Traffic Laws. "General provisions

Gaius Julius Caesar was one of the first to try to restore order in the cities. As an ancient Roman ruler, in the last years of his reign, Caesar issued a decree according to which one-way traffic was introduced on the streets of Rome. The passage of private chariots and carts was prohibited from sunrise until almost sunset. Guests of the city were forced to leave their vehicles outside Rome and travel on foot. Compliance with this regulation was monitored by a special service.

Representatives of the Roman “road inspection” had the right to regulate disputes and conflicts that often arose between cart owners.

During medieval times, traffic in cities became busier. Even simple horse-drawn carriages driving along the narrow streets of cities often collided with each other. Medieval rulers, by their decrees, introduced certain rules for mounted and pedestrian citizens. Restrictions on the speed of movement were introduced and the order of travel was determined. There were also penalties that were harshly applied to violators. However, these rules applied only to certain areas and were not universal.

New time - new solutions

Those traffic rules, as everyone is accustomed to presenting them today, originated in England only at the end of the 19th century. In 1868, a mechanical semaphore containing a colored disk was installed in one of the London squares. The semaphore could only be controlled manually. Its wings were designed so that they could take two positions. If the wing was horizontal, movement was prohibited. The lowered wing made it possible to move, but with extreme caution.

This prototype of a modern traffic light was very far from perfect. The design of the device was unsuccessful. Just the grinding of the chain that set the semaphore in motion was so terrible that people shied away from it in fear. On top of that, after some time the semaphore simply went off for an unknown reason, injuring a nearby peace officer.

The first road signs can be called special signs, which indicated the direction of movement and the distance to a certain point.

How modern traffic rules were created

In 1909, a conference was held in Paris at which it was decided to introduce uniform traffic rules for Europe. This event was facilitated by a sharp increase in the number of motor vehicles, an increase in traffic intensity and vehicle speed. The Convention on Road Traffic, adopted at an international forum, introduced some.

The first uniform signs indicated an uneven or winding road, as well as the presence of a railroad crossing and a pedestrian crossing.

In subsequent decades, traffic rules have been significantly enriched and supplemented with new provisions. The main goal of the rule developers was to create uniformity and ensure safety for all road users. Gradually, those traffic rules appeared that every competent driver and pedestrian knows today.

Ancient Rome

The first known attempts to streamline urban traffic were made in ancient Rome by Gaius Julius Caesar. By his decree in the 50s BC. e. One-way traffic was introduced on some city streets. From sunrise until the end of the “working day” (about two hours before sunset), the passage of private carts, chariots and carriages was prohibited. Visitors were required to leave their transport outside the city and move around Rome on foot or by hiring a palanquin. At the same time, a special service for supervising compliance with these rules was established; it recruited mainly former firefighters from among freedmen. The main responsibilities of such traffic controllers were to prevent conflicts and fights between vehicle owners. Many intersections remained unregulated. Noble nobles could ensure unhindered passage through the city - they sent walkers ahead of their carriages, who cleared the streets for the owner to pass.

Modernity

The history of modern traffic rules originates in London. On December 10, 1868, a mechanical railway signal with a colored disc was installed on the square in front of Parliament. Its inventor, J.P. Knight, was a specialist in railway semaphores. The device was manually controlled and had two semaphore wings. The wings could take different positions: horizontal - a “stop” signal and lowered at an angle of 45 degrees - you can move with caution. With the onset of darkness, a rotating gas lamp was turned on, which gave signals in red and green light. A servant in livery was assigned to the semaphore, whose duties included raising and lowering the boom and turning the lantern. However, the technical implementation of the device turned out to be unsuccessful: the grinding of the lifting mechanism chain was so strong that passing horses shied away and reared up. Having not worked for even a month, on January 2, 1869, the semaphore exploded, and the policeman who was with it was injured.

The prototypes of modern road signs can be considered signs that indicated the direction of movement to a populated area and the distance to it. The decision to create uniform European traffic rules was made in 1909 at a world conference in Paris, due to the increase in the number of cars, speeds and traffic intensity on city streets. The next important step was the adoption of the “Convention for the Introduction of Uniformity in Road Signaling” in 1931 in Geneva, at the Road Traffic Conference, in which, among other countries, the Soviet Union took part.

Contents of the traffic rules of the Russian Federation

General provisions
General responsibilities of drivers
Application of special signals
Responsibilities of pedestrians
Passenger Responsibilities
Traffic lights and traffic controller signals
Use of hazard warning lights and warning triangles
Start of movement, maneuvering
Location of vehicles on the roadway
Travel speed
Overtaking, oncoming traffic
Stopping and parking
Driving through intersections
Pedestrian crossings and stopping places for route vehicles
Traffic over railway tracks
Driving on motorways
Traffic in residential areas
Priority of route vehicles
Use of external lighting devices and sound signals
Towing of motor vehicles
Training ride
Transportation of people
Cargo transportation
Additional requirements for the movement of bicycles, mopeds, horse-drawn vehicles, as well as the passage of animals

Appendix 1. Road signs (according to GOST R 52289-2004 and GOST R 52290-2004) Appendix 2. Road markings and their characteristics (according to GOST R 51256-99 and GOST R 52289-2004)

Basic provisions for the admission of vehicles to operation and the responsibilities of officials to ensure road safety

Application. List of faults and conditions under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited

Notes

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There is not a single large city in the world that does not face a transport problem. However, contrary to widespread belief, it did not arise with the beginning of mass production of cars. For example, the problems of traffic jams and parking spaces were acutely felt even... in Ancient Rome. And the first who took up their solution was Julius Caesar. Traditionally, he is considered only an outstanding commander, statesman and writer. But few people know that it was Julius Caesar who introduced the ancient Roman traffic rules. For all their imperfections, they already included a number of provisions that are still used today to curb the traffic flood that floods modern cities. Thus, one-way streets were introduced to prevent congestion. In addition, the passage of private chariots, carts and carriages in Rome was prohibited from sunrise to the end of the "working day", which approximately corresponded to two hours before sunset. Even more stringent restrictions applied to nonresident owners of vehicles of any kind, who were required to leave them outside the city limits and could only move through the streets on foot or by “taxi,” that is, in hired palanquins.

Naturally, monitoring compliance with these rules also required the creation of a special service, which recruited mainly freedmen who had previously performed the functions of firefighters. The main task of ancient Roman traffic controllers was to prevent unwanted incidents between the “drivers” of chariots and carts, who were often inclined to decide the right of way with their fists.

On the other hand, since traffic lights had not yet been invented in Ancient Rome, and the few “traffic police inspectors” with the growth of traffic flows were unable to ensure universal order, noble nobles and wealthy merchants found their own way of solving the problem of uncontrolled intersections: they sent walkers ahead of them , which blocked traffic at intersections, ensuring unhindered passage of the owners' chariots.
http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/vs/article/169...

The prototype of modern traffic rules was adopted in France.

The first traffic rules in the world were adopted in France on August 16, 1893. It was then that the Paris police prefect decided to restore order to the street traffic of newly appeared cars. There were already 600 cars in the country and these cars, naturally, were mostly located in the capital of France. The city has already developed a list of rules for driving mechanical carriages around the city. It was forbidden to drive and stop on sidewalks, alleys and places intended only for pedestrian traffic. It was forbidden to drive around the city at a speed of more than 12 km/h, and outside the city at a speed of more than 20 km/h.

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Slide captions:

Traffic Laws

History of traffic rules. First appearance The history of traffic rules dates back to Ancient Rome, when city managers tried to limit traffic flow in the metropolis. Visitors were required to leave their carts outside the city limits and use exclusively public transport inside the city. In addition, one-way traffic was established on some city streets.

History of traffic rules. Further development Several hundred years passed before traffic rules continued their development. In large cities, private cabs began to appear, the number of which grew at an incredible speed, but at the same time, the quality of service for passengers was very low. Then government authorities began to license cab drivers, giving them license plates if they met certain requirements: cab drivers and their horses had to look neat, carts were forbidden to stop in the middle of the streets, and cab drivers had to “drive” only when sober. With the advent of the horse-drawn carriage, the rules for crossing intersections were changed - heavy carriages had advantages over other vehicles.

History of traffic rules. Interesting facts The advent of cars led to the emergence of several strange rules, for example, a boy had to run in front of a self-propelled carriage and notify everyone about the approach of a “fiery monster”.

The appearance of a traffic light The next point in the history of traffic rules was the appearance of the first traffic light, which was installed in London in 1868. The traffic light was an improved semaphore operated by a servant in livery. But, after the accident, it was decided to create an automatic traffic light.

The appearance of a traffic light A monument in Novosibirsk dedicated to the appearance of the first traffic light in the city

The appearance of a traffic light The second traffic light installed in Moscow, 1931.

History of traffic rules The number of cars grew exponentially, and traffic signs were different in all countries. In 1909, another important event in the history of traffic rules took place in Paris - uniform European rules were adopted. In 1931, the “Convention for the Introduction of Uniformity in Road Signaling” was adopted in Geneva, to which the Soviet Union also joined.

History of traffic rules. Traffic rules in the USSR In the Soviet Union, the history of traffic rules begins in the early thirties; after joining the international convention in 1936, the State Automobile Inspectorate was created in the Soviet Union. The traffic rules remained until 1961, then there were only a few minor revisions.

Road signs The first road signs appeared in Great Britain with the advent of motorized carriages, that is, the first self-propelled vehicles. Their appearance was associated with the need to distinguish between the rules of movement for horse-drawn carriages and the “ancestors” of modern cars. The peak of development of road signs occurred in the 20-30s of the twentieth century. The first traffic signs to appear were prohibition and priority signs. They mainly regulated the behavior of pedestrians and motorists.

Road signs

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Traffic regulation is an issue posed in the distant past. The movement of pedestrians and horse-drawn carriages also required regulation. In those days, this was carried out by royal decrees.

The history of traffic rules dates back to Ancient Rome. Julius Caesar introduced one-way traffic on several streets in the city in the 50s BC. From sunrise until approximately two hours before sunset (the end of the working day), the passage of private carts and chariots was prohibited.

Visitors to the city had to travel in Rome on foot or on a palanquin (stretchers on long poles), and park their vehicles outside the city limits.

Already at that time there was a surveillance service monitoring compliance with these rules. It consisted mainly of former firefighters

The duties of this service were to prevent conflict situations among vehicle owners. The intersections were not regulated. To ensure free passage, nobles sent walkers ahead. They cleared the streets and the nobles could thus freely travel to their destination.

Over time, changes and additions were made to the rules, stipulating features when driving through intersections, changing the speed limit when approaching an intersection, and prohibiting overtaking in difficult areas. One of the additions was a rule giving priority in traffic to pedestrians. A religious procession or, for example, a funeral ceremony also enjoyed an advantage in the movement.

The basis of modern traffic rules was laid on December 10, 1868 in London. On this day, the first railway semaphore appeared in the square in front of Parliament in the form of a colored disk with mechanical control. This semaphore was invented by J.P. Knight, a semaphore specialist of that time.

The device consisted of two semaphore wings, and depending on the position of the wings, the corresponding signal was indicated:

Horizontal position – movement prohibited
Position at an angle of 45 degrees - movement is allowed, but with precautions.

At night, a gas lamp was used, signaling in red and green. The traffic light was controlled by a servant in livery.

The technical implementation of the semaphore was not so successful. The chain of the mechanism for raising and lowering the booms was so noisy that it greatly frightened the horses, making it difficult for the coachman to control. Less than a month later, a semaphore exploded, injuring a police officer.

The number of vehicles continued to increase, and the first cars began to replace the carts. The need for traffic management has increased significantly. The first rods for manually regulating traffic at intersections appeared in 1908. The first road signs can be considered signs indicating movement to a populated area.

In 1909, at a world conference in Paris, it was decided to create unified European Traffic Rules, as the number of cars continued to grow, and the speed limit and traffic intensity on city streets increased.

The next step in the development of traffic management was at the traffic conference in Geneva in 1931 "Convention for the Introduction of Uniformity in Road Signaling" was adopted. The Soviet Union was also a participant in this conference.

The first official publication of the Road Traffic Rules in the USSR took place in 1920. The document had a title “About traffic in Moscow and its environs”. This document has already described in detail many important issues. Driver's licenses for the right to drive have appeared, and the maximum speed limit has been designated. In 1940, general traffic regulations were issued for the entire union, which were edited for each city.

Unified general traffic rules valid throughout the entire territory of the USSR were introduced in 1961. “Rules for driving on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR”

The most important date in the history of the Road Traffic Rules is November 8, 1968. On this day in Vienna I was The Convention on Road Traffic was adopted. The document was signed by representatives of 68 countries and is still in force today.

By 1973, the USSR traffic rules were written in accordance with the Vienna Convention. With the passage of time and corresponding changes on the roads, the constant growth of transport, and the technological development of road networks, adjustments and additions are constantly being introduced.

The latest changes as of the date of writing this material came into force on November 24, 2012, and the State Duma is always considering bills aimed at adapting the rules to the real situation on the roads.