Planned task.

The relative values of the dynamics are also called "growth rates", denoted as "Tr" or indices. The period in which the phenomenon is taken as the basis for comparison in statistics is usually called "basic" and denoted as "x0". The period in which the compared phenomenon occurs is called the "reporting", "current" and is designated as "x1". The relative value of the dynamics is calculated using the following formula:

The level of the compared phenomenon can also be called the "actual level", that is, the level actually achieved in the reporting period, it has the designation "xf". Then, the relative value of the dynamics will take the following form:

The relative value of the planned target. In statistics, the values of the characteristics of the phenomenon under study, which must be achieved in the coming period, are called planned values.

The relative value of the planned task (ORp.z.) is calculated as a correlation of the planned level of the phenomenon (xpl) with the level of the same phenomenon, which is taken as the basis for comparison (x0). As a basis for comparison, the actually achieved value of the attribute of the phenomenon under study in the period preceding the planned one is taken, and not necessarily the immediate precedence, any previous period can be taken as the basis for comparison. Thus, the relative value of the planned task has the form:

That is, this relative value determines, in percentage terms, how many times the planned level of the phenomenon differs from the level of the phenomenon achieved in the previous period.

Relative value of plan implementation. The concept of "implementation of the plan" implies a comparison of the planned target and the actual result. Consequently, the relative value of the implementation of the plan (Rvv.p.) is a correlation of the actually achieved level of the phenomenon in the study period (хф,х1) with the planned level of this phenomenon (хpl): That is, this relative value shows how many times the actual level of the phenomenon under study in the reporting period differs from the planned level of the phenomenon for this period.

The relationship between the relative values of the dynamics, the plan task, the implementation of the plan. If there is a planned level in the construction of relative values that reflect changes in the phenomenon over time, three levels are analyzed: basic, planned and actual. Sequential calculation of the change in the first planned value relative to the base, then the actual value relative to the planned one, makes it possible to judge the change in the phenomenon for the period under study as a whole, i.e. change in the actual level relative to the baseline or characterizes the relative magnitude of the dynamics.

The product of the relative values of the planned task and the fulfillment of the plan is equal to the relative value of the dynamics. Really:

This expression reflects the relationship between the relative values of the planned task, the implementation of the plan and dynamics.

Relative indicators characterizing the structure of the object. The structure in statistics is understood as information about the division of the population under study into separate groups, about the size of each of the groups and about their significance for the population as a whole. Therefore, the relative value of the structure (d) in statistics is the correlation of a part of the phenomenon (f) and the phenomenon as a whole (the sum of all parts, f):

That is, the relative value of the structure shows what proportion (or how many percent) is part of the population in the total volume of the population. The concept of "relative size of the structure" is also synonymous with the concepts of "specific gravity", "share".

It is necessary to note a feature of the data for which the relative value of the structure can be calculated: the data must be grouped, that is, they must undergo primary processing after observation.

Calculation of the change in the relative value of the structure over time. For a full-fledged analysis, it is not enough to study only the structure of the phenomenon; it is necessary to compare the distribution of the phenomenon by groups in the period under study with the distribution that existed in previous periods. The construction of the relative values of the structure of the phenomenon for several periods makes it possible to identify changes in the structure of the phenomenon that occur over time. Such changes in statistics are called "structural shifts". The calculation of the structural changes of the phenomenon in time () is determined by the ratio of the change in part of the phenomenon in time () with the change in time of the phenomenon as a whole ():

Relative value of coordination. The relative value of coordination characterizes the ratio of the parts of the whole to each other. That is, in addition to determining the specific gravity of the various parts in comparison with the whole set, relative values are also used, reflecting the comparison of various parts with each other.

The relative value of coordination (RC) has a form based on its essence - a comparison of one part of the studied population (fх) with another part of the same population (fу):

The value shows how many units of the compared part fall on 1, 10, 100 or 1000 units of the part taken as the basis for comparison. For example, how many women are there for every 1,000 men.

Relative comparison value. The relative value of the comparison reflects the correlation of indicators that have the same content, units of measurement, period or point in time, but calculated for different objects. That is, this relative value is distinguished in a separate form, because it allows you to compare different objects according to the characteristics under study. The form of the relative value of comparison (RBC) is determined by its content: the correlation of a certain characteristic of the object A (XA) with the same characteristic of the object B for the same period (XB):

The following indicators can be cited as an example of calculating relative comparison values:

1) the ratio of oil production for 1999 in the United States with the volume of oil production for 1999 in the Russian Federation,

2) comparison of the average annual gross domestic product per capita in Germany for the period from 1995 to 2000 with the average annual gross domestic product per capita in the Russian Federation for the same period; etc.

Along with absolute values, one of the most important forms of generalizing indicators in statistics are relative values - these are generalizing indicators that express the measure of quantitative ratios inherent in specific phenomena or statistical objects. When calculating a relative value, the ratio of two interrelated values (mainly absolute) is measured, which is very important in statistical analysis. Relative values are widely used in statistical research, because they make it possible to compare different indicators and make such a comparison visual.

Relative values are calculated as the ratio of two numbers. In this case, the numerator is called the compared value, and the denominator is the base of the relative comparison. Depending on the nature of the phenomenon under study and the objectives of the study, the basic value can take on different values, which leads to different forms of expression of relative values. Relative quantities are measured in:

- coefficients: if the base of comparison is taken as 1, then the relative value is expressed as an integer or fractional number, showing how many times one value is greater than the other or what part of it is;

- percentage, if the base of comparison is taken as 100;

- ppm, if the comparison base is taken as 1000;

- decimille, if the base of comparison is taken as 10000;

- named numbers (km, kg, Ha), etc.

Relative values are divided into two groups:

- relative values obtained as a result of the ratio of the same statistical indicators;

- relative values representing the result of a comparison of opposite statistical indicators.

The relative values of the first group include: the relative values of the dynamics, the relative values of the planned task and the implementation of the plan, the relative values of the structure, coordination and visibility.

The result of comparing similar indicators is a short ratio (coefficient) showing how many times the compared value is greater (or less) than the base value. The result can be expressed as a percentage, showing what percentage of the compared value is from the base.

Relative values of dynamics characterize the change of the phenomenon in time. They show how many times the volume of the phenomenon has increased (or decreased) over a certain period of time, they are called growth factors. Growth factors can be calculated as a percentage. To do this, the ratios are multiplied by 100. They are called growth rates, which can be determined with a variable or constant base.

Growth rates (T p) with a variable base are obtained by comparing the level of the phenomenon of each period with the level of the previous period. Growth rates with a constant base of comparison are obtained by comparing the level of the phenomenon in each individual period with the level of one period taken as the base.

Percentage growth rate with variable base (chain growth rate):

Where at 1 ; at 2 ; at 3; at 4;- levels of the phenomenon for the same consecutive periods (for example, output by quarters of the year).

Constant Base Growth Rate (Base Growth Rate):

; ; . (4.2)

Where at k is a constant base of comparison.

— the ratio of the value of the indicator according to the plan ( y pl) to its actual value in the previous period ( at o) , i.e. u pl / u o.(4.3)

is the ratio of the actual (reported) value of the indicator ( 1) to its planned value for the same period ( at pl), i.e. y 1 / y pl. (4.4)

The relative values of the planned task, the implementation of the plan and the dynamics are interconnected.

So, or ; . (4.5)

Relative values of the structure characterize the share of individual parts in the total volume of the population and are expressed in fractions of a unit or as a percentage.

Each relative value of the structure, expressed as a percentage, is called the specific gravity. This value has one feature - the sum of the relative values of the studied population is always equal to 100%, or 1 (depending on how it is expressed). Relative values of the structure are used in the study of complex phenomena that fall into a number of groups or parts, to characterize the specific gravity (share) of each group in the overall total.

Relative values of coordination reflect the ratio of the number of two parts of the whole, i.e. show how many units of one group account for an average of one, ten or one hundred units of another group of the studied population (for example, how many employees are there for 100 workers). Relative values of coordination characterize the ratio of individual parts of the population with one of them, taken as the basis for comparison. When determining this value, one of the parts of the whole is taken as the basis for comparison. With this value, you can observe the proportions between the components of the population. Coordination indicators are, for example, the number of urban residents per 100 rural; the number of women per 100 men, etc. Characterizing the relationship between the individual parts of the whole, the relative values of coordination give them visibility and allow, if possible, to control the observance of optimal proportions.

Relative visibility values (comparisons) reflect the results of a comparison of indicators of the same name relating to the same period (or moment) of time, but to different objects or territories (for example, the annual labor productivity for two enterprises is compared). They are also calculated in coefficients or percentages and show how many times one comparable value is greater or less than another.

Relative comparison values are widely used in the comparative assessment of various performance indicators of individual enterprises, cities, regions, countries. In this case, for example, the results of a particular enterprise, etc. are taken as a basis for comparison and consistently correlated with the results of similar enterprises in other industries, regions, countries, etc.

The second group of relative values, which is the result of a comparison of opposite statistical indicators, is called relative intensity values.

They are named numbers and show the total of the numerator per one, ten, one hundred units of the denominator.

This group of relative values includes indicators of production per capita; indicators of consumption of food and non-food products per capita; indicators reflecting the provision of the population with material and cultural benefits; indicators characterizing the technical equipment of production, the rationality of spending resources.

Relative intensity values are indicators that determine the prevalence of a given phenomenon in any environment. They are calculated as the ratio of the absolute value of a given phenomenon to the size of the environment in which it develops. Relative intensity values are widely used in the practice of statistics. An example of this value can be the ratio of the population to the area on which it lives, capital productivity, the provision of medical care to the population (the number of doctors per 10,000 population), the level of labor productivity (output per employee or per unit of working time), etc.

Thus, the relative values of intensity characterize the effectiveness of the use of various kinds of resources (material, financial, labor), the social and cultural standard of living of the country's population, and many other aspects of public life.

Relative intensity values are calculated by comparing oppositely named absolute values that are in a certain relationship with each other, and unlike other types of relative values, they are usually named numbers and have the dimension of those absolute values whose ratio they express. However, in some cases, when the calculated results are too small, they are multiplied for clarity by 1000 or 10,000, obtaining characteristics in ppm and decimille.

In the statistical study of social phenomena, absolute and relative values complement each other. If absolute values characterize, as it were, the statics of phenomena, then relative values make it possible to study the degree, dynamics, and intensity of the development of phenomena. For the correct application and use of absolute and relative values in economic and statistical analysis, it is necessary:

- take into account the specifics of phenomena when choosing and calculating one or another type of absolute and relative values (since the quantitative side of the phenomena characterized by these quantities is inextricably linked with their qualitative side);

- to ensure comparability of the compared and the basic absolute value in terms of the volume and composition of the phenomena they represent, the correctness of the methods for obtaining the absolute values themselves;

- to use in the process of analysis relative and absolute values in a complex way and not to separate them from each other (because the use of relative values alone in isolation from absolute ones can lead to inaccurate and even erroneous conclusions).

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The development of plan targets is the process of substantiating the approved indicators based on calculations and a logical analysis of factors that have a significant impact on their value.

This process is creative in nature, since formalized procedures make up only a certain part, and final decisions are made on the basis of an expert analysis of the results of calculations and a combination of various factors that can only be qualitatively assessed. Strictly speaking, in accordance with the previously given classification, such decisions are classified as semi-creative. Moreover, there is a tendency to improve that part of the process of making a planned decision, which lends itself to formalized calculations.

One of the basic formalized methods for substantiating plan targets is direct calculation. This method involves a scrupulous calculation of each quantifiable factor in accordance with the scheme of their relationship (technological, budget, etc.).

Relative values.

At first glance, it seems that this method gives the most reliable results. At the same time, this impression is misleading, since direct calculations (such as calculation) provide reliable data only in relation to past events. As for planned calculations for the future, the uncertainty inherent in future events significantly devalues the value of direct calculations.

An alternative to direct calculations is the normative method, which makes it possible to predict the future values of key planning indicators based on much simpler calculations than when using a direct account. At the root of this method lies the multiplication of the standard indicator (always relative) by the value determined by the base reference indicator. In this case, the normative indicator is determined on the basis of an analysis of the current situation and adjustments for the future using expert assessments. The base indicator is determined on the basis of statistical data or a forecast of their expected value for the planned period.

A special place in the system of formalized planned calculations is occupied by the balance method. Its meaning is to compare the results of two calculations performed by different methods and for different purposes. The first is ϶ᴛᴏ calculation of the need for any resource (material or financial), which is extremely important for the fulfillment of the planned task. The second is ϶ᴛᴏ calculating the possibility of providing an extremely important type of resource for performing the same task. This calculation is done on the basis of an analysis of the planned tasks for the release of the relevant products or for the formation of the revenue side of the budget. Next, a comparison of needs and opportunities is carried out (as an option, a comparison of the expenditure and revenue parts of the budget).

If the opportunities are equal to or exceed the need, then the plan is considered balanced. At the same time, the excess of opportunities compared to needs is called a surplus. In those cases where the needs exceed the possibilities, the plan is recognized as deficient.

If the deficit (the difference between need and opportunity) is comparable to errors due to inaccuracy in predicting future events (usually no more than 3-4%), then such a plan should be recognized as balanced. A plan with a significantly larger deficit is obviously unfeasible. If such a plan is approved, then in the course of its implementation, adjustments are inevitable based on the actual situation. Such a plan cannot be considered scientifically sound. For this reason, its adoption usually has the character of some kind of compromise, in the expectation that life itself will tell you what will need to be cut and what will have to be abandoned in the course of the plan, since a priori it is not always possible to predict with sufficient accuracy.

The most complex method of formalizing planning calculations is the use of economic and mathematical models for optimizing planning decisions. This method has many different variants based on the use of different mathematical models. They are united by the fact that during the calculations a large number of options are calculated and the best one is determined from the standpoint of a given criterion. At the same time, the volume of calculations is such that they can only be performed using electronic computers. The effectiveness of such calculations directly depends on the correspondence of the mathematical model to the tasks set.

The formalized planning method also includes ʼʼ network planningʼʼ. In this case, planned calculations are combined with decision-making on operational management. All works and events that must be completed to achieve the final goal are depicted in the form of a network graph in accordance with their natural sequence. The duration and funding of each work is usually estimated using the previously described peer review method. As a result, with the help of the network graph, a ʼʼcritical pathʼʼ is revealed that requires increased attention in terms of operational regulation and ensuring the established deadline for the implementation of the entire volume of planned work.

Absolute and relative statistics

The concept of absolute values

Absolute values are the results of statistical observations. In statistics, unlike mathematics, all absolute values have a dimension (a unit of measurement), and can also be positive and negative.

Units absolute values reflect the properties of units of the statistical population and can be simple, reflecting 1 property (for example, the mass of cargo is measured in tons) or complex, reflecting several interrelated properties (for example, ton-kilometer or kilowatt-hour).

Units absolute values can be 3 types:

natural- are used to calculate quantities with homogeneous properties (for example, pieces, tons, meters, etc.). Their disadvantage is that they do not allow summing dissimilar quantities.
Conditionally natural- apply to absolute values with homogeneous properties, but exhibiting them in different ways. For example, the total mass of energy carriers (firewood, peat, coal, oil products, natural gas) is measured in toe. - tons of reference fuel, since each of its types has a different calorific value, and 29.3 mJ / kg is taken as the standard. Similarly, the total number of school notebooks is measured in US dollars. - conditional school notebooks with a size of 12 sheets.
Relative values of the planned task and the implementation of the plan

Similarly, canning products are measured in a.c.b. - conditional cans with a capacity of 1/3 liter. Similarly, the production of detergents is reduced to a conditional fat content of 40%.
Cost units of measurement are expressed in rubles or in another currency, representing a measure of the value of an absolute value. They make it possible to summarize even dissimilar values, but their drawback is that it is necessary to take into account the inflation factor, so statistics always recalculates cost values in comparable prices.

Absolute values can be momentary or interval. Momentary absolute values show the level of the studied phenomenon or process at a certain point in time or date (for example, the amount of money in your pocket or the value of fixed assets on the first day of the month). Interval absolute values are the final accumulated result for a certain period (interval) of time (for example, salary for a month, quarter or year). Interval absolute values, unlike moment ones, allow subsequent summation.

The absolute statistic is denoted X, and their total number in the statistical population is N.

The number of quantities with the same feature value is denoted f and called frequency(recurrence, occurrence).

By themselves, absolute statistical values do not give a complete picture of the phenomenon under study, since they do not show its dynamics, structure, or relationship between parts. For these purposes, relative statistical values are used.

The concept and types of relative values

Relative statistic is the result of the ratio of two absolute statistical values.

If absolute values with the same dimension are related, then the resulting relative value will be dimensionless (the dimension will be reduced) and is called coefficient.

Often used artificial dimension of coefficients. It is obtained by multiplying them:

for 100 - receive interest (%);
per 1000 - receive ppm (‰);
per 10000 - receive decimille(‰O).

The artificial dimension of coefficients is used, as a rule, in colloquial speech and in formulating results, but it is not used in the calculations themselves. Most often, percentages are used, in which it is customary to express the obtained values of relative values.

More often instead of the name relative statistic a shorter synonym is used - index(from lat. index- indicator, coefficient).

Depending on the types of correlated absolute values, when calculating relative values, different types of indices: dynamics, plan task, plan fulfillment, structure, coordination, comparison, intensity.

Dynamic index

Dynamic index(growth factor, growth rate) shows how many times the studied phenomenon or process has changed over time. It is calculated as the ratio of the value of the absolute value in the reporting (analyzed) period or point in time to the base (previous):

The criterion value of the index of dynamics is "1", that is: if iД>1 - there is an increase in the phenomenon in time; if iД=1 - stability; if iD

For example, a car dealership sold 100 cars in January and 110 cars in February. Then the dynamics index will be iD = 110/100 = 1.1, which means an increase in car sales by a car dealership by 1.1 times or 10%

Scheduled Job Index

Scheduled Job Index is the ratio of the planned value of the absolute value to the base value:

For example, a car dealership sold 100 cars in January and planned to sell 120 cars in February. Then the target target index will be ipz = 120/100 = 1.2, which means planning for sales growth of 1.2 times or 20%

Plan execution index

Plan execution index- this is the ratio of the actually obtained value of the absolute value in the reporting period to the planned one:

For example, a car dealership sold 110 cars in February when it was scheduled to sell 120 cars in February. Then the plan execution index will be ivp = 110/120 = 0.917, which means the plan is fulfilled by 91.7%, that is, the plan is underfulfilled by (100% -91.7%) = 8.3%.

Multiplying the indices of the planned task and the execution of the plan, we obtain the dynamics index:

In the previously discussed example about a car dealership, if we multiply the obtained values of the indices of the planned target and the execution of the plan, we will get the value of the dynamics index: 1.2 * 0.917 = 1.1.

Structure index

Structure index(share, share) is the ratio of any part of the statistical population to the sum of all its parts:

The structure index shows what proportion is a separate part of the population from the entire population.

For example, if there are 20 girls and 10 young people in the considered group of students, then the structuration index (share) of girls will be 20/(20+10) = 0.667, that is, the share of girls in the group is 66.7%.

Coordination index

Coordination index- this is the ratio of one part of the statistical population to its other part, taken as the basis of comparison:

The coordination index shows how many times more or how many percent is one part of the statistical population compared to its other part, taken as the basis for comparison.

For example, if in a group of students of 20 girls and 10 young people, the number of girls is taken as the comparison base, then the index of coordination of the number of young people will be 10/20 = 0.5, that is, the number of young people is 50% of the number of girls in the group.

Comparison Index

Comparison Index is the ratio of the values of the same absolute value in the same period or point in time, but for different objects or territories:

where A, B are features of the compared objects or territories.

For example, in January 2009, the number of inhabitants in Nizhny Novgorod was approximately 1280 thousand people, and in Moscow - 10527 thousand people.

Let us take Moscow as object A (since it is customary to put a larger number in the numerator when calculating the comparison index), and Nizhny Novgorod as object B, then the index for comparing the number of residents of these cities will be 10527/1280 = 8.22 times, that is, in Moscow the number there are 8.22 times more residents than in Nizhny Novgorod.

Intensity index

Intensity index- this is the ratio of the values of two interconnected absolute quantities with different dimensions, related to the same object or phenomenon.

For example, a bakery shop sold 500 loaves of bread and earned 10,000 rubles from it, then the intensity index would be 10,000/500 = 20 [rubles/loaf of bread], that is, the selling price of bread was 20 rubles. for a loaf

Most fractional quantities are intensity indices.

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Relative indicators

Relative value (indicator)- a statistical value, which is a measure of the quantitative ratio of statistical indicators and reflects the relative size of socio-economic phenomena. This can be: the ratio of the numbers of different sets of phenomena, their individual features; sizes of different features of the same population; the ratio of the planned and actual value of the indicator or the value of the indicator for the current and past time.

The relative value is obtained as a quotient from the division of one quantity, usually called current or reporting, to another one called base value, base of comparison or base of relative magnitude. The base of the relative value is equal to one or some number that is a multiple of 10 (100, 1000, etc.). In the first case, the relative value is presented as a multiple ratio, showing how many times the current value is greater than the base value, or what proportion the first is in relation to the second. In other cases - as a percentage, ppm (per thousand), etc. Compared values can be both of the same name and opposite names (in the latter case, relative values have names derived from the name of the compared values, for example, rub/person; rub/sq.m).

The following types of relative values are distinguished: planned target; implementation of the plan; dynamics; intensity; coordination; structures; comparisons; level of economic development.

Relative value of the planned task- the ratio of the indicator of the planned task to the value of the same indicator in the base year.

Relative value of plan execution- the ratio of the value of the indicator achieved for some time (or by some point in time), and its value, set according to the plan for the same time. It is of great importance as a means of monitoring and analyzing the implementation of plans. The relative value of the implementation of the plan is usually expressed as a percentage. The difference between the relative value of the plan and 100% can be zero, have a positive or negative sign. A difference equal to zero indicates the exact implementation of the plan. If the target indicator is such that its increase is a positive phenomenon (for example, production), then the difference with a positive sign indicates overfulfillment of the plan, and with a negative sign, underfulfillment. If the nature of the indicator is such that a decrease in its size is positive (for example, labor costs, material consumption per unit of output), then the excess of the actual value over the planned one indicates that the plan has not been fulfilled, and if it is less than the planned one, then the plan has been overfulfilled.

The target can be expressed as absolute or relative values. In the first case, the relative value of the plan is calculated as the ratio of the actual (reported) value to the planned value. In the second, to determine the relative value of the plan, it is necessary to find the ratio of the reporting value to the one that was adopted as the baseline when setting the plan target, and to attribute (divide) the resulting relative value to the planned relative value.

Relative magnitude of dynamics- the ratio of the value of the indicator for a given time and its value for any similar previous time, taken as the basis for comparison. The relative value of the dynamics characterizes the degree, the rate of change of the indicator over time, in particular the growth rate. The relative magnitude of the dynamics is expressed as a multiple ratio or as a percentage. If there is a series of dynamics of absolute values, then the relative value of the dynamics can be calculated as the ratio of the value of the indicator (the level of the series of dynamics) for each subsequent time to its value for the immediately preceding time or as a ratio to its value for the same time taken as the base comparisons. In the first case, the relative value of the dynamics is called the relative magnitude of the dynamics with a variable base of comparison, or chain, in the second - with a constant base of comparison, or basic. The former show how the value of the indicator changes between separate periods of time, and the latter show how its value gradually changes, starting from the initial (basic) one. Chain and basic relative values are widely used to study the rate of development of a phenomenon, to identify its trends and patterns.

If the levels of a series of dynamics are denoted by ( is the ordinal number of levels from 1 to n ), then the chain relative values of the dynamics:

basic:

or in general

Relative intensity value is the ratio of the sizes of two qualitatively different phenomena.

One of them is the environment (its size), in which the development of a process, phenomenon takes place or which are generated by it, the other is the process under study, the phenomenon (their size). The relative value of intensity characterizes the degree of development (distribution) of a particular process, phenomenon in a particular environment. For example, the ratio between the number of births during the year in a country and the average annual population. When calculating the relative intensity value, the base is equated to 1, 100, 1000, etc. The relative magnitude of the intensity is often referred to as the intensity factor. For example, the birth rate, the marriage rate. They show how many units of the same value are in 1, 100, 1000, etc. units of another quantity with which comparison is made. Relative intensity values are also called relative magnitudes or frequencies.

Relative amount of coordination- the ratio of the sizes of the parts to each other. It shows how many units of one part of the whole fall into 1, 100, 1000, etc. units of its other part. For example, how many women are there per 1000 men (in a country or in any region), employees - per 100 workers (in an enterprise, in a certain sector of the national economy). The relative values of coordination make it possible to reveal the discrepancy between the individual parts of a single whole, between the sizes of heterogeneous, but closely interconnected features, and disproportions in the national economy.

Relative comparison value- the ratio of the values of the same indicators related to different objects or different territories. For example, comparing the cost of similar products produced at two enterprises by dividing the data for one enterprise by the data for another enterprise. Relative comparison values provide a visual representation of the ratio of the compared values and a comparative assessment of objects, regions of the country according to the compared indicator. Relative comparison quantities are sometimes called relative visibility values. Relative comparison values are expressed as a multiple ratio (in times, fractions of a unit) or as a percentage.

Relative size of the structure- the ratio of the magnitude of a part of a whole and the magnitude of this whole. For example, the ratio of the size of a group of population units with a certain characteristic to the total number of units of this population (the ratio of the number of women and the number of men separately to the total population; the ratio of the number of different categories of industrial and production personnel to its total number), or the ratio parts a certain amount to this amount (the ratio of the family's expenses for food to the total amount of the expenditure part of its budget; the ratio of the cost of materials to the total cost of producing any product).

The relative value of the structure characterizes the composition, structure of the population, the structure of the process under study, i.e. their internal structure in one way or another. Calculated over several periods (moments) of time, they give an idea of changes in the structure, called structural changes, about the patterns of its change.

Topic 3. Absolute, relative and average values

The relative value of the structure is calculated in fractions of a unit or as a percentage.

The relative values of the structure are also called relative values of the share, specific gravity.

Relative value of the level of economic development— the ratio of the value of the most important economic indicators (country, region, sector of the national economy) and the population. For example, the ratio of the annual output of the national economy and the average annual population. Sometimes relative values of the level of economic development are called relative values of intensity.

Comparison of statistical data is carried out in various forms and in different directions. In accordance with various tasks and directions for comparing statistical data, various types of relative values are used, the classification of which is shown in Figure 1.

By the nature, purpose and essence of the expressed quantitative ratios, the following types of relative values are distinguished:

1. Implementation of the plan;

2. Planned target;

3. Speakers;

4. Structures;

5. Coordination;

6. Intensity;

7. Comparisons.

Figure 1 - Classification of relative values

Relative indicators of the planned target (RPP) are used for the purpose of long-term planning of the activities of subjects of the financial and economic sphere. They are usually expressed as a percentage.

Example. In the 1st quarter, the retail trade turnover of the trade association amounted to 250 million rubles, in the 2nd quarter the retail turnover of 350 million rubles is planned. Determine the relative value of the planned task.

Solution: OPP = . Thus, in the II quarter it is planned to increase the retail turnover of the trade association by 40%.

Relative Plan Implementation Rates (RPIs) express the degree of fulfillment of planned targets for a certain period of time. It is calculated as the ratio of the actually achieved level to the planned target in percent. They are used when evaluating the implementation of the plan.

Example. The enterprise, according to the plan, was supposed to release products during the quarter in the amount of 200 thousand rubles. In fact, it produced products worth 220 thousand rubles. Determine the degree to which the company's production plan for the quarter has been fulfilled.

Solution: OPVP = Therefore, the plan was fulfilled by 110%, i.е. overfulfillment of the plan was 10%.

When the plan is set in the form relative to the indicator (compared to the baseline), the implementation of the plan is determined from the ratio of the relative value of the dynamics with the relative value of the target.

Example. According to the plan for 1999, labor productivity in the industry of the region was to increase by 2.9%. In fact, labor productivity increased by 3.6%. Determine the degree of implementation of the plan for labor productivity by the region.

Solution: OPVP = Consequently, the level of labor productivity achieved in 1999 is higher than planned by 0.7%.

If the planned task provides for a decrease in the level of the indicator, then the result of comparing the actual level with the planned one, which is less than 100% in value, will indicate that the plan has been overfulfilled.

Relative indicators of dynamics (RDI) are called statistical quantities that characterize the degree of change in the phenomenon under study over time. They represent the ratio of the level of the process or phenomenon under study for a given period of time and the level of the same process or phenomenon in the past.

The value calculated in this way shows how many times the current level exceeds the previous (basic) level or what proportion of the latter it is. This indicator can be expressed in shares or percentages.

Example. The number of telephone exchanges in Russia in 1996 amounted to 34.3 thousand, and in 1997 - 34.5 thousand. Determine the relative magnitude of the dynamics.

Solution: OPD = times or 100.6%. Consequently, the number of telephone exchanges in 1997 increased by 0.6% compared to 1996.

If there are data for several periods of time, each given level can be compared either with the level of the previous period, or with some other one taken as the comparison base (basic level). The first are called relative indicators of dynamics with a variable base of comparison, or chain, the second - relative indicators of dynamics with a constant base of comparison, or basic. Relative indicators of dynamics are otherwise called growth rates and growth factors.

There is the following relationship between the relative indicators of the planned target, the implementation of the plan and the dynamics: OPPZ * OPVP = OPD. Based on this relationship, for any two known indicators, it is always possible to determine the third unknown quantity. To prove this, let's designate the actually achieved level of the current period as , the base period - as , the level provided by the plan - . Then - the relative indicator of the implementation of the plan, - the relative indicator of the plan task, - the relative indicator of the dynamics and, obviously, that

Relative Structural Indicators (RSI) represent the relation of part and whole. Relative indicators of the structure characterize the composition of the studied population and show what specific weight (what share) in the total result is each of its parts. They are obtained by dividing the value of each part of the population by their total, taken as the basis for comparison.

Usually, the relative indicators of this type are expressed in fractions of a unit or percentage.

Relative indicators of the structure make it possible to establish structural shifts, changes that occur over a certain period of time, as well as their direction and trend. They are used when studying the composition of workers, when studying production costs, when studying the composition of trade, etc.

Example. The retail turnover of the organization for the year amounted to 1230.7 thousand rubles, including the turnover of food products - 646.1 thousand rubles, the turnover of non-food products - 584.6 thousand rubles.

Solution: The share of the turnover of food products in the entire turnover of the organization for the year was:

The share of the turnover of food products in the entire turnover of the organization for the year amounted to:

The sum of the specific weights will be 100%. The structure of the organization's retail turnover shows the predominance of food products in the implementation of this retail commodity enterprise.

Relative indicators of coordination (RMO) is the ratio of one part of a population to another part of the same population.

Expressed as coefficients.

As a result of this division, they get how many times this part of the population is more (less) than the base one, or how many percent of it it is, or how many units of this structural part fall into 1 unit, 100, 1000, etc. units of the other part, taken as the base of comparison.

Example. According to the Russian statistical collection in 1996. in the Russian Federation, the number of men amounted to 69.3 million people. And women 78.3 million people. Determine how many women accounted for 100 men.

In 1990 There were 114 women for every 100 men. This means that the number of women per 100 men in 1996 compared to 1990 decreased by 1 person.

The relative values of coordination include capital productivity, capital intensity, labor productivity, product consumption per capita, etc.

Relative value of the planned task(planned target indicator) is the ratio of the planned level of the indicator to its level achieved in the previous period (or in the period considered as the base one).

The relative value of the planned task characterizes the prospects for the development of the phenomenon
OVTR = planned level for the future (next) period / actual level of the current (previous) period

Example: in 2007 the number of employees was 120 people. in 2008, it was planned to reduce production and bring the number to 100 people.
Solution:
OVTR =(100/120) *100% = 83.3% - 100% = -16.7%.
The company planned to reduce the number of personnel by 16.7%.

Relative value of plan execution

Relative value of plan execution(plan implementation indicator) characterizes the degree of implementation of the plan.
TFR = actual level of the current period / plan of the current period

Example: in 2007 the number of employees was 120 people. in 2008, it was planned to reduce production and bring the number to 100 people. But the number of employees for the year increased to 130 people in a year.
Solution:
ROVP = (130 / 100) * 100% = 130% - 100% = 30%.
The actual number of employees exceeded the planned level by 30%.

There is a relationship between and the relative value of the plan task and the relative value of the implementation of the plan, expressed in the formula: OVVP = OVD / OVPV

Example: the company planned to reduce the cost by 6%. The actual decrease compared to the previous year was 4%. How was the cost reduction plan implemented?
Solution:
ATS = (96 / 100) * 100% = 96% - 100% = - 4%
OVTR = (94 / 100)*100% = 94% - 100% = - 6%
RWP = 96% / 94% = 102.1% - 100% = -2.1% the actual level exceeded the planned one by 2.1%.

Example: an insurance company in 1997 entered into contracts in the amount of 500 thousand rubles. In 1998, she intends to conclude contracts for the amount of 510 thousand rubles. The relative value of the target will be equal to 102% (510 / 500).

Suppose the influence of various factors led to the fact that in 1998 the insurance company concluded expensive deals in the amount of 400 thousand rubles. In this case, the relative value of the execution fee will be equal to 78.4% (400/510).

The relative values of the dynamics, the planned task and the fulfillment of the plan are related by the following relationship:

In our example: 1.02*0.784=0.8

Relative values in statistics represent the quotient of dividing two statistical values, and characterize the quantitative relationship between them, they are expressed either in the form of a coefficient or as a percentage (Fig. 18.).

When calculating relative values, the numerator always contains an indicator that reflects the phenomenon under study, and the denominator contains an indicator with which a comparison is made.

Rice. 18. Types of relative values.

Relative value of fulfillment of contractual obligations- an indicator characterizing the level of fulfillment by the enterprise of its contractual obligations. In connection with the transition of the country's economy to market relations, the statistical reporting will not contain planned indicators, instead of them, the relative values of the fulfillment of contractual obligations will be calculated by the ratio of actually fulfilled obligations and the volume of obligations provided for in the contract, expressed either in the form of a coefficient or as a percentage .

The relative value of the fulfillment of contractual obligations is nothing more than relative value of the plan , since in the conditions of market relations the level provided for by the contract will be planned, i.e.:

At the dog. = At sq.

Relative value of plan fulfillment =

In addition, for enterprises, relative value of the target , which shows how many times or by how many percent the value of the indicator according to the plan (under the contract) should increase or decrease in comparison with its actual level in the previous period.

Relative value of the planned target = . 100%, Where:

upl- the planned level of the indicator for the reporting period;

Wo- the actual level in the base period.

The relative value of the dynamics characterizes the change in the phenomenon under study over time, shows a decrease or increase in the indicator compared to any previous period. As a rule, the analysis is based on data for a number of periods.

In this case, the base of comparison can be constant (basic growth rates) or variable (chain growth rates)

There is a relationship between the relative values of the dynamics, the fulfillment of the plan and the planned task:

That is, the relative value of the dynamics can be obtained by the product of the relative values of the fulfillment of the plan and the planned task (the relative values must be taken in the form of coefficients, that is, without converting them into percentages).

Relative size of the structure characterizes the composition of the studied population. It is calculated as the ratio of the absolute value of each of the elements of the population to the absolute value of the entire population; those. as the ratio of the part to the whole, and represents the specific gravity of the part as a whole. As a rule, it is expressed as a percentage (comparison base is taken as one hundred%), but can also be expressed in fractions (comparison base 1).

Relative comparison value quantitative ratio of similar indicators related to different objects of statistical observation. For example: the number of different cities can be compared with each other the price levels in state stores (base) and in markets, etc. ________________________________________________________________

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Relative amount of coordination one of the comparisons. Shows how many times the compared part of the population is greater or less than the part taken as the comparison base (base), i.e. essentially characterize the structure of the studied population, sometimes more expressively than the relative size of the structure. For example: for two specialists with a secondary special education, there is one specialist with a higher education.

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Relative intensity value shows how widespread this or that phenomenon is in a certain environment. They are the ratio of opposite but related absolute values. ___________________________________

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Unlike other relative values, relative intensity values are always expressed in named quantities and show how many units of one set are per unit of another set.

For example: per capita food consumption; provision of the population with long-term household items per one hundred families or per thousand people, etc.

Questions and tasks

1. What absolute values are there? ___________________________________________

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2. What is the relationship between the relative magnitude of the plan, the relative magnitude of the target and the relative magnitude of the dynamics?_______________

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3. How to determine the relative size of the structure? __________________________________

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Task number 6

I. Use the data of the periodical press and give absolute and relative values that characterize any phenomenon of socio-economic life.

II. Solve problems.

To get an “excellent” rating, you need to solve all 5 problems, if the first two problems (6.1. and 6.2.) are solved, you qualify for “good”, and, finally, if only problem No. 6.1 is solved. - Your knowledge of topic 6 "Absolute and relative values" will be assessed as "satisfactory".

Task №6.1

The supply of milk and dairy products for the reporting period is characterized by the following data: Table 5.

Determine the fulfillment of the supply contract:

1) for each product;

2) for all products in conditionally physical terms (in terms of milk).

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Task №6.2

According to the given data, calculate for each store and in general, the relative values of the implementation of the plan, target and dynamics. Is there a relationship between the calculated indicators? Table 6

Task №6.3

The actual turnover of the trading company for the reporting period amounted to 270 thousand rubles. The plan for the turnover for this period was fulfilled by 102.4%. Determine the plan for turnover in thousand rubles.

Task №6.4

The planned target for the store in terms of retail turnover for the year is set at 4,700 thousand rubles. The store exceeded the plan by 3.7%. Calculate the actual turnover of the store in thousand rubles.

Task №6.5

The plan for the reporting period was to increase trade turnover by 3%. The planned task was overfulfilled by 600 thousand rubles, which is 2.5%. Calculate the increase in turnover (in thousand rubles and in%) in the reporting period compared to the base period.

Conclusions:

Absolute and relative values are widely used in the study of socio-economic phenomena of social life. Absolute values can be natural and cost (monetary). Relative values are used to characterize the fulfillment of contractual obligations, the dynamics and structure of statistical aggregates.

To achieve the set goals, students were asked to:

Study the materials of the reference abstract, supplement them with personal examples;

Answer questions for self-control;

Complete practical task number 6.