Lion in a Cheburashka. About coins made of precious metals

18.08.2018 18:19

The St. Petersburg magazine "Sobaka", whose Crimean version is considered almost the only glamorous publication on the peninsula, published on its website a translation of a study by art history professor Maya Balakirsky-Katz from Turo College in New York - about why Crocodile Gena from the famous Soviet cartoon this is an old Bolshevik, and Cheburashka is the personification of a Jew in the USSR. What is written seems far-fetched for big Cheburashkin ears, but there is something in all this.

The fact of watching the animated series of the late 1960s with Cheburashka in the title role - "an animal unknown to science" - is an important marker that your childhood passed in the last decades of Soviet power. Ask anyone who grew up in Eastern Europe about the "Soviet Mickey Mouse", and he will start singing a song in the innocent voice of Cheburashka "I was once a strange nameless toy that no one in the store would approach. Now I am Cheburashka ... ".

The animated series is an adaptation of the children's stories of the writer Eduard Uspensky, the latest releases of which Soviet viewers enjoyed at the same time as the advent of children's TV in the 60s. The cartoon about Cheburashka became a national treasure, a kind of hallmark of the Land of the Soviets, and its episodes were adapted to the maximum possible extent, including for radio and theatrical stages.

Children memorized and sang songs about the eared animal in choirs, during meetings, class hours and for activities of pioneer organizations. When I was little, this cartoon was the whole universe for me. My parents and I moved to the US in 1979, bringing along a film strip projector and a stack of cartoon slides, including the very first episode of Cheburashka.

Over the years, Cheburashka only gained popularity in the USSR, became a truly cult character and was surrounded by a halo of "superiority" over American cartoon characters - for example, Mickey Mouse. Cheburashka was even compared with the roaring lion emblem of the MGM studio and, of course, they called him a model of morality and morality. Relatively recently, Japan recognized Cheburashka as one of the most beloved heroes of all times and peoples - in the Land of the Rising Sun they even released a remake of the Soviet cartoon and several spin-offs for it. In post-Soviet times, Cheburashka became the mascot of the Russian Olympic team.

But even among those for whom this cartoon is a sacred childhood memory, they know very little about the fact that the team that created the series at the Soyuzmulfilm studio almost entirely consisted of Ashkenazi Jews who lost their homes and families during the genocide in Great Patriotic War.

Director Roman Kachanov recreates in animated series the classic story of Jews who survived the war and were involved in the project. He himself, for example, was born in a poor Jewish quarter in Smolensk and boxed in the atmosphere of the Smolensk Zionist labor movement even before his father and sister were shot during the German occupation of the city.

The creator of the image of Cheburashka - animator Leonid Shvartsman grew up in a Zionist environment in Minsk and changed his name to "Israel" after the Six Day War of 1967 happened ( between Israel on one side and Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Algeria on the other) despite the hostile attitude towards Israel that prevailed in Soviet society at that time.

Kachanov hired cameraman Teodor Bunimovich, who had previously worked as a photojournalist and front-line cameraman at the Central Newsreel Studio and, in particular, filmed on the Western, Voronezh and other fronts. He managed to capture on film the Nazi crimes and atrocities of the soldiers of the Third Reich in Belarus.

Cinematographer Joseph Golomb not only spoke Yiddish fluently: his father was an avid collector of Hasidic music, and thanks to him this language was enriched with a musical vocabulary. To what extent the Jewish origin of the team of creators of the cartoon influenced their creative development is mostly a matter of conjecture and various speculations, but the reason why they did not name the true origin of Cheburashka millions of times lies precisely in personal history.

“Crocodile Gena is an old Bolshevik who loves to smoke a pipe. She sticks out of his mouth in the Stalinist manner.

The works of artists of Jewish origin in the USSR were usually classified as "underground", they got to the West through smugglers and dissidents with defectors. Nevertheless, despite the systematic anti-Semitism that manifested itself in Soviet society at various levels, we see (and this is confirmed by the cartoon "Cheburashka") that a vibrant and very lively Jewish culture has received the greatest creative development in the very heart of Moscow - the Central Animation Studio " Soyuzmultfilm is the largest in Eastern Europe.

The introduction of Jewish culture into cartoons was the only way out of the situation when the obvious expression of one's ethnicity in Soviet culture was suppressed. The mysterious origin of Cheburashka is one of the main secrets of the animated series. My idea is that this unusual hero embodies a typical Soviet Jew.

The very first episode opens with a fruit vendor opening a crate of citrus fruits to find a charming creature - "something between a bear and an orange". Looking at a strange animal, the seller reads the inscription on the fruit box in broken English: “O-ran-zhes!”. In those years, Israel was the main exporter of oranges to the Soviet Union. In fact, citrus fruits from Jaffa were the only product that the USSR imported from Israel, and in the Promised Land itself, these fruits became a source of national pride and a symbol of the success of the Jewish people: a sign that a small and proud country can provide for itself. By the way, oranges were also an unofficial symbol of the Zionist movement in the USSR.

I immediately recall the lines from the memoir “Return” by the Soviet and Israeli mechanic and physicist, publicist and public figure German Branover: “I remember that in the winter of 1952, Jaffa oranges were brought to the grocery store where Uncle Naum worked. He once told me that the store employees worked all night destroying paper with Hebrew inscriptions in which oranges were wrapped.

Due to his mysterious origin, Cheburashka is unable to find his place in Soviet society. A bewildered fruit vendor takes charge and gives this strange creature to the most suitable place for him to find in the city - the zoo.

Instead of a passport or other necessary documents, he comes with a piece of paper in which oranges were wrapped (Cheburashka is “half-bear, half-orange” after all). As conceived by the creators, such a “passport” for a rootless hero will definitely find a response in the hearts of those citizens of the USSR who had “Jew” in the nationality column in their real passports.

The zoo guard returned with Cheburashka in his hands and told the seller that this creature could not be accepted: “No, this one will not work. Beast unknown to science!” he says. "They don't know where to put him." As a result, Cheburashka was assigned to a discount store, and his owner told the seller that our hero looked like a defective toy.

In a thrift store, Cheburashka is given the task of sitting in the window and spinning the top, attracting customers. When he asks where he should live, the shop owner points to a phone booth and says, “Live? Yes, even here. This will be your house, so to speak, ”the seller at the same time shows the “OK” gesture with both hands. Cheburashka looks at the booth for a long time and reluctantly agrees. At that time, phone booths had a bad reputation, associated with dysfunctional teenagers or alcoholics who hung around in them and used them for their deeds.

In fact, this is not just a zoo, a thrift store or a telephone booth: Cheburashka cannot be attributed to any social group in Soviet society at all. When a Russian schoolgirl named Galya innocently asks him "Who are you?", the animal answers her in a characteristic manner: "I ... I don't know." Galya dares to ask further, “Are you by any chance a small bear?”. Her suggestion convinces Cheburashka that he needs to identify himself with Russianness, at least on a symbolic level, because the bear is a well-known symbol of Russia. Cheburashka looks hopefully at the schoolgirl, but then his ears slowly drop and he quietly repeats "Maybe I don't know."

The wise and resourceful Crocodile Gena is in a hurry to help solve the problem of the origin of his new and mysterious friend. He is trying to find a definition in a huge dictionary, looking between the words "tea", "suitcase", "chebureks", "Cheboksary". In the place where Gena could find the name of Cheburashka, there is the name of a dish and one of the Russian cities, as well as a suitcase - a bright symbol that again lifts the veil of the mystery of the origin of Cheburashka and hints at the topic of immigration (traditional for Jews). For Cheburashka there is no place not only in the zoo, but also in the dictionary of the Russian language.

The cartoon makes a lot of emphasis on the vague social codes that limit Cheburashka's life. The status of a homeless outcast contrasts very much with the position of Crocodile Gena, who "works" in the zoo as a crocodile. In one of the later episodes, Cheburashka expresses hope that after he learns to read Russian and graduates from school, he can work at the zoo with his green friend. The wrinkled crocodile shakes its head. "No, you are not allowed to work at the zoo with us." When his friend tries to find out why, the crocodile answers him: “Well, why? Why? They'll just eat you!"

The crocodile works in an enclosure that looks more like a park with a pond and a tree. Back in the 1920s, the Moscow Zoo decided to replace animal cages with picturesque enclosures with more suitable conditions for animals. Considering that Cheburashka was not accepted in the zoo, where the animals “live in harmony” (a metaphor for demonstrating the superiority of the ideology of socialism over capitalism), Kachanov and Shvartsman made it clear that in the case of the main character of the cartoon, despite the openness of socialists to ethnic diversity (USSR, as you know, the country is multinational), some "tropical" heroes are not allowed even on the threshold.

According to the recollections of Soyuzmultfilm employees, director Roman Kachanov liked to repeat countless times in the studio: “Can you imagine? A crocodile who works as a crocodile in the zoo! The complete opposite of Cheburashka, the 50-year-old crocodile was "born" at the very beginning of the October Revolution. It is no coincidence that his name begins with "Crocodile" - in fact, this is an analogue of the address "comrade", which was used in a communist country. Crocodile Gena is an old Bolshevik who loves to smoke a pipe (it sticks out of his mouth in the Stalinist manner). When he leaves the zoo, he sits alone at home all day. Dejected by his fate, Crocodile Gena writes an ad looking for friends and hangs it all over the city. Thanks to the announcement, he meets Cheburashka and schoolgirl Galya.

Finally, Cheburashka meets friends and begins to write ads by hand, with the help of which he creates a small community "House of Friends" in Gena's apartment. All this is very reminiscent of the meetings in the apartments and the primary organizations with the help of which the Jews in the late 1960s, in the 70s and 80s created their first communities.

Galya meets the dog Tobik "on the street" outside a yellow building with a neoclassical facade, which is almost entirely copied from the Moscow Choral Synagogue. In fact, the street next to the synagogue was a meeting place for Jews and some Jewish theologians. It is worth at least recalling the spontaneous demonstration that took place during the visit of Israeli Interior Minister Golda Meir in October 1948 to Moscow. An equally remarkable event for the synagogue at that time was that the Chief Rabbi of Moscow, Shlomo Shleifer, succeeded in establishing a yeshiva within its walls, but even so, those who tried to learn more about Jewish culture preferred to do it in apartments and during street meetings. .

Among those who reacted to Cheburashka's announcement was the long-haired lion-intellectual Lev Chandr, the most Jewish character in the cartoon (besides the main character himself). In fact, it is very easy to define an analogy between Leo and the popular writer Sholom Aleichem in the USSR at that time, who wrote both in Hebrew and in Russian. Facial features, slicked-back straight hair, and a habit of wearing formal clothing all unite the cartoon Lion with the Jewish playwright.

Kachanov and Shvartsman, both fluent in Yiddish, called Lev Chandr "Leiboy Chandr" - a name that can be translated from Yiddish as "Shame of the lion" (or great shame). The hypothesis about the Jewish origin of the king of animals in the animated series is confirmed once again when he introduces himself to other characters, making a half-bow to the accompaniment of a melancholy violin. After Tobik (translated from Yiddish as “good”) and Leib Chandr (“Great Shame”) go for a walk together, Crocodile Gena concludes in a sad voice: “Do you know how many people in our city are as lonely as Tobik and Chandr? And no one sympathizes when they're sad."

As soon as strange social undertones were noticed in the cartoon, the Artistic Council was immediately called. Its members tried to understand why it was so necessary for Crocodile Gena to answer the question about the origin of the “animal unknown to science”. Both the Arts Council and the Ministry of Cinematography (known as Goskino) questioned Cheburashka's pioneering activism, for in fact he was a persona non grata, a disenfranchised foreigner.

In particular, he was "remembered" the initiative to create the "House of Friends" without any "orders from above." One of the employees of Goskino with disdain called Crocodile Gena and his friends "house friends." Animation veteran Ivan Ivanov-Vano questioned Lev's seriousness and suggested that he could have worn brighter colors to appeal to younger audiences. He also wondered why Crocodile Gena had such a "luxury" apartment and why it then turned into the "House of Friends".

Ivanov-Vano was a man of insight and touched upon a very sensitive topic for the creators of the cartoon, because they put into it (albeit metaphorically) the experience of the Jewish population. Employees of Soyuzmultfilm, in fact, replaced themselves with animated characters in order to tell about their story without going beyond generally accepted standards. Nevertheless, despite misunderstandings and concerns from the Arts Council, the series was released on television with little or no change.

Jewish nationalists, of course, were aware of who the creators of Cheburashka were, but the main character of the cartoon is still not a Zionist - at least not in the sense that is generally accepted in the United States. Definitely, Cheburashka has no desire to emigrate from the USSR to the Promised Land. Rather, its origin (connected, as we remember, with oranges) conveys a key and very painful state for the ethnic group: an uncertain status, and in this vein, the cartoon evokes deep sympathy in the audience for the naive miracle with huge eyes.

This is just a strange, different creature that really wants to live its own life. Despite the generally accepted xenophobic attitude towards strangers in Soviet cinema of the period, Kachanov and Shvartsman succeeded in making the illegal "free rider" a likeable stranger who personifies morality and virtue, despite the absurd rules and rigid requirements for social status. The cartoon about Cheburashka was created by a team of Jews who themselves were people with an unobvious position due to their origin. They led their hero through the same screen experience.

Quiz

E. Uspensky "Crocodile Gena and his friends"

1.NAME THE HEROES .

Brown animal with big ears. (Cheburashka) African crocodile. (Gena) A small, very serious girl. (Galya) A small, dirty dog. (Tobik) A fat crocodile that looks like a sausage with paws. (Valera) A big, big lion in a pince-nez and a hat. (Chandr) Little nimble old woman. (Shapoklyak) Big gray rat. (Lariska) Doctor. (Ivanov) A dirty boy, a truant, a fighter. (Dima) Giraffe. (Anyuta) A little monkey in a lilac cap and a red tracksuit. (Maria Frantsevna) Chief. (Ivan Ivanovich) Evil and stupid rhinoceros. (Chick) A modest and well-mannered girl, an excellent student. (Marusya) A tall red-haired citizen with a notebook in his hands. (Correspondent)

2.DO YOU KNOW?

1. What were 3 favorite toys of the writer E. Uspensky when he was little? (A huge rubber crocodile Gena, a small plastic doll Galya, an awkward plush animal Cheburashka)

2. Where did the funny animal live? (In one dense tropical forest)

3. Who called the animal Cheburashka? (Director of a fruit shop)

4. Why was Cheburashka not accepted into the main city zoo? Firstly, the zoo was overcrowded, and secondly, Cheburashka turned out to be a beast completely unknown to science. No one knew where to put it)

5. Where and by whom did Crocodile Gena work? (In the zoo by a crocodile)

6. What did Crocodile Gena hang on a carnation when he came to the place of work? (Suit, hat and cane)

7. How old was Crocodile Gene? (50 years)

8. What did Crocodile Gena usually do at home? (I read newspapers, smoked a pipe and played tic-tac-toe with myself all evening)

9. Address of Crocodile Gena. (Bolshaya Pirozhnaya street, building 15, building "s")

10. Where did the girl Galya work? (In the children's theater)

11. Where did Cheburashka work? (in the discount store)

12. What did he do while working? (stood in the window and attracted the attention of passers-by)

13. What is Cheburashka's house like? (old phone booth)

14. What did Cheburashka treat Gena to Crocodile when he came to visit him? (coffee)

16. What did the girl Galya wear on her head? (red beret)

17. Where did Crocodile Gena train in his youth? (in the theater circle)

18. Who did Crocodile Gena play in the play Little Red Riding Hood? (granddaughter)

19. How long did Galya get sick? (flu)

20. Who made friends between a lion and a dog? (Cheburashka)

21. Where was the rat constantly? (in a small bag)

22. What did Shapoklyak collect? (evil deeds)

23. What games did Crocodile Gena and Cheburashka play? (tic-tac-toe, loto)

24. Why did the doctor put Shapoklyak out the door, despite the fact that her mouth was filled with a paper ball? (“I don’t serve foreigners,” he said.)

25. Where did the monkey work? (performed in the circus with a trained trainer)

26. What was in the monkey's mouth? (gadgets, cogs, shoe polish boxes, keys, buttons, erasers and other necessary and interesting things)

27. What did the boss write, sitting at the desk, on pieces of paper that he put aside to the left and right sides? ("Allow. Ivan Ivanovich." "Do not allow. Ivan Ivanovich.")

28. What rule did the boss have? (do everything by half)

29. Who built the house of friendship? (Cheburashka, Galya, Crocodile Gena)

30. What did Crocodile Gena wear to the construction site? (in mask)

31. Who wrote "Beware of the angry dog" on the fence? (Shapoklyak)

32. What did the old woman Shapoklyak do during the night robbery? (she painted mustaches on posters and posters, shook out garbage from bins and occasionally fired a scarecrow gun to scare night passers-by)

33. What did Shapoklyak feed the rhino on Sundays, trying to tame him to her? (bagels)

34. How did Shapoklyak escape from the rhinoceros? (climbed a tree)

35. How many km did Cheburashka run through the city from an angry rhinoceros? (15)

36. Where is the rhinoceros stuck? (between the houses of a narrow street)

37. What three medals did Cheburashka know? (“For saving the drowning”, “For courage”, “For labor”)

38. Who removed the old woman Shapoklyak from the tree? (whole fire brigade)

39. Who helped the builders? (Giraffe, monkey, loser Dima, excellent student Marusya)

40. What did Shapoklyak buy in the discount store? (two pairs of kerosene lamps)

41. Who suggested that the roof of the house be made from a fence? (girl Marusya)

42. Who brought the nails from the main building warehouse? (Cheburashka)

43. Who painted the "House of Friendship"? (Crocodile, Giraffe, monkey and boy Dima)

44. What patter did Galya Cheburashka say that he could not repeat? (The mouse dried the dryers,

The mouse invited mice.

Drying mice began to eat -

The teeth broke right away.

45. What speech did Cheburashka make at the opening of the "House of Friendship"? (“Well, what can I say? We are all very happy. We built, we built, and, finally, we built! Yes, we are waiting! Hooray!”)

46. ​​Why were Shapoklyak and his trained rat as happy as ever? (A brick fell on Cheburashka's head, and he got a hefty bump.)

47. Who made friends with whom during the construction of the "House of Friendship"? (Giraffe with a monkey. Dima with Marusya)

48. What did they arrange in the "House of Friendship"? (club)

49. What happened to Cheburashka? (he was sent to kindergarten with a toy)

50. Like Cheburashka, Gena. Galya took revenge on the old woman Shapoklyak? (They handed the old woman Shapoklyak three bundles of balloons that lifted her up. The wind took her far, far away)

Soviet cinema gave the world unusual heroes. While famous directors were working on films for an adult audience, the animators were thinking about how to surprise the little octobers and pioneers. The creators of the cartoons used the plots of the books and created authentic stories that were later embodied on the screen. , The Wolf and the Hare from "Well, wait a minute!", You can list the characters loved by children for a long time. The first mythical hero of the Soviet cartoon business was Cheburashka, an unknown creature of unknown origin.

History of creation

Cheburashka is the name of a character in a book written by a children's author. Based on the work "Crocodile Gena and his friends" in 1969, the director made a film. The hero of the book gained fame after the release of the tape.

Cheburashka is an unusual creature. He has two huge round ears, his body is covered with brown hair and it is not clear whether this animal has a feminine or masculine gender. His birth was due to the production designer, Leonid Shvartsman. After the cartoon was translated for display in other countries, children in all corners of the planet recognized Cheburashka. In English his name was Topl, in German Kullerchen or Plumps, Drytten in Swedish and Muksis in Finnish. At the same time, the children did not know who the creator of the character was.

Despite the legend about the appearance of Cheburashka published in the preface, Eduard Uspensky assured readers that it was not at all a child's toy. In an interview with a Nizhny Novgorod newspaper, the writer admitted that he somehow watched a friend's little daughter. The girl constantly fell, dressed up in someone else's long fur coat.

Her father, noticing these actions, commented on what was happening with the word “cheburahna”. A curious word cut into Ouspensky's memory. Later, the author learned that in the dictionary "cheburashka" is a synonym for "roly-poly", he is also a roly-poly. Cheburashkas were called small wooden floats made by anglers to lure their catch.

Biography and plot

Based on the preface of Ouspensky's book, it becomes clear that the author had a defective toy with a similar name as a child. She looked like a strange animal with round eyes, large ears, a small body and a short tail. Parents assured the boy that Cheburashka lives in the tropical jungle. The animal feeds on oranges, and one day, climbing into a fruit box to feast, the baby fell asleep in it. The box was closed and taken to a grocery store in a large city.

Cheburashka's name appeared at the moment when he was discovered by the store director. The well-fed animal was constantly falling - cheburahalsya, according to others. Due to the fact that he could not sit still without falling, he was given a funny nickname. The character of the hero is soft. The kid is sweet and friendly, naive, friendly and curious. A diminutive name describes his nature. Sometimes awkward, but charming hero evokes tenderness of the audience and characters of the cartoon.

According to the plot, they try to arrange a strange animal in a zoological garden in order to settle with other animals from the tropics. But the zoo did not know which animals to let in an unknown creature. He was passed from hand to hand until Cheburashka ended up in a thrift store. Here he found it. He worked at the zoo and was lonely. In search of friends, Gena was posting ads and came across Cheburashka. Now the animal duo is looking for company. It will include the lion Chandr, the puppy Tobik and the girl Galya. The negative character of the work is the owner of the hand rat Larisa.

In the period from 1966 to 2008, Eduard Uspensky, in collaboration with production designers, created eight plays about the adventures of Cheburashka and friends. In the 1970s, several children's television and radio programs were broadcast in Sweden at once. Audio records with fairy tales about Cheburashka and Gena and children's magazines were popular. The characters ended up abroad along with dolls, which a tourist brought from a trip to the Soviet Union. Cheburashka was dubbed Drutten. In Swedish, this word is translated as “stumble”, “fall”, which was characteristic of the hero.

An interesting nuance: on Soviet television, cartoon characters were puppets, and on Swedish television they were puppets. The characters sang and talked about life, but the dialogue was very different from the authentic ones. Even Cheburashka's song sounded quite different. Today, Drutten is a full-fledged character in Swedish animation. Modern children do not know the history of its origin.

In 2001, the Japanese discovered the cartoon character, and in 2003 they bought the rights to distribute this image from Soyuzmultfilm for 20 years. The animated cartoon "Cheburashka Arere" has been broadcast in Tokyo since 2009. In 2010, the character was accompanied by friends based on Ouspensky's book. On TV, they started showing puppet cartoons on the theme of the hero's adventures. Today in Japan, the cartoons "Crocodile Gena", "Soviet Shapoklyak", "Cheburashka and the Circus" are broadcast.

Quotes

Works of Soviet cinema and animation are famous for quotes that the audience loves. Soulful humorous remarks sink into the soul and have been passed from mouth to mouth for many years. Phrases from the book, migrated to the cartoon, create a special atmosphere, involving the young audience in the plot.

"A young crocodile in his fifties wants to make friends."

This quote raises questions: is the age of a crocodile comparable to human years? Can crocodiles want to be friends? Why is the image of a crocodile associated with an adult? Cheburashka asks Gene a reasonable question about age, and little viewers learn that crocodiles can live up to three hundred years.

A series of cartoons about the adventures of Cheburashka has a moralistic background. Recommendations and advice to children are presented with the help of the main characters. Kindness is the main value for the characters. At the same time, the old woman Shapoklyak assures:

“He who helps people is just wasting his time. You can't be famous for good deeds."

The old woman's wrong is clear at first sight, and the kids understand that it is worth helping each other. Good deeds are certainly connected with the main goal of all the children of the Soviet Union - with enrollment in the pioneers. Gena and Cheburashka are no exception:

“You have to do a lot of good things to get into the pioneers,” Gena says, motivating Cheburashka, and at the same time the audience on the other side of the screen.

Despite the characteristic features of Soviet animation skills, children's films about Cheburashka are of interest to modern children. They attract curious kids and nostalgic adults to the screens.

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