these sweet names -

In vain: their sound was born

With me. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

When he expressed a useless thought out loud (1), his comrade suddenly became nervous again and began to say irritably (2) that he did not understand the careless Russian people (3) who (4) not only do not put their own lives at anything, but also on others spit.

19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

20. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

Read the text and complete tasks 21–26.

(1) The accelerated pace of the modern world, the material wealth accumulated in it, cars, crazy speeds, overpopulated cities with their new architecture, continuous movement, and finally, the power of television and cinema - all this sometimes creates a feeling of replacing true beauty, replacing the essence of beauty and in the real world, and in humans. (2) Sometimes it seems to us that we have learned everything, that nothing will surprise us. (3) The sunset in the span of the street is unlikely to make us stop for a moment. (4) The starry sky no longer seems to us a secret of secrets.

(5) In the everyday routine of everyday worries, in the quickened rhythm of life, in the noise and bustle, we slide past the beautiful. (6) We are sure: the truths are in the palm of our hands, they seem to be so clearly visible, so familiar that we are tired of them. (7) And in the end we deceive ourselves. (8) No matter how precise science dominates the earth, the world and man in it are still a mystery that we have only just touched upon. (9) But if someone all-knowing appeared on earth and suddenly revealed all the mysteries of the Universe, this (1) The accelerated pace of the modern world, the material wealth accumulated in it, cars, crazy speeds, overpopulated cities with their new architecture, continuous movement, finally , the power of television and cinema - all this sometimes creates a feeling of replacing true beauty, replacing the essence of beauty both in the real world and in man. (2) Sometimes it seems to us that we have learned everything, that nothing will surprise us. (3) The sunset in the span of the street is unlikely to make us stop for a moment. (4) The starry sky no longer seems to us a secret of secrets.

(5) In the everyday routine of everyday worries, in the quickened rhythm of life, in the noise and bustle, we slide past the beautiful. (6) We are sure: the truths are in the palm of our hands, they seem to be so clearly visible, so familiar that we are tired of them. (7) And in the end we deceive ourselves. (8) No matter how precise science dominates the earth, the world and man in it are still a mystery that we have only just touched upon. (9) But if someone all-knowing appeared on earth and suddenly revealed all the mysteries of the Universe, it would give people little. (10) For everyone is destined to go through a long path of knowledge, and the role of human memory on this path is enormous.

(11) After all, human memory, as is known, is associated with a complex of associations. (12) A small push from the outside - and entire historical pictures, characters, and phenomena appear in our excited consciousness. (13) Memory can explain something, it can even be a research tool. (14) To some people memory is given as a punishment, to others as a responsibility. (15) A person cannot force himself not to think, not to remember, not to generalize.

(16) The process of cognition begins with the past; it cannot be separated from the present and localized. (17) And I think that Mikhail Sholokhov, Leonid Leonov, and Alexei Tolstoy were endowed with such memory-responsibility and memory of knowledge when they wrote their most famous novels in the thirties. (18) This was the deepest penetration into the past, and therefore, a discovery that never lost its novelty. (19) The twenties, as well as the thirties, were thus comprehensively studied by Soviet literature.

(20) I think that now in our art the time has come for a thorough study of the forties and fifties. (21) We have accumulated a wealth of life and spiritual experience associated with this era. (22) This is a study of the heroic and tragic, a study of the courage of the people and their character.

(23) Everything related to morality is a subject of art, and everything related to morality lies in the social sphere. (24) Literature cannot not be social!

(According to Yu.V. Bondarev*)

* Yuri Vasilievich Bondarev(born in 1924) - Russian writer, screenwriter, author of numerous works about the Great Patriotic War.

21. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Due to the bustle of everyday life, we often do not notice the beauty in life.

2) The process of cognition begins with the past and proceeds autonomously, regardless of the present.

3) Despite the rapid development of exact sciences, the world and man in it have not yet been studied.

4) Even if all the mysteries of the Universe are solved, each person will have to go through his own path of knowledge.

5) If necessary, a person can force himself not to think, not to remember, not to generalize.

22. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Sentence 8 presents a narrative.

2) Proposition 12 explains the judgment expressed in sentence 11.

3) Propositions 17–18 confirm the judgment expressed in sentence 16.

4) Sentences 20–24 contain reasoning.

5) The predominant type of text is narrative.

23. Write antonyms from sentences 16-18.

24. Among sentences 13–19, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

25. Read a fragment of the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“Naming the reasons that, in his opinion, distract people from true beauty, Yuri Bondarev uses a syntactic means of expressiveness - (A)_____ (in sentence 1). Speaking about the main value in our world, the writer uses the trope - (B) _____ (“truths in the palm of our hand” in sentence 6). Yu. Bondarev is helped to characterize the role of literature of the thirties by the trope - (B)_____ (“rich experience” in sentence 21), as well as the syntactic means of expressiveness - (D)_____ (sentence 24).”

List of terms:

1) rhetorical appeal

2) exclamatory sentence

3) series of homogeneous members

context synonyms

5) contextual antonyms

6) metaphor

7) parcellation

8) epithet

9) dialectism

26. Write an essay based on the text you read.

Answers

Makes it easier

Fence

Eight hundred

Fantastic

Previousteaching

Cautiously

1. Small

   Due to success

   Presumable

   Pastpresent

Who comes up with modern riddles?

Hypothesis

I think modern mysteries are created by writers.

Questions that concern me

1. What is a riddle and how is it constructed?
2. What are the riddles?
3. When and why did riddles appear?
4. Who wrote riddles in the old days, and who writes them now?

My actions

Everyone loves riddles: both adults and children. What is a riddle? This is a special and interesting world. It is the world, since riddles contain knowledge and information about the people, as well as about the world around them. The word itself "mystery" derived from the word "guess", which meant "think", "to reflect".

Mystery- this is a brief description of an implied object or phenomenon based on the initial or hinting features of another object or phenomenon. When constructing a riddle, a variety of artistic means are often used: description, comparison, contrast, negation, hyperbole, epithets. Here, for example, is a riddle constructed using epithets:

Guess easily and quickly:

Soft, lush And fragrant,
They black, They white,
But it happens burnt.

But most often the “soul” of a riddle is a metaphor. She is always unusual and fantastic. She turns the ordinary idea of ​​the world upside down.

There are different riddles: children's and adults, mathematical and logical, funny and tricky, rebus riddles and historical. They teach us to be attentive and active, develop our imagination and curiosity, train our memory and simply have fun.

Riddles are one of the oldest genres of oral folk poetry. Many scientists believe that riddles arose as a phenomenon of allegorical secret speech. Our distant ancestors used it in military, diplomatic affairs, as well as in everyday economic life. Ancient man endowed nature with the ability to feel and influence the fate of a person, and therefore believed that with the help of allegorical speech one could deceive animals or plants and ward off trouble. A folk riddle is associated with these “false” words, in which an unnamed object or phenomenon was described by pointing to some signs, for example: “I walked along the tuk-takh. I took the tav-tavta with me, I found a snoring-ottoman; -tavta, snoring-takhta would have eaten me" (“I went after a horse, took a dog with me and met a bear”). Also, according to scientists, in ancient times riddles were a means of teaching “secret” words to young people. Many centuries ago, people used riddles just to communicate if they didn’t want others to know what they were talking about. In later times, riddles were used to test wisdom and wit, ingenuity and resourcefulness. Riddles were often used in ancient Russian fairy tales and were considered a kind of test, the completion of which led to the fulfillment of desires.

Nowadays, riddles have not lost their popularity. They attract the attention of many children's poets who write riddles following folk patterns. Author's riddles are easier to guess, and the best of them become real folk riddles, sometimes adapted for oral riddles. Here, for example, is the riddle about the saw:

"Eat, ate, oak, oak, broke a tooth, tooth"

Everyone knows it and perceives it as folk. But it was composed by the famous children's writer S.Ya. Marshak. And although most of them arose long ago, many are perceived as modern. And many modern author's riddles are perceived by us as folk.

Conclusion

While working on this project, I learned that riddles originated in ancient times as a language of “secret” speech. Riddles were then used to test the wits of young people, to communicate, or to pass the time in an interesting way. Thus, I came to the conclusion that all the riddles were composed by the people themselves and passed them on to each other from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. In the twentieth century, riddles appeared that were composed by writers and poets especially for children, the so-called author's riddles. Currently, many modern author's riddles are perceived by us as folk, since many do not remember or simply do not know that these riddles have an author. And although most of the mysteries arose a long time ago, many of them are perceived as modern.

Each new era not only gives birth to new mysteries, but also loses them. Who comes up with riddles now? Studying children's magazines and pages on the Internet, I came to the conclusion that they are written by both writers and ordinary people, that is, the people. The popularity of riddles is due to the fact that they allow us to challenge ourselves, and also simply entertain us. I also tried to come up with my own riddles:

At the zoo
Believe it or not,
Resides
Wonder beast.
He has a hand in his forehead
So similar to a pipe! (Elephant)

Red-haired, with a fluffy tail,

Lives in the forest under a bush. (Fox)

Speech clichés:

1. To formulate the topic (problem) of the source text:

1) In the text proposed for analysis (we indicate the author) it raises (addresses) the problem...

3) This text is devoted to the topic (problem) ...

4) The text presents a point of view (we indicate the author) on the problem...

5) The text proposed for analysis (we indicate the author) concerns the following issues... (dwells on the following problems...)

9) A problem that worries us all... raises (indicate the author).

10) The problem raised (posed) (we indicate the author) is...

11) The problem... cannot but worry modern people. I thought about it and (indicate the author).

12) What is...? (What is...? What role does... play in a person’s life?) This important problem is raised by (indicate the author).

2. To comment on an issue:

1) The question of ... (we denote the problem in other words than it was in the first paragraph) cannot leave anyone indifferent, it concerns each of us to a greater or lesser extent. (We explain why)

2) The problem put forward (raised, indicated, etc.) (indicate the author) is especially relevant (topical, important, significant) these days, because...

3) The narrator does not discuss the question he raised in a detached manner; one can feel his interest in what he is writing about. (Referring to the text, we explain how this manifests itself).

4) Reasoning about the problem..., (indicate the author) addresses... (indicate on what material the author considers the problem: maybe these are memories, dialogues, artistic narration, excited monologue, quoting the thoughts of great people, reasoning, description of paintings nature, etc.). (We convey the content of the text, not a retelling).

8) The text proves the idea that...

9) The main idea of ​​the text is that...

4. To express your opinion

1) I share (do not share) the author’s point of view on the problem...

2) I hold (do not hold) the same opinion on the problem ... as the author.

5. To argue your own position:

Using life experience:

1) How often do you have to deal with...

2) Haven’t such phenomena as... become common (the norm of life)?

3) Who among us has not observed (not encountered; not noticed (behind); has not witnessed) how...

4) Unfortunately, often these days (among us; around us) ...

From reading experience

1) This problem worried many great Russian writers, in particular...

2) This problem is especially acute in the works...

From spectator experience

1) The topic is often discussed (discussed) on the Internet (on the pages of newspapers and magazines; in various television programs) ...

2) It is also noteworthy (not coincidentally) that numerous articles and television programs are devoted to this topic...

Essay template for Part C of the Unified State Exam.

"..." (the most striking phrase reflecting the ideological content of the text). It seems to me that the text proposed by N (author’s name) is exactly about this. It talks about... (the topic is in a nutshell: about war, about nature, about feelings, etc.). Arguing on this topic, the author talks (narrates, reflects) about... (brief retelling). Thus, N raises an important, in my opinion, problem... (and poses the question to the reader: "..?"). In conclusion, the publicist (writer) leads us to the conclusion that: (main idea). This, I think, is the main idea of ​​the text.

I completely agree with N’s opinion: ...(same conclusion, but in different words). Indeed, the problem raised by the author is relevant at all times and therefore cannot leave us indifferent. Many writers and poets turned to her. N1 (another author) in the story (novel, work) "..." showed (reflected, expressed) how... (title of the work, names of characters associated with this problem, specific situations from the book). So N notes that (link to the proposed text, reference to the text, short quote, complex sentence).

... (thesis-conclusion in the form of a statement), because... (the second reader’s argument or your own argument, based on personal experience in the form of reflection). N also writes that... (link to the proposed text, reference to the text, short quote, complex sentence). ... (your reflection).

... (we reflect, play out the initial phrase, connecting it with the problem of the text, showing the significance of the problem for society, specifically for a certain group of people, referring to the content of the proposed text). Let's summarize.

For entry:

1. Everyone knows that... Thousands of books have been written about this and hundreds of films have been made, both inexperienced teenagers and experienced people talk about it... Probably, this topic interests each of us, so the text... is also dedicated to...

2. Everyone knows about the need... Teachers at school and writers talk about this in their books. Problems... are those problems that a person constantly faces. It would seem that everything should have been decided long ago. But how often everything remains only at the level of formal knowledge.

3. (Rhetorical questions). These questions have always worried humanity. About ... reflects in his article ... .

4. (Rhetorical questions). At first glance, these questions seem simple. For some people, they are not questions at all, they do not face them. The answers to them seem self-evident to them.

Some people think that... Others emphasize... But the meaning of this article is somewhat broader than it seems at first glance. The problem that the author poses concerns not only selected people, it concerns any of us. … . Why does this happen? The answer to this question can be found in the article...

5. Start with a quotation that conveys the main idea of ​​the text. (Technique “Thread”) “(Statement)” - this is how the article begins…. Already in the first sentence the main theme of the text is clearly expressed. Oh... they talked and wrote a lot. The importance of this topic is difficult to overestimate: not all people understand... (Define the problem in the form of a question).

6. One of the most exciting mysteries that has always troubled human thought was the question related to .... (Rhetorical questions).

7. (Rhetorical question). This question arises before every new generation, because people do not want to be satisfied with old answers and strive to find their truth.

8. “Key word” technique. a) Determine the topic of the text. b) Highlight the key concept. c) Explain the meaning of this concept.

9. Reception “Allegory”. It is necessary to illustrate the importance of the problem posed with some specific example.

10. “Quote” technique. “…,” wrote the famous…. These words sound…. Really, …

11.(Questions). These questions are asked in the article... The author raises a problem whose relevance no one doubts.

12.People often think that... (People thought about the fact that ... both in ancient and modern history).

13.What do we know about...? (each of us someday...). Most often, our knowledge about ... is limited to the most general ideas: ...

14.(Questions). These questions are very important because they make us think about the essence of.... Some people think that... Someone...

15. “…,” - these words, it seems to me, express the main idea of ​​the text….

Let's think about the meaning of this seemingly “textbook” and understandable phrase? (Questions. Then you need to reveal the complexity of the questions posed). If you ask any of us..., we will probably answer this question in the affirmative. We know that...

To conclude:

1.Reception “Response”. The signal of this technique is the participial construction “After reading this text...”:

After reading this text, it becomes clear (you understand) that... .

2.Use of a quote that expresses the main idea of ​​the text:

“...!” - this statement reflects the main idea of ​​the text. (Explain the meaning expressed in this statement).

4. (Use of quotation) “…,” wrote…. These words express the idea of... The author of the text also believes that...

6.After reading this text, you understand how…. It is no coincidence that the author writes in the final part of his article that “...”.

When we encounter unknown phenomena in life, we try to find the answer to the riddle. Science can answer many questions, but it is not perfect. Strange sounds from the ocean, the mysterious disappearance of a pilot, and even the purring of a cat are these and other mysterious phenomena that science has not yet been able to explain.

1. Roar

The ocean is deep and full of unknown secrets. In fact, we have only explored a small part of what is in the ocean, which is why the phenomenon of a "bloop" from the depths of the ocean seems so frightening.

In 2007, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) discovered a powerful, long-lasting and loud sound coming from the ocean. The sound was almost animalistic, but it was louder than the sound that the largest sea animal could make.

In this regard, theories about Cthulhu or other sea monsters immediately appeared on the Internet. However, most likely, we will never know who made this eerie, deep and strong sound.

2. Cocaine mummies

Cocaine is a fairly common drug in the modern world. However, German scientists were quite surprised when in 1992 they examined the chemical composition of the remains of Egyptian mummies and discovered this drug there. Traces of coca and tobacco were found inside the bones, skin and hair of the embalmed bodies.

This drug was not present in Egypt at that time, as it was cultivated in America. There is no documented evidence of trade between the two peoples, which has puzzled researchers.

3. The disappearance of pilot Frederic Valentich

In 1978, a pilot named Frederick Valentich simply disappeared while flying his plane. An Australian pilot flew a plane Cessna 182L and during the flight communicated with the control team located in Melbourne. He reported an object flying above him at high speed.

His voice was followed by grinding sounds, and soon the connection was lost. Fred Valentich and his plane were never heard from again. Did Valentich stumble upon an alien object and get abducted? Maybe he faked everything and just left the plane? Unfortunately, the answer to this question has never been found.

4. Powerful cosmic rays

Albert Einstein's theory of relativity has become a defining force in the world of science for many reasons. One of the reasons was the use of the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) limit. The GZK limit is the limit on how powerful cosmic rays can be when they hit Earth and pass through the atmosphere.

However, scientists at the Akeno Observatory in Japan have detected powerful cosmic rays in the ocean that exceed the established limit. The source of these powerful rays was never found and subsequent research was unsuccessful in trying to find an answer.

5. Yawning

Yawning is often considered a sign of boredom or fatigue. It is an integral part of our lives from birth and remains with us throughout our lives. No matter where we were born or live, we all yawn.

However, scientists have not yet found the answer to why exactly we do this. There are many theories regarding the prevalence of yawning, but there is no specific explanation. According to one theory, we yawn due to lack of oxygen. It is also known that yawning is contagious. Why this happens, it is not yet possible to say for sure.

6. Placebo effect

The placebo effect has repeatedly occurred in randomized trials in many studies. As long as you believe the medicine works, it will work. It's like our brain is trying to heal our body through the power of faith with a dummy pill.

The most interesting thing is that even when we realize that it is just a placebo, the effect continues to work. The placebo effect occurs not only in the form of drugs, but also in other influences that are ubiquitous in our lives.

7. Cat purr

If you have a cat, then you probably know how happy she can be when she purrs.

However, scientists still cannot explain the mechanism of a cat's purring. They can't answer exactly why or how cats purr, but the leading theory is that cats use the vocal cords in the larynx to make vibrating sounds that we interpret as purring. Interestingly, you cannot listen to the heart or lungs of cats while purring.

8. Voynich Manuscript

The Voynich Manuscript is a 246-page book written in an unknown language with botanical illustrations. Carbon dating suggests the book was written in the 15th century, but the inability to identify the alphabet in the manuscript makes it nearly impossible to tell which civilization or culture it belongs to.

At the moment, scientists call it a book on medicine, but it remains unclear why it could not be translated.

9. Magnets

Scientists know how magnets work, but what remains unclear is why natural magnets always have a north and south pole. No matter how many times you cut a magnet, you will always end up with a magnet with a north and south pole.

Specialists can create laboratories made of only north or south pole magnets, but this does not happen in natural conditions, and no one can say why.

10. Stone balls of Costa Rica

Throughout Costa Rica, you can find many stone balls that range in size from a small bowling ball to one that reaches 2.5 meters in diameter.

These balls are scattered throughout the country, and their perfect shape suggests that they are unlikely to have been made by local people using crude tools. Nobody knows where they came from or how they got there.

Posts from This Journal by “Paranormal” Tag

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• 
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