What is language definition. The meaning of the word language in a large modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language

A significant role in the diagnosis of diseases is played by studies of the size, shape and color of the surface of the tongue.

Language- organ of taste and speech. The tongue has many tasks: mixing food while chewing, determining taste, and, of course, speaking. The tongue consists of muscles covered on top with a mucous membrane. It is divided into two departments, between which, however, there is no clear boundary. The back of the tongue, which on one side fuses with the mucous membrane of the mouth, is the root.

The front part, which moves freely in different directions, is called the body of the tongue. The upper surface of the tongue is called its back. You probably noticed that the tongue appears velvety in appearance, not as smooth and shiny as the oral mucosa.

Its entire surface is covered with papillae, the main task of which is to distinguish the taste of food. It is these papillae that give the tongue its velvety appearance. There are 4 types of papillae. The smallest of them - thread-like - cover the entire surface of the tongue and look like carpet pile. The larger papillae - mushroom-shaped - are located on the back of the tongue between the filiform ones.

The leaf-shaped papillae are somewhat reminiscent of fish gills. They are located on the lateral surfaces of the tongue, and are less visible in adults than in children. The largest papillae are groove-shaped. There are not very many of them - from 7 to 11. They are located on the back of the back and actually serve as the border between the body and the root.

Language has long been considered an indicator of human health. Sometimes its changes appear before all other signs of the disease.

In ancient Chinese medicine, there are two main approaches to the topography of tongue zones: according to the theory of the “Three Heaters”, the tip of the tongue corresponds to the “upper focus”, the middle - to the “middle focus”, the base of the tongue to the “lower focus”, i.e. the upper, middle and lower parts of the body .

We perceive taste with the tongue when the tongue is wet. A dry tongue cannot perceive taste. If a person stops feeling sweet, sour, salty or bitter, diseases of the nervous and endocrine system are likely.

The tongue is also an organ of speech used to transform thoughts, concepts, ideas and feelings into words. Examination of this important organ will provide information about what is happening in the body.

According to traditional Tibetan medicine, the tongue is connected to the heart. The condition of the tongue and speech reflect heart problems. However, the body functions as a single whole and the connection of the heart with other organs is also reflected in the tongue.

The tongue of a healthy person has a smooth pink surface and is covered with a small whitish coating, which also forms on the teeth. There is not much of it, and therefore the pink color of the tongue remains, and the papillae on its surface are clearly visible.

The tongue of a healthy person looks velvety due to large quantity papillae

Look at your tongue in the mirror. Observe its size, surface and outline.

When examining the tongue, you should pay attention to:

2. The nature of plaque in different areas of the tongue.

3. Shape and character of the surface. The surface can be: dense, smooth, loose, striated, etc.

4. Various formations on the tongue - papillomas, blisters, aphthae. Their location indicates the diseased organ.

5. Tongue mobility.

This allows us to judge the functional state of various body systems and, above all, the state of the blood. According to the classification of Chinese doctors, a hard, calloused tongue, “+”, represents an excess condition; tongue of normal consistency, “0” - normal condition; soft tongue, “-” - insufficient condition.

In the Chinese diagnostic system, the tongue serves as a path through the corresponding energy channels. The corresponding section of the channel (meridian) in the tongue reflects a number of body functions associated with it and is associated with certain organs through which it passes. For example, the heart meridian goes to the root of the tongue, the spleen meridian runs along the lower surface, the kidney meridian ends at its root. Pathological changes in these organs are reflected in the appearance of the tongue and the plaque covering it. Wetness, dryness and other signs of the tongue give an idea of the syndromes of emptiness, fullness, heat and cold, traditional for Chinese medicine. Raids indicate the nature and course of diseases.

One of the oldest diagnostic systems based on language is presented in Ayurveda (“Jiva”). According to it, each organ has its own “representation” in the language, according to the projection scheme. This diagram of the tongue represents a “double-reversed map” on which the projections of the corresponding organs are located. Based on the characteristics of plaque, redness, and other signs, one can judge the processes in organs and systems, their intensity and development.

Hollow and dense organs of our body are projected in different parts of the tongue. Discoloration or increased sensitivity of certain parts of the tongue indicates a disorder in those organs associated with this part.

Examination of the tongue provides valuable information about the energy balance of internal organs and makes it possible to make an accurate diagnosis if they are disturbed. Tongue diagnoses in traditional Tibetan medicine are as follows:

Tongue red, moist: energy and blood blooming;

Tongue is pale: energy and blood are weak;.

The coating on the tongue is thin, white, moist: the energy of the stomach is prosperous;

The tongue is shiny, without plaque: the energy of the stomach is weak, its intrasecretory activity is affected.

Diagnosis of diseases by language is an important stage in examining a patient in Tibet, China and India. According to the theory of the “Five Elements,” the tip of the tongue is associated with the condition of the heart and lungs, the lateral parts of the tongue are associated with the liver and gallbladder, the back of the tongue is associated with the stomach and spleen, and the root of the tongue is associated with the condition of the kidneys.

Enlargement and redness of the papillae of the right half of the tongue towards the tip is observed with liver damage, the left half - with pathology of the spleen. The discovery of reddened papillae on the tip of the tongue indicates a disease of the pelvic organs; red papillae are higher along the edges and in the middle of the tongue - the lungs.

Changes in the surface of the tongue are most often observed in diseases not directly related to the pathology of the oral cavity.

Dry tongue mucosa can be a sign of a large number of diseases. Sometimes the reason lies in the production of insufficient saliva or thirst. The tongue can become dry when the body temperature rises, as well as in some serious diseases (for example, coma resulting from diabetes), intestinal obstruction, peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum). Often the dryness of the tongue is combined with a brown coating on it. Sometimes the mucous membrane loses so much moisture that cracks even appear on it.

In some diseases, for example, gastritis, gastric or duodenal ulcers, insufficient kidney function, appendicitis, cholecystitis, infectious diseases (for example, measles), as well as poisoning with poor-quality food or certain medications, the tongue changes its color due to for excess plaque.

This tongue looks slightly swollen and moist. Most often, it is covered with a thick white coating, due to which the papillae are practically invisible. Plaque is removed with a toothbrush, but after a while it becomes covered with plaque again.

If the color is pale, this indicates signs of anemia or lack of blood in the body. A whitish color indicates mucus disturbances. A weak white coating reflects a decrease in acidity in the stomach, accompanied by dysbacteriosis.

The general characteristic changes in the tongue indicated above indicate a close connection between the digestive organs: stomach, spleen, pancreas with the structures of the brain and psyche.

With a yellow coating of the tongue, there is excess heat in the body. With a fatty, muddy coating of the tongue - stagnation of food, accumulation of mucus, etc., with a spotted purple coating of the tongue - stagnation of blood. A thin coating of the tongue indicates an incipient disease (or superficial localization of the process), a thick coating of the tongue indicates a chronic disease (or deep localization of the process).

If the color is yellowish, there is excess bile in the gallbladder or a disorder in the liver. Yellow plaque increases with seasonal exacerbations of the liver and gallbladder. One of the signs of developing jaundice is yellowness in the lower part of the tongue, which is detected when it is raised to the palate.

If there is discoloration of the tongue, its flaccidity or elevation of its sphere, then this important organ has a defect. For example, if you see a tooth mark on the edges of the tongue, this indicates insufficient digestion of the intestines.

The cause of the disease with white plaque can be cold, humidity, or wind. If the white coating on the tongue, gradually thickening, becomes yellow and then gray and dark in color, this means the progression of the disease and, conversely, clearing and thinning of the coating indicates an improvement in the condition.

A coating that coats the tongue indicates toxins in the stomach, small intestine, or colon. If only the back of the tongue is coated, toxins are present in the colon; if the plaque is in the middle of the tongue, toxins are present in the stomach, duodenum and small intestine.

The line running down the middle of the tongue indicates excitement running along the spinal column. If this line is curved, it may indicate a deformity or curvature of the spine.

Red or yellow-green indicates bile disorders; with an exacerbation of gastric or duodenal ulcers, it may become too red, but moist.

A tongue with a black coating is an ominous indication of a disorder of the digestive system, especially the gallbladder and pancreas. Black plaque also indicates a violation of blood pH towards acidosis (acid-base balance), due to dehydration of the body.

It's another matter when such coloring is caused by a disease - Crohn's disease. At the same time, the amount of adrenal hormones in the body decreases, as a result of which an increased amount of melanin (the same pigment that is formed during tanning) is produced in the skin and mucous membranes. As a result, the tongue becomes covered with blue-black spots of various shapes and sizes, or even becomes black. At the same time, the color does not fade after cleaning and over time until the disease is treated.

The varnished tongue has a shiny, smooth, bright red surface due to atrophy of the taste buds. In some diseases, the number of papillae decreases, they become almost invisible, and sometimes are completely absent. Because of this, the tongue looks smooth and shiny, as does the entire mucous membrane of the mouth. Occurs in stomach cancer and chronic colitis. With pellagra (deficiency of nicotinic acid and vitamin B), the tongue is covered with a difficult-to-remove coating of black-brown color, with cracks resembling a chessboard. In the late stage of pellagra, the tongue acquires a red tint with a varnished surface - “cardinal tongue”.

A geographic tongue is characterized by the presence on its surface of areas of varying color and size with deep grooves and reliefs. Geographic tongue occurs in chronic lesions gastrointestinal tract, as well as in some forms of mental disorders. Using this language, you can almost immediately diagnose the allergic condition of individual organs.

If bright red spots appear against the background of a normal pink color, then the disappearance of the papillae is a sign of anemia (anemia). An enlarged, uniformly red, but not crimson, varnished tongue is most often a sign of metabolic disorders.

When examining the tongue, the following signs are often noted:

Deep imprints of teeth on the lateral surface and front of the tongue characterize a stressful state, hidden neuroses, and the more pronounced the neurosis, the clearer the imprints.

In case of severe infectious diseases, poisoning, accompanied by high fever, severe pneumonia, the tongue becomes red (crimson) in color.

In case of severe renal, toxic disorders, the tongue has a dark red color.

A pale, bloodless tongue indicates anemia and severe exhaustion of the body.

In advanced cases of cardiovascular disorders, a bluish tint of the tongue is observed. At the same time, a sharply cyanotic tongue is an ominous sign of imminent death.

In case of dysfunction of the cerebellum, cerebral circulation, hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke, the tongue is bent or deviated to the side.

A tongue with deep transverse fissures also indicates a predisposition to vascular disorders of the brain.

Flat ulcers on the tongue indicate a tuberculous process.

A black tongue may indicate cholera infection.

If there is plaque on the middle part of the tongue and a light red coloration of its tip and edges, one can think of a violation of the acid-forming function of the stomach.

Streaks of foam on both sides of the tongue indicate the presence of rheumatism.

With scarlet fever, the tongue resembles strawberries with sour cream - alternating white and red spots.

Trembling of the tongue indicates a brain disease or a deep neurotic disorder. Trembling of protruding tongue. A very clear sign of some diseases (for example, hyperthyroidism) is the shaking of the protruding tongue. In severe forms of the disease, the fingers, eyelids, and sometimes the whole body also tremble. In some neurological and mental diseases (for example, chorea), the protruding tongue deviates to the side.

Minor tremor of the tongue is observed in chronic alcoholics, moderate intensity tremor - in patients with neuroses, fibrillary twitching and atrophy of the tongue - in patients with damage to the medulla oblongata.

With anemia due to iron deficiency in the body, there is a burning and tingling sensation in the tongue area. With some types of anemia, a smooth, as if scraped tongue, devoid of the papillary layer, is observed.

Diabetes is characterized by a dry tongue, the surface of which has numerous cracks. In diabetic coma, the tongue may also acquire a brownish-brown color, which develops in patients with diabetes in the absence of proper treatment.

If the underside of the tongue is bluish in color, a circulatory disorder with cardiopulmonary insufficiency can be assumed. If the color is bluish, there is a defect in the heart.

Pale coloration of the underside of the tongue indicates pathology of the liver and gallbladder.

Bad feeling, for a long time a persistent temperature, abdominal pain and such a coating on the tongue are sufficient reasons to urgently consult a doctor, since the abscess can burst, causing peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum). In addition, a slightly lighter, but also gray coating appears on the tongue with diphtheria.

An enlarged, thick tongue is observed with inflammation, decreased function of the thyroid gland, disease of the pituitary gland, pathology of the reticular formation of the trunk, and mental illness.

Often the tip or side edges of the tongue fall between the teeth, and the person constantly bites it. As a result, you can see not only a clearly enlarged tongue, but also teeth marks along its edges. Such signs may indicate a decrease in the amount of thyroid hormones in the blood - hypothyroidism.

White or grayish-white spots on the tongue and on the mucous membrane of the cheeks appear most often due to constant irritation of the mucous membrane (for example, from smoking). Such spots themselves are not dangerous, but later they can cause the development of a malignant tumor.

Ulcers on the surface of the tongue are a wound that does not heal for a long time. Ulcers on the surface of the tongue may be a sign of Crohn's disease. This disease affects most of the digestive system, starting with the intestines. Ulcers can be different.

Ulcers in Crohn's disease are usually small, appear several at a time and cause a lot of discomfort. If one ulcer appears on the surface of the tongue (most often on the back) (it can be of different sizes), round or oval, with clear boundaries, with a bright red, shiny, hard surface - this is a sign of the primary period of syphilis.

A syphilitic ulcer almost never hurts. Its edges rise only slightly above the surface of the tongue or are on the same level with it. Sometimes its bottom may be covered with a grayish-yellow film.

Warts are growths of the skin or mucous membrane that almost never cause any discomfort to their owner because they do not hurt. The appearance of warts on the skin can be caused by a virus. This happens quite often. Warts rarely appear on mucous membranes, and even more so on the tongue, and therefore their appearance should alert you. For example, small warts that appear on the sides of the tongue closer to the root may be a sign
HIV infections.

According to observations, curvature of the tongue can be caused by somatic disorders. When one or another half of the body suffers: the left (spleen, left lung) or the right (liver, right lung), the corresponding half of the tongue changes in volume, and its tip deviates. This circumstance should be taken into account in neurology when assessing central paresis of the hypoglossal nerve.

Diagram of the location of the “zones of responsibility” of internal organs on the tongue.

Examples of observations of the condition of the tongue, which can serve as a hint to the practicing physician.

Diagnosis through visual examination of language plays a minor role in Tibetan medicine. However, this method can be used as a quick form of additional diagnostic testing to check for a range of symptoms.

If there is an imbalance, the tongue may have the following characteristics:

Condition of the tongue due to imbalance of Lung (wind) energy

Red.

With small dents along the edges.

Rough.

Condition of the tongue due to imbalance of Tripa energy (bile)

(Pale)-yellowish coating (more or less dense).

Slightly bitter taste.

"Dirty" in appearance.

Tongue condition due to energy imbalance Peken (mucus)

(Pale) whitish-gray coating (more or less dense).

The tongue is wet and sticky.

The tongue is somewhat swollen, as if inflamed.

Smooth surface.

Dull surface.

Other areas of examination

In the East, attention is paid to all parts of the body when examining a patient. Tibetan and Ayurvedic doctors can figure out a lot from a person’s face. For example: dark circles under the eyes - lack of qi energy in the kidneys; puffiness - kidney/spleen diseases; nervous traits - long-term yin/yang imbalance.

Brushes can also tell a lot. The color of the nail bed, discoloration of the nails, dryness or dampness, and the muscularity of the hands can be clues to certain conditions. The feet also provide a lot of information for the doctor.

The structure of the back, the balance of the shoulder girdle and pelvis are also important indicators of possible causes of the disease.

. Morozova O.G., Zdybsky V.I., Shcherbakov S.S., Yavlyansky Yu.V. The beauty of language diagnostics is its simplicity and efficiency. Whenever there is a complex disorder full of contradictions, language examination can help identify the underlying pathological process. The text is illustrated with 54 figures and 8 tables.

. Davydov M.A.
Diagnosis of the patient’s face helps the therapist (massage therapist) determine the “problem areas” of his body, and then carry out the appropriate correction of organs and systems by using the Wing Chun massage technique. Let's say a few words about the name of the Wing Chun technique, which translated means “eternal spring” and hints at a long-lasting state of youth. The Wing Chun massage technique is based on the step-by-step preparation of the human body (patient). E.I. Gonikman. The proposed atlas contains detailed descriptions and images of various types of faces, divided into zones, with their corresponding interpretation in Chinese medicine. Very important in this diagnosis is the ability to find out in advance about upcoming excesses inside the body and promptly correct them.

Basics of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Diagnosis by pulse, tongue, navel. DVD-rip. (2011). Educational video.
Seven questions about the face. Episode 6 from the “Mystical Asia” series DVD-rip. (2007). Documentary film. South Korea. What can a face tell about a person? It turns out that it carries 99% of the information about us.

What is Language?

Language is a term that has several meanings:

1. A system of phonetic, lexical and grammatical means, which is a tool for expressing thoughts, feelings, expressions of will and serves as the most important means of communication between people. Being inextricably linked in its emergence and development with a given human collective, language is a social phenomenon. Language forms an organic unity with thinking, since one does not exist without the other.

2. A type of speech characterized by certain stylistic features. Book language. Colloquial. Poetic language. Newspaper language. See speech in the 2nd meaning.

On the issue of the relationship between the concepts “language” and “speech”, different points of view have emerged in modern linguistics.

The connection and interaction of both phenomena was first noted by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure:

“Without a doubt, both of these subjects are closely related to each other and mutually presuppose each other: language is necessary for speech to be understood and produce” its effect; speech, in turn, is necessary for language to be established; historically, the fact of speech always precedes language. Following Ferdinand de Saussure, many researchers (V.D. Arakin, V.A. Artemov, O.S. Akhmanova, L.R. Zinder, T.P. Lomtev, A.I. Smirnitsky and others) differentiate these concepts, finding sufficient general methodological and linguistic grounds for this. Language and speech are contrasted on various grounds: a system of means of communication - the implementation of this system (the actual process of speaking), a system of linguistic units - their sequence in the act of communication, a static phenomenon - a dynamic phenomenon, a set of elements in a paradigmatic plan - their totality in a syntagmatic plan, the essence - phenomenon, general - separate (particular), abstract - concrete, essential - insignificant, necessary - random, systemic - non-systemic, stable (invariant) - variable (variable), usual - occasional, normative - non-normative, social - individual, reproducible - produced in the act of communication, code - exchange of messages, means - goal, etc. Individual linguists consistently make this distinction in relation to correlative units of different levels of language and speech: phoneme - specific sound, morpheme - syllable, lexeme - word, phrase - syntagma , sentence - phrase, complex syntactic whole - superphrasal unity. Other scientists (V.M. Zhirmunsky, G.V. Kolshansky, A.G. Spirkin, A.S. Chikobava) deny the difference between language and speech, identifying these concepts. Still others (E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, V.N. Yartseva), without contrasting or identifying language and speech, define them as two sides of one phenomenon, characterized by properties that are complementary and interconnected in nature.

1. Ya (English language) - a system of signs of any physical nature, serving as a means of human communication and thinking) in the proper sense of Ya words - a phenomenon that is socially necessary and historically conditioned. One of the immediate natural manifestations of language is speech as vocal and verbal communication.

2. Ya (English tongue) - an anatomical term denoting a muscle growth at the bottom of the oral cavity; takes part in the actors and is the organ of taste.

I-CONCEPT (eng. self-concept) is a developing system of a person’s ideas about himself, including: a) awareness of his physical, intellectual, characterological, social, etc. properties; b) self-esteem, c) subjective perception of external factors influencing one’s own personality. The concept of I-k. was born in the 1950s in line with phenomenological, humanistic psychology, whose representatives (A. Maslow, K. Rogers), in contrast to behaviorists and Freudians, sought to consider the holistic human self as a fundamental factor in behavior and personality development. Symbolic interactionism (C. Cooley, J. Mead) and the concept of identity (E. Erikson) also had a significant influence on the formation of this concept. However, the first theoretical developments in the field of Ya-k. undoubtedly belong to W. James, who divided the global, personal I (Self) into the interacting I-conscious (I) and I-as-object (Me).

I-k. often defined as a set of attitudes aimed at oneself, and then, by analogy with attitude, three structural components are distinguished in it: 1) a cognitive component - “self-image”, which includes the content of ideas about oneself; 2) the emotional-value (affective) component, which is the experienced attitude towards oneself as a whole or towards individual aspects of one’s personality, activities, etc.; This component, in other words, includes a system of self-esteem (English: self-esteem), 3) a behavioral component, which characterizes the manifestations of cognitive and evaluative components in behavior (including in speech, in statements about oneself).

I-k. - a holistic education, all components of which, although they have a relatively independent logic of development, are closely interconnected. It has conscious and unconscious aspects and is described from the point of view. the content of ideas about oneself, the complexity and differentiation of these ideas, their subjective significance for the individual, as well as internal integrity and consistency, coherence, continuity and stability over time.

In the literature there is no single scheme for describing the complex structure of the ego. Eg.* R. Berne represents J-k. in the form of a hierarchical structure. The top is the global I-k., which is concretized in the totality of the individual’s attitudes toward himself. These attitudes have different modalities: 1) the real I (what I think I really am); 2) ideal self (what I would like and/or should become); 3) mirror IXhow others see me). Each of these modalities includes a number of aspects - physical self, social self, mental self, emotional self.

The discrepancy between the “ideal self” and the “real self” is the basis for self-esteem feelings and serves as an important source of personality development, however, significant contradictions between them can become a source of intrapersonal

conflicts and negative experiences (see Inferiority complex).

Depending on what level - organism, social individual or personality - a person’s activity manifests itself, in the I-k. distinguish: 1) at the “organism-environment” level - a physical self-image (body diagram), caused by the need for the physical well-being of the organism; 2) at the level of the social individual - social identities: gender, age, ethnic, civil, social-role, associated with a person’s need to belong to a community; 3) at the level of the individual - a differentiating image of the Self, characterizing knowledge about oneself in comparison with other people and giving the individual a sense of his own uniqueness, providing for the needs for self-determination and self-realization. The last 2 levels are described in the same way as the 2 components of Y-k. (V.V. Stolin): 1) “connecting”, ensuring the unification of the individual with other people and 2) “differentiating”, promoting his isolation in comparison with others and creating the basis for a sense of one’s own uniqueness.

Also distinguished are the dynamic “I” (how, according to my ideas, I change, develop, what I strive to become), the “presented I” (“I-mask”, how I show myself to others), the “fantastic I”, the triad of chronological I: I -past, present self, future self, etc.

The most important function of the I-k. is to ensure the internal consistency of the individual and the relative stability of his behavior. The I-k itself is formed under the influence of a person’s life experience, primarily child-parent relationships, but quite early it acquires an active role, influencing the interpretation of this experience, the goals that the individual sets for himself, the corresponding system of expectations and forecasts regarding future, assessment of their achievement - and thereby on their own formation, personality development, activity and behavior. Correlation of concepts I-to. and self-awareness is not precisely defined. They often act as synonyms. At the same time, there is a tendency to consider I-k. as a result, the final product of the processes of self-awareness. (A.M. Parishioner.)

Language

A commonly accepted set of symbols or gestures that allows us to convey information and communicate with other members of our culture who speak the same language. The main problem with this definition is the degree to which it is stretchable. The debate surrounding attempts to teach animals human language leaves open the question of whether language can truly serve as a universal means of communication or whether linguistic subtleties are unique to human beings.

LANGUAGE

tongue, glossa) - an organ formed by striated muscle tissue; attached to the diaphragm of the mouth. In a language, there are apex, body and root. The skeletal muscles of the tongue connect it with the mental spine of the lower jaw, the hyoid bone and the styloid process of the temporal bone. The surface of the tongue is covered with a mucous membrane, which passes into the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and pharynx. On the lower surface of the tongue, the mucous membrane forms a fold - the frenulum of the tongue (frcnulum linguae). The surface of the tongue is covered with papillae (papillae), which give the tongue a rough appearance (see figure); the papillae are outgrowths of the lamina propria of the mucous membrane, covered with epithelium. Language performs three main functions. It helps move food through the mouth during chewing and swallowing, is an organ of taste, and plays an important role in articulate speech. Anatomical name: tongue (glossa).

LANGUAGE

Everyone knows the meaning of this term - language is what we speak, a set of arbitrary conventional symbols with which we convey meaning, a culturally determined pattern of vocal gestures that we learn by virtue of growing up in a certain place and time, the medium through which we encode our feelings, thoughts, ideas and experiences, the most unique and human of behaviors and the most common behavior of humans. However, in reality, the term can mean all of the above, none of these, or even things very different from these. The conviction that we know the meaning of the word language lasts only as long as we refrain from trying to clarify what we know. In order to appreciate the problems associated with the definition and use of this term, consider the following questions, (a) Is the system of manual signs used by completely deaf people a language? (b) Are synthetic systems designed to program computers real languages? (c) Can the invented coding systems of sociopolitical reformers, such as Esperanto, be classified as languages? (d) Should sequences of motor movements, body postures, gestures and facial expressions that convey meaning be considered language? (e) Is there a good reason to call the communication systems of other species, such as bees, dolphins, or chimpanzees, languages? (f) At what point can we conclude that the vocalizations produced by the infant have become language? These questions, and many others like them, are not easy to answer. They are given here to illustrate the complexity contained in this word, a complexity that renders any simple definition useless. See linguistics, paralinguistics, psycholinguistics, sign language, and related terms.

LANGUAGE

a system of signs that serves as a means of human communication, mental activity, a way of expressing self-awareness, transmission from generation to generation and storage of information. Historically, Japan arose thanks to labor and joint activities of people. It exists and is realized through speech, which is successive (linear), presuppositional (referring to encyclopedic knowledge), situational, and incomplete. Inaccuracy in the expression of thoughts may. cause of conflicts. Therefore, the poorer a person’s self, the smaller his vocabulary, the more difficult it is for him to organize good communication, the more often conflicts may arise. "My tongue is my enemy". Conflicts also arise due to the use of conflict-generating words, expressions and gestures. Ya plays an important role in the activities of conflict experts and other persons in conflict resolution. All information impact of a conflictologist on the participants in the conflict is carried out mainly with the help of the Self. Conflictology as a science is information recorded with the help of the Self. See Language of Conflictology

Language

A system of signs that serves as a means of interhuman communication and mental activity, a way of expressing a person’s self-awareness, transmitting information from generation to generation. Language exists and is realized through speech. The English neuropsychologist Critchly (M. Critchly, 1974) considers language as “the expression and perception of thoughts and feelings through verbal symbols.”

LANGUAGE

a system of signs of any physical nature that serves as a means of human communication, mental activity, a way of expressing self-awareness, and transmission. information from generation to generation. Historically, the basis for the emergence of the self is labor and the joint activities of people. The language can be natural (the language of words) or artificial (the language of programming, the language of mathematics, the language of descriptions of operator activities, etc.). One of the direct manifestations of the natural self is speech as vocal and verbal communication.

LANGUAGE

1) a system of signs of any configuration, serving as a means of human (including national) communication, as well as thinking; 2) a means of storing and transmitting information; 3) one of the means of controlling human behavior; 4) one of the foundations of ethnicity, ensuring the unity of both the ethnic group, the state, and the entire society as a whole. The language of words is a socio-psychological phenomenon, socially necessary and historically conditioned. The natural manifestation of the language is speech. The national language is a means of communication, accumulation and expression of experience by representatives of specific ethnic communities, influencing their national-psychological characteristics (q.v.) and forming their national self-awareness (q.v.). Self lies at the basis of culture, expresses it, is the most important mechanism of formation, self-determination, differentiation ethnos, a means of social advancement. Along with religion, it ensures the development of ethnic identification. A change in identity or its loss stimulates assimilation (see), acculturation (see) of the ethnic group. The characteristic features of identity are: specificity, determined by ideas about its uniqueness and independence; social prestige, which is based on communicative value (prevalence). The functions of the self are varied - communicative^ and integration, political. With the help of language, channels of communication with a foreign ethnic environment and familiarization with other cultures of other peoples are created. Attachment to the native language determines the painful reaction to persecution of the language, the ease of mobilization in the corresponding movements, and the readiness to respond to the call to speak out in its defense. On the basis of language, ethnolinguistic communities are formed, and the ethnic group is divided into parts united by a single language. German is spoken by Germans and Austrians, Spanish is spoken by Spaniards and the peoples of Latin America, English is spoken by the British, Americans, Australians, New Zealanders, Kabardian-Circassian is spoken by Kabardians and Circassians, Belgians speak French and Walloon, Mari - Mountain Mari and Lugomari, Mordovians - to Moksha and Erzya. Language is part of the symbolic resources of power (political and ethnic), along with the banner, coat of arms, etc. The right to speak and write in one’s native language is part of collective, ethnic rights. The status of the ethnic group determines linguistic equality or inequality, and reflects the general position of the ethnic group in society (privileged, dominant or discriminated against). The language issue most often becomes aggravated with high consolidation of an ethnic group and with the implementation of a policy of language imposition. On this basis, ethnolinguistic movements arise. Language exists in various forms: oral, colloquial or literary, unwritten and written; operates at the level - national, local, local. Accordingly, the following are distinguished: the language of interethnic communication; official, used in government; regional; local, including tribal, dialects; autochthonous or national, native or foreign.

Language is a unique collection of sounds and symbols, each of which has a specific meaning. Language is an important tool for human interaction and communication. Thanks to language, we can express our thoughts in tangible speech form.

Language is not only a means of communication, it is also the historical memory of every people. Each language reflects the spiritual culture and centuries-old history of each nation.

Language is a social phenomenon, because it is impossible to master it without social relations. A person does not have the gift of speech from the moment of birth. After all, a small child begins to talk only when he manages to learn to repeat the phonetic sounds that the people around him make, and thanks to the ability to think, he gives them the correct meaning.

The emergence of language

In the first stages of its emergence, language consisted of inarticulate sounds made by primitive people and was accompanied by active gesticulation. Later, with the advent of Homo sapiens, language takes on an articulated form, thanks to his ability to think abstractly.

Thanks to language, primitive people began to exchange experiences and plan their joint actions. Articulate language brought ancient people to a new stage of their evolutionary development, and became another factor that could bring humans to a higher level from other biological species.

Also during this period, the language acquired a mystical coloring; ancient people believed that certain words had magical properties that helped stop an impending natural disaster: this is how the first magic spells appeared.

Functions of modern language

The main functions of modern language are communicative and mental. The main one, of course, is communicative: thanks to language, people can communicate with each other, convey the necessary information to each other, express their thoughts, feelings, and wishes.

With the help of the mental function of language, a person not only has the opportunity to convey his thoughts to others, but also forms his own with the help of language.

Along with those mentioned above, there is also such a function of language as epistemological or cognitive - a person analyzes all the information received from other members of society, thanks to this the process of scientific knowledge of the surrounding world arises.

Language also has an aesthetic function, which is most often used in works of art. Thanks to its use in literature, such a language gives people a feeling of aesthetic pleasure, it provokes them to emotions, makes the human soul worry.

Language development and society development

The development of language is inextricably linked with the development of society. Language is a living organism that is influenced by historical, political and social changes in the life of the public.

Under the influence of time, some words die out and go out of use forever; in their place, new words come into the language that best meet the requirements of the time.

Language is, of course, a huge gift for humanity. Therefore, we must appreciate it, try not to litter it with profanity and parasitic words, because by doing this we are causing great harm, first of all, to the centuries-old culture of our people and our personality.

The meaning of the word LANGUAGE in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language

A mobile, elongated muscular organ in the oral cavity in humans and vertebrates, with the help of which the process of chewing and swallowing food is carried out and its taste qualities are revealed.

Ott. Such an organ is like an organ of taste.

Ott. Such an organ involved in the formation of speech sounds (in humans).

A muscular organ of some animals (usually cow, veal or pig).

Ott. A dish prepared from such a muscular organ of some animals (usually cow, veal or pork).

A metal rod in a bell or bell that, when struck against a wall, produces a ringing sound.

The name of something that has an elongated, elongated shape.

A historically established system of verbal expression of thoughts, which has a certain sound, lexical and grammatical structure and serves as a means of communication in human society.

Ott. Such a system as a subject of study or teaching.

A set of means of expression in verbal creativity.

Ott. A type of speech that has certain characteristic features.

Ott. A manner of expression characteristic of someone.

The ability to speak, expressing one's thoughts verbally.

A system of signs conveying information; something that serves as a means of interactive communication, description and presentation of programs and algorithms for solving problems in a form that allows them to be executed and solved by computer means.

Something that expresses or explains something.

An enemy captured in order to obtain from him any necessary information.

IV m. obsolete

the same as people, nationality, nation

V m. outdated

Translator, guide.

Large modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. 2012