Exercises on all types of conditional sentences in English. Conditional sentences
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On the way to learning English, students face many difficulties, and conditional sentences are considered one of the difficult moments.
This methodological development is a reference material with exercises on the topic “Conditional sentences”. We offer theoretical material, carefully selected for school students, and practical assignments for each type of conditional sentence. To make learning more effective, we recommend using an interactive digital educational resource (presentation). The information is placed in such a way that it is easy for the teacher to navigate. The presentation is equipped with hyperlinks and interactive exercises that will make learning more productive and interesting. By completing the exercises, students can check the correctness of their answers. The correct answer appears by pressing the left mouse button (by clicking). This methodological development can be used at different levels of education, either in separate blocks or completely. The teacher can choose the material and exercises for the lesson. It is possible to use this development to prepare for the Unified State Exam, Olympiads and other various competitions in the English language.
Conditional sentences- these are complex sentences in which the subordinate clause names the condition, and the main clause names the consequence, the result of this condition. Both condition and consequence can refer to the present, past and future. Subordinate clauses of conditions are most often introduced by the conjunction if If. Unlike the Russian language, a comma is placed in a complex sentence only if the subordinate clause is before the main clause, and then this rule is not always observed.
Conditional sentences are usually divided into three types depending on how probable the event in question is. These three types are the main ones, but in fact there are more of them.
ZERO CONDITIONAL
In such sentences we are not talking about one specific situation, but about something that is always true - such a “universal truth”.
If we heat water it boils. – If we heat the water, it will boil.
The Present Simple is used in both parts of the sentence.
If + Present Simple + Present Simple
If you heat ice, it melts.
In conditional sentences of zero type, the conjunction if can be replaced by a conjunction when:
When I am late, my father takes me to school.
When I'm late, my father takes me to school.
When he comes to town, we have dinner together.
When he comes to town, we have dinner together.
EXERCISES:
TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES:
1) If I am late for work, my chief is angry.
2) A person doesn't eat meat if he/she is a vegetarian.
3) If I get up early, my father drives me to school.
4) Everything is wet if it rains.
TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES:
1) If you want a good job, you must study well.
2) You shouldn't eat a lot if you want to lose weight.
3) If you store coffee in the freezer, the aroma lasts longer.
4) The dog is happy when he sees his owner
I TYPE (THE FIRST TYPE OF CONDITIONALS)
The first type of conditional sentences is called real, because fulfilling the conditions in these proposals is entirely feasible.
Despite the Russian translation, the conditional part of the sentence is expressed only using the Present tense (usually Present Simple). And in the main part the future tense is used.
The proposal scheme is constructed as follows:
CONDITIONAL CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + Present Simple + shall/will + Infinitive
If you finish your homework, we shall go to the cinema.
In the Russian translation, both parts of the sentence will be in the future tense.
If you finish your homework, we will go to the cinema.
Besides if, words and phrases such as: when, as soon as(as soon as), before, until.
When she reads the letter, she will become nervous.
As soon as you are ready, I"ll drive you home.
The conjunction is also used in conditional sentences unless(unless / unless) which can be replaced by if + not(negation). After the union unless the predicate verb is put in the affirmative form, since the conjunction unless already contains negation.
She will forget about it unless we remind her.
She will forget about it unless we remind her.
She will forget about it if we don"t remind her.
A subordinate clause that usually begins with the word if, can appear either at the beginning of a conditional clause (before the main clause) or at the end. If it comes at the beginning, then a comma is placed after it. If it comes at the end, then a comma is not placed before it.
If you leave now, you"ll catch the train.
You"ll catch the train if you leave now.
EXERCISES:
USE THE REQUIRED FORM:
1. If it______, we won't go to the park.
a) will rain
b) rains
c) will not rain
d) doesn't rain
2. You won't pass the exam,______ you work hard.
a) if
b) when
c) unless
d) soon as
3.When we_____ ready, I’ll call you.
a) shall be
b) are
4. You will pay back, as soon as you_____ a new job.
a) find
b) will find
5. I will see you when you______ in Moscow next time.
a) are
b) will be
6. What will you do when you______ out the truth?
a) will find out
b) have found out
c) find out
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES, PUTTING THE VERBS INTO THE CORRECT FORM:
1.If you (to be) free, I (to come) to see you.
2. If I (to see) her, I (to be) glad.
3. If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) you alone.
4. If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Gallery every year.
5. If she (to know) English, she (to try) to enter the university.
6. If mother (to buy) a cake, we (to have) a very nice tea part
TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:
1. If you finish your homework on time, we will go to the cinema.
2. The match will be canceled if it rains.
3. You'll be late if you don't hurry up.
4. I will buy a car if my salary is increased.
5. If you are late, please call me.
6. If I see her, I will say hello to her from you.
II TYPE (THE SECOND TYPE OF CONDITIONALS)
Conditional sentences of the second type in English describe events of the present and future tense. The situations described in such sentences are unreal (impossible, incredible, imaginary). Such proposals have an impossible, hypothetical connotation. Please note that these sentences are translated into Russian in the subjunctive mood, with the particle “would”.
If it rained, you would stay at home.
If it rained, you would stay home.
The proposal scheme is constructed as follows:
CONDITIONAL CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + Simple Past + would + Infinitive
Union If |
Condition |
Result |
Certainty |
| If | If you were more serious about your work If You belonged take your job seriously |
you could finish it in time. You I wish I could finish her on time. |
could meaning "to be able to". The result indicates opportunity |
| If | If they were late again, If they were late, |
I would not let them in. I wouldn't let them in. |
would The speaker is confident in the result |
| If | If you requested them more politely, If You appealed be more polite to them |
They might help you. They, Maybe, would help you. |
might meaning "maybe", "possibly" |
IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER:
1. To give a request or proposal a greater shade of politeness, conditional sentences of the second type are used.
It would be nice if she helped me.
It will be good if she helps me. (A more polite request is a conditional sentence of the second type.)
2. The verb to be in the past tense will always be were and never - was!
If he were here, he would help us.
If he were here, he would help us.
If I were you, I would drive more carefully in the rain. – If I were you, I would drive more carefully in the rain (but I’m not in your place).
EXERCISES:
If he arrived, I would tell her the story.
If I saw her, I would go on vacation.
If I finished the work this week, I would plant the vegetables.
If it rained next week, he would hear the news.
CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM:
1.If you spoke a foreign language, you_____ a better job.
a)could get b) can get c) have got
2.
If I _____
the time, I would go to the beach this weekend.
a) have had b) had c) was
3.If I had a lot of money, I _______
round the world.
a) would travel b) did travel c) can travel
4. If I ______
you, I would drive more carefully in the rain.
a) was b) have been c) were
TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES:
1.If he had finished his project, he would have taken part in the conference.
2. If I were you, I would visit the elderly lady.
3.What would you do if you won a prize?
4.I would agree if I was invited to travel around the world.
III TYPE (THE THIRD TYPE OF CONDITIONALS)
Conditional sentences of type III express unreal conditions, since they are talking about
about events that have already happened or have not happened in the past. This model is used when you need to report a missed opportunity. To Russian
translated by the subjunctive mood (past tense form with the particle would).
If I had been free yesterday, I would have joined you.
If I had been free yesterday, I would have joined you.
The proposal scheme is constructed as follows:
CONDITIONAL CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + Past Perfect+ would
could + have + Participle II
should
might
Union If |
Condition |
Result |
Certainty |
| If | If you had known | you would have assisted in it solving (would you help in solving it) | Despite the fact that this did not happen, the speaker is confident in the result |
| If | If you had known | you could have assisted | |
| If | If you had known about this problem (would you know about this problem) | you might have assisted in it solving (you could help in solving it) | Although this did not happen, the result only indicates the possibility |
| If | If you had known about this problem (would you know about this problem) | you should have assisted in it solving (you should help in solving it) | Although this did not happen, the result contains a good solution or advice. |
IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER:
1. As in other conditional sentences, the conditional part can come before the main one and vice versa.
If they had finished work on time they would have already gone for a walk.
If they had finished work on time, they would have already gone for a walk.
2. The conditional part of a sentence may contain inversion to express emotionality.
Had I known about it beforehand I wouldn't have made such a terrible mistake!
If I had known about this in advance, I would not have made such a terrible mistake!
3. General and special questions are formed analytically, that is, by rearranging the members of the sentence.
Would we have arrived on time if we hadn't missed the train?
Where would you have lived if you had found your relatives?
COULD and MIGHT in conditional sentences:
The modal verbs COULD and MIGHT are often used in the main clause of conditionals, and COULD is sometimes used in a subordinate clause with an unreal condition. Note that MAY is not usually used in conditionals with an unreal clause.
If we had left before five, we could have caught the six o"clock train. (We didn"t leave before five, and we didn"t catch the six o"clock train.)
If we had left before five, we could have caught the six o'clock train. (We didn't leave until five, and we missed the six o'clock train.)
If he hadn't met Maria, he might have remained a bachelor.
If he had not met Maria, he might have remained a bachelor.
BUT FOR and IF NOT FOR
Sometimes the clause of an unreal condition is replaced by the construction BUT FOR (or IF NOT FOR) + a noun or pronoun. Such constructions can be used in situations related to the past or present.
But for the children, they would have divorced years ago. – If it hadn’t been for the children, they would have divorced years ago.
If it weren't for the children, they would have divorced long ago. “If it weren’t for the children, they would have divorced long ago.”
If not for her, he would never have become such a good doctor. – If it hadn’t been for her, he would never have become such a good doctor. – If not for her, he would never have become such a good doctor. – If not for her, he would never have become such a good doctor.
EXERCISES:
MATCH THE PARTS OF THE SENTENCES:
If I had learned English before, I would have joined you.
If Jim had driven the car yesterday, you would
have passed
the exam well.
If you had studied properly, I could have found a good job long ago.
If I had been free yesterday, he might have met with an accident.
CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM:
1. I wouldn't have come to the party yesterday if I ________ invited there.
a) was b) hadn’t been c) wasn’t
2. Would they _________us if we had lost all our luggage?
a) had helped b) help c) have helped
3. If she hadn’t put on a short dress she wouldn’t _______ such attention.
a) attract b) have attracted c) attracted
4. If you ________me up, I should have told you something.
a) rang b) have rung c) had rung
TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES:
1.If you hadn’t forgotten your key at work, you would have opened the door.
2. He would not have married her if she had not cooked so wonderfully.
3.You would have understood the material from yesterday's lesson much better if you had read more slowly.
4.The conference would have failed if Peterson had not made such a wonderful report.
5. I might have answered you earlier if I had accurate information on this issue.
6.We would not have gone to this resort if the children had not asked.
MIXED CONDITIOALS
There may be cases in which one part of a sentence refers to the present or future and the other part refers to the past. Such constructions are called mixed type conditional sentences. Sentences of mixed type are, as it were, “glued together” from conditional sentences of the second and third types.
If you were more attentive, you would have passed the exam yesterday.
If you had been more attentive, you would have passed this exam yesterday.
The proposal scheme is constructed as follows:
CONDITIONAL CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + Past Simple (II type) + would+have+Participle II (III type)
If + Past Perfect (III type) + would+infinitive (II type)
If you were more attentive, you would have passed the exam yesterday.
If you had taken the medicine, you would fee l much better now.
| Union If | Condition |
Result |
Certainty |
| If | If you were more attentive, (If you were more attentive) | you would have passed the exam yesterday. (then I would have passed yesterday this exam.) | If you had been “more attentive” in general (yesterday, today, tomorrow) - an unlikely, but still real condition (second type), then yesterday (which you can’t get back), you would have passed this exam - an unrealistic consequence of the condition related to the past. |
| If | If you had taken the medicine in the morning, (If you took the medicine in the morning,) | you would feel much better now. (That Now I would feel much better.) | The morning has already ended, so this is an unreal condition belonging to the past. (third type). “You would feel much better now” is a very real consequence of the stated condition, relating to the current moment. |
EXERCISES:
MATCH THE PARTS OF THE SENTENCES:
If I had accepted that job, I would be a millionaire now.
If I had married him, I would have invited them to lunch.
If I were a good cook, I would live happy now.
If I didn't love him, I wouldn't have married him.
CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM:
1. If you were always near I _________ in the forest.
a) wouldn’t get lost b) didn’t get lost c) wouldn’t have got lost
2. You would get a better mark today if you _______over the material yesterday.
a) had looked b) have looked c) looked
3. If you hadn't wasted your time on computer games you ________the final exam.
a) wouldn’t have failed b) wouldn’t fail c) have failed
4. If I knew her well I___________ her invitation.
a) have accepted b) had accepted c) would have accepted
TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES:
1.If I didn’t love him, I wouldn’t have married him.
2. If I had been invited, I would have come.
3. If I was a good cook, I would invite them to dinner.
4. If I knew English, I would find a better job.
5. If you had been more attentive, you would have passed this exam yesterday.
OFFERS WITH “I WISH”
Sentences with “I wish” are used to express regret, disappointment, sadness when something so desired does not work out or did not work out before. They have a lot in common with conditional sentences. For this purpose they contain the word wish(sorry not).
I wish I knew what to do about the problem. – It’s a pity that I don’t know what to do with this problem (and I’m sorry).
In English, sentences with “I wish” can be of three types:
We are talking about the present tense. This phrase is an expression of regret about the present.
We are talking about the past tense. This phrase is an expression of regret about the past.
we wish for something to happen in the future, we regret the present.
The proposal scheme is constructed as follows:
wish + Past Simple / Past Continuous
wish + past perfect
wish + would + infinitive
I wish I knew the answer.
I wish you hadn’t been so rude to my parents yesterday.
I wish you would stop playing computer games and spend some time with me!
| Type | Explanation | Example | Translation |
| wish + Past Simple / Past Continuous | We regret anything in the present, but we can't change |
I wish I lived in France. | What a pity that I don't live in France. |
| wish + past perfect | We regret the past. | I wish I had listened to my parents when I was a teenager. | It's a pity that I didn't listen to my parents when I was a teenager. |
| wish + would | We express our dissatisfaction with the current state of affairs |
I wish you would call your Granny more often. | It would be nice if you called grandma more often. |
EXERCISES:
TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES:
1. I wish I knew the answer.
2. I wish I didn’t have to work tomorrow.
3. I wish you hadn’t been so rude to my parents yesterday.
4. I wish you had told me about your plans in advance.
5. I wish we would go with you!
6. I wish you would stop playing computer games and spend some time with me!
TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES:
1. It's a pity that I don't know what to do about this problem (and I'm sorry).
2. It's a pity that you have to go.
3. I wish I had said that.
4. I wish I had studied hard at school.
5. It's a pity that I don't speak Italian.
6. It’s a pity that I didn’t take a camera.
Hello my dear readers.
When you hear the phrase " Relative Clause" - What are you thinking about? Russian people, who do not like to clutter their heads with all sorts of terms, will not immediately come up with an answer. But if you hint them at the words that, which or who, which are often found in texts, they immediately understand what we are talking about.
Yes, subordinate clauses, or relative clauses grammar: - the topic of today's conversation. I will try to tell you in the simplest way what, how and for what it is used. We will also look at the translation and defining words, which are used in this rule. At the end we will definitely consolidate the knowledge gained
What is it and how to use it?
Relative clause- or in Russian a attributive clause, is part of a complex sentence that depends on the main one. It usually combines two small sentences into one or simply adds new interesting information to make it clearer, let's see an example.
I have a mother who works as a doctor.— I have a mother who works as a doctor.
I missed the bus that was going to take me to church.- I missed the bus that was supposed to take me to church.
What does the rule tell us?
The rule states that in English, attributive clauses can be like identifying(restrictive) or non-identifying(distributive).
To put it simply, the first determine something important in the sentence, the latter do not define. Typically, non-identifying clauses can be separated by commas and therefore removed from the sentence.
For example:
This is the new computer that I bought yesterday. - This is a new computer that I bought yesterday.
She was pleased with the present that her father gave her. - She was happy about the gift her father gave her.
In these examples, the part of the text after the word that is defining, because if they are removed, the sentence will lose important semantic meaning. They should in no way be skipped or removed altogether.
Here's a good example to help you understand the significant difference.
The students, who had revised the material, passed the test.
The students who had revised the material passed the test.
If you remember the rule, then a subordinate clause separated by commas can be deleted from the text. Therefore, it turns out that in the first case all students passed the test (including those who repeated). But in the second case, it was those who repeated before the test who passed it!
Do you feel the difference?
When and how are who, that, which used?
The most common words used in relative clause are who, which, that.
- Who used only with living beings: people, animals (namely your own ones that you know!), etc.
The girl who was my age had already won this competition.- A girl who was the same age as me had already won this competition.
- Which Used only with inanimate objects.
The catalog which you ordered yesterday will arrive tomorrow. — The catalog you ordered yesterday will arrive tomorrow.
- That used with both animate and inanimate nouns.
The book that is on the table is a present for Joe’s birthday.— The book that lies on the table is a gift for Joe’s birthday.
If you want to know more about complex sentences in English, then please. If you are interested in all grammar, then mine will be very useful.
To make it much easier for you to master this topic, I have prepared exercises for you to practice (The answers will be at the end of the article, but please don’t peek until you’ve done it;)).
1. That is the shop ____ was awarded as the best shop in the city.
2. The girl ____ brother goes with me to the gym is a good singer.
3. The man ____ broke into our house was caught in two days.
4. She visits her grandmother ____ lives in countryside every summer.
5. She was wearing a dress ___ looked like princess’.
6. The bookshelf ____ we bought last week has broken down.
7. The man ___ was sitting on the bench turned around and saw his granddaughter.
8. A woman ____ son was crying paid no attention to him.
9. The woman ____ car had broken down on her way home spent 3 hours waiting for help.
10. My best friend ____ I have known for years will never let me down.
11. He didn’t follow the instructions ____ he was given, so he failed to pass the test.
12. The girl ___ lived next door was very shy and couldn’t say a word to protect herself at school.
13. I need to buy a laptop ____ can work up to 5 hours without a charger.
14. My father ___ is a doctor has no idea how to repair a car.
15. The photo ____ is placed on the mantel was taken at the picnic two years ago.
Well, I hope you are now armed with complete knowledge and ready to tackle any subordinate clauses in English. Trying to understand the English language, you can get lost in three pines. This is when you need the help of a professional teacher. Ask your questions - I will be glad to answer them.
In the meantime, I say goodbye.
Until new interesting meetings!
Answers:
1. which
2.whose
3. who
4.who
5. that
6. that
7. who
8. whose
9.whose
10. whom
11.that
12. who
13.that
14. who
15. that
RELATIVE CLAUSES
1 Underline any relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.
1 I think that my boss is the personwho I most admire.
2 Harry, who was tired, went to bed very early.
3 Were taking the train that leaves at 6.00.
4 Have you seen the book that I left here on the desk?
5 The film which we liked most was the French one.
6 My radio, which isn’t very old, has suddenly stopped working.
7 The clothes which you left behind are at the reception desk.
8 The couple who met me at the station took me out to dinner.
9 Last week I ran into an old friend who I hadn’t seen for ages.
10 Don’t cook the meat that I put in the freezer - it’s for the dog.
2 Replace the relative pronouns initalics with that, where possible.
1 This is the magazine which I told you about.
... This is the magazine that I tild you about .............................
2 John's flat which is in the same block as mine, is much larger.
3 The girl whose bag I offered to carry turned out to be an old friend.
4 The policeman who arrested she had recognized her car.
5 I work with someone who knows you.
6 We don't sell goods which have been damaged.
7 Brighton which is on the south coast, is a popular holiday resort.
8 I don't know anyone whose clothes would fit you.
9 There's a cafe near here which serves very good meals.
10 People who park outside get given parking tickets.
3 Underline the most suitable word in each sentence.
1 My friend Jack, that/who / whose parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland.
2 Here's the computer program that/whom /whose I told you about.
3 I don't believe the story that/who /whom she told us.
4 Peter comes from Witney, that/who /which is near Oxford.
5 This is the gun with that/whom/which the murder was committed.
6 Have you received the parcel whom/whose /which we sent you?
7 Is this the person who/which /whose you asked me about?
8 That's the girl that/who /whose brother sits next to me at school.
9 The meal, that / which /whose wasn’t very tasty, was quite expensive.
10 We didn't enjoy the playthat/who /whose we went to see.
4 Put one suitable word in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.
MURDER AT THE STATION by Lorraine Small Episode 5: Trouble on the 6.15 The story so far:
Jane Platt, (1) ….who... is traveling to London because of a mysterious letter, is the only person (2)............................witnesses a murder at Victoria Station. The detective to (3)......................... she gives her statement then disappears. Jane goes to an office in Soho to answer the letter (4).................................she had received . There she discovers that her uncle Gordon, (5)................................. lives in South America, has sent her a small box (6)........................ she is only to open if in trouble. Jane,(7)......................... parents have never mentioned an Uncle Gordon, is suspicious of the box, (8)... ........................ she gives to her friend Tony. They go to Scotland Yard and see Inspector Groves, (9)...................has not heard of the Victoria Station murder, (10).................... was not reported to the police. Jane gives Inspector Groves the murdered man's ticket, (11)......................... she found beside his body. Then Jane and Tony decide to go to Redhill, (12).................................. was. The town ( 13)......................... the murdered man had come from. On the train they meet a man, (14)....... ........................... face is somehow familiar to Jane, (15)............ ............ says he knows her Uncle Gordon …
5 Put a suitable relative pronoun in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.
1 My bike, ...wich............ I had left at the gate, had disappeared.
2 The shoes........................ I bought were the ones...... .................... I tried on first.
3 The bag in........................the robbers put the money was found later.
4 The medicine........................the doctor gave me had no effect at all.
5 Peter,...................................couldn’t see the screen, decided to change his seat.
6 I really liked that tea........................ you made me this morning.
7 What was the name of your friend................................... tent we borrowed?
8 The flight........................................ Joe was leaving on was cancelled.
6 Make one sentence from each group of sentences, beginning as shown.
1 The hotel was full of guests. The hotel was miles from anywhere. The guests hadgone there to admire the scenery.
The hotel, which. ..was miles from anywhere was full of guests who had gone there to admire the scenery......
2 I tape you a book. It was written by a friend of mine. She lives in France.
The book I................................................... ........................................................ ..........
3 A woman’s handbag was stolen. A police officer was staying in the same hotel. The woman was interviewed by him.
The woman whose................................................... ............................................
4 A goal was scored by a teenager. He had come on as substitute. This goal won the match.
The goal which........................................................ ........................................................ .....
5 I was sitting next to a boy in the exam. He told me the answers.
The boy I........................................................ ........................
6 My wallet contained over £100. It was found in the street by a schoolboy. He returned it.
My wallet......................................................... ........................................................ ............
7 My friend Albert has decided to buy a motorbike. His car was stolen last week. My friend Albert,................................................... ................................
8 Carol is a vegetarian. I cooked a meal for her last week. She enjoyed it. Carol................................................... ........................................................ ....................
7 Make one new sentence from each pair of sentences. Begin as shown, and use the word given in capitals.
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Brenda is a friend. I went on holiday with her. Brenda is... the friend who I went on holiday................................. |
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This is Mr Smith. His son Bill plays in our team. This is Mr Smith................................................... ......................................... |
WHOSE |
|
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Her book was published last year. It became a best seller. Her book................................................ ........................................................ .. |
WHICH |
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This is the bank. We borrowed the money from it. This is the bank from................................................... ........................................ |
WHICH |
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I told you about a person. She is at the door. The person........................................ ................................................... |
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Jack's car had broken down. He had to take a bus. Jack................................................... ........................................................ ......... |
WHOSE |
8 Make one sentence from each group of sentences, beginning as shown.
1 I got on a train. I wanted to go to a station. The train didn't stop there.
The train I.. got on didn"t stop at the station I wanted to go to ......................
2 I read a book. You recommended a book to me. This was the book.
The book I................................................... ........................................................ .......................
3 The ship hit an iceberg and sank. Warning messages had been sent to it. The ship ignored these.
The ship..................................................... ........................................................ ...........................
4 The postman realized I was on holiday. You had sent me a parcel. The postman left it next door.
The postman......................................................... ........................................................ ...................
5 I used to own a dog. People came to the door. The dog never barked at them. The dog I........................................................ ........................................................ ...........................
6 I bought my bike from a woman. She lives in a house. You can see the house over there.
The woman I................................................... ........................................................ ...................
7 We went to a beach on the first day of our holiday. It was covered in seaweed. This smelled a lot.
The beach we........................................................ ........................................................ ...............
8 My neighbors have three small children. The children make a lot of noise.
My neighbors never apologize.
My neighbors......................................................... ........................................................ ...............
9 I bought a new computer. It cost me a lot of money.
The new................................................ ........................................................ ...........................
9 These sentences are all grammatically possible, but not appropriate in speech. Rewrite each sentence so that it ends with the preposition in italics.
1 Margaret is the girl with whom I went on holiday.
... Margaret is the girl I went on holiday ..........................
2 The golf club is the only club of which I am a member.
3 That's the girl about whom we were talking.
4 It was a wonderful present, for which I was extremely grateful.
5 This is the school to which I used to go.
6 Is this the case in which we should put the wine glasses?
7 Can you move the chair on which you are sitting?
8 That's the shop from which I got my shoes.
9 Is that the person next to whom you usually sit?
10 This is Bill, about whom you have heard so much.
We continue to practice conditional (Conditional Sentences in the Future) and temporary sentences (Adverbial Clauses of time in the Future) in the future. We always start with simple exercises, namely:
First, you need to understand and memorize subordinating conjunctions (linking words). Learning from a list is a fool’s errand; The safest option is to keep track of conjunctions in sentences. Exercises with conjunctions: ; have already been written. When translating English conditional and tense sentences, it is necessary to understand the difference between
Secondly, you need to “see” in English sentences the grammatical rule for forming subordinate clauses of conditions and tenses in the future. To do this, you need to read as many English sentences as possible in a given grammatical field. Then the new, newly learned grammar will be recognizable.
Having dealt with conjunctions and mastered the basic rule of conditional and temporary subordinate clauses in the future, you can move to the intermediate level.
In the following sentences you need to open the brackets and put the verbs in the right tense. It goes without saying that the sentences must be translated.
1. Before John (to start) for London he (to come) to my place to say good-bye.
2. You (to invite) Tom to our party when you (to see) him?
3. Your granny (to be amazed) when you (to see) the view.
4. I (to catch) the train if I (to take) a taxi?
5. You (not to go) until I (to know) the truth.
6. You (to phone) me as soon as you arrive in London?
7. If Ann (to look after) the luggage, I (to buy) the tickets.
8. What he (to do) if he (to fail) his exam?
9. You (to have) a bicycle of your own when you (to be) older.
10. If a beggar (to ask) you for money, you (to give) him any?
11. What did you (to do) when you (to graduate from) your University?
12. Let’s go to the cafe when the concert (to be over).
13. I hope we (to see) before you (to leave).
14. You (to forgive) Tom if he (to apologize) to you?
15. Stay at home until your husband (to return). Give him the note as soon as he (to come).
16. What do you (to do) if you (to want; to hire) a taxi?
17. If I (to meet) Mary today I (to speak) to her.
18. The child (not to improve) unless his elder brother (to set) him a good example.
19. You (must; to help) him if he (to be) in trouble.
20. Henry (to be busy) when we (to return) home?
21. I (not to go) to the party unless you (to come) with me.
22. You (can; to play) the piano if you (to like).
23. The boy (to complain) if I (to punish) him?
24. Don’t get off the bus until it (to stop).
25. You (can; to do) this work If he (to fail) you?
26. I (not to express) an opinion until I (to know) the facts.
27. If he (to make) another attempt, he (to succeed)?
28. The river (not to begin; to rise) until some rain (to fall).
29. I (to write) to you when I (to leave) England.
30. As soon as Henry (to spend) that money He (to try; to borrow) some more.
31. We (to go) to the country tomorrow if the weather (to be) fine?
32. The train (not can; to move) until the snow (to fall).
33. If you (to take) more interest in the language you (to succeed).
34. Don’t leave the house until you (to wash) your face.
35. What do you (to do) if your children (to behave) badly?
36. When John (to grow) a beard, even his closest friends (not to recognize) him.
37. You (to go) with us to the ZOO tomorrow if you (to be) a good boy.
38. You (to help) me if I (to need) you?
39. If you (to leave) the letter on the table, my sister (to post) it for you.
40. What do you (to do) if you (not to share) your companion’s opinion?
| Type | Subordinate clause (condition) | Main offer | Example | Translation |
| 1 . A real condition relating to the present, future or past tense | Present Simple V/Vs | Future Simple shall/will + V | If I have money, I will buy a car. If the weather is fine, we will go for a walk. |
If I have money, I will buy a car. If the weather is good, we will go for a walk. |
| 2. An unreal or improbable condition relating to the present or future tense | Past Simple 2fV The verb to be will have a plural form |
Future-in-the Past Simple would/should/could/might + V | If the weather was fine, I went for a walk. If I were a princess, I would live in a palace. If I had money, I would buy a car. |
If the weather was good, we went for a walk. If I were a princess, I would live in a palace. If I had money, I would buy a car. |
| 3. Unreal condition relating to past time | Past Perfect had + 3fV | Future-in-the Past Perfect would/should/could/might + have + 3fV | If I had had money last year, I would have bought a car. | If I had money last year, I would have bought a car. |
Non-conjunction conditional sentences
If conditional (subordinate) clauses contain the verbs had, were, could, should, then a non-union connection between the main and subordinate clauses is possible. In this case, these verbs are placed before the subject, the conjunction if is omitted. This word order is called inversion.
The translation of such sentences should begin with the conjunction “if”.
E.g. Had he a dictionary, he could translate the text. – If he had a dictionary, he could translate the text.
Should he come, ask him to wait. – If he comes, ask him to wait.
Conditional sentences. Subjunctive mood after “I wish”
|
Type I conditional sentences |
|||
| If I If I |
live in the country I will live outside the city, find my book I'll find my book |
I shall I will |
bath every day. swim every day. be very glad. I am glad. |
|
Conditional sentences type II |
|||
| I wish I were If I were If I were |
at the camp a scientist |
I should I would |
have a very good time. had a good time. invent a time machine. invented a time machine. |
|
Conditional sentences type III |
|||
| I wish I had If I were If I had If I were |
translated the article yesterday translated the article. learned my lesson learned a lesson |
I should have I would |
found out all about this discovery. would know everything about this discovery. got a good mark. I would get a good grade. |
Exercise 1.
Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. I’ll ask Tom if I see him today.
2. We would go to the party if we had time tomorrow.
3. She would pass her exam next month if she worked harder.
4. She would be happy if she met him at the party next Sunday.
5. We’ll go nowhere tomorrow if it rains.
6. If she knew his phone number, she would call him next week.
7. If J. London had not learned life from his own experience, he could not have written his great works.
8. Had the science of radio not been developed so rapidly, we should not have got such remarkable changes in the technique today.
9. Had he been a young man, he would have taken part in the expedition.
10. If you had applied this method, you would have got better results.
Exercise 2.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form
1. The trains all (stop) … if it snowed heavily.
2. If you (go out) … in cold weather without a coat, you would catch a cold.
3. If I saw a cheap second-hand car, I (buy) ... it.
4. If you are well and exercised regularly, you (live) … 100 years.
5. You would have had stomach ache if you (eat) … too much of that cake.
6. If it (rain) ... this afternoon, I (take) ... my umbrella.
7. If you did not drive carefully, you (have) … an accident.
8. If you (study) … for a higher qualification, you (get) … a better job next year.
9. If you sent the letter by first class mail, it (get) ... there the following day.
10. If the weather is fine, we (go) for a picnic.
Exercise 3.
Complete the following sentences.
1. I’ll ask him to lend me the money (if I see him).
2. You’ll be late (if you don’t take the bus).
3. Will you help me (if I need your help)?
4. I’d lend you the money (if I had money).
5. If I had her address (I would give it to you).
6. If they had gone by car, (they would have saved time).
7. If my mother won a million pounds, (she would spend it very quickly).
8. If I had more time, (I would read more books).
9. (if I feel good), I’ll be in class tomorrow.
10. He would have come to the party last Sunday (if he had been invited).
Exercise 4.
Open the brackets using the verbs in the appropriate form.
1. If I (to have) this rare book, I should gladly lend it to you.
2. The dish would have been much more tasty if she (to be) a better cook.
3. He never (to phone) you if I hadn’t reminded him to do that.
4. Your brother (to become) much stronger if he took cold baths regularly.
5. If he (to be) more courageous, he would not be afraid.
6. If the fisherman had been less patient, he (not to catch) so much fish.
7. If you (to put) the ice-cream into the refrigerator, it would not have melted.
8. If I (to know) the result now, I would phone her immediately.
9. If you had let me know yesterday, I (to bring) you my book.
10. If it (to snow), the children will play snowballs.
Exercise 5.
Form conditional sentences.
Ex.g.: The weather is not fine and we won’t go for a walk. “If the weather is fine, we will go for a walk.”
1. He is busy and does not come. If…
2. The girl did not study well last year and received bad marks. If…
3. He broke his bicycle and so he did not go to the country. If…
4.He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If…
5. I had a bad headache yesterday, that’s why I did not come to see you. If…
6. The ship was sailing near the coast, that’s why it struck a rock. If…
7. He was not in town, therefore he was not present at our meeting. If…
8. The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg. If…
9. The sea is rough, and we cannot sail to the island. If...
10. They made a fire, and the frightened wolves ran away. If...
Exercise 6.
Open the brackets using verbs in the appropriate subjunctive form after “I wish”.
1. The unfortunate pupil wishes he (not to forget) to learn the rule.
2. I wish I (to have) a season ticket to the Philharmonic next winter.
3. I wish I (to consult) the teacher when I first felt that mathematics was too difficult for me.
4. I love sunny weather. I wish it (to be) warm and fine all the year round.
5. I wish I (not to lend) Nick my watch: he has broken it.
6. I wish you (to send) word as soon as you arrive.
7. I wish I (not to have) to do my homework every day.
8. I wish you (to go) skiing with me yesterday: I had such a good time!
9. I wish I (to know) Spanish.
10. I wish I (not to drink) so much coffee in the evening: I could not sleep half the night.
Exercise 7
Translate into English.
1. If he had not been so short-sighted, he would have recognized me yesterday in the theater.
2. She is healthy. If she had been sick, her brother would have told me about it yesterday.
3. You would know a lot if you read this magazine regularly.
4. If I had known about this earlier, I would not be sitting at home now.
5. If my parents were rich, they would have bought me a car long ago.
6. She is very talented. It would be nice if her parents bought her a piano. If she starts playing now, she will be a distinguished musician.
7. If I knew French, I would have talked to her a long time ago.
8. If I knew German, I would read Goethe in the original.
9. If I lived close, I would come to you more often.
10. If you had not interrupted us yesterday, we would have finished the work on time.
Exercise 8.
Complete the following sentences.
1. You would know English better if...
2. I should have left Moscow yesterday if ...
3. If I were you, ...
4. If I had known that it was going to rain, ...
5. I shall go for a walk, if...
6. I should lend you my textbook if ...
7. If we had bought the tickets, ...
8. If they were here, ...
9. We should be glad if...
10. If he were younger, ...
Exercise 9.
Omit the conjunction in the following conditional sentences by making appropriate changes to the sentence.
Ex.g.: If we had gone there later, we would have seen them. “Had we gone there later, we would have seen them.”
1. If I had time, I should study French.
2. If you should find them, kindly let me know.
3. If they had called at the office yesterday, they would have found me there.
4. If I had seen him yesterday, I should have told him about it.
5. If he were here I should speak to him.
6. If he were in town, he would help us.
7. If he should come, tell him to wait.
8. If I had enough money, I would travel.
9. If I were you, I should go there immediately.
10. If I were in his place, I should refuse.
