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The procedure for writing off receivables and payables is a hot topic for any accountant. In the case of the closure of a creditor, in addition to a positive result (the company no longer exists, which means that the debt does not need to be paid), there is also an unpleasant moment - an increase in taxable profit. Therefore, it is extremely important to correctly determine and not violate the deadline for writing off accounts payable, including it in the income of the organization.

The procedure for writing off accounts payable

There are various reasons for writing off accounts payable of a company:

By general rule the company can write off its debts after limitation period, which is 3 years, except for debts on taxes, fines, penalties (Article 195-196 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, clause 7 PBU 9/99);
exclusion of the creditor from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities as an inactive organization;
debt forgiveness by the counterparty;
liquidation of the creditor (Article 419 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Does the order of withdrawal change? accounts receivable and accounts payable upon termination of activities by the counterparty? The procedure is similar to the established sequence of actions for all other grounds:

1. Carrying out an inventory of calculations to determine the current amount of debt to be written off, with the preparation of an appropriate act.

How to recover written off accounts payable

The Civil Code allows the fulfillment of debt obligations even after their write-off in accounting. The basis for the restoration of accounts payable in accounting is a new agreement between the parties.

For example, the debt was written off by posting Dt 62 Kt 91-1. If an agreement is made:

in the current year - on the date of its signing, you can make a reversal entry;
next year - you should recognize your expense as other, reflecting it by posting: Dt 91-2 Kt 62.

Examples

Ritm LLC received goods from another company in the amount of 250,000 rubles. After that, the supplier was liquidated (there is a photocopy of the certificate). Payment for delivered goods was not made. How to write off accounts payable to an accountant?

For unpaid goods, the following entries must be made to write off the debt:

If the VAT presented by the supplier:

previously accepted for deduction, an accounting entry is made: Dt 60 (76) Kt 91.1 - the written-off "creditor" is included in income, including VAT;
not accepted for deduction (included in non-operating expenses on the basis of subparagraph 14, paragraph 1, article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), an entry is made in accounting: Dt 91.2 Kt 19 - VAT presented by the supplier, but not accepted for deduction, is included in expenses.

In the event of the occurrence and non-payment by the enterprise of debts to its creditors in certain deadlines this debt is classified as overdue. If the creditor did not claim the overdue debt within the specified period of time in judicial order In this case, accounts payable are written off.

Grounds for the write-off procedure

There are the following grounds for writing off the company's debt to its creditors in the following cases:

the expiration of the period specified for the limitation period (according to Article 196 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - three years);
termination of the activities of the creditor (Article 419 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);
when the creditor decides to forgive his debtor the amount of debt (Article 415 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);
upon the occurrence of events for which the creditor and debtor cannot be responsible (Article 416 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);
when issuing the act government agency it is impossible for the debtor organization to fulfill its obligations (Article 417 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);
if the creditor of the organization is an individual, then in the event of his death (Article 418 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Debt cancellation process

The correctness of the procedure for writing off debts to creditors affects the accuracy of calculating profits in tax accounting and the accrual of penalties. As a result, the management of the enterprise should take a responsible approach to organizing the procedure for writing off their debts.

The entire procedure for writing off debt consists of the following steps, presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Debt cancellation procedure

Stages	Who implements	The essence of the stage	Documents are being drawn up	Note
1	Employees of the accounting department of an economic entity	At the end of the reporting period, an inventory procedure is carried out, during which the amounts of accounts payable are identified, incl. and overdue	Inventory acts (form INV-17)	For the timely identification of accounts payable, it is recommended to conduct an inventory on a regular basis. When carrying out the inventory procedure in common complex measures to write off debts to creditors, all accounts on which the organization keeps records of accounts payable and accounts receivable. During the inventory of debt, attention is drawn to the debt to the budget and extra-budgetary funds.
2	Employees of the company's accounting department	Prepare a certificate that reflects information on the identified amounts of accounts payable, incl. and with expired statute of limitations;	Reference	The certificate prepared by the accounting service of an economic entity must contain the following information: indication of the date and number of the agreement under which the overdue accounts payable arose; information on the necessary primary documents(invoices, acts, waybills, etc.); providing information on the expiration of the limitation period for claims; information about the lender.
3	Head of an economic entity	Prepare and issue an order to write off debts to creditors	Order to write off existing debts to creditors	An order to write off debts to creditors must contain the required details and necessary information: justification for writing off debts to certain creditors; it is obligatory to indicate references to legal documents (Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Tax Code of the Russian Federation, PBU, etc.); an indication of the recognition of the amount of debt written off to creditors for non-operating income (clause 18, article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation); an indication of the position to which control over the execution of this order is entrusted. This usually indicates the position of the chief accountant. The order is prepared on the basis of the results of the inventory of debts with an overdue limitation period for claims and a certificate prepared by the employees of the accounting department of this business entity.
4	Accounting staff	Make bookkeeping entries for debt relief	Making changes to accounting records	Changes made to accounting registers are carried out in accounting and tax accounting. The write-off of obligations to creditors is reflected in the accounting upon the expiration of the limitation period, otherwise the accounting department must be submitted in the following reporting period revised tax return. Liabilities to creditors are written off for each existing overdue obligation.

From the presented steps for writing off debts, it can be seen that in the process of implementing this procedure, it is necessary to prepare certain documents.

Reflection in accounting

The write-off of obligations to creditors after the expiration of the limitation period is executed on the credit of account 91/1 and on the debit of those accounts on which it was taken into account:

the write-off of overdue debts to suppliers is reflected - D 60;
before other creditors - D 76;
before the staff on remuneration - D 70, etc.

Every accountant should know how to properly write off accounts payable. But due to the fact that this happens quite rarely, various questions arise when documenting. It's quite normal. To find out what exactly is needed and how to arrange it for writing off receivables and payables, it is written in this article.

Grounds for the procedure

According to the current legislation, the write-off of overdue accounts payable can occur in a number of cases, namely:

Expiration of the limitation period for accounts payable for write-off (Article 196 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
Termination of the activities of the creditor (Article 419 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
Forgiveness of delay by confinement additional agreement to the contract (Article 415 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
Force majeure circumstances (Art. 416 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
Judgment (Art. 417 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
In case of death individual, which is a creditor (Art. 418 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

The procedure for writing off accounts payable in 1s 8.2 occurs in a standard way, which is no different when working with other programs.

The procedure for removing debt from the company's balance sheet

It is necessary to correctly perform all the steps in order to avoid problems with the tax in the future. Violation of procedural rules can also lead to the recognition of the action as unauthorized. Below is the algorithm for writing off accounts payable in tax accounting.

Stage	Responsible specialist	Essence of action	Required documents	Additional Information
1	Chief Accountant	Conducting an inventory at the end of the reporting period, during which amounts are identified for credit and debit items	Inventory act in the form of INV-17	For prompt detection of debt, it is recommended to conduct an inventory every reporting period.
2	Chief Accountant	Preparation of relevant documents on identified non-conformities	Reference	The certificate must contain information about accounts payable write-off account when adjusting debt, information about the counterparty, contract number and numbers of primary accounting documentation.
3	Enterprise Director	An appropriate order is created to remove the debt from the balance sheet of the enterprise	Order to write off accounts payable	The order must indicate the grounds for performing the action to remove the debt from the company's balance sheet, links to regulations, an indication that the specified amount should be displayed in income items.
4	Chief Accountant	Making corrective entries	Changes in accounting registers	All changes must be reflected in the accounting and tax records. Write-off of bad accounts payable carried out separately for each contract.

Thus, the procedure for writing off accounts payable is the same, regardless of the basis for this. However, the documents may vary slightly. For example, when reaching an agreement with a counterparty, you will need to attach an appropriate additional agreement.

And in case of liquidation of the company, an extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities will be required.

Registration in tax accounting

Many are interested in the impact of writing off accounts payable on income tax. Indeed, the Federal Tax Service believes that the company should report all debts taken off the balance sheet as profit. Thus, the accountant, when making corrective entries, indicates in other income "debt write-off on the basis of ...".

IMPORTANT: if the company operates under the simplified tax system, then there is no need to include debts removed from the balance sheet for taxes, fines, various contributions and other sanctions in income.

According to paragraph 4 of Art. 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and letters from the Ministry of Finance, in order to optimize the work of the Federal Tax Service, companies are required to indicate income after the removal of debt from the balance sheet in the current reporting period. In this case, the date is not important. The main thing is that it should be after the day when the basis for removing the debt from the balance appeared.

Advantages and disadvantages of write-offs

There are several advantages and disadvantages when writing off accounts payable for VAT, STS and other forms of taxation. Here are the main benefits:

Recovery of VAT when writing off accounts payable.
There is no need to pay taxes if withdrawals from the balance sheet occur during periods when the firm is incurring losses.
The ability to reduce the risk of debt collection in court or pre-trial order.

However, there are also negative aspects, which are to increase the tax base. That is, when an enterprise has income, it is necessary to pay more to the Federal Tax Service. To avoid paying taxes on such debts, many companies resort to the trick of extending the statute of limitations.

Under current law, the statute of limitations begins to run from the time the buyer is due to pay. But if this date is not indicated in the contract, then many begin the countdown from the moment the goods or services are received. sometimes it is a different reporting period, as a result of which there is an opportunity to optimize tax costs.

Risks of inaction

Many companies miss the deadlines for writing off receivables and payables. This gives grounds for employees of the Federal Tax Service to additionally charge taxes. However, this is usually only possible after verification. It is necessary to understand the dangers of ignoring the obligations of firms to remove debts from the balance sheet.

Liability for untimely removal of debt from the balance sheet

According to the regulation Supreme Court RF No. 302-KG 16-8806, according to the bill, the beneficiary can apply for payment within a year. If he has not done so, then he has 3 more years to receive payment in court.

However, it is necessary to file a claim when a voluntary agreement did not work out.

When a company refuses to write off its receivables or payables, then after an audit by the Federal Tax Service, a fine is imposed on it. The tax base also increases in the current reporting period. For all the time of delay in taxes, a penalty is taken. It is considered from the moment the grounds for removing the debt from the balance sheet of the enterprise occur. So fulfill the requirements current legislation better within the specified time. Otherwise, you can lose much more money.

The procedure for writing off overdue receivables and payables implies a link to the limitation period. Businesses can initiate debt relief activities only if the collection period has expired and it is not possible to return the money.

How to write off overdue accounts payable

The reasons for the occurrence of overdue accounts payable can be:

lack of necessary funds to repay the debt;
liquidation of the creditor and the absence of a demand for debt repayment;
inability to locate the creditor;
debt forgiveness by the creditor, etc.

It is possible to write off a creditor if a number of conditions are met:

the debtor does not have the resources to pay the required amount, or it is impossible to contact the creditor;
an inventory of liabilities.

The limitation period for accounts payable for writing off debts is 3 years (Article 196 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The countdown of this period must begin from the day when the debt goes into the category of overdue. This date corresponds to the day following the deadline for payment of obligations. If during these 3 years a partial repayment of the debt is made, an agreement on a deferment or installment plan is agreed, an act of verification of mutual settlements is drawn up, then the three-year limitation period starts again. In total terms, the statute of limitations can last up to 10 years, taking into account all cases of its interruption.

When a company has overdue accounts payable, the procedure for writing it off consists of the following steps:

Inventory of settlements with contractors.
Drawing up and approval of the act of inventory and explanatory note on identified overdue debts with an indication of their amount.
An accounting statement is issued for the debts to be written off.
The head issues an internal order to write off overdue accounts payable (the list of required documents to justify the need for write-off is given in the letter of the Ministry of Finance of January 28, 2013 No. 03-03-06 / 1/38).
Carrying out in accounting operations to write off debt for non-operating income receipts.

Write-off is carried out in accounting and tax accounting. The amount of delay should be attributed to non-operating income, subject to inclusion in the tax base for income tax. An exception is debt to the budget for tax liabilities.

After the write-off of the expired creditor, all documentation related to this procedure must be stored at the enterprise for 5 years. If the write-off procedure is carried out in violation of the deadlines or procedures, the result will be an incorrect calculation of the tax base for income tax due to an unreliably derived amount of income. The penalty for this is provided in the amount of 20% of the amount of underpayment (clause 1, article 122 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Accounts payable with an expired limitation period are written off separately for each obligation. Identification of creditors and their fixation is carried out by means of an inventory of debts. As a general rule, reconciliation of credentials with the fact is carried out once a year. The head of the company is empowered to appoint an unscheduled inventory by giving an order to check a separate accounting segment.

In the final act of the inventory, credit obligations are recorded in the total amount and by belonging to creditors. A detailed breakdown of creditors and amounts, linking them to the statute of limitations, the reasons for the delay, is given in the accounting statement. This document should contain information on synthetic and analytical accounting data on credit amounts. The text of the certificate indicates the documentary justification for the circumstances of the formation of the debt, the reasons for its untimely repayment. If there are acts of reconciliations confirming the existence of debt, a link must be made to them.

Write-off of overdue accounts payable - postings

The presence of overdue accounts payable is evidenced by credit balances outstanding on time for obligations on 60, 70, 66, 62, 67, 68 and other accounting accounts. When debited, these accounts will be debited. In correspondence with them, account 91.1 appears, indicating an increase in the amount of other income, for example:

D10 - K60 - materials received from the supplier for which payment was not made on time,
D60 - K91.1 - after the statute of limitations expired, overdue accounts payable to the supplier were written off;
D70 - K76 - the salary not received by the former employee was deposited,
D76 - K91.1 - after the expiration of the limitation period, due to the inability to locate and Bank details former employee, the deposited salary is written off.

When writing off unreceived dividends, the overdue debt to the participant is written off to account 84:

D75 (70) - K84 - after the expiration of the limitation period, unclaimed debt on dividends to a company participant was written off.

Example

Under the supply agreement, the company had to pay for the shipped goods by February 21, 2015 in the amount of 5,000 rubles. The company did not repay the debt to the counterparty on time. On February 22, 2015, the debt became overdue, the countdown of the limitation period began on it, which should end on February 21, 2018. But on May 20, 2017, the debtor made a partial payment in the amount of 1,000 rubles. The statute of limitations has started anew and will run from 05/21/2017 to 05/20/2020. After this date, if it is impossible to pay the balance of the debt, it will be possible, on the basis of the inventory, the accounting statement and the write-off order, to make the entry D60 - K91.1 in the accounting for the balance of the debt of 4000 rubles.