There can be no other parties in Rus' except the one that is at one with the Russian people. What were various parts of the body called in Rus'? Why did the pagans call their enemies names?
To be honest, it’s interesting how we live. We learn to speak from an early age, and from those same years we believe that there is nowhere else to learn in the conversational genre. But is this really so? I doubt. One question. I wonder why we call saints by “you”, but we call our boss at work “you” and even with a capital letter? Or why is it customary to address superiors and strangers as “You”, but we say “You” to loved ones? What kind of injustice? In fact, everything is not as simple as it seems at first glance.
What if I told you that respect is... You, and you always called only enemies? don't believe me? Now I'll try to put everything in order...
And so, let me just give an excerpt from the most common prayer as an example:
...Hallowed be the name Yours; Kingdom come Yours; Let there be a will Yours…
So why, as I said above, with your boss it’s “Va” and with a capital V, but with God, the creator, it’s “you”? Perhaps I’ll respond to the quote with a quote. I suggest you read a quote from the book by Mikhail Nikolaevich Zadornov, where he already answered this question:
What strong words-medicines our ancestors came up with... After all, initially only enemies were called “you”. “I’m coming at you!” "Viy" is the ruler of darkness. So “you” is not respectful, but on the contrary - “do not approach the enemy.” And God and the one you love - only on “you”!
Do you agree that it is absurd to say in prayers: “God, forgive me”? Or say to your beloved wife: “Can you feed me breakfast?” You can, of course, put it that way, but only if you want to make fun of your own wife.
And now that I have answered the main question, let's think a little logically. After all, it’s enough just to connect logic to understand. If there is only one person, and accordingly you need to address him as you, you are alone, why will I address you as if there are many of you here? Isn't that right? And there is one fact to prove this. Remember that Ivan the Terrible was always addressed to you. And he was not offended because... at that time the language was not yet so distorted.
An interesting fact is that in English there is basically no “you”. There is only “you”, which can be translated as you. So how did it happen that such a tradition appeared among us? In fact, it is no secret that Peter I introduced many Western customs into the Russian consciousness by order. And weaving was one of them.
He simply introduced the “Table of Ranks” in Russia, according to which all those superior (by rank) had to be addressed as you, and called them some kind of “your goodness.” And for violating this rule, a fine was imposed in the amount of two months' salary, and this could be imposed both for poking a superior and for poking a subordinate. And if you consider that a third of this money was due to the informer, then it was... unsafe to violate it. In this way, Western weaving was forcibly introduced in Russia, under threat of a fine. The common man, understandably, was poked at by everyone: “he’s a man, and here we are with some kind of European showoff, and we respect only those who play the same social game with us, and who wins... in it... with us.” . And note (this is important): at first the address “you” was introduced to emphasize social inequality: you call the emperor “you”, he calls you “you”; to those higher in rank - on you, they to you - on you... That is, vykanya expressed social status, position in the social structure, and not respect for the person. Only then does consciousness adapt: position -> respect for position -> respect, then they intertwine... And now the natural desire of a person - to feel the respect of others, to hear respectful treatment - pushes him to occupy a position, to this “ vertical race"...
Instead of an afterword...
In general, it may seem that I am calling here to abruptly stop You rock and start You Well, but... Still, there are probably moments when public opinion is already so entrenched that the “right” ones can be understood “wrongly”. And this is one of those cases. That’s why with this publication I don’t encourage anyone to do anything, otherwise in modern realities, if you start poking everyone and everyone... I’m afraid you can get poked! :)
In modern Russian, these words are considered obsolete. They have long disappeared from our everyday speech. Eyes, mouths and other ancient names for parts of the body can only be found today in the classics or in historical literature.
Face
Nowadays we almost never use the ancient noun “eye,” although many know that it is synonymous with the word “eye.” Linguist Krylov suggests that “eye” is of Indo-European nature, since similar words are found in Latin (oculus), German (auge), and English (eye). According to the “Explanatory Dictionary” of the famous linguist Vladimir Dahl, the eyelid used to be an “eyelid”, and Krylov in his “Etymological Dictionary” writes that once upon a time the eyes were also called that way. According to Krylov, this noun came from the verb “to see.” Mouth - this word is also still familiar to many. That's what lips used to be called. The famous researcher of Slavic languages, Max Vasmer, assumed that “mouth” appeared thanks to “mouth” (meaning “source”), and not the other way around. Lanita is an obsolete designation for the cheek. As linguist Nikolai Shansky points out in his “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language,” “lanits” come from the common Slavic “olnita,” that is, “a curved part of the body.” In the Explanatory Dictionary, edited by Ozhegov and Shvedova, there is another forgotten word “brow” or simply “forehead”. Uspensky’s “Etymological Dictionary of a Schoolchild” indicates that “chelo” comes from the Latin “celsus” - “high”.
Hands
Soviet linguist Dmitry Ushakov also considered “shuytsu” to be an ancient word. This is what the left hand was called in ancient times. The noun “shuytsa” originates from the adjective “shuy”, which denoted the direction of movement. Max Vasmer believed that the word “shuy” is related to the Indo-European “savyás” - “left”. Right hand is a word that is still widely known. The right hand is the right hand. Max Vasmer believed that the roots of the “hand” should be sought in the Proto-Indo-European language: for example, “daksinas” - dexterous. According to Dahl's dictionary, a finger was previously called a finger. Moreover, it does not matter where this finger was: on the arm or on the leg. The diminutive form “finger” could be used to designate the little finger. Linguist Krylov writes that similar-sounding words are found in many Indo-European languages.
Legs
Gacha - exactly as Dahl pointed out, legs were called a long time ago, or rather the part of the leg from the knee to the waist. Swedish linguist Liden suggested that the noun is related to some ancient words for the butt of an animal. It is noteworthy that Dahl’s dictionary says that our ancestors also christened pants “gacha.” Semenov’s “Etymological Dictionary” reports that in Ancient Rus' the foot was called “dog”, from the Latin “pedis” - “leg”. And the ankle (shin), according to the works of the lexicographer Preobrazhensky, was then called “glezna”.
Torso
Linguist Ushakov also included such a noun as “ramen” in his dictionary. Once upon a time, shoulders had this name. Shansky pointed out that this word is common Slavic and is found in many languages in the form “arm” (“hand”). According to Ozhegov’s Explanatory Dictionary, the hips and lower back were previously called “cheslya” (or “loins”). The German Slavic linguist Bernecker suggested that “cheresla” arose thanks to the Proto-Slavic “čerslo” (“partition”). We still often call the belly “belly,” but now only with a tinge of disdain. As linguist Krylov writes, this common Slavic word originally meant “convexity.”
The vast majority of Russians (71%) have a positive assessment of the role of Ivan the Terrible in Russian history. This is evidenced by the results of a survey by the Public Opinion Foundation (FOM). Only 13% of respondents hold the opposite opinion.
The activities of the said king are most actively approved by young people aged 18 to 30 years.
At the same time, 52% of respondents did not know about the recent installation of a monument to Ivan the Terrible in Orel before participating in the survey. 65% of Russians would support the appearance of a similar sculpture in their cities. Only 15% of those polled by FOM sociologists were against it.
Those who support the installation of the monument are confident that it is necessary to know and protect the history of the country. They call Ivan the Terrible the defender of Russia, a great historical figure. Numerous supporters of the installation of a monument to Grozny in their city or village explain: “You need to know the history of your country,” the tsar, “made his efforts to raise Russia,” “tried to bring Rus' to a stable state.”
People who oppose the immortalization of the tsar believe that Ivan the Terrible was a despot and tyrant, and also claim that the funds for the construction of the monument should have been spent on solving other problems. According to them, such a monument is inappropriate where they live; “they don’t erect monuments to bloody politicians,” a few opponents say.
On October 14, the country’s first monument to the first Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible was solemnly opened in the city of Oryol. The equestrian monument was erected near the Epiphany Cathedral, where the Oka and Orlik rivers merge. In 1566, on this site, by order of Ivan the Terrible, the Orel fortress was founded. Initially, they were supposed to open in Orel in early August, as part of the celebration of the 450th anniversary of the founding of the city.
The monument was going to be erected in front of the entrance to the Theater for Young Spectators, but protests arose around its installation. As a result, the regional authorities postponed the opening of the monument and decided to conduct a survey among the townspeople. The survey showed that the overwhelming majority of Orel residents (72.6%) support the idea of installing a monument to the founding king of the city.
Another monument to Ivan the Terrible should appear in Aleksandrov, Vladimir region. The first stone of its foundation was laid on August 6, during the celebration of City Day. The opening of the monument, scheduled for November 4, was postponed indefinitely due to the cleaning of the Seraya River, as well as work on the improvement of the embankment.
The day before, on November 7, it became known that Russia’s next monument to Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible could appear in Astrakhan. This proposal was made by the organization “VerIM”. The initiators propose not only to place the monument on the main square of the city, but also to create a cultural and historical complex dedicated to the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia.
The life of women in Rus' was determined, firstly, by Christian canons, and secondly, by a system of traditions. There were things that were humiliation for a Russian woman or were used as punishment for certain sins.
Walking bareheaded
Unmarried girls had the right to go bareheaded, but married women did not. Usually a woman braided her hair, laid it around her head, and put on a headdress on top - it could be a scarf, kokoshnik or kichka. The custom of covering one's hair dates back to ancient times. The peasants believed that a woman with uncovered hair could bring misfortune into the house: illness, crop failure, loss of livestock. If for some reason a woman appeared in public with her hair uncovered, it was the height of indecency. It was believed that by this she dishonored herself, her husband, and her parents, who did not instill in her moral standards. For this they could even beat her, which was generally the norm in Rus'. By the way, removing a married woman’s headdress was considered a terrible insult. This is what they did to a woman when they wanted to disgrace her. This is where the expression “goofing up” comes from - disgracing oneself.
Hair cutting
Cutting the hair of women and girls was practiced for a variety of reasons. Before the abolition of serfdom, landowners ordered their maidservants' braids to be cut off for various offenses. A woman's relatives or husband could cut off her hair for fornication or treason.
Communication with strangers
If in the era of pagan Slavism women’s lives were quite free - they could participate in games, dances, round dances, and our Slavic ancestors turned a blind eye to carnal pleasures before marriage, then after the advent of Christianity Russian women (at least representatives of the upper class) ) it was prescribed to sit in the towers all day long and do, for example, handicrafts. They were forbidden to enter into conversations with strangers without their husband’s permission, for example, to receive guests in their mansion, or to take gifts from them. This was considered a terrible shame.
Loss of chastity
If in pre-Christian Rus' physical virginity was not given much importance, then with the advent of Christianity everything changed. Specific punishments for premarital sin were rarely practiced (except for the spanking of the sinning girl3 by her father or brother). But the gates in the house of the “harlot” were smeared with tar in many Russian regions. Public censure was considered the worst shame for a girl. In Western Siberia, premarital cohabitation was not condemned, but it was considered humiliating for a girl if the sin could not be “covered with a crown,” that is, if her lover, having sinned, could not or refused to marry. The presence or absence of virginity in most Russian regions was treated very strictly, because only if his wife had it first could a man be sure of his paternity. Chastity was also considered a guarantee that a woman would be faithful in marriage. Even at royal weddings, it was customary to show the newlywed’s bloody shirt to the assembled guests the morning after the wedding night. For example, this is what the Russian Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich did when he married Agafya Grushetskaya in 1679, about whom a rumor was spread that she was supposedly “unclean.” Women who did not marry as virgins faced a sad fate in their husband's family: they were humiliated in every possible way and forced to do the most menial jobs. In addition, their husbands often beat them periodically “for shame” and never forgot their sin.
