Military poet Surkov A.A. Poet Alexei Surkov - the pride of the land of Yaroslavl

A. A. Surkov was born on October 1 (13), 1899 in the village of Serednevo, Georgievskaya volost, Rybinsk district, Yaroslavl province (now the Rybinsk district of the Yaroslavl region) into a peasant family, his ancestors were serfs of the Mikhalkov nobles. He studied at the Middle School. From the age of 12 he served "in the people" in St. Petersburg: he worked as an apprentice in a furniture store, in carpentry workshops, in a printing house, in an office and as a weigher in the Petrograd commercial port. He published his first poems in 1918 in the Petrograd Krasnaya Gazeta under the pseudonym A. Gutuevsky.

In 1918, he volunteered for the Red Army, a participant in the Civil War and the Polish campaign. He served until 1922 as a machine gunner, mounted reconnaissance; participated in the battles on the North-Western Front and against the gangs of A. S. Antonov.

After the end of the civil war, he returned to his native village. In 1922-1924, he worked as a hut - an employee of a reading hut in the neighboring village of Volkovo, secretary of the volost executive committee, political education organizer, rural correspondent in the county newspaper. In 1924, his poems were published by the Pravda newspaper. Member of the CPSU (b) since 1925. October 11, 1925 was a delegate to the I Provincial Congress of Proletarian Writers. In 1924-1926 he was the first secretary of the Rybinsk organization of the Komsomol. Since 1925, he was a selkor of the newly created provincial newspaper Severny Komsomolets, and in 1926-1928 - its editor-in-chief. Under him, the newspaper doubled its circulation, began to publish twice a week instead of one, junkors were actively involved in the work, on his initiative the heading “Literary Corner” appeared, which contained poems and stories of readers, a literary group was created at the editorial office.

In May 1928, Surkov was delegated to the First All-Union Congress of Proletarian Writers, after which he remained to work in Moscow. In 1928 he was elected to the leadership of the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP). In 1931-1934 he studied at the Faculty of Literature at the Institute of Red Professors, after which he defended his dissertation.

In 1934-1939 he taught at the Editorial and Publishing Institute and the Literary Institute of the Union of Writers of the USSR; was deputy editor of the journal Literary Studies, where he worked under the direct supervision of Maxim Gorky. In the magazine he acted as a critic and editor. Author of a number of articles on poetry and articles on song (mainly defensive). Participated in the creation and further activities of the Literary Association of the Red Army and Navy (LOKAF). In the 1930s, collections of his poems "Zopev", "The Last War", "The Motherland of the Courageous", "The Way of Song" and "So We Grew Up" were published. He married Sofya Antonovna Krevs, whom he met in literary circles; a daughter and a son appeared.

He took part in a campaign in Western Belarus and in the Finnish campaign. In the latter he was an employee of the army newspaper "Heroic Campaign"; when he returned, he published the December Diary dedicated to this war. In 1940-1941 he worked as the editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine.

In 1941-1945, Surkov was a military correspondent for the front-line newspaper Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda and a special correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper, and also worked for the Combat Onslaught newspaper. Participated in the defense of Moscow, fought in Belarus. The author of the texts of famous patriotic songs “Song of the Brave” (music by V. Bely, 1941), “Zemlyanka” (“Fire beats in a cramped stove ...”; music by K. Listov, 1941), “Song of the Defenders of Moscow” (music by B. Mokrousov, 1942) and others. During the war years, he published collections of poems “December near Moscow”, “Roads lead to the West”, “Soldier's heart”, “Offensive”, “Poems about hatred”, “Songs of an angry heart” and “Punishing Russia”. Based on the results of the business trip, in 1944 he published a book of essays “The Lights of the Greater Urals. Letters about the Soviet rear. In the same year, he participated in the discussion of the draft of the new Anthem of the USSR. In 1944-1946 he was the editor-in-chief of the Literaturnaya Gazeta. In June 1945 he visited Berlin, Leipzig and Radebeuse, and then Weimar; Based on the materials of the trip, he wrote a collection of poems “I sing Victory”. He graduated from the war with the rank of lieutenant colonel (1943).

In 1945-1953 he was the editor-in-chief of the Ogonyok magazine. In the 1950s - rector of the Literary Institute. A. M. Gorky. Since 1962, the editor-in-chief of the Brief Literary Encyclopedia. Member of the editorial board of the Poet's Library. He published a dozen and a half poetry collections.

Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1952-1956), candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1956-1966). Member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (since 1954) and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Member of the World Peace Council. Since 1949, Deputy Secretary General, in 1953-1959 - First Secretary of the Writers' Union of the USSR.

In 1947, he published an article "On Pasternak's Poetry", directed against the poet. “He was an evil, cunning, dangerous person, a typical apparatchik,” the translator L. Z. Lungina characterizes Surkov in her memoirs. Surkov signed a Letter from a group of Soviet writers to the editors of the Pravda newspaper on August 31, 1973 about Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov.

A. A. Surkov died on June 14, 1983. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery (site No. 10).

Creation

Published since 1918. The first poems by A. A. Surkov were published in the Petrograd Krasnaya Gazeta. The first book of poems "Zapev" was published in Moscow in 1930. The author of poems that have become folk songs, such as "Chapaevskaya", "It's not clouds, thunderclouds", "Early-early", "In the vastness of the wonderful Motherland", "Fire beats in a cramped stove ..." ("In the dugout") , "Konarmeiskaya", "Song of the Brave", "March of the Defenders of Moscow".

He published the collections "Peers" (1934), "Poems" (1931), "On the approaches to the song" (1931), "Offensive" (1932), "The Last War" (1933), "The Motherland of the Courageous" (1935), " The Way of the Song (1936), Soldiers of October, This is how we grew up (1938), It was in the North (1940), December near Moscow (1942), The Great War (1942), Offensive "(1943), "Soldier's Heart" (1943), "Front Notebook", "Punishing Russia" (1944), "Heart of the World", "Road to Victory", "Selected Poems", "Peace to the World!" (1950), "East and West" (1957), "Songs about Humanity" (1961), "What is happiness?" (1969), “After the war. Poems 1945-1970" (1972). His Selected Poems were published in 2 volumes (Moscow, 1974) and Collected Works in 4 volumes (Moscow, 1965-1966).

The poet's poems are marked by political sharpness, imbued with a sense of Soviet patriotism; they have been translated into dozens of languages. In addition to poetry, A. A. Surkov wrote critical articles, essays and journalism. He published a collection of articles and speeches on questions of literature "Voices of the Time" (1962). He translated the poems of Mao Zedong and other poets.

Publications

Chorus. Book of Poems (1925-1929). - M., 1930.
December near Moscow. Front lines. June-December 1941 - M., 1942.
Songs of the Angry Heart. - Yaroslavl, 1944.
Soviet poetry during the Patriotic War. Public lecture transcript. - M., 1944.
Peace-peace! Poetry. - M., 1953.
East and West (1949-1957). Poetry. - M., 1957.
In the white world Poetry. - M., 1957.
A bold bullet is afraid. Poems and songs. - M., 1964.
Voices of the time. Notes on the margins of the history of literature. 1934-1965. - M., 1965.
I sing my Fatherland. Selected Works of Soviet Poetry. - M., 1967.
What is happiness? Poems of recent years. - M., 1969.
After the war. Poems 1945-1970 - M., 1972.
Poems of time. Poems. Little Poems. Songs. - M., 1983.

Awards and memory

Awards:

Stalin Prize of the first degree (1946) - for the well-known poems and songs "Song of the Brave", "Behind Our Backs Moscow", "Song of a Soldier's Mother", "Victory", "Song of the Defenders of Moscow", "Fire beats in a cramped stove ..." ("In the dugout"), "In the chill of death ..."
Stalin Prize of the second degree (1951) - for the collection of poems "Peace to the world!" (1950)
Hero of Socialist Labor (1969)
four orders of Lenin
Order of the Red Banner
two Orders of the Red Star
Order of the Badge of Honor
Bulgarian Order "Cyril and Methodius"
International Botev Prize (1976)
Honorary citizen of Rybinsk (1976)

A new four-deck river ship, streets in Rybinsk and Yaroslavl were named after him.

Surkov Alexey Alexandrovich

10/1/1899, the village of Sereznevo, Rybinsk district, Yaroslavl province - 14/6/1983

Poet, public figure, lieutenant colonel (1943), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969), twice winner of the Stalin Prize (1946, 1951).

Educated at the Faculty of Literature of the Institute of Red Professors (1934).

Member of the Civil and Soviet-Finnish wars.

In 1925 he joined the CPSU(b).

He wrote jingoistic verses, glorifying the heroism of the Civil War. In 1934 he published the collection Peers, and then others.

The author of the texts of popular songs, among which the most famous are "Konarmeiskaya", "Fire beats in a cramped stove", "Song of the Brave", etc. A characteristic example of his work was the poems published in Pravda on 26.1.1937 during the trial of the "Parallel Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Center":

Here are all of them: - the lackeys of the generals,

Spies by blood and friends of spies -

Serebryakov, Sokolnikov, Muralov,

Two-faced Radek, vile Pyatakov.

Death to scoundrels who have trampled trust into the mud

A country covered in victories!

During the Great Patriotic War, a war correspondent for the newspapers Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda and Krasnaya Zvezda; published 10 collections of poems, incl. "Roads lead to the West" (1942), "Soldier's heart" and "Poems about hatred" (1943), "Songs of an angry heart" and "punishing Russia" (1944). In 1944 he was editor-in-chief of the Literaturnaya Gazeta, in 1945-53 - the magazine Ogonyok.

After the Great Patriotic War, Surkov, who always felt the situation well, fulfilled the social order, wrote poetry, calling for the struggle for peace (collection Peace to the World, 1950). From 1949 secretary, in 1950-53 deputy., 1st deputy. General Secretary of the Union of Writers of the USSR. Actively participated in the persecution of writers "not corresponding" to the party line, a singer of the Stalin era. In 1952-56 he was a member of the Central Audit Commission of the CPSU, in 1956-66 he was a candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1953-59 1st Secretary of the Union of Writers of the USSR. Since 1954 he has been a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

For the sake of historical truth, one could without any exaggeration call Aleksey Alexandrovich Surkov a living embodiment of Andrey Platonov's prose, one of the characters of the same "Chevengur". In the novel, on almost every page, there are words that could become an epigraph to his life. Take, for example, the statement of Ignatius Moshonkov: "I give socialism! The rye will not ripen yet, but socialism will be ready! .. And I look: what am I yearning for? It was I who missed socialism."

Alexei Surkov liked to call himself "the same age as the century." And it really went through most of the historical path with the 20th century, in some ways reflecting it, in some ways becoming its reflection itself. That is why poetry and the fate of Surkov are of interest not only as a literary fact, but also as a socio-psychological phenomenon of their time.

Who could have imagined that a simple boy who was born a hundred years ago in the Yaroslavl village of Serednevo in the family of a poor peasant would become, over the years, not only a famous poet, but also a major writer's official, a statesman. No special signs and signs of grace, indicating his future chosen destiny, shone over him. True, some wonderful oddity ("of Chevengur" color!) flashed through the promise of something unexpected in the name of Surkov's great-grandfather, who, God only knows for what reason, was called Pompey.

Surkov was, in the language of his peer Nikolai Tikhonov, from the generation of "festive, cheerful, possessed." He did not just participate in the Civil War, he smashed his own brothers, who were distraught from hunger and violence by the rebellious peasants of the Tambov province, whom he called "Antonov's kulak gangs." In his notorious speech at the First Congress of Writers, Surkov, with all Bolshevik frankness, will say about his past: "The question of parting with the past ... has never been raised." In other words, he admits without hesitation or a shadow of embarrassment that people without a past, without memory, without culture, without a language, without a clan or tribe have burst into literature and life - the same as himself.

The arrival in literature of all these Surkovs, Zharovs, Utkins, Bezymenskys, Altauzens, Tikhonovs, Dolmatovskys was called "a great rise in the creative amateur activity of the masses." The first poems by Alexei Surkov appeared in 1918 in Krasnaya Gazeta, when Alexander Blok, Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Valery Bryusov, Fyodor Sologub were still alive in the full bloom of their creative aspirations.

At the First Congress of Soviet Writers in 1934, the hardened Alexei Surkov rushes into battle with Bukharin himself (in fact, with the Party!), arguing with his report on poetry, where he opposed Mayakovsky's civil line, as obsolete, intimacy and apolitical nature of Pasternak's poetry .

During his long life, Alexei Aleksandrovich released several dozen collections of poems, for which he received orders and state prizes. He was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the RSFSR, secretary of the Union of Writers of the USSR, was elected a member of the Central Audit Commission of the CPSU, a candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Finally, he became a Hero of Socialist Labor.

Reading the poems of the young Alexei Surkov, you are convinced that he had the makings of a great poet. He has a strong, energetic line, filled with the air of revolutionary romance. He perfectly felt the new linguistic element. But his main quality is a non-false lyrical voice and free poetic intonation.

The poem "Fire is beating in a cramped stove" has actually become a folk song. Perhaps this song was remembered because in it, Alexei Surkov, referring to his beloved woman, expressed the most secret thing that he had carried in himself all his life, but which he could not confess to anyone: “I want you to hear How my voice yearns alive..."

But this lively, yearning voice made itself felt less and less often in colorless verses that become completely dead over the years... , all the villages around Serednev disappeared without a trace from the face of the earth, went to the bottom of the Rybinsk reservoir, although Serednevo still miraculously survived. The poet will sadly write about this in verse: "The world of my childhood has disappeared at the bottom of the sea ..." and will call the lost "village Atlantis."

Did he himself renounce the past? And the past took revenge on him. Atlantis, alas, turned out to be the era that he served so long and faithfully. Slogans, ideas, victories and tragedies have gone under the water of time, and now he himself, along with his poetry, orders and titles, is being pulled to the bottom. And only Serednevo, clinging to the edge of the creeping shore, reminds that a man was once born there with a lively and longing voice...

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://russia.rin.ru/

Alexei Surkov is a Russian poet and public figure. Member of the CPSU since 1925. He was elected a member of the Central Audit Commission of the CPSU (1952 - 56), a candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1956 - 66). Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 4th - 8th convocations and the RSFSR of the 2nd - 3rd convocations. Member of the World Peace Council and the Soviet Peace Committee. Secretary of the Board of the Union of Writers of the USSR (since 1949; in 1953-59 - first secretary). Hero of Socialist Labor (1969).

From the age of 12, Surkov served "in the people" in St. Petersburg. Soon after the October Revolution, he went to the front of the Civil War.

After demobilization, he returned to the village: “He worked in the volost executive committee, was a hut, a volost political enlightenment organizer, a rural correspondent in the county newspaper ... and even, forced by a hopeless chronic non-repertoire, wrote plays for a drama circle.”

Subsequently, he was at the party and Komsomol work in Rybinsk and Yaroslavl, edited the Komsomol newspaper.

Moving to Moscow had a beneficial effect on Surkov's work, where he was elected to the leadership of the RAPP (1928). Here he graduated from the Faculty of Literature of the Institute of Red Professors (1934). In 1934-39 he worked in the journal Literary Study.

Surkov's first poems were published in 1918 in the Petrograd Krasnaya Gazeta, but he considers 1930 to be the true beginning of his poetic activity, when the first collection of poems, Zapev, was published. The greatest successes of this and subsequent collections are "Poems" and "On the approaches to the song" (1931), "Offensive" (1932), "The Last War" (1933), "Peers" (1934), "The Motherland of the Courageous" (1935) , “The way of song” (1937), “So we grew up” (1940) - refer to the image of the heroes of the Civil War.

In the 1930s, Surkov participated in the work of Lokaf. His songs of these years - "Konarmeiskaya Song", "Terskaya Marching" and others - gained great popularity.

In 1939-45, Surkov was a war correspondent, a participant in the campaign in Western Belarus, the war with the White Finns, then the Great Patriotic War.

His "December Diary" (1940), realistically depicting the difficulties of a harsh winter campaign and "the faces of camping friends", served as an approach to poems written during the Great Patriotic War: the collections "December near Moscow" (1942), "I sing victory "(1946), "Roads lead to the West" (1942), "Offensive" (1943), "Soldier's Heart" (1943), "Punishing Russia" (1944). Freed from some distrust of the lyrics, Surkov was able to soulfully express the nationwide feelings of anger, hatred, grief, the impulse for victory and the soldier's homesickness. His songs “Fire beats in a cramped stove”, “Song of the Brave” (1941) and a number of poems, which were awarded the State Prize in 1946, gained particular popularity. The severity of tone, the stinginess of colors are fused in them with high lyricism.

Surkov also took part in the creation of poetic feuilletons about the brave, successful fighters Vasya Granatkin and Grisha Tankin, wrote a book of essays “Fires of the Great Urals. Letters about the Soviet rear "(1944), etc.

Impressions from numerous travels and meetings are inspired by the poems included in Surkov's post-war collections "Peace to the world!" (1950, State Prize, 1951), "East and West" (1957), "Songs about Humanity" (1961), "What is happiness?" (1969). In 1965, a collection of literary critical articles and speeches by Surkov, Voices of the Time. Notes on the margins of the history of literature. 1934 -1965".

Surkov was the editor-in-chief of the Literaturnaya Gazeta (1944-46), the Ogonyok magazine (1945-53), and from 1962 he was the editor-in-chief of the Brief Literary Encyclopedia.

In 1976 he was awarded the gold medal to them. A. A. Fadeeva.

Translations of poems by Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Hungarian, Urdu and other poets.

Alexey Alexandrovich Surkov(October 1 (13), 1899, Serednevo village, Rybinsk district, Yaroslavl province - June 14, 1983, Moscow) - Russian Soviet poet, journalist, public figure. Hero of Socialist Labor (). Laureate of two Stalin Prizes (,). Battalion Commissar (1941).

Biography

Alexey Aleksandrovich Surkov was born on October 1 (13), 1899 in the village of Serednevo, Georgievskaya volost, Rybinsk district, Yaroslavl province (now the Rybinsk district of the Yaroslavl region) into a peasant family, his ancestors were serfs of the Mikhalkov nobles. He studied at the Middle School. From the age of 12 he served "in people" in St. Petersburg: he worked as an apprentice in a furniture store, in carpentry workshops, in a printing house, in an office and as a weigher in the Petrograd Commercial Port. He published his first poems in 1918 in the Petrograd Krasnaya Gazeta under the pseudonym A. Gutuevsky. In 1918, he volunteered for the Red Army, a participant in the Civil War and the Polish campaign. He served until 1922 as a machine gunner, mounted reconnaissance; participated in the battles on the North-Western Front and against the rebels of A. S. Antonov.

After the end of the civil war, he returned to his native village. In 1922-1924 he worked as a hut - an employee of a reading hut in the neighboring village of Volkovo, secretary of the volost executive committee, political enlightenment organizer, village correspondent in the county newspaper. In 1924, his poems were published by the newspaper Pravda. Member of the CPSU (b) since 1925. October 11, 1925 was a delegate to the I Provincial Congress of Proletarian Writers. In 1924-1926 he was the first secretary of the Rybinsk organization of the Komsomol. Since 1925, he was a selkor of the newly created provincial newspaper Severny Komsomolets, and in 1926-1928 - its editor-in-chief. Under him, the newspaper doubled its circulation, began to publish twice a week instead of one, junkors were actively involved in the work, on his initiative the heading “Literary Corner” appeared, which contained poems and stories of readers, a literary group was created at the editorial office.

In 1934-1939 he taught at the Editorial and Publishing Institute and; was deputy editor of the journal Literary Studies, where he worked under the direct supervision of M. Gorky. In the magazine he acted as a critic and editor. Author of a number of articles on poetry and articles on song (mainly defensive). Participated in the creation and further activities of the Literary Association of the Red Army and Navy (LOKAF). In the 1930s, collections of his poems "Zopev", "The Last War", "The Motherland of the Courageous", "The Way of Song" and "So We Grew Up" were published. He married Sofya Antonovna Krevs, whom he met in literary circles; daughter Natalya and son appeared.

The author of the texts of famous patriotic songs “Song of the Brave” (music by V. A. Bely, 1941), “In the dugout” (“Fire beats in a cramped stove ...”; music by K. Ya. Listov, 1941), “Song of the defenders of Moscow” ( music by B. A. Mokrousov, 1942), “Not a Step Back” (music by T. A. Kuliev, 1942) and others. During the war years, he published collections of poems “December near Moscow”, “Roads lead to the West”, “Soldier's heart”, “Offensive”, “Poems about hatred”, “Songs of an angry heart” and “Punishing Russia”. Based on the results of the business trip, in 1944 he published a book of essays “The Lights of the Greater Urals. Letters about the Soviet rear. In the same year, he participated in the discussion of the draft of the new Anthem of the USSR. In 1944-1946 he was the editor-in-chief of the Literaturnaya Gazeta. In June 1945 visited Berlin, Leipzig and Radebeul, and then Weimar; Based on the materials of the trip, he wrote a collection of poems “I sing Victory”. He graduated from the war with the rank of lieutenant colonel (1943).

In 1945-1953 he was the executive editor of the Ogonyok magazine. Since 1962 he has been the editor-in-chief of The Concise Literary Encyclopedia. Member of the editorial board of the Poet's Library. He published a dozen and a half poetry collections.

Alexei Surkov is dedicated to one of the most famous and most heartfelt poems of the Great Patriotic War "Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region", written by Konstantin Simonov in 1941.

Some of Surkov's poems, imbued with hatred, anger and pain, with their naturalness, intelligibility and masculinity, compare favorably with the general mass of the then works with their empty pathos.

Artworks

Books

Awards and prizes

Stalin Prize of the first degree (1946) - for the well-known poems and songs "Song of the Brave", "Behind Our Backs Moscow", "Song of a Soldier's Mother", "Victory", "Song of the Defenders of Moscow", "Fire beats in a cramped stove ..." (“In the dugout”), “In deathly chills ...”
Stalin Prize of the second degree (1951) - for the collection of poems "Peace to the world!" (1950)
four orders of Lenin (01/31/1950; 10/13/1959; 10/28/1967; 10/14/1969)
Order of the October Revolution (10/12/1979)
Order of the Red Banner (09/23/1945)
two Orders of the Red Star (05/21/1940; 02/22/1942, was presented to the Order of the Red Banner)
Order of the Badge of Honor (January 31, 1939)
medals
Order "Cyril and Methodius" (Bulgaria)
International Botev Prize (1976)

Memory

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Literature

Turkov A. M. Surkov Alexey Aleksandrovich // Russian writers. XX century. Biographical Dictionary: A-Z / Comp. I. O. Shaitanov. - M .: Education, 2009. - 623 p. - ISBN 978-5-09-017151-9.. - S. 514.

Interview, memoir literature

Surkov A. A. Fighters remember ...: [from the author's military biography: a dialogue between the poet A. A. Surkov and army general twice Hero of the Soviet Union P. I. Batov] / A. A. Surkov, P. I. Batov; recorded by N. Maar // Literary newspaper. - 1969. - 15 Oct. - S. 2.

Literary criticism

Bat G. L.“I am a soldier” // Unforgettable meetings / G. L. Bat. - M ., 1970. - S. 152-162.
Brovka P. Poetry of Courage // News. - 1979. - 12 Oct.
Reznik O. S. Alexei Surkov: essay on life and work. 3rd ed. - M .: Fiction, 1979. - 223 p. - (Soviet writers Heroes of Socialist Labor).

Notes

Mukhtarov E. O. Songs of our Victory // 4 years out of 1000: Dedicated to the 65th anniversary of the Victory: [Yaroslavl in the Great Patriotic War: almanac]. - Yaroslavl: Yarnovosti, 2010. - 272 p. - ISBN 978-5-88697-190-3.. - S. 23-76.
Surkov Alexey Alexandrovich // Yaroslavl region during the Great Patriotic War. Scientific and popular reference publication / Office of Archives of the Government of the Yaroslavl Region, State Archive of the Yaroslavl Region; comp. G. Kazarinova, O. Kuznetsova. - Yaroslavl: Indigo, 2010. - 400 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-91722-028-4.. - S. 272-273.
Polina Ivanushkina.// Arguments and Facts . - 2011. - No. 50 for December 14. - S. 79.
Pasternak E. B. Boris Pasternak. Biography ()
Interlinear: The life of Lilianna Lungina, told by her in the film by Oleg Dorman. - M .: Astrel, CORPUS, 2010. - S. 319.
Mao Zedong. Eighteen Poems. - M .: Pravda Publishing House, 1957 (Spark Library).
Cossack V. Lexicon of Russian literature of the XX century = Lexikon der russischen Literatur ab 1917 / [trans. with him.]. - M. : RIK "Culture", 1996. - XVIII, 491, p. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-8334-0019-8.. - S. 409.

Links

Site "Heroes of the Country".

Surkov Alexey Alexandrovich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
Turkov A. M. // Brief literary encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia, 1962-1978.
. On the Chronos website.

Predecessor:
Fadeev, Alexander Alexandrovich

Chief Editor
"Literary newspaper"
1944-1946

Successor:
Ermilov, Vladimir Vladimirovich



Chief editors

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An excerpt characterizing Surkov, Alexei Alexandrovich

One evening, when the old countess, sighing and groaning, in a night cap and blouse, without overhead letters, and with one poor tuft of hair protruding from under a white calico cap, was laying prostrations of the evening prayer on the rug, her door creaked, and in shoes on her bare feet, also in a blouse and hairpins, Natasha ran in. The Countess looked back and frowned. She was finishing her last prayer: “Will this coffin be my bed?” Her prayer mood was destroyed. Natasha, red and animated, seeing her mother at prayer, suddenly stopped in her run, sat down and involuntarily stuck out her tongue, threatening herself. Noticing that her mother was continuing her prayer, she ran on tiptoe to the bed, quickly sliding one small foot against the other, kicked off her shoes and jumped onto that bed, for which the countess was afraid that he would not be her coffin. This bed was high, feather-bed, with five ever-decreasing pillows. Natasha jumped up, drowned in a featherbed, rolled over to the wall and began to fiddle under the covers, laying down, bending her knees to her chin, kicking her legs and laughing a little audibly, now covering her head, then looking at her mother. The countess finished her prayer and with a stern face went up to the bed; but, seeing that Natasha was covered with her head, she smiled her kind, weak smile.
“Well, well, well,” said the mother.
“Mom, can we talk, huh?” – said Natasha. - Well, in the darling once, well, more, and it will be. And she took her mother's neck and kissed her under the chin. In her treatment of her mother, Natasha showed outward rudeness of manner, but she was so sensitive and dexterous that no matter how she wrapped her arms around her mother, she always knew how to do it so that the mother would not be hurt, unpleasant, or embarrassed.
“Well, what are we talking about today?” - said the mother, sitting on the pillows and waiting until Natasha, also rolling twice over herself, lay down next to her under one blanket, holding out her hands and assuming a serious expression.
These nightly visits by Natasha, made before the return of the count from the club, were one of the favorite pleasures of mother and daughter.
– What are we talking about today? And I need to tell you...
Natasha covered her mother's mouth with her hand.
“About Boris… I know,” she said seriously, “that's why I came. Don't say, I know. No, tell me! She let go of her hand. - Tell me, mom. Is he nice?
- Natasha, you are 16 years old, I was married at your age. You say that Borya is nice. He is very sweet and I love him like a son, but what do you want?… What do you think? You completely turned his head, I can see it ...
Saying this, the Countess looked back at her daughter. Natasha lay, looking straight ahead and motionless at one of the mahogany sphinxes carved on the corners of the bed, so that the countess could only see her daughter's face in profile. This face struck the countess with its peculiarity of a serious and concentrated expression.
Natasha listened and thought.
- Well, so what? - she said.
- You turned his head completely, why? What do you want from him? You know you can't marry him.
- From what? - without changing the position, said Natasha.
“Because he’s young, because he’s poor, because he’s kindred… because you don’t love him yourself.”
– Why do you know?
- I know. This is not good, my friend.
“And if I want ...” said Natasha.
“Stop talking nonsense,” said the Countess.
- And if I want ...
Natasha, I'm serious...
Natasha didn’t let her finish, pulled the countess’s big hand to her and kissed her from above, then on the palm, then turned again and began to kiss her on the bone of the upper joint of the finger, then in the gap, then again on the bone, saying in a whisper: “January, February , March April May".
- Speak, mother, why are you silent? Speak, - she said, looking back at her mother, who looked at her daughter with a tender look and because of this contemplation, it seemed that she forgot everything she wanted to say.
“That won’t do, my soul. Not everyone will understand your childhood connection, and seeing him so close to you can harm you in the eyes of other young people who travel to us, and, most importantly, torment him in vain. He may have found himself a party of his own, rich; and now he's going crazy.
- Coming down? Natasha repeated.
- I'll tell you about myself. I had one cousin...
- I know - Kirilla Matveich, but he is an old man?
“There was not always an old man. But here's the thing, Natasha, I'll talk to Borey. He doesn't have to travel so often...
“Why not, if he wants to?”
“Because I know it won’t end.”
- Why do you know? No, mom, you don't tell him. What nonsense! - Natasha said in the tone of a person from whom they want to take away his property.
- Well, I won’t get married, so let him go, if he’s having fun and I’m having fun. Natasha looked at her mother smiling.
“Not married, but like this,” she repeated.
- How is it, my friend?
- Yes, it is. Well, it’s very necessary that I won’t get married, but ... so.
“So, so,” repeated the countess, and, shaking with her whole body, she laughed a kind, unexpected old woman’s laugh.
- Stop laughing, stop it, - Natasha shouted, - you are shaking the whole bed. You look terribly like me, the same laughter ... Wait a minute ... - She grabbed both hands of the countess, kissed the bone of the little finger on one - June, and continued to kiss July, August on the other hand. - Mom, is he very in love? How about your eyes? Were you so in love? And very nice, very, very nice! Only not quite to my taste - it is narrow, like a dining room clock ... Don't you understand? ... Narrow, you know, gray, light ...
– What are you lying about! said the Countess.
Natasha continued:
- Do you really not understand? Nikolenka would understand... Earless - that blue, dark blue with red, and it is quadrangular.
“You flirt with him, too,” said the countess, laughing.
“No, he is a Freemason, I found out. He is nice, dark blue with red, how do you explain ...
“Countess,” came the voice of the count from behind the door. - Are you awake? - Natasha jumped up barefoot, grabbed her shoes in her hands and ran into her room.
She couldn't sleep for a long time. She kept thinking about the fact that no one can understand everything that she understands and what is in her.
"Sonya?" she thought, looking at the sleeping, curled-up kitty with her huge braid. “No, where is she! She is virtuous. She fell in love with Nikolenka and doesn't want to know anything else. Mom doesn't understand. It's amazing how smart I am and how ... she's sweet," she continued, speaking to herself in the third person and imagining that some very smart, smartest and best man was talking about her ... "Everything, everything is in her , - continued this man, - she is unusually smart, sweet and then good, unusually good, dexterous - she swims, she rides excellently, and her voice! You can say, an amazing voice! She sang her favorite musical phrase from the Kherubinievskaya opera, threw herself on the bed, laughed at the joyful thought that she was about to fall asleep, shouted to Dunyasha to put out the candle, and before Dunyasha had time to leave the room, she had already passed into another, even happier world of dreams. , where everything was just as easy and beautiful as in reality, but it was only better because it was different.

The next day, the countess, having invited Boris to her place, had a talk with him, and from that day he stopped visiting the Rostovs.

On the 31st of December, on the eve of the new year 1810, le reveillon [night dinner], there was a ball at the Catherine's nobleman. The ball was supposed to be the diplomatic corps and the sovereign.
On the Promenade des Anglais, the famous house of a nobleman shone with countless lights of illumination. At the illuminated entrance with red cloth stood the police, and not only the gendarmes, but the police chief at the entrance and dozens of police officers. The carriages drove off, and new ones kept coming up with red footmen and with footmen in feathers on their hats. Men in uniforms, stars and ribbons came out of the carriages; ladies in satin and ermine carefully descended the noisily laid steps, and hurriedly and soundlessly passed along the cloth of the entrance.
Almost every time a new carriage drove up, a whisper ran through the crowd and hats were taken off.
- Sovereign? ... No, minister ... prince ... envoy ... Can't you see the feathers? ... - said from the crowd. One of the crowd, dressed better than the others, seemed to know everyone, and called by name the noblest nobles of that time.
One-third of the guests had already arrived at this ball, and the Rostovs, who were supposed to be at this ball, were still hastily preparing to dress.
There were many rumors and preparations for this ball in the Rostov family, many fears that the invitation would not be received, the dress would not be ready, and everything would not work out as it should.
Together with the Rostovs, Marya Ignatievna Peronskaya, a friend and relative of the countess, a thin and yellow maid of honor of the old court, who led the provincial Rostovs in the highest St. Petersburg society, went to the ball.
At 10 pm, the Rostovs were supposed to call for the maid of honor to the Tauride Garden; and meanwhile it was already five minutes to ten, and the young ladies were still not dressed.
Natasha was going to the first big ball in her life. She got up that day at 8 o'clock in the morning and was in feverish anxiety and activity all day long. All her strength, from the very morning, was focused on ensuring that they all: she, mother, Sonya were dressed in the best possible way. Sonya and the countess vouched for her completely. The countess was supposed to be wearing a masaka velvet dress, they were wearing two white smoky dresses on pink, silk covers with roses in the corsage. The hair had to be combed a la grecque [Greek].
Everything essential had already been done: the legs, arms, neck, ears were already especially carefully, according to the ballroom, washed, perfumed and powdered; shod already were silk, fishnet stockings and white satin shoes with bows; the hair was almost finished. Sonya finished dressing, the countess too; but Natasha, who worked for everyone, fell behind. She was still sitting in front of the mirror in a peignoir draped over her thin shoulders. Sonya, already dressed, stood in the middle of the room and, pressing painfully with her little finger, pinned the last ribbon that squealed under the pin.
“Not like that, not like that, Sonya,” said Natasha, turning her head from her hairdo and grabbing her hair with her hands, which the maid who held them did not have time to let go. - Not so bow, come here. Sonya sat down. Natasha cut the ribbon differently.
“Excuse me, young lady, you can’t do that,” said the maid holding Natasha’s hair.
- Oh, my God, well after! That's it, Sonya.
- Are you coming soon? - I heard the voice of the countess, - it's already ten now.
- Now. - Are you ready, mom?
- Just pin the current.
“Don’t do it without me,” Natasha shouted: “you won’t be able to!”
- Yeah, ten.
It was decided to be at the ball at half past ten, and Natasha still had to get dressed and stop by the Tauride Garden.
Having finished her hair, Natasha, in a short skirt, from under which ballroom shoes were visible, and in her mother's blouse, ran up to Sonya, examined her and then ran to her mother. Turning her head, she pinned the current, and, barely having time to kiss her gray hair, she again ran to the girls who were hemming her skirt.
The case was behind Natasha's skirt, which was too long; it was hemmed by two girls, hastily biting the threads. A third, with pins in her lips and teeth, ran from the countess to Sonya; the fourth held the entire smoky dress on a high hand.
- Mavrusha, rather, dove!
- Give me a thimble from there, young lady.
– Will it be soon? - said the count, entering from behind the door. “Here are the spirits. Peronskaya was already waiting.
“It’s ready, young lady,” said the maid, lifting a hemmed smoky dress with two fingers and blowing and shaking something, expressing with this gesture the awareness of the airiness and purity of what she was holding.
Natasha began to put on a dress.
“Now, now, don’t go, papa,” she shouted to her father, who opened the door, still from under the haze of a skirt that covered her entire face. Sonya closed the door. A minute later, the count was let in. He was in a blue tailcoat, stockings and shoes, perfumed and pomaded.
- Oh, dad, you're so good, lovely! - said Natasha, standing in the middle of the room and straightening the folds of smoke.
“Excuse me, young lady, excuse me,” the girl said, kneeling, pulling at her dress and turning the pins from one side of her mouth to the other.
- Your will! - Sonya cried out with despair in her voice, looking at Natasha's dress, - your will, again long!
Natasha stepped aside to look around in the dressing-glass. The dress was long.
“By God, madam, nothing is long,” said Mavrusha, who was crawling along the floor after the young lady.
“Well, it’s a long time, so we’ll sweep it, we’ll sweep it in a minute,” said the resolute Dunyasha, taking out a needle from a handkerchief on her chest and again set to work on the floor.
At that moment, shyly, with quiet steps, the countess entered in her toque and velvet dress.
- Wow! my beauty! shouted the Count, “better than all of you!” He wanted to hug her, but she pulled away, blushing, so as not to cringe.
“Mom, more on the side of the current,” Natasha said. - I'll cut it, and rushed forward, and the girls who were hemming, who did not have time to rush after her, tore off a piece of smoke.
- My God! What is it? I don't blame her...
“Nothing, I notice, you won’t see anything,” said Dunyasha.
- Beauty, my darling! - said the nanny who came in from behind the door. - And Sonyushka, well, beauties! ...
At a quarter past eleven we finally got into the carriages and drove off. But still it was necessary to stop by the Tauride Garden.
Peronskaya was already ready. Despite her old age and ugliness, exactly the same thing happened with her as with the Rostovs, although not with such haste (for her it was a habitual thing), but her old, ugly body was also perfumed, washed, powdered, also carefully washed behind the ears. , and even, and just like at the Rostovs, the old maid enthusiastically admired the outfit of her mistress when she went into the living room in a yellow dress with a cipher. Peronskaya praised the Rostovs' toilets.
The Rostovs praised her taste and dress, and, taking care of their hair and dresses, at eleven o'clock they got into the carriages and drove off.

Natasha had not had a moment of freedom since the morning of that day, and had never had time to think about what lay ahead of her.
In the damp, cold air, in the cramped and incomplete darkness of the swaying carriage, for the first time she vividly imagined what awaited her there, at the ball, in the illuminated halls - music, flowers, dances, sovereign, all the brilliant youth of St. Petersburg. What awaited her was so wonderful that she did not even believe that it would be: it was so inconsistent with the impression of cold, crowdedness and darkness of the carriage. She understood everything that awaited her only when, having walked along the red cloth of the entrance, she entered the hallway, took off her fur coat and walked beside Sonya in front of her mother between the flowers along the illuminated stairs. Only then did she remember how she had to behave at the ball and tried to adopt that majestic manner that she considered necessary for a girl at the ball. But fortunately for her, she felt that her eyes were running wide: she could not see anything clearly, her pulse beat a hundred times a minute, and the blood began to beat at her heart. She could not adopt the manner that would have made her ridiculous, and she walked, dying from excitement and trying with all her might only to hide it. And this was the very manner that most of all went to her. In front and behind them, talking in the same low voice and also in ball gowns, the guests entered. The mirrors on the stairs reflected ladies in white, blue, pink dresses, with diamonds and pearls on their open arms and necks.
Natasha looked into the mirrors and in the reflection she could not distinguish herself from others. Everything was mixed in one brilliant procession. At the entrance to the first hall, a uniform rumble of voices, steps, greetings - deafened Natasha; the light and brilliance blinded her even more. The host and hostess, who had been standing at the front door for half an hour and saying the same words to those who came in: “charme de vous voir,” [in admiration that I see you] also met the Rostovs and Peronskaya.
Two girls in white dresses, with identical roses in their black hair, sat down in the same way, but the hostess involuntarily fixed her gaze longer on thin Natasha. She looked at her, and smiled at her alone, in addition to her master's smile. Looking at her, the hostess remembered, perhaps, her golden, irrevocable girlish time, and her first ball. The owner also looked after Natasha and asked the count, who is his daughter?
- Charmante! [Charming!] – he said, kissing the tips of his fingers.
Guests were standing in the hall, crowding at the front door, waiting for the sovereign. The Countess placed herself in the front row of this crowd. Natasha heard and felt that several voices asked about her and looked at her. She realized that those who paid attention to her liked her, and this observation calmed her somewhat.

A. A. Surkov was born on October 1 (13), 1899 in the village of Serednevo, Georgievskaya volost, Rybinsk district, Yaroslavl province (now the Rybinsk district of the Yaroslavl region) into a peasant family, his ancestors were serfs of the Mikhalkov nobles. He studied at the Middle School. From the age of 12 he served "in the people" in St. Petersburg: he worked as an apprentice in a furniture store, in carpentry workshops, in a printing house, in an office and as a weigher in the Petrograd commercial port. He published his first poems in 1918 in the Petrograd Krasnaya Gazeta under the pseudonym A. Gutuevsky.

In 1941-1945 Surkov He was a military correspondent for the front-line newspaper Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda and a special correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper, and also worked for the Combat Onslaught newspaper. Participated in the defense of Moscow, fought in Belarus. The author of the texts of famous patriotic songs (music by V. Bely, 1941), (“Fire beats in a cramped stove ...”; music by K. Listov, 1941), (music by B. Mokrousov, 1942) and others. During the war years, he published collections of poems “December near Moscow”, “Roads lead to the West”, “Soldier's heart”, “Offensive”, “Poems about hatred”, “Songs of an angry heart” and “Punishing Russia”. Based on the results of the business trip, in 1944 he published a book of essays “The Lights of the Greater Urals. Letters about the Soviet rear. In the same year, he participated in the discussion of the draft of the new Anthem of the USSR. In 1944-1946 he was the editor-in-chief of the Literaturnaya Gazeta. In June 1945 he visited Berlin, Leipzig and Radebeuse, and then Weimar; Based on the materials of the trip, he wrote a collection of poems “I sing Victory”. He graduated from the war with the rank of lieutenant colonel (1943).

A. A. Surkov died June 14, 1983. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery (site No. 10).

Published since 1918. The first poems by A. A. Surkov were published in the Petrograd Krasnaya Gazeta. The first book of poems "Zapev" was published in Moscow in 1930. The author of poems that have become folk songs, such as "Chapaevskaya", "It's not clouds, thunderclouds", "Early-early", "In the vastness of the wonderful Motherland", "Fire beats in a cramped stove ..." ("In the dugout") , "Song of the Brave", "March of the Defenders of Moscow".

The poet's poems are marked by political sharpness, imbued with a sense of Soviet patriotism; they have been translated into dozens of languages. Except poetry A. A. Surkov wrote critical articles, essays and journalism. He published a collection of articles and speeches on questions of literature "Voices of the Time" (1962). He translated the poems of Mao Zedong and other poets.