Everything about pronouns in German. Pronouns (general concepts)

Pronouns are words that contain only an indication of a person, sign or any object and do not name them specifically. In this regard, pronouns (depending on their category) replace nouns, adjectives and numerals in a sentence.

German and Russian personal pronouns are almost completely the same; the only thing that often differs between them is the gender of the corresponding noun, which a specific personal pronoun replaces. In general, the declension of personal pronouns in the German language in both numbers (Singular and Plural) demonstrates the coincidence in most cases of the endings of these pronouns with the corresponding articles (definite), for example: das - es, der - er, die - sie. Genitiv personal pronouns are extremely rare in use.

Table 1

Declension of pronouns in German: personal

Case - Kasus	Nominative	Genitiv	Dativ	Akkusativ
Person
1	I(swimming) – ich(bad)	me -meiner	(he's writing) to me– (er schreibt) mir	(she sees) me– (sie sieht) mich
2	You(you go) - du(gehst)	you -deiner	(they give) you– (sie schenken) dir	(he's drawing) you– (er malt) dich
3	He(sleeping) - er schläft	his -seiner	(we believe) to him– (wir glauben) ihm	(he will win) his– (er besiegt) ihn
	it(shines) - es(scheint)	his -seiner	(we give) to him– (wir geben) ihm	(we are cooking) his– (wir kochen) es
	she(works) - sie(arbeitet)	her -ihrer	(we are writing) to her– (wir schreiben) ihr	(we wash) her– (wir waschen) sie
	Plural
1	We(give) - wir(geben)	us -unser	(he will lend) us– (er leiht) uns	(she loves) us– (sie liebt) uns
2	You(grumble) – ihr(brummt)	you -EUER	(she's lying) to you– (sie lügt) euch	(he noticed) you– (er merkte) euch
3	They(hear) - sie(hören)	their -ihrer	(he will show) them– (er zeigt) ihnen	(we're driving) their– (wir fahren) sie
polite form	You(fly) - Sie(fliegen)	You -Ihrer	(she trusts) To you– (sie vertraut) Ihnen	(he respects) You– (er achtet) Sie

The declension of possessive pronouns in German in the singular and plural has a different basis: in Singular they change their grammatical forms like the definite article, and in Plural they change their grammatical forms like the indefinite article. The difference between the German language and the Russian language is that in German there is no single pronoun “your” for all persons. Here, each singular and plural person has its own possessive pronoun. Gender, case and number of possessive pronouns always agree with the analogous grammatical categories of the nouns they precede.

table 2

Declension of pronouns in German: possessive

Kasus (case)	Singular (units)			Plural (plural)
	Femininum - die Laune	Maskulinum - der Lohn	Neutrum – das Motto	die Plane
Nominative	ihre/Ihre Laune – her, their/your mood	mein/euer Lohn – my/your salary	sein/dein Motto – his/your motto	unsere Plane – our plans
Genitiv	ihrer/Ihrer Laune	meines/eures Lohnes	seines/deines Mottos	unserer Plane
Dativ	ihrer/Ihrer Laune	meinem/ eurem Lohn	seinem/ deinem Motto	unseren Planen
Akkusativ	ihre/Ihre Laune	meinen/euren Lohn	sein/dein Motto	unsere Plane

Interrogative pronouns (die Interrogativpronomen)

Using interrogative pronouns allows you to ask questions about nouns, numerals, pronouns and adjectives.

Table 3

The next interrogative pronoun (which? which? - welcher?) demonstrates exactly the same declension as the definite article and acts as a modifier.

Table 4

Declension of pronouns in German: interrogatives

Case	Singular			Plural(die Fahnen - flags)
	Maskulinum (der Dom – cathedral)	Neutrum (das Pferd – horse)	Femininum (die Birne – pear)
No.	welcher Dom	welches Pferd	Welche Birne	welche Fahnen
Gen.	welches Doms	welches Pferdes	Welcher Birne	welcher Fahnen
Dat.	welchem ​​Dom	welchem ​​Pferd	Welcher Birne	welchen Fahnen
Akk.	welchen Dom	welches Pferd	Welche Birne	welche Fahnen

In order to ask questions regarding any characteristics or qualities, a compound pronoun is used wasfü reine (ein)? - what the…? which? (which one? which one?). This pronoun is also inflected, but only the last part changes, the declension of which exactly repeats the declension of the indefinite article. When used in the plural, eine / ein disappears, since the indefinite article does not have a plural. This pronoun can be used in speech together with the noun that follows it, or it can be used independently. When used in conjunction with a noun, its declension occurs as follows:

Table 5

Declension of pronouns in German: interrogatives

Case	Singular			Plural(die Fragen - questions)
	Maskulinum (der Hund – dog)	Neutrum (das Haus – house)	Femininum (die Wiese – clearing)
No.	was fur ein Hund	was fur ein Haus	was fur eine Wiese
Gen.	was fur eines Hundes	was fur eines Houses	was für einer Wiese
Dat.	was fur einem Hund	was fur einem Haus	was für einer Wiese
Akk.	was fur einen Hund	was fur ein Haus	was fur eine Wiese

If this pronoun is used independently, that is, if it is associated with any noun, then in this case its declension is similar to the declension of the demonstrative pronoun dieser:

Table 6

Declension of pronouns in German: interrogatives

Case	Singular			Plural(which - which)
	Maskulinum (which – which)	Neutrum (which – which)	Feminum (which - which)
No.	was fur einer	was fur eines (eins)	was fur eine	was für is replaced in the plural by welche
Gen.	was fur eines	was fur eines	was fur einer
Dat.	was fur einem	was fur einem	was fur einer
Akk.	was the furthest	was fur eines (eins)	was fur eine

German demonstrative pronouns perform the function of the article of a noun and, accordingly, can replace it. They usually take place before the noun, agree with it in all grammatical categories and serve as a definition of the noun. Pronouns of this category are used to indicate a specific object or person and to specify it. Among the demonstrative pronouns, there are only two - selbst, selber = himself, which always remain in the same form, that is, they are not declined. Another important feature of demonstrative pronouns is that many of them can act as an independent member of a sentence - subject or object, and in such cases completely replace a specific noun (this applies to pronouns, such as die, der, das - that, that, that). The most common German demonstrative pronouns are shown in the examples in the tables below.

Table 7

Case	Singular			Plural(these cows)
	Maskulinum (this day)	Neutrum (that window)	Femininum (such a lie)
No.	dieser Tag	Jenes Fenster	solche Lüge	diese Kühedieser Kühediesen Kühen
Gen.	diesels Tages	Jenes Fensters	solcher Lüge
Dat.	diesem Tag	Jenem Fenster	solcher Lüge
Akk.	diesen Tag	Jenes Fenster	solche Lüge

The following pronouns are used in such cases when there is a need to indicate an object that has already been discussed earlier, without naming it:

Table 8

Declension of pronouns in German: demonstratives

Case	Singular			Plural(die Besucher - visitors)
	Maskulinum (der Fahrer – driver)	Neutrum (das Konto – account)	Femininum (die Pflaume – plum)
No.	der (instead of der Fahrer)	das (instead of das Konto)	die (instead of die Pflaume)	die (instead of die Besucher)
Gen.	dessen (instead of des Fahrers)	dessen (instead of des Kontos)	deren (instead of der Pflaume)	deren/derer (instead of der Besucher)
Dat.	dem (instead of dem Fahrer)	dem (instead of dem Konto)	der (instead of der Pflaume)	denen (instead of den Besuchern)
Akk.	den (instead of den Fahrer)	das (instead of das Konto)	die (instead of die Pflaume)	die (instead of die Besucher)

In the German language, there are also complex demonstrative pronouns, the peculiarity of which is the declension of both components, with the first part being declined in the same way as the definite article, and the second - like an adjective of the weak type of declension. Such pronouns can be used either in pairs with a noun or independently - usually before the subsequent subordinate clause.

Table 9

Declension of pronouns in German: demonstratives

Case	Singular			Plural(dieselben Zuschauer - the same (same) viewers)
	Maskulinum (derjenige Dichter – that poet)	Neutrum (dasselbe Bild - the same (same) picture)	Femininum (diejenige Schule – that school)
No.	derjenige Dichter	dasselbe Bild (instead of das Konto)	diejenige Schule	dieselben Zuschauer
Gen.	desjenigen Dichters	desselben Bildes	derjenigen Schule	derselben Zuschauer
Dat.	demjenigen Dichter	demoselben Bild	derjenigen Schule	denselben Zuschauern
Akk.	denjenigen Dichter	Dasselbe Bild	diejenige Schule	dieselben Zuschauer

Indefinite pronouns(die Indefinitepronomen)

This category of pronouns contains an indication of objects that are vague, known to the speaker to a small extent or unknown at all. They can be used as an independent member of a sentence (object or subject). The indefinite pronouns jemand, keiner, niemand, einer, irgendwer are inflected.

Table 10

Case/translation	Pronoun
	somebody, anyone/nobody	somebody, somebody	someone/nobody (male)	someone / no one (v. r.)	someone/nobody (female)
No.	jemand / niemand	irgendwer	einer / keiner	eines (eins) / keines (keins)	eine/keine
Gen.	jemandes/niemandes	—	—	—	—
Dat.	jemand(em) / niemand(em)	irgendwem	einem/keinem	einem/keinem	einer / keiner
Akk.	jemand(en) / niemand(en) (en)	irgendwen	einen/keinen	eines (eins)/ keines (keins)	eine/keine

Table 11

Declension of pronouns in German: indefinite

Case/translation	Pronoun, used only in Singular
	each user (male)	every word (s.r.)	each task (female)
No.	jeder Betreiber	Jedes Wort	jede Aufgabe
Gen.	jedes Betreibers	Jedes Wortes	jeder Aufgabe
Dat.	jedem Betreiber	Jedem Wort	jeder Aufgabe
Akk.	jeden Betreiber	Jedes Wort	jede Aufgabe

The declension of the pronouns given in Table 12 occurs in exactly the same way as plural adjectives used without an article. Almost always these indefinite pronouns are used in the Plural form.

Table 12

Declension of pronouns in German: indefinite

Case/translation	Pronoun, used only in Plural
	many residents	all schools	some individual texts	other options	both cats
No.	viele / mehrere Einwohner	alle / sämtliche Schulen		andere Variant	beide Kater
Gen.	vieler/mehrerer Einwohner	aller / sämtlicher Schulen	einiger / weniger / einzelner Texte	anderer Variant	Beider Kater
Dat.	vielen / mehreren Einwohnern	Allen / sämtlichen Schulen	einigen / wenigen / einzelnen Texten	anderen Variant	beiden Katern
Akk.	viele / mehrere Einwohner	alle / sämtliche Schulen	einige / wenige / einzelne Texte	andere Variant	beide Kater

02/12/2014 WEDNESDAY 00:00

GRAMMAR

Personal pronouns- Personalpronomen - indicate a person or object.

In this article we will get to know:

With personal pronouns;

With their inclination;

And with their use.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns include:

Face	Singular	Plural
	ich - I	wir - we
	du - you	ihr - you
	er - he sie - she es - it	sie - they Sie - You

Personal pronouns always denote persons. Personal pronouns can refer to both persons and objects.

Personal pronouns have two numbers: singular and plural.

The 3rd person singular has all three genders.

Personal pronouns change by case, that is, they are inclined.

Declension of personal pronouns

Singular						Plural
								sie/Sie
	meiner	deiner	seiner	ihrer	seiner	unser	EUER	ihrer/Ihrer
							euch	ihnen/Ihnen
	mich	dich					euch	sie/Sie

The 1st and 2nd person pronouns do not differ in gender. Only the 3rd person pronoun has all three genders in the singular.

Use of personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are used instead of nouns.

Since the gender of nouns in German and Russian languages ​​does not always coincide, it is necessary to translate German personal pronouns into Russian pronouns depending on the gender of the Russian noun being replaced:

Das ist ein Buch. Es gehört mir.

This is a book. She belongs to me.

Hier ist ein Fluss. Er ist breit.

There is a river here. It's wide.

1. Ich - I denotes the speaker and is used in direct speech.

Ich tanze mit ihr.

I'm dancing with her.

2. Du - you are also used in direct speech. This is the person who is directly addressed. This form of address indicates friendly relations. it is used in the family, between relatives, friends, good acquaintances, among young people, adults to children, to animals, objects or abstract concepts:

Du bist mein bester Freund!

You are my best friend!

Ich befehle dir.

I order you.

3.Er - he, sie - she, es - it denotes the one being spoken about.

Dort steht ein Mann. Ihn kenne ich nicht.

A man is standing there. I don't know him.

Sie kommt zu mir.

She comes up to me.

4. Wir - we are used by a speaker or author when addressing on behalf of or with reference to two or more persons.

Wir fahren ins Ausland.

We are going abroad.

5. The pronoun ihr - you is used when addressing children, friends, etc., i.e. to several persons, with each of whom the speaker addresses on “you”:

Kinder, kommt ihr in den Wald?

Guys, are you going to the forest?

6. The pronoun Sie - You is used to express politeness when addressing adults and strangers or one or more persons with whom the speaker addresses “You”.

In grammatical terms, it coincides with the 3rd person plural pronoun sie - they.

The form of polite address Sie - You is written with a capital letter in all cases:

Herr Müller, commen Sie morgen?

Mr. Müller, will you come tomorrow?

Herren, Gehen Sie mit?

Gentlemen, are you coming with us?

Zum Geburtstag wünsche ich Ihnen alles Gute.

On the occasion of your birthday, I wish you all the best.

Darf ich Sie zum Tanz bitten?

Can I invite you to dance?

Personal pronouns ich - I, du - you, wir - we, ihr - you, Sie - you denote only persons, and personal pronouns er - he, sie - she, es - it, sie - they- faces and objects.

Genitiv - Genitive case - personal pronouns are rarely used, only with verbs requiring Genitiv:

Ich gedenke deiner.

I remember about you.

02/11/2014 TUESDAY 00:00

GRAMMAR

Pronoun- this is a part of speech that points to objects and their signs, but does not name them.

The function of a pronoun is to replace or accompany a noun.

In this article we will look at the use of the following pronouns:

Index fingers;

Interrogative;

Possessive;

Relative;

Uncertain;

The reflexive pronoun sich;

Impersonal pronoun es;

And mutual pronouns.

Use of demonstrative pronouns

1. Demonstrative pronouns der - this, die - this, das - this, die - these always under emphasis.

In a sentence, these pronouns are used in Nominativ - Nominative, Dativ - Dative and Akkusativ - Accusative case as an independent subject or object:

Sind Ihre Fenster bei der Explosion kaputtgegangen?

Ja, die müssen erneuert werden.

Were your windows broken in the explosion?

Yes, They must be replaced with new ones.

Den, der mich beschimpft hat, nenne ich nicht.

Togo, Who insulted me, I won’t name it.

The Genitiv - Genitive forms derer and dessen are used instead of the possessive pronouns ihr and sein to avoid misunderstanding:

Er lud Richard und dessen Freundin.

He invited Richard and his girlfriend.

The form derer indicates a subsequent attributive clause:

Der König lebte auf Kosten derer, die er verachtete.

The king lived at the expense of those he despised.

2. Dieser - this, diese - this, dieses - this, diese - these indicate a person or object that is closer to the speaker in spatial or temporal terms:

Dieses Haus gefällt mir besser.

I like this house better.

Wir fahren dieses Jahr in Urlaub.

We are going on vacation this year.

3. Pronouns jener - that, jene - that, jenes - that, jene - those indicate an object or person that is spatially or temporally distant from the speaker:

Wer sitzt auf jenem Platz?

Who is sitting in that place?

Jene Tage vergesse ich nicht.

I won't forget those days.

4. Pronoun (ein) solcher - such, (eine) solche - such, (ein) solches - such, solche - such indicate the qualities of an object without naming these qualities:

Ein solches Benehmen ist unbegreiflich.

This behavior is not understandable.

Ein solches Buch benötige ich.

I need a book like this.

5. Derselbe - the same, dieselbe - the same, dasselbe - the same, dieselben - the same indicate a person or thing identical to those previously named:

Heute hast du dasselbe Kleid an, wie gestern und vorgestern.

Today you are wearing the same dress as yesterday and the day before.

6. Der gleiche - the same, die gleiche - the same, das gleiche - the same, die gleichen - the same denotes a person or thing that is the same as, but not identical to, those previously named:

Mein Freund hat sich zufällig den gleichen Anzug gekauft, wie ich.

My friend accidentally bought himself the same suit as me.

7. Derjenige - that, diejenige - that, dasjenige - that, diejenigen - those indicate a person and an object, which will be discussed in more detail in the subsequent relative clause:

Diejenigen, die dafür sind, heben bitte die Hand.

Those who are in favor, please raise your hand.

8. The pronoun selbst/selber - itself does not change. It is placed after the word it refers to.

It should be distinguished from the adverb selbst - even, which, on the contrary, is placed before the word that highlights:

Hast du die Arbeit selbst gemacht?

You myself did the work?

Selbst sie kann das nicht übersetzen.

Even she can't translate it.

Use of interrogative pronouns

1. Wer - who is used in an interrogative sentence in relation to singular and plural persons:

Wer kommt morgen?	Who's coming tomorrow?
Uta kommt morgen Uta und Eva kommen morgen.	Uta will come tomorrow. Uta and Eva will come tomorrow.

Wem forms - to whom and wen - whom used without a preposition and with a preposition:

Wem schreibst du?	Who are you writing to?
Wen beschuldigst du?	Who are you blaming?
Mit wem gehst du?	Who are you going with?
An wen denkst du?	Who are you thinking about?

2. Was - what is used in an interrogative sentence in relation to objects, phenomena, etc. in the singular and plural:

The pronoun Was is also used in questions about profession, nature of activity, occupation or hobby:

3. Pronoun wessen - whose, whose, whose, whose stands before a noun in the singular and plural. The article is omitted:

4. Pronouns welcher - which, welche - which, welches - which, welche - which used in questions about a specific person or thing that the questioner knows about:

Welch - does not bow down, welcher, welche, welches, welche also used in exclamatory sentences.

5. Interrogative pronoun was für ein, eine, ein - which, which, which used in the singular in questions about the quality or property of an object. The answer uses the indefinite article.

In the plural, was für is used, or rarely was für welche, in the answer the noun does not have an article:

Was für ein, eine, ein is used with real nouns without an article:

Was für Papier brauchst du?

What kind of paper do you need?

Sometimes the parts of the pronoun was für ein are separated from each other:

Was ist das für eine Frau?

What kind of woman is this?

Was sind das für Männer?

What kind of men are these?

Was für ein, eine, ein is used in exclamatory sentences:

Was für ein großer Künstler er ist!

What a great artist he is!

Was für ein, eine, ein is used with prepositions. At the same time, the case of the article ein and the noun is influenced not by für, but by the preposition:

Mit was für einem Kuli schreibst du den Brief?

What pen do you use to write a letter?

Use of personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are used instead of nouns.

Since the gender of nouns in German and Russian languages ​​does not always coincide, it is necessary to translate German personal pronouns into Russian pronouns depending on the gender of the Russian noun being replaced:

Das ist ein Buch. Es gehört mir.

This is a book. She belongs to me.

Hier ist ein Fluss. Er ist breit.

There is a river here. It's wide.

1. Ich - I denotes the speaker and is used in direct speech.

Ich tanze mit ihr.

I'm dancing with her.

2. Du - you are also used in direct speech. This is the person who is directly addressed. This form of address indicates friendly relations. it is used in the family, between relatives, friends, good acquaintances, among young people, adults to children, to animals, objects or abstract concepts:

Du bist mein bester Freund!

You are my best friend!

Ich befehle dir.

I order you.

3. Er - he, sie - she, es - it denotes the one being spoken about.

Dort steht ein Mann. Ihn kenne ich nicht.

A man is standing there. I don't know him.

Sie kommt zu mir.

She comes up to me.

4. Wir - we are used by a speaker or author when addressing on behalf of or with reference to two or more persons.

Wir fahren ins Ausland.

We are going abroad.

5. The pronoun ihr - you is used when addressing children, friends, etc., i.e. to several persons, with each of whom the speaker addresses on “you”:

Kinder, kommt ihr in den Wald?

Guys, are you going to the forest?

6. The pronoun Sie - You is used to express politeness when addressing adults and strangers or one or more persons with whom the speaker addresses “You”.

In grammatical terms, it coincides with the 3rd person plural pronoun sie - they.

The form of polite address Sie - You is written with a capital letter in all cases:

Herr Müller, commen Sie morgen?

Mr. Müller, will you come tomorrow?

Herren, Gehen Sie mit?

Gentlemen, are you coming with us?

Zum Geburtstag wünsche ich Ihnen alles Gute.

On the occasion of your birthday, I wish you all the best.

Darf ich Sie zum Tanz bitten?

Can I invite you to dance?

Personal pronouns ich - I, du - you, wir - we, ihr - you, Sie - you denote only persons, and personal pronouns er - he, sie - she, es - it, sie - they- faces and objects.

Genitiv - Genitive case - personal pronouns are rarely used, only with verbs requiring Genitiv:

Ich gedenke deiner.

I remember about you.

Use of possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns have a double connection:

2. They denote ownership of a person or thing, and therefore the choice of the possessive pronoun itself depends on the person, gender and number of the word denoting “owner”.

Possessive pronouns can not only perform the function of defining a noun, but also replace the noun, i.e. be used without it. In this case they are inclined as follows:

	Singular			Plural
	masculine	neuter gender	feminine
				meine, deine, seine, ihre, eure, unsere
		meinem, deinem, seinem, ihrem, eurem, unserem	meiner, deiner, seiner, ihrer, eurer, unserer
	meinen, deinen, seinen, ihren, euren, unseren	mein(e)s, dein(e)s, sein(e)s, ihr(e)s, eures - euers, unser(e)s	meine, deine, seine, ihre, eure, unsere	meine, deine, seine, ihre, eure, unsere

Wessen Wagen ist das? - Das ist meiner.

Whose car is it? - This my.

Das ist nicht deine Tasche, sondern meine.

This is not your bag, but my.

Ist das dein Buch? - Ja, das ist mein(e)s.

This is your book? - Yes it my.

More often instead meines, deines, seines, ihres, eures, unseres used meins, deins, seins, ihrs, euers, unsers, i.e. at the end -es drops -e:

Wessen Haus ist das?

Das ist meins, deins, seins, ihrs, unsers, euers, ihrs.

Whose is this house?

It's mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.

Possessive pronouns can also be used with a definite article. In this case, they are declined as weak adjectives:

	Singular			Plural
	masculine	neuter gender	feminine
	der meine, der deine, der seine, der ihre, der eure, der unsere
		dem meinen, dem deinen, dem seinen, dem ihren, dem euren, dem unseren	der meinen, der deinen, der seinen, der ihren, der euren, der unseren
	den meinen, den deinen, den seinen, den ihren, den euren, den unseren	das meine, das deine, das seine, das ihre, das eure, das unsere	die meine, die deine, die seine, die ihre, die eure, die unsere	die meinen, die deinen, die seinen, die ihren, die euren, die unseren

Wessen Bleistift nimmst du?

Ich nehme den meinen.

Whose pencil will you take?

I'll take mine.

Wessen Buch nimmst du?

Ich nehme das meine.

Whose book will you take?

I'll take mine.

Instead of den meinen, etc. can be used den meinigen, den deinigen, etc. These forms are characteristic of oral speech:

Die Bäume im Nachbargarten blühen schon, die unsrigen sind noch nicht so weit.

The trees in the neighboring garden are blooming, but ours are not yet.

Das Buch ist das meinige.

The book is mine.

Possessive pronouns can be substantivized, i.e. become nouns:

Er liebt die Seinen/Seinigen.

He loves his loved ones.

Ewig der Deine!

Forever yours!

Tun Sie das Ihre.

Do your thing.

Jedem das Seine.

To each his own.

In some cases, instead of a possessive pronoun, a personal pronoun with a preposition may be used von:

Das war ein Freund von mir.

It was My friend.

Possessive pronouns in certain cases - in the Bible, poetry, etc. - can appear after a noun:

Vater unser, der du bist im Himmel. Our Father who art in heaven.

Nimm auch meine Seele in die Hände dein. Take my soul into your hands too.

Using relative pronouns

In a sentence, relative pronouns replace the active person and serve as a connecting link between the main and subordinate clauses.

1. Relative pronouns der - which, die - which, das - which, die - which agree in gender, number and case with the word in the main sentence to which they refer:

Der Mann, der hier wohnt, ist Arzt.

The man who lives here is a doctor.

Der Mann, den ich sehe, ist Arzt

The man I see is a doctor.

Der Mann, auf den ich warte, ist Arzt.

The man I'm waiting for is a doctor.

Es ist einer der schönsten Filme, die ich gesehen habe.

This is one of the best films I've seen.

Deren and dessen agree in gender and number with the noun defined by the subordinate clause:

Der Mann, Dessen Auto da steht,…

The man whose car is parked over there...

Die Frau, deren Tochter ich kenne,…

The woman whose daughter I know...

2. Relative pronoun wer - who in the relative clause mainly comes before the main clause.

The main sentence in this case is introduced by demonstrative pronouns der, dem, den:

Wer das tut, der hat Folgen zu tragen.

Whoever does this must bear the consequences.

Wem es nicht gefällt, der kann weggehen.

Anyone who doesn't like it can leave.

Wen man liebt, dem verzeiht man vieles.

Those who are loved are forgiven a lot.

The relative pronoun was - what is used:

After pronouns das - this, that, dem, dasselbe - the same, dasjenige - that, das einzige - the only thing, alles - everything, vieles - many, anderes - other and etc.:

Ich verstand alles, was er sagte.

I understood everything he said.

Er aß nur das, was ihm schmeckte.

He only ate what he liked.

Das Einzige, was er trinkt, ist Tee.

The only thing he drinks is tea.

Steht in diesem Buch dasselbe, was im anderen steht?

Does this book say the same thing as the other?

After substantivized, i.e. become nouns, adjectives with an abstract meaning, as well as after substantivized adjectives in the superlative degree and substantivized ordinal numbers, which are used in the neuter gender:

Es war etwas ganz Neues, was er erreichen wollte.

This was something completely new that he wanted to achieve.

Es war das Schönste, was er gesehen hat.

It was the most beautiful thing he had seen.

Das war das Erste, was ich gemacht habe.

This was the first thing I did.

If was does not refer to any individual word, but to the content of the entire main sentence:

Er steckte den Schlüssel ein, was niemand bemerkte.

He inserted the key, which no one noticed.

Die Tür stand weit offen, was dem Wächter sofort auffiel.

The door was wide open, which immediately caught the watchman's eye.

3. Pronouns welcher - which, welche - which, welches - which, welche - which are almost never used in oral speech.

In writing they are used mainly to avoid repetition of the same forms:

Use of indefinite pronouns

1. The indefinite pronoun all- has both singular and plural: aller - all, alle - all, alles - all, alle - all. In the singular, it is used with names of substances and abstract nouns. In the plural, it indicates the coverage of individual homogeneous objects, persons, phenomena, etc.:

Aller Ärger war verflogen.

All the excitement quickly passed.

Er hat alles Geld verspielt.

He lost all the money.

Alle Kinder bekamen je ein Buch.

All children received a book.

All- can replace or accompany a noun:

Alle Menschen sind sterblich.

All people are mortal.

Alle sind schon nach Hause gegangen.

Everyone has already gone home.

Before the definite article or demonstrative or possessive pronoun, the indeclinable form all is used:

Er hat mich mit all seinen Freunden be sucht.

He visited me with all his friends.

All das weiß sie doch.

She knows all this.

2. Einer - someone, eine - someone, eines - something indicate an indefinite person from a group of persons or an indefinite object from a group of objects.

These pronouns are used only in the singular:

Einer weiß, dass ich hier bin.

Someone knows I'm here.

The plural form einer, eine, eines has the form welche - some, some:

I ch brauche Tomaten. Haben wir welche?

I need tomatoes. Do we have any?

Einer, eine, eines replace a noun:

3. Used in a negative sense keiner - no one, keine - none, keines - none, keine - none:

Keiner weiß, dass ich hier bin.

Nobody knows I'm here.

Das glaubt dir keiner.

Nobody will believe you in this.

Keiner, keine, keines, keine replace a noun:

4. Instead of singular nouns without articles, the form is used welcher - some, some, welche - some, some, welches - some, some:

5. Einige - some, several, etliche - some, several, mehrere - some, several can either accompany or replace a noun. Einige, etliche are used in both singular and plural, and mehrere - only in plural:

Sie hatte einige, etliche Freundinnen eingeladen.

She invited several friends.

Es besteht noch einige, etliche Hoffnung.

There's still some hope, some hope

Der Zug hatte mehrere Stunden Verspätung.

The train was several hours late.

6. The pronoun ein bisschen - a little means a relatively small share of something:

Kannst du ihr ein bisschen Brot geben?

Can you give her some bread?

This pronoun can be inflected with the indefinite article ein:

Mit ein(em) bisschen Geduld wirst du es schaffen.

With a little patience, you can do it.

The pronoun ein paar - several means several persons or objects. The pronoun ein wenig - a little means a small part of something. These pronouns do not change:

Er ist vor ein paar Tagen verreist.

He left a few days ago.

Mit ein wenig Geduld kann man das erreichen.

If you have a little patience, this can be achieved.

7. Pronoun etwas - anything, something is an unchangeable pronoun that denotes an indefinite object, phenomenon, etc.:

Etwas stimmt hier nicht.

Something's wrong here.

Weißt du etwas?

Do you know anything?

Etwas also means "a little":

Er spricht etwas Französisch.

He speaks a little French.

Hast du etwas Brot für mich?

Do you have some bread for me?

8. Jeder - each, according to its meaning, distinguishes individual elements from the set. This pronoun can refer to people and objects, and can also replace and accompany a noun. It is used only in the singular:

Jeder muss fleißig studieren.

Everyone should study hard.

Jeder Student muss fleißig studieren.

Every student must study diligently.

Wir haben jeden Winkel abgesucht.

We searched every corner.

9. Irgend-, connecting with indefinite pronouns einer, eine, eines, welcher, welche, welches, jemand, etwas, was, wer, further increase uncertainty:

irgendein- any, any, irgendeiner- anyone, anyone, irgendeine- any, any, irgendein- some, some, some, irgendwelcher- any, any, irgendwelche- any, any, irgendwelches- any, any, irgendwelche- any, any, irgendjemand- somebody, somebody, somebody, irgendetwas- anything, irgendwer- anyone.

These pronouns are translated into Russian using particles -something, -or, -that:

Kennst du irgendwen, der ein Auto kaufen möchte?

Do you know anyone/anyone/anyone who would like to buy a car?

10. Jedermann - everyone, everyone an obsolete or high-style pronoun. Most often, jeder is used instead of jedermann - each:

Bald bekommt er mit jedermann Streit.

Soon he will quarrel with everyone.

Das ist nicht jedermanns Geschmack.

It's not to everyone's taste.

11. Jemand - someone, anyone denotes an unidentified person:

Jemand hat nach dir gefragt.

Someone asked you.

Es fiel ihm schwer, jemand(em) zu wiedersprechen.

It was difficult for him to argue with anyone.

Ich kenne jemand(en), der uns hilft.

I know someone who will help us.

To increase uncertainty, irgend- is used:

Hat dich irgendjemand gesehen?

Has anyone seen you?

12. Man denotes some unknown person. This pronoun does not change and is used only in the Nominative case - Nominativ:

Man hat gehört.

We heard.

In the Dative - Dativ and Accusative - Akkusativ cases, einem, einen are used instead:

Je älter man wird, desto rätselhafter wird einem das Leben.

The older you get, the more mysterious life becomes.

Diese Musik lässt einen nicht mehr los.

This music won't let you go.

Man can denote one person or several persons and can even replace the personal pronoun “I”:

Darf man eintreten?

Will you allow me (me, him, us) to come in?

Sentences with man are translated into Russian:

Indefinite personal sentences without a subject. The predicate is in the 3rd person plural:

Man hat mir ein Album geschenkt.

They gave me the album.

Indefinite-personal sentences with a verb in the 2nd person singular with or without the pronoun “you”:

Wenn man das Gemälde anschaut, bewundert man es.

When you look at the picture, you admire it.

Infinitive sentence:

Wie übersetzt man diese Wendung?

How to translate this sentence?

Impersonal sentences with impersonal words: visible, heard, impossible, possible, necessary, necessary, etc.:

Hier hört man nichts.

You can't hear anything here.

Hier sieht man nichts.

There's nothing to be seen here.

Man darf nicht rauchen.

No smoking.

Man muss etwas tun.

Something needs/needs to be done.

Sentences in the passive voice:

Man diskutiert die Wege der Zusammenarbeit.

Ways of cooperation are being discussed.

13. Mancher - some, manche - some, manches - some, manche - some can replace or accompany a noun. They are used in singular and plural:

Die Straße ist an manchen Stellen beschädigt.

The road is damaged in some places.

Manches neue Kleid ist sehr teuer.

Some dresses are very expensive.

Manche lernen das offenbar nicht.

Some people obviously can't learn this.

14. Niemand - no one and nichts - nothing - these are negative indefinite pronouns. Niemand refers to animate objects, while nichts refers to inanimate objects. The pronoun nichts does not change:

Niemand hat an die Tür geklopft.

Nobody knocked on the door.

Ihr ist zum Glück nichts geschehen.

Fortunately, nothing happened to her.

Hast du nichts von Erika gehört?

Have you heard anything about Eric?

15. Sämtlich has singular and plural forms: sämtlicher - all, sämtliche - all, sämtliches - everything, sämtliche - everything. It can accompany or rarely replace a noun:

Sämtlicher Abfall war weggeräumt.

All waste has been removed.

Sämtliche Studenten waren in der Aula.

All the students were in the assembly hall.

16. Viele - many, wenige - few can accompany or replace a noun. They are used only in the plural:

Viele Studenten nahmen an der Veranstaltung teil.

Many students took part in the event.

Viele haben das gesehen.

Many have seen this.

Wenige Menschen glauben daran.

Few people believe this.

Wenige glauben daran.

Few believe this.

17. Viel - a lot, wenig - little used with real and abstract nouns without an article in the singular. They can also be used with plural nouns. These pronouns do not change:

Viel Zeit brauche ich dafür.

It will take me a lot of time to do this.

Wenig/viel Blut wurde vergossen.

Little/a lot of blood was shed.

Ohne viel Worte zu verlieren, half sie ihnen.

Without wasting many words, she helped them.

Using the reflexive pronoun sich

Reflexive pronoun sich is used:

1. In the proper reflexive meaning. It indicates that the action, called a verb, is directed at the one who performs this action, i.e. to the subject of this action:

Sie wäscht sich.

__________|

She is washing herself.

2. As a component of true reflexive verbs, without which these verbs are not used:

Sie schämt sich.

She's ashamed.

True reflexive verbs- these are reflexive verbs in which the reflexive pronoun sich is obligatory and cannot be replaced by another pronoun or noun, etc.

3. As a component of reciprocal verbs. These verbs denote the action of two or more persons. Sich in reciprocal verbs establishes reciprocal reflexivity, and in meaning corresponds to the pronoun einander - each other:

Sie begegneten sich oft auf dem Wege zur Arbeit.

They often met on the way to work.

4. To express passive relationships:

Die Ware lässt sich schlecht verkaufen.

The product is not selling well.

Auf diesem Stuhl sitzt es sich bequem.

This chair is comfortable to sit on.

Der Roman liest sich leicht.

The novel is easy to read.

Hier atmet es sich leicht.

It's easy to breathe here.

5. In stable expressions:

Das hat nichts auf sich.

This means nothing.

Er kam bald wieder zu sich.

He soon came to his senses.

Der Wein hat in sich.

The wine is strong.

Use of the impersonal pronoun es

Pronoun es is used:

1. In passive sentences. In subordinate clauses and questions, es is always dropped:

Es sind in den letzten Jahren viele Hochhäuser gebaut worden.

In recent years, many high-rise buildings have been built.

Es wurden Fahnen geschwenkt.

They waved flags.

Ich habe gesehen, dass Fahnen geschwenkt wurden.

I saw that they were waving flags.

Wurden denn auch Fahnen geschwenkt?

Were you waving flags?

Es is also used in subjectless passive sentences at the beginning of a sentence. The predicate is always in the 3rd person singular form:

Es wird auf Wanderungen viel über das Wetter gesprochen.

People talk a lot about the weather during camping trips.

2. The pronoun es is also used as a formal subject:

With actually impersonal verbs denoting natural phenomena or changes in state:

Den ganzen Tag regnete es im Norden.

It rained all day in the north.

Heute ist es kalt, heiß.

It's cold, it's hot today.

Es dämmert.

It's getting light.

Es taut.

It's melting.

Es donnert.

Thunder.

Es blitzt.

Lightning flashes.

With verbs denoting sounds/noises, including those of natural origin, without indicating

Pronouns (places) in German

As part of the speech of places. serves to replace a noun, proper noun or adjective in a sentence without naming them.

There are 9 main groups of pronouns in the German language. This:

1. Personal places. (Personalpronomen) are:

• 1st person – ich (I), wir (we)
• 2nd person: du (you), ihr (you), Sie (polite form of you)
• 3rd person: er (he), sie (she), es (it, this), sie (they)

Use of personal places:

Ich habe ein neues Buch gelesen. Es ist sehr interessant. – I read a new book. She is very interesting.

Nächstes Mal müsst ihr um 8 Uhr kommen. – Next time you should come at eight o’clock.

Personal places. Declined according to cases, however, in the genitive case they are used very rarely - only in cases where it is required by the control of individual verbs or adjectives.

For example: würdig (worthy)

Du bist ihrer nicht würdig. -You don't deserve her.

2. Possessive places. (Possessivpronomen) are derived from personal places. in the genitive case and answer the question “wessen?” (whose?):

ich (I) – mein (my)

du (you) – dein (yours)

er (he) - sein (him)

sie (she) - ihr (her)

es (it) – sein (it)

wir (we) - unser (our)

ihr (you) - euer (your)

Sie (You) – Ihr (Your)

sie (they) – ihr (them)

Possessive places. are placed before a noun and act as an article in a sentence. Thus, they are declined in the same way as articles (in accordance with the gender, number and case of the noun).

For example: Das sind meine Schwestern. - These are my sisters.

Ich gebe meiner Schwester einen Kugelschreiber. – I give my sister a pen.

Ich liebe meinen Mann. - I love my husband.

3. Refundable seats. (Reflexivpronomen) indicates the direction of action towards the subject. In German there are reflexive places. sich is inflected for persons, numbers and has two case forms - Dativ and Akkusativ (depending on the control of the verb).

For example: Ich kaufe mir ein neues Kleid. – I’m buying myself a new dress.

In third person places. sich does not change.

For example: Sie kauft sich ein neues Kleid. - She is buying herself a new dress.

4. Signposts. (Demonstrativpronomen) answer the question “welche (-s, -r)?” – “which one (which one, which one)?”

To the index places. relate:

diese (dieser, dieses) – this (this, this)

jene (jener, jenes) – that (that, that)

solche (solcher, solches) – such (such, such).

Signposting places. in a sentence they stand before the noun and are declined according to numbers and cases like a definite article.

For example: Ich habe jenen Mann schon einmal gesehen. “I’ve already seen that man once.”

Often in colloquial speech with singular nouns the expression solch ein (such) is used. In this case, the first part does not change, but only the indefinite article ein is declined.

For example: Ich habe nie solch eine schöne Stadt gesehen! – I have never seen such a beautiful city!

5. Interrogative places. (Interrogativpronomen) in German are: wer, was, welche (-r, -s), was für.

Location wer and was are not used in the plural and do not change according to gender and have three case forms - Nominativ, Dativ and Akkusativ.

Eg: Wem gibst du dieses Buch? – Who are you giving this book to?

Was best du (von Beruf)? - What is your profession?

Location welche changes by gender and in all cases like the definite article.

For example: Nach welchem ​​Land fährst du? – What country are you going to?

Welche Gruppe gefällt ihr? – What group does she like?

6. Relative places. (Relativpronomen) are mainly used in complex sentences. Relative pronouns in German are: der (which), die (which), das (which), welche (which), die (which). Relative pronouns are inflected by case and serve as allied words in subordinate clauses.

For example: Der Junge, den Sie getroffen haben, ist mir bekannt. – The young man you met is familiar to me.

7. Uncertain places. (Indefinitpronomen), such as jemand (someone), etwas (something), man, alle (all), einige (some), wenige (some, some), serve as subject or object in a sentence. Unlike other indefinite pronouns, man is not translated into Russian and is used in indefinite personal sentences. Location man does not change its form (same as etwas).

For example: Man sagt, sie kocht am besten. “They say she cooks better than anyone.”

8. Impersonal places. es does not change and is used in the 3rd person singular. numbers in impersonal sentences. Most often, es is used to denote weather and natural phenomena.

For example: Es schneit (it is snowing), es regnet (it is raining), es ist heiß (it is hot), etc.

9. To negative places. (Negativpronomen) include kein (none), niemand (no one), nichts (nothing). Location kein changes according to gender, number and case and is used only with nouns.

For example: Ich habe keinen Freund. - I do not have a friend.

Location nichts, niemand are used only in the 3rd. face units the numbers don't change.

For example: Niemand versteht mich. - Nobody understands me.

Ich kann nichts finden. - I can't find anything.

Meaning pronouns in German very large. Often they can replace a noun, adjective, numeral, article. In a sentence, a pronoun can act as the subject. Using pronouns, interrogative or impersonal sentences and negations are made. This topic is quite extensive and requires in-depth study. Master pronouns in German The table will help.

Personal pronouns in German

Personalpronomen

_________
* Sie - polite form of you

Declension of personal pronouns

Nominativ/ named after P.	Dativ/Dat. P.	Akkusativ/ Vin.p.
	Singular - units
	Plural - plural
sie, Sie - they, you	ihnen, Ihnen - to them, to you	sie, Sie - them, you

For example:

Ich warte auf dich. I'm waiting for you.
Ich (I) - nominative case.
Dich (you) is the accusative case of the pronoun du (you).

Ihm gefällt Deutschland.He likes Germany.
Ihm (to him) is the dative case of the pronoun er (he).

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronoun in German- this is nothing more than the genitive case (Genetiv) of personal pronouns. It is formed as follows:

For example:

Ich liebe deine Schwester. I love your sister.
Ich is a personal pronoun.
Deine is a possessive pronoun.

Indefinite pronouns in German

Indefinite pronouns include pronouns such as: jemand, etwas, einer, mancher, alles, irgendein and others. This group can also include the indefinite personal pronoun man. In a sentence, they act as the subject or object (all except man, which is only the subject).

For example:

Alles ist in Ordnung. Everything is fine.
Sie muss etwasändern. She must change something.
Man kann dieses Fahrrad reparieren. This bike can be fixed.

Relative pronouns in German

Performing the function of a connective word, relative pronouns are used in complex sentences.

Das ist die Frau, deren Auto vor dem Haus steht. This is the woman whose car is parked in front of the house. This is a woman whose car is parked in front of the house.

Relative pronouns include: wer, was, welcher, der. The pronouns der, das, die are formed as follows:

DER (m.r.)	Gen. DES+EN
DIE (female)	Gen. DER+EN
DAS (average)	Gen. DES+EN
DIE (plural)	Gen. DER+EN
DIE (plural)	Dat. DEN+EN

Demonstrative pronouns in German

In a German sentence, demonstrative pronouns most often act as a determiner, however, in some cases they can take on the role of subject or object. The majority of demonstrative pronouns are inflected in the same way as the definite article.

	Nominativ/ Name			Akkusativ/ V.p.

Demonstrative pronouns in German include:
Dieser(this), der(That), jener(That), solcher(such), derselbe(the same), selbst(himself), etc.

For example:

Dieses Buch mast mir spaß. This book gives me pleasure.
Dieses (this) - demonstrative pronoun, s.r., im.p.
Mir (to me) - personal pronoun, date pad. from ich.

The topic “Pronouns in German” is very extensive. In this article we looked at only some of the most basic types of pronouns and ways of their declension.