What do surnames ending in "-sky" mean? Surnames ending in th nationality, how to find out the nationality at the end of the surname.

Identical to Russian, most Cossack surnames end in: ov, ev, in. For many, this suggestsand even argue that the ancestors of the bearers of such surnames were Russians (Great Russians). An exception is made from this by the assumption that the ancestors of the bearers of such surnames as: Persianov, Gruzinov, Mordvintsev, Grekov, Turkin, etc. were not Russians, but representatives of nationalities, according to the indication of the surname itself. But in reality, the question of Cossack surnames is far from exhausted by this provision.

Surnames ending in― ov, ev, in more ancient origin than the Russian (Great Russian) nation itself, the formation of which, as you know, began with just XIII V. according to R. Chr. So, in the 2nd treaty of the Kiev prince Igor with the Greeks (912) in the list of his (nicknames): Fastov, Kari (y), Tudkov, Karshev, Tudorov, Svirkov, Voikov, Bernov, Gunarev, Koloklekov, Gudov, Tuadov , Kutsi (y), Vuzlev, Utin, Sinko, Borich.

Such surnames and the like, found in later historical documents, establish that the above endings in surnames were not only common for the population of Kievan Rus, the ancestors of Ukrainians, but that surnames from foreign, non-Slavic words (Bern, Tuad, Tudor, Fast), accepted endings ov and thus glorified.

These data and the fact that surnames with the above endings are common to this day in Ukraine give reason to assert that they are not the work of the Great Russians, but are borrowed, like most of the cultural foundations, from Kievan Rus; Great Russians have surnames ending in ov, ev, in reached its highest development― these endings easily replace others (iy, her, oh) or are easily added to any non-Russian words.

Bulgarians have surnames with an ending ov And ev common now, as common they were in antiquity.

And if this is so, then we have the right to assume that such endings in surnames were also common among the Slavic-Turkic population of Cossacks (after the Tmutarakan principality, from which the Cossack nationality was formed). They were later, and only from the time of the rule of the Russians (Great Russians), i.e. over the past 2 centuries, have reached the greatest development.

The Cossacks have surnames on Ouch, uy, to her change in― ov, ev; other endings change to in, and by the end to sound is added V: Sulatsk(y)ov, Kadatsk(y)ov, Nagib(a)in, Rynd(a)in, Zhuchenko + v, Semenchenko + v, Late(s)eeev, Shulg(a)in.

Poles usually have surname endings - uy, ich, ek; they are also characteristic of Ukrainians.

Those who retained such endings of Cossack surnames (or replaced them) indicate that the ancestors of the bearers of such surnames were either Ukrainians or Poles: Kalinovsky, Bukovsky, Levitsky, Kokhanovsky, Shchetkovsky Khreschatitsky, Kadatskov, Kurganinsky.

Surnames (nicknames) ending in to, as can be seen from the document of 912 and others, of very ancient origin. Ending to(the Great Russians were borrowed and turned into ka- Ivashka, Fomka, etc.) in the Russian (Kiev) state (later in its successor - Ukraine) denoted a junior degree, subordination, a smaller part of the subject.

So, in Kievan Rus, the ending to sometimes it was added to the names of princes (Volodimirko, Vasilko, Yurko), who did not have destinies (outcasts), i.e. subordinates; but never added to the names of the Kyiv capital princes.

In Ukraine, the son or grandson of Taras, Shevchuk, Bulba, Ostap was called Tarasenok, Shevchenok, Bulbenok, Ostapenok, and from here the surnames were formed - Tarasenko, Shevchenko, etc.

Such formations can be assumedat first they were characteristic mainly of the western regions of Ukraine; in the Dnieper part, where there was a more intensive settlement of the Turkic peoples, the ending th, Ouch, to her, A, ace; and all of them are of Turkic origin.

Ending to her(Kunduvdey, Paley, Kochubey, Berendey, etc.) very often changed into the ending eev.

So, from many documents establishing the entry into the ranks of the Don Cossacks at the end XVI V. and in the first half XVII V. individual representatives of the Ukrainian people, from the Dniester part of it, in Cossack and Moscow documents called Cherkasy, surnames on to almost never occurs. So in the list of such Cherkasy from 1647, who joined the ranks of the Cossacks. Out of more than 200 surnames, there are not even a dozen with an ending in to, but mainly ov, ev. (Kupreyanov, Kharitonov, Nagib(a)in, etc.).

The development of surnames on to in Ukraine in the second half XVII Art. owes, it can be assumed, the colonization of its western regions.

It would be absurd to believe that the ancestors of the bearing surnames are Ovanesov, Chebukchiev, Big (ai)ev, etc. or even they themselves, are Russian. Conversely, if they added endings ov, ev or in to the surnames - Grimm, Wrangel, Struve, etc., they still would not hide the fact that the ancestors of the bearers of such surnames were Swedes, Germans or a representative of some other nationality, but not Russian.

Back, enduring enduring existence ov And ev even the apparent Russification of the surname cannot hide the fact that the ancestors of the bearers of surnames - Milyukov, Chuvild (ey) eyev, Turgen (y) ev, as established by the words themselves and historical documents, were Tatars. Confirmation of this is often the appearance itself, the character of the bearer of such a surname. In this case, the question can only arise when or what ancestor or the owner of such a surname himself became Russian (Great Russian).

Very many surnames of the Cossacks (in some villages they are predominant) have the basis of a word of non-Slavic origin; let's bringas an example: Merzhan-ov, Katason-ov, Mishustov, Koloman-ov, Kulgach-ev, Dukmas-ov, Mendele-ev, Gald (a) -in, Kaklyug (a) in, Malyug (a) in, Arakantsev, Secret-ev, Turover-ov, Boldyr-ev, Kundelek-ov, Biryuk-ov, Kudin-ov.

By determining from which nationality a word is borrowed, or it is brought as a surname, the nationality of the ancestor of the bearer of such a surname is very often established; this is sometimes confirmed by historical documents. So, Merzhan (the ancestor, probably, of the bearers of this surname) was an Arab by birth, who, together with the Don Cossacks, left Turkish captivity in 1640; he converted to Christianity and became a Don Cossack.

Misustov is the surname of the Circassian princely family, which existed in the middle of the last century.

Mendeleev comes from the Kalmyk word - mendele (hello).

The Kundelekovs, as established by documents, descend from the Kalmyk Murza, who converted to Christianity and became a Cossack in the first half of 18th century

Galda - Kalmyk name; the origin from the Kalmyk is also confirmed by the facial features of the bearers of this surname, a family tradition.

The surname Turoverov was formed from 2 words: Turkic and Slavic: tour (dur) - incorrect, incorrect; turover in the literal sense - a person of the wrong faith, a foreigner. And, as I heard from one of the representatives of the Turoverov family, family tradition says that their ancestor was a Persian.

The surname of the Arakans comes from the word Arak (s) - Arakan - a native of Arak, maybe from Araks.

Sometimes the Turkic and other words that served as the basis for the formation of a surname seem to be Slavic. Based on such similarities, it would be erroneous to assert that the ancestors of the bearers of surnames - Kharlamov, Bokov, Vedeneev were Russians (Great Russians). So, if the surname Kharlamov was formed on behalf of Kharlampy, then it was Kharlampiev; in Kalmyk: khar - black, lam (e) priest, literally kharlam - monk. The Bokovs descend from the Kalmyk Murza - Bok, whose existence and transition to the Cossacks after the adoption of Christianity is established by the documents of the first half 18th century

Vedeneev was formed from the word - Vedene, which Mordovians call themselves in their language.

Appearance and character are very often a confirmation, sometimes, regardless of the foregoing, the nationality of the Cossack's ancestors is established.

The Cossack nationality was formed from the Slavic (Russes) and Turkic (Cossacks-Cherkasy), living on the territory of the Cossacks, later within the Tmutarakan principality formed from it. (Italics mine. - Ed.)

If we take into account that in Kievan Rus, among a part of its population - black hoods (the Dnieper Cherkasy, peoples of Turkic origin), as can be seen from the annals, the names of the leaders were based on Turkic words (Lavor, Tudor, Kunduvdey, Arkashara, etc. .), then we have the right to assume that the ancestors of the Don and other Cossacks had surnames, nicknames, based on Turkic words, were common along with surnames that had Slavic roots.

During the reign of the Mongols, during the stay of the Don Cossacks in the Golden Horde ( XIII-XIV c.) the Turkic-Tatar language for the entire East of Europe was the state language, and among the Don Cossacks, who lived in close proximity to the Tatars, closely connected with its capital, the city of Sarai, was along with their own, Slavic, and colloquial.

Before the emergence of the Free Cossacks (leaving for the Wild Field and for it) and the formation of independent republics (troops) in XV Art. the Don Cossacks, who lived along the borders of the Moscow and Ryazan principalities and served as a military frontier force, were in contact with their neighbors - the Turkic-Tatar peoples and did not forget their language. For the Don Cossacks who survived on the territory of the Cossacks - along the river. Khopru and Medveditsa (Salavaska) with tributaries and in the lower reaches of the Don (among the Azov Cossacks), along with their own, the Turkic-Tatar language was also in use.

It is known that the Moscow state to the Volga Cossacks (the Don branch) was still at the beginning XVII Art. pi-fat letters in the Tatar language. Replenishment of the Cossacks in XVI - XVII c.c. came much more from the Turkic-Tatar peoples than from the Great Russians, not to mention the Ukrainians (Cherkasy). Finally, speak Tatar at the Don foreman of the end 18th century and early XIX V. was a sign of good taste, like the Russian aristocracy of that time - to speak- French.

Based on the foregoing, we can assert that the surnames, which are based on Turkic-Tatar words, could be formed by the Cossacks themselves and are not necessarily brought (i.e., that their ancestors came from the Don); but they are all, of course, of ancient origin.

Such characteristic surnames as Kolimanov (changed Kolomanov), Arkasharin (which existed among the Don Cossacks in the first half XVIII c.) and Kaledin indicate the continuity of surnames among the Cossacks since ancient times.

Koloman and Arkashara - one of the leaders of the black hoods (Dnieper Cherkasy) XIII V. The name Colo-man occurs even earlier. Kaleda - one of the pre-drivers of the Dnieper Cherkassy of the beginning XV Art. As you know, the Ukrainian people - especially from the Dnieper region (Cherkasy) were a significant element that complemented the Don Cossacks when the Free Cossacks arose, and after that they were the main source of replenishment for it.

Surnames derived from Slavic words sometimes make it possible to establish the origin of the ancestors of their bearers.

So, the ancestors of the owners of surnames: Kravtsov, Shvetsov, Limarev, Kovalev, Chebotarev, Miroshnikov, Osipov, Ostapov, Astakhov, Guselshchikov, Gretsykhin were, of course, Cherkasy.

But there is no evidence to assert that the ancestors of those bearing the names of Kuznetsov, Sapozhnikov, Vedernikov, Melnikov were certainly Great Russians; these surnames could also have been formed on the Don.

The Cossacks have surnames that come from words that sometimes determine nationality, more often social status, occupation, etc.: Voevodin, Boyarinov, Budarshchikov, Pushkarev, Drummers, Ryndin (rynda - princely or royal bodyguard - page). But it would be erroneous to assume that the names Voevodin and Boyarinov originated from the runaway boyar and governor of Moscow (this would be hidden by those who fled). It can be assumed with sufficient reason that they are of Novgorodian origin, when at the end XV and in the first half XVI century, after the Moscow defeat of Novgorod and Vyatka, representatives of the upper classes of V. Novgorod fled (emigrated) to the Don to the Cossacks - boyars, and governors, and merchants, and the clergy, saving their heads from the Moscow chopping block.

Such a surname as Bara-banshchikov does not establish the Great Russian origin of its owner - in the Moscow state in the second half XVII in., when the troops of the "foreign system" were wound up, they were just the Germans.

There are many Cossack surnames derived from Mohammedan names: Alimov, Seimov (Usein, Seim), Kireev (Gireev), Izmailov, Temirev, etc. The ancestors of those bearing such surnames were, of course, persons who professed Islam - either Tatars or Turks , or Circassians, or, finally, Persians; but what kind of nationality - it is impossible to decide.

Almost the majority of Cossack surnames at the present time, as in XVII - XVIII Art. in comparison with others, if they are divided into groups, it comes from Orthodox names.

As you know, the Don Cossacks (like other Cossacks) were Orthodox since ancient times; Don Cossacks from 1261 to the end XIV V. there was its own special Podonsk (or Saransk) diocese with the bishop's stay in the capital of the Golden Horde, Sarai. The Novgorodians and Cherkasy, who had greatly enlarged the ranks of the Cossacks, were also Orthodox. Finally, the ancestors of the Don Cossacks, Slavs (Russes) and Kazakhs (Cossacks), who lived in Cossackia and the Tmutarakan principality since IX c., were Orthodox.

Thus, the formation of surnames from Orthodox names was, of course, common for the Cossacks themselves and was very ancient.

Many Cossack surnames known from documents of the second half XVI c., have survived to the present day; many no longer meet, but this does not mean that there are no descendants of such Cossacks.

Very often one surname was replaced by another. If there were two families or several of the same surname, then the new one received the surname by the name of the senior representative - or his personal nickname, a characteristic feature.

When there were no written documents, surnames were lost, and nicknames or names of elders to the family were fixed as surnames. This is how the surnames were formed - Kosorotov, Ryabov, Dolgov, Kurnosov, Shkur (a) in, Zheltonozhkin, Vostrov, Kultyshkin, etc. They are not characteristic in themselves, but initially they were an addition to the surname. Such "street" surnames, which could no longer be fixed due to the existence of written documents, were formed among the Cossacks until recently.

But surnames from Orthodox names can hide ancestors of any national origin.

When joining the ranks of the Cossacks, not a Cossack and not a Christian, especially a minor, he sometimes acquired the surname of a godfather.

So, the descendants of a converted gypsy who became a Cossack did not necessarily turn to the Tsygankovs, they could also turn to the Vasilyevs, Polikarpovs, Petrovs, if the godfather of the ancestor had such a name.

Sometimes the Greeks who joined the ranks of the Cossacks received surnames by name, which was not uncommon. So, the Greek merchants, who shared the burden of the “Azov seat” with the Don Cossacks in 1641, were all accepted into the Cossacks. The surname Yanovs came from the Greek Yan (it is erroneous to consider her of Polish origin); from Maxim Grek - Grekovy and from one of them - Korolkovs ("kinglet" - a silver coin of that time, used by the Cossacks and Turks, foreign minted, with the image of a young king - "kinglet"). All other Greeks received surnames by given names (fathers, grandfathers); so they appear in the document.

It would seem that the lists of the Cossacks of the Zimovy villages (embassies from the Don to Moscow), preserved in the files of the Moscow Posolsky Prikaz, should have given extensive material, but in reality there are no surnames in them.

In o the relationship between the Don and the Muscovite state was accepted: the Moscow Tsar in the letter did not usually name the names of the Don ataman, but only his name and patronymic (Osip Petrov); it was a special honor; back, and the Don Army did not put the name of the ataman in the replies to the Moscow Tsar, but only the name and patronymic.

These letters and replies are the main material for history, and we still do not know the names of such Don chieftains as Yermak Timofeev, Osip Petrov, Naum Vasiliev, Yakovlev and others. Timofeev, Petrov, etc. are patronymics, not a surname; the descendants of these atamans do not live under these surnames, but those that these atamans actually had.

In the lists of the composition of the Winter villages XVII Art. surnames are also not shown (the importance of the composition of the village), but only first names and patronymics.

The Cossacks also have surnames from female names and female names (Sidorkins, Gapkins, Sidorins, Dyachikhins, Yasyrkins, etc.).

These surnames were formed in this order - if a captive or native married a natural Cossack woman, then the offspring received a surname after the name of the mother; could take a surname by the name of the mother or by the characteristic sign of her and the child, if his father was unknown.

Cossacks have a lot of surnames from the name of one or another spiritual dignity (Dyachkins, Popovs, etc.). The surname Popovy is especially common among the Don Cossacks. Calling the name of Popov on the Don is to say absolutely nothing.

In the Don Cadet Corps, no. were added to such surnames; among the preparatory or first-graders, the Popovs had nos, usually more than 2 dozen.

There is a well-known anecdote that has a historical basis. After the allied troops occupied Paris in 1813, the Don ataman gr. Platov represented the emperor at the review. Alexander I Cossack regiments.

The latter at that time did not wear a number, but were called by the names of regimental commanders. During the passage in the equestrian ranks of the regiments, ataman gr. Platov, among others, allegedly called: "Regiment of Dyachkin ... Dyachikhin, Dyakov ... Dyakonov ... Popov 8 ... Popov 12, Popov 13, Protopopov ... Apostolov's regiment."

When the last regiment was named, Alexander I , as if he asked: “Where is the regiment of Jesus?” To which Donskoyataman replied: “They didn’t have time to form: the war was over.”

Some of the indicated surnames were indeed worn by the commanders of the Cossack regiments, others are found among the officer surnames of 1812-13, as established by documents.

Such surnames could have been formed even during the entry of Novgorodians and Vyatchans into the ranks of the Cossacks, but personally I am not in any of the historical documents until the middle of the 10th VII Art. I have not met a surname that comes from a spiritual dignity. They probably formed on the Don after the emigration of the Great Russians after a spiritual split, the only period when their entry into the ranks of the Cossacks was more or less noticeable.

It is possible that the ancestors of those bearing these surnames were Great Russians, although I met Cossacks bearing the surname Popovs, in whose entire family the Turkic-Tatar type was pronounced.

From this it is necessary to make an exception and an addition. The surname of the Apostles (rare on the Don - one kind), of course, is of Ukrainian origin.

The clerk only in the last century denoted only the spiritual dignity, in XVII Art. clerk is a clerk, clerk, etc. The (very high) rank in the Zaporozhye army of the “military clerk” in the Donskoy corresponded to the “military clerk”. It is more likely that the surname Dyakov comes from here, and not from the clergy. The surname Rastrygin should also be included in the above category.

Cossack surnames, derived from geographical names, mainly cities, towns and villages (Bogaevsky, Bukanovsky, Kargalsk (y) ov, Kundryutskov, Ternovskov, Khopersky, Kumshatskov, Bogucharskov, Samarin, Korochentsov, etc.), provide little data to determine the nationality of the ancestors - especially if the names of the villages served as the basis for surnames.

The surname Bukanovsky only says that the ancestor of the bearer of this surname came from the Bukanovsky town of the Don army. Bogaevsky is a migrant from the Bogaevsky village or town to another, which says very little.

The very appearance of the late MP Bogaevsky spoke more, that his ancestor was, of course, a Kalmyk, and the facial features of his brothers confirm this.

Karochenets - a native of the city of Karochi - and was probably a Cherkasy (Ukrainian).

The Bogucharskovs, Samarins, Kaluzhenins came from their respective cities; natives of the outlying cities - from the children of boyars, archers, city Cossacks in the ranks of the latter were Cherkasy and Tatars.

So in this case, the belonging of those bearing such surnames to the ancestors of the Great Russians is not established.

Thus, the names of the Cossacks do not indicate any significant entry of the Great Russians (Russians) into the ranks of the Cossacks; of course, they cannot provide material at all to prove the origin of the Don and other Cossacks from the Great Russians, since the Cossacks do not actually come from the Great Russians (Russians).

The foregoing applies to all Cossacks, except for the Kuban-Chernomorians. Their surnames are identical to Ukrainian ones; endings prevail uy, Ouch, th, A, ace. They are based on Slavic (Ukrainian) words and Turkic, some borrowed from their ancestors - black hoods (Cherkasy).

But this issue requires special study.

Is. Bykadorov

From the editor.

I was happy to find this article in issues 38-39 of the magazine "Free Cossacks" (In iflax Kozatsvo") - published on June 25 and July 10, 1929 in Prague (the year of publication is the second). Its author is Isaak Fedorovich Bykadorov.

Born in 1882 in the family of a Don colonel in the village of Nizhne-Kundryuchevskaya. Major General, historian, deputy chairman of the Don Circle, member of the Supreme Circle of the Don, Kuban and Terek. He received a good systematic education at the classical gymnasium in Rostov-on-Don, at the Novocherkassk Engineering School. In 1907, he was admitted to the Academy of the General Staff, completed the full course, but in 1910, shortly before graduation, he returned to duty (due to a family tragedy).

During the First World War, he was awarded many military orders (he lost one eye).

In the spring of 1918, the Cossacks, who rebelled against the Soviet regime, elected Colonel Bykadorov as their commander.

Since 1920 - in exile.

“Being an ardent Cossack patriot, he always diligently collected materials on Cossack history and used them for his books “History of the Cossacks” and “The Struggle of the Don Cossacks for Access to the Sea”, which were published already in exile ... His books, as well as individual articles in the Cossack press, gave a theoretical justification for the Cossack national idea and set some milestones for the Cossacks in their historical quest. (A.I. Skrylov, G.V. Gubarev.)

... This article, of course, does not put an end to the answer to the most difficult question about the origin of Cossack surnames, and the Cossacks themselves. But it is necessary to know the opinion of one of the most educated Cossack leaders on this score.

Cossack general of philology Isaac Bykadorov... There were amazing people in our history!

Y. MAKARENKO

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With each year of his life, a person expands the choice of communication more and more, getting to know new people. In order for a new acquaintance to make contact with you, you need to make a pleasant impression on him. To avoid uncomfortable situations, it is important to know what nationality the person in front of you is in order to behave in accordance with the moral and ethical standards of his country. By most surnames, you can accurately determine the nationality of your friends, neighbors, business partners, etc.

Russians- use surnames with suffixes -an, -yn, -in, -skikh, -ov, -ev, -skoi, -tskoi, -ih, -ih (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moskovskikh, Sedykh);

Belarusians- typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -yonak, -uk, -ik, -ski. (Radkevich, Dubrova, Parshonok, Kuharchik, Kastsyushka); many surnames in the Soviet years were Russified and Polished (Dubrovsky, Kosciuszko);

Poles- most of the surnames have the suffix -sk, -tsk, and the ending -ij (-th), indicating masculine and feminine gender (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Volnitskaya); there are also double surnames - if a woman, when getting married, wants to leave her surname (Mazur-Komorovskaya); in addition to these surnames, surnames with an unchanged form are also common among the Poles (Nowak, Sienkiewicz, Wuytsik, Wozniak). Ukrainians with surname endings in -y are not Ukrainians, but Ukrainian Poles.;

Ukrainians- the first classification of surnames of a given nationality is formed with the help of suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Kreschenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second series denotes the kind of any craft or occupation (Potter, Koval); the third group of surnames consists of separate Ukrainian words (Gorobets, Ukrainians, Parubok), as well as a merger of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous).

Latvians- a feature to the masculine gender is indicated by a surname ending in -s, -is, and to the feminine - in -a, -e (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurin)

Lithuanians- male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aitis, -enas (Pyatrenas, Norvydaitis), female surnames are formed from the husband's surname using the suffixes -en, -yuven, -uven and endings -е (Grinius - Grinyuvene );

Estonians- Male and female genders are not distinguished with the help of surnames, all foreign surnames (mostly German ones) were Estonianized at one time (Rosenberg - Roozimäe), this process is still in effect today. for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonian national team, football players Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their names to Simson and Nahk;

French people- many surnames are prefixed with Le or De (Le Pen, Mol Pompadour); mostly dissimilar nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cauchon - a pig);

Romanians: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Serbs:-ich.

English- the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); designating a profession (Hoggart - a shepherd, Smith - a blacksmith); indicating the outward appearance of character and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - bragging);

Germans- surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames that characterize a person (Krause - wavy, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - geomor);

swedes- most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -steady, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);

Norse- are formed from personal names with the help of the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames can occur without suffixes and endings (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can repeat the names of animals, trees and natural phenomena (Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan, Furu - pine);

Italians- surnames are characterized by suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), can end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa) ; the prefixes di- and- denote, respectively, the person's belonging to his genus and geographical structure (Di Moretti is the son of Moretti, Da Vinci is from Vinci);

Spaniards and Portuguese - have surnames ending in -ez, -az, -iz, -oz (Gomez, Lopez), surnames that indicate the character of a person are also common (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - brave, Malo - horseless);

Turks- most often, surnames end in -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi, Kuindzhi, Mammadzade), Turkish names or everyday words were often used in the formation of surnames (Ali, Abaza - a fool, Kolpakchi - a hat);

Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames are formed from personal names and suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);

Gagauz: -oglo.

Tatars: -in, -ishin.

Greeks- the surnames of the Greeks cannot be confused with any other surnames, only they have the endings -idis, -kos, -pulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis);

Czechs- the main difference from other surnames is the obligatory ending -ova in female surnames, even if where it would seem inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanovova, Andersonova).

Georgians- Surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si are common (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);

Armenians- a significant part of the surnames of the inhabitants of Armenia has the suffix -yan (Hakopyan, Galustyan); Also, -yants, -uni.

Moldovans: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Azerbaijanis- formed surnames, taking Azerbaijani names as a basis and attaching Russian suffixes -ov, -ev to them (Mamedov, Aliyev, Hasanov, Abdullayev). Also, -zade, -li, ly, -oglu, -kyzy.

Jews- the main group consists of surnames with roots Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group originated from male and female Jewish names with the addition of various suffixes (Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third classification of surnames reflects the character of a person, the features of his appearance or belonging to a profession (Kaplan is a chaplain, Rabinovich is a rabbi, Melamed is a pestun, Schwarzbard is black-bearded, Stiller is quiet, Shtarkman is strong).

Ossetians: -ti.

Mordva: -yn, -in.

Chinese and Koreans- for the most part, these are surnames consisting of one, less often of two syllables (Tang, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Choi, Kogai);

Japanese- modern Japanese surnames are formed by the merger of two meaningful words (Wada - sweetness and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - hill, Kitamura - north and village); The most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki, Yamamoto.

As you can see, in order to determine the nationality of a person, it is enough to accurately analyze his last name, highlighting the suffix and ending.

WHAT DO THE SURNAME ON "-IN" MEAN? SURNAMES ENDING IN -IN HAVE RUSSIAN ROOT OR JEWISH?

In the collection of the famous Slavist linguist B. O Unbegaun “Russian Surnames”, one can read that surnames with “in” are mainly the Russian type of surnames.

Why the ending "-in"? Basically, all surnames ending in "in" come from words ending in -а / -я and from feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant.

There are not a few examples of the erroneous addition of -in to the bases with a final solid consonant: Orekhin, Karpin, Markin, where -ov should have been. And in another case -ov turned out to be in place -in: Shishimorov from the basis of shishimora. It is possible to mix formants. After all, among Russians -in and -ov have been semantically indistinguishable for more than a thousand years. The meaning of the difference was lost even in the common Slavic language, the choice of -ov or -in depends only survivingly on the phonetic feature of the stem (Nikonov "Geography of Surnames").

Do you know how the surname of the famous leader of the people's militia of 1611-1612, Minin, came about? Minin had a personal nickname Sukhoruk, he did not have a last name. And Minin meant "son of Mina". The Orthodox name "Mina" was widespread in Rus'.

Another old Russian surname is Semin, also a surname on "-in". According to the main version, the surname Semin goes back to the baptismal male name Semyon. The name Semyon is the Russian form of the ancient Jewish name Simeon, meaning "hearing", "heard by God." On behalf of Semyon in Rus', many derivative forms were formed, one of which - Syoma - formed the basis of this surname.

The well-known Slavic linguist B. O. Unbegaun in the collection “Russian Surnames” believes that the surname Semin was formed from the baptismal Russian name according to the following scheme: “Semyon - Syoma - Semin”.

Let us give another example of a surname, which we studied in detail in the family diploma. Rogozhin is an old Russian surname. According to the main version, the surname keeps the memory of the profession of distant ancestors. One of the first representatives of the Rogozhins could be engaged in the manufacture of matting, or trade in fabric.

Rogozhey was called a coarse woven fabric from bast tapes. A bast hut (bast mat, bast mat) in Rus' was called a workshop where bast mats were woven, and a bast mat was called a bast weaver or a bast mat merchant.

In their close circle, Rogozhnik's household was known as "Rogozhin's wife", "Rogozhin's son", "Rogozhin's grandchildren". Over time, the terms denoting the degree of kinship disappeared, and the hereditary surname - Rogozhins - was assigned to the descendants of Rogozhin.

Such Russian surnames ending in "-in" include: Pushkin (Pushka), Gagarin (Gagara), Borodin (Beard), Ilyin (Ilya), Ptitsyn (Bird); Fomin (from the personal name of Thomas); Belkin (from the nickname "squirrel"), Borozdin (Furrow), Korovin (Cow), Travin (Grass), Zamin and Zimin (winter) and many others

Please note that the words from which surnames are formed on "in" mostly end in "-a" or "-ya". We will not be able to say “Borodov” or “Ilyinov”, it would be more logical and sonorous to pronounce “Ilyin” or “Borodin”.

Why do some people think that surnames ending in "-in" have Jewish roots? Is it really? No, this is not true, one cannot judge the origin of a surname by one ending. The sound of Jewish surnames coincides with Russian endings just by pure chance.

It is always necessary to research the surname itself. The ending "ov", for some reason, does not cause us doubts. We believe that surnames ending in "-ov" are definitely Russian. But there are exceptions. For example, we recently prepared a beautiful family diploma for a wonderful family named Maksyutov.

The surname Maksyutov has the ending "ov", common among Russian surnames. But, if you explore the surname more deeply, it turns out that the surname Maksyutov is formed from the Tatar male name "Maksud", which, translated from Arabic, means "desire, premeditated intention, aspiration, goal", "long-awaited, desired". The name Maksud had several dialect variants: Maksut, Mahsud, Mahsut, Maksut. This name is still widespread among the Tatars and Bashkirs to this day.

“The surname Maksyutov is an old princely surname of Tatar origin. Historical sources speak about the ancient origin of the Maksyutov surname. The surname was first documented in the 16th century: Maksutovs (Maksutovs, obsolete Maksutovs, Tat. Maksutovlar) - the Volga-Bulgarian princely-Murzin family, comes from the Kasimov prince Maksut (1554), in the genealogical legend, Prince Maksut was called a lancer and a descendant of the prince Kashima." Now there is almost no doubt about the origin of the surname.

How to find out if the surname on -in is of Jewish origin or is it a native Russian surname? Always analyze the word that underlies your last name.

Here are examples of Jewish surnames ending in “-in” or “-ov”: Edmin (derived from the name of the German city of Emden), Kotin (derived from the Hebrew קטן- in the Ashkenazi pronunciation “kotn”, meaning “small”), Eventov (derived from Hebrew “even tov” - “precious stone”), Khazin (derived from the Hebrew “khazan”, in the Ashkenazi pronunciation “khazn”, meaning “a person leading worship in the synagogue”), Superfin (translated means “very beautiful”) and a lot others.

The ending "-in" is just an ending by which one cannot judge the nationality of a surname. You always need to research the surname, analyze the word that underlies it and try to search in various books and archival documents for the first mention of your surname. Only when all the information is collected, you will be able to establish with certainty the origin of your surname and find answers to your questions.

SURNAMES ENDING IN SKIY/-SKAYA, -TSKIY/-TSKAYA

Many Russians have a firm and unfounded conviction that surnames in -sky are necessarily Polish. From history textbooks, the names of several Polish magnates are known, formed from the names of their possessions: Pototsky and Zapototsky, Zablotsky, Krasinsky. But from the same textbooks, the names of many Russians with the same suffixes are known: Konstantin Grigoryevich Zabolotsky, roundabout of Tsar John III, late 15th - early 16th centuries; clerk Semyon Zaborovsky, early 16th century; boyars Shuisky and Belsky, close associates of Ivan the Terrible. Famous Russian artists Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Makovsky, Kramskoy.

An analysis of modern Russian surnames shows that forms in -sky (-tsky) exist in parallel with variants in -ov (-ev, -in), but there are fewer of them. For example, in Moscow in the 70s of the twentieth century, for 330 people with the surname Krasnov / Krasnova, there were only 30 with the surname Krasnovsky / Krasnovskaya. But rather rare surnames Kuchkov and Kuchkovsky, Makov and Makovsky are presented almost equally.

A significant part of the surnames ending in -sky / -skaya, -tsky / -tskaya are formed from geographical and ethnic names. In the letters of our readers who want to know about the origin of their surnames, the following surnames are mentioned in -sky / -sky.

Brynsky. The author of this letter, Evgeny Sergeevich Brynsky, himself sent the story of his last name. We give only a small piece of the letter, since it is not possible to publish it in its entirety. Bryn is a river of the Kaluga region, flows into a tributary of the Oka Zhizdra. In the old days, large dense Bryn forests stretched along it, in which the Old Believers took refuge. According to the epic about Ilya Muromets, it was in the Bryn forests that the Nightingale the Robber lived. We add that there are several settlements Bryn in the Kaluga and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. The surname Brynski / Brynska found in Poland is formed from the name of two settlements Brynsk in different parts of the country and also, apparently, goes back to the names of the rivers Bryn, Brynica. There is no uniform interpretation of the names of these rivers in science. If the suffix -ets is added to the name of an inhabited place, then such a word denotes a native of this place. In the Crimea in the 60s - 70s of the XX century, the winegrower Maria Bryntseva was well known. Her surname is derived from the word brynets, that is, a native of the city or village of Bryn.

Garbavitsky. This Belarusian surname corresponds to the Russian Gorbovitsky (in the Belarusian language, the letter a is written in place of the unstressed o). The surname is formed from the name of some settlement of Gorbovitsa. In the materials we have, there are only Gorbov, Gorbovo and Gorbovtsy. All these names come from the designations of the terrain: humpback - hillock, sloping hill.

Dubovskaya. The surname is formed from the name of one of the numerous settlements: Dubovka, Dubovo, Dubovoe, Dubovskaya, Dubovsky, Dubovskoye, Dubovtsy, located in all parts of the country. To find out from which one, it is possible only according to the information preserved in the family, where the ancestors who received this surname lived, or where they came from to their place of further residence. Emphasis in the surname on "o": Dubovsky / Dubovskaya.

Steblivsky. The Ukrainian surname, corresponding to the Russian one, is Steblevsky; formed from the names of settlements Steblivka in the Transcarpathian region or Steblev-Cherkasy. In Ukrainian orthography, i is written in place of the second e.

Tersky. The surname comes from the name of the Terek River and indicates that one of the distant ancestors of this person lived there. There were the Terek region and the Terek Cossacks. So the bearers of the surname Tersky may also be descendants of the Cossacks.

Uryansky. The surname, apparently, is formed from the name of the settlement Urya. In our materials, such a name is recorded in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Perhaps there are similar names in other places, since the name of the inhabited place is associated with the name of the river and with the designation of the Ur ethnic group, as well as with the name of the medieval Turkic people Uryanka. Similar names could be found in different places, since medieval peoples led a nomadic lifestyle and assigned the name of their ethnic group to those places where they lingered for a long time.

Chiglinsky. The surname comes from the name of the settlement Chigla in the Voronezh region, which, apparently, is associated with the designation of the union of the medieval Turkic tribes Chigili.

Shabansky. The surname is formed from the names of the settlements Shabanovo, Shabanovskoye, Shabanskoye, located in different parts of the country. These names come from the Turkic name Shaban of Arabic origin. In Arabic, Sha'ban is the name of the eighth month of the lunar calendar. The name Shaban is also attested in Russian peasant families in the 15th-17th centuries. In parallel with this, the spelling variant Shiban was noted in the Russian language - obviously, by analogy with the Russian shibat, zashibat. In the records of 1570-1578, Prince Ivan Andreevich Shiban Dolgoruky is mentioned; in 1584, the stirrup grooms of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich Osip Shiban and Danilo Shikhman Ermolaevich Kasatkins. The servant of Prince Kurbsky was called Vasily Shibanov - he was executed by Ivan the Terrible in 1564.

In addition, the name of the ethnic group of the Siberian Tatars, the Shibans, and the generic name of the Crimean Tatars, the Shiban Murzas, are known. In the Perm region there is a settlement of Shibanovo, and in the Ivanovo region - Shibanikha.

Different types of proper names are so closely related to each other: personal names, geographical and ethnic names, as well as surnames.

In ancient times, any person could immediately find out by name and surname who he was, what peoples and where. Nowadays, many change their last names and it is difficult to determine who they are.

Russians - use surnames with suffixes -an, -yn, -in, -skikh, -ov, -ev, -skoy, -tskoy, -ih, -ykh (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moskovskikh, Sedykh);

Belarusians - typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -yonak, -uk, -ik, -ski. (Radkevich, Dubrova, Parshonok, Kukharchik, Kastsyushka); many surnames in the Soviet years were Russified and Polished (Dubrovsky, Kosciuszko);

Poles - most of the surnames have the suffix -sk, -ck, and the ending -ij (-th), indicating masculine and feminine gender (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Volnitskaya); there are also double surnames - if a woman, when getting married, wants to leave her surname (Mazur-Komorovskaya); in addition to these surnames, surnames with an unchanged form are also common among the Poles (Nowak, Sienkiewicz, Wuytsik, Wozniak). Ukrainians with surname endings in -y are not Ukrainians, but Ukrainian Poles.;

Ukrainians - the first classification of surnames of a given nationality is formed with the help of suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Kreschenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second series denotes the kind of any craft or occupation (Potter, Koval); the third group of surnames consists of separate Ukrainian words (Gorobets, Ukrainians, Parubok), as well as a merger of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous).

Latvians - a feature to the masculine gender is indicated by a surname ending in -s, -is, and to the feminine - in -a, -e (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurin)

Lithuanians - male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aytis, -enas (Pyatrenas, Norvydaitis), female surnames are formed from the husband's surname using the suffixes -en, -yuven, -uven and endings -е (Grinius - Grinyuvene );

Estonians - Male and female genders are not distinguished with the help of surnames, all foreign surnames (mostly German ones) were Estonianized at one time (Rosenberg - Roozimäe), this process is still in effect today. for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonian national team, football players Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their names to Simson and Nahk;

Jews - the main group is made up of surnames with Levi roots (the highest caste of Jews a lion ita and kohen s and kagan s) and Cohen (Levin, Levitan Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group originated from male and female Jewish names with the addition of various suffixes (Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third classification of surnames reflects the character of a person, the features of his appearance, Dvorkovich (Pchelkin) - a yard in Hebrew, a bee or belonging to a profession (Kaplan - a chaplain, Rabinovich - a rabbi, Melamed - a pestun, Schwarzbard - black-bearded, Stiller - quiet, Shtarkman - strong). Also, all surnames ending in - man (from decoy - monkeys), such as chapman, goldman, zukerman ....

French people - many surnames are prefixed with Le or De (Le Pen, Mol Pompadour); mostly dissimilar nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cauchon - a pig);

Romanians: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Serbs: -ich.

English - the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); denoting a profession (Hoggart - a shepherd, Smith - a blacksmith); indicating the outward appearance of character and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - bragging);

Germans - surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames that characterize a person (Krause - wavy, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - geomor);

swedes - most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -steady, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);

Norse - are formed from personal names with the help of the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames can occur without suffixes and endings (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can repeat the names of animals, trees and natural phenomena (Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan, Furu - pine);

Italians - surnames are characterized by suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), can end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa) ; the prefixes di- and- denote, respectively, the person's belonging to his genus and geographical structure (Di Moretti is the son of Moretti, Da Vinci is from Vinci);

Spaniards and Portuguese - they have surnames ending in -ez, -az, -iz, -oz (Gomez, Lopez), surnames indicating the character of a person are also common ( Alegre - joyful, Bravo - gallant, Malo - horseless);

Turks - most often, surnames end in -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi, Kuindzhi, Mammadzade), Turkish names or everyday words were often used in the formation of surnames (Ali, Abaza - a fool, Kolpakchi - a hat);

Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames are formed from personal names and suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);

Gagauz: -oglo.

Tatars: -in, -ishin.

Greeks - the surnames of the Greeks cannot be confused with any other surnames, only they have the endings -idis, -kos, -pulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis);

Czechs - the main difference from other surnames is the obligatory ending -ova in female surnames, even if where it would seem inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanovova, Andersonova).

Georgians - Surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si are common (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);

Armenians - a significant part of the surnames of the inhabitants of Armenia have the suffix -yan (Hakopyan, Galustyan); Also, -yants, -uni.

Moldovans: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Azerbaijanis - formed surnames, taking Azerbaijani names as a basis and attaching Russian suffixes -ov, -ev to them (Mamedov, Aliyev, Gasanov, Abdullayev). Also, -zade, -li, ly, -oglu, -kyzy.

Ossetians: -ty.

Mordva: -yn, -in.

Chinese and Koreans - for the most part, these are surnames consisting of one, less often two syllables (Tang, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Choi, Kogai);

Japanese - modern Japanese surnames are formed by the merger of two meaningful words (Wada - sweet voice and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - hill, Kitamura - north and village); The most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki, Yamamoto.

As you can see, in order to determine the nationality of a person, it is enough to accurately analyze his last name, highlighting the suffix and ending.

WHAT DO SURNAMES ON "-IN" MEAN? SURNAMES ENDING IN -IN HAVE RUSSIAN ROOT OR JEWISH?

In the collection of the famous Slavic linguist B. O Unbegaun "Russian Surnames" one can read that surnames beginning with "in" are predominantly the Russian type of surnames.

Why the ending "-in"? Basically, all surnames ending in "in" come from words ending in -а/-я and from feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant.

There are not isolated examples of erroneous attachment of -in to stems with a final solid consonant: Orekhin, Karpin, Markin, where -ov should have been. And in another case -ov turned out to be in place -in: Shishimorov from the basis of shishimora. It is possible to mix formants. After all, among Russians -in and -ov have been semantically indistinguishable for more than a thousand years. The meaning of the difference was lost even in the common Slavic language, the choice of -ov or -in depends only survivingly on the phonetic feature of the stem (Nikonov "Geography of Surnames").

Do you know how the surname of the famous leader of the people's militia of 1611-1612, Minin, came about? Minin had a personal nickname Sukhoruk, he did not have a last name. And Minin meant "son of Mina". The Orthodox name "Mina" was widespread in Rus'.

Another old Russian surname is Semin, also a surname with "-in". According to the main version, the surname Semin goes back to the baptismal male name Semyon. The name Semyon is the Russian form of the ancient Jewish name Simeon, meaning "hearing", "heard by God." On behalf of Semyon in Rus', many derivative forms were formed, one of which - Syoma - formed the basis of this surname.

The well-known Slavic linguist B. O. Unbegaun in the collection “Russian Surnames” believes that the surname Semin was formed from the baptismal Russian name according to the following scheme: “Semyon - Syoma - Semin”.

Let us give another example of a surname, which we studied in detail in the family diploma. Rogozhin is an old Russian surname. According to the main version, the surname keeps the memory of the profession of distant ancestors. One of the first representatives of the Rogozhins could be engaged in the manufacture of matting, or trade in fabric.

Rogozhey was called a coarse woven fabric from bast tapes. A bast hut (bast mat, bast mat) in Rus' was called a workshop where mats were woven, and a bast weaver was called a bast weaver or a bast mat merchant.

In their close circle, Rogozhnik's household was known as "Rogozhin's wife", "Rogozhin's son", "Rogozhin's grandchildren". Over time, the terms denoting the degree of kinship disappeared, and the hereditary surname - Rogozhins - was assigned to the descendants of Rogozhin.

Such Russian surnames ending in "-in" include: Pushkin (Pushka), Gagarin (Gagara), Borodin (Beard), Ilyin (Ilya), Ptitsyn (Bird); Fomin (from the personal name of Thomas); Belkin (from the nickname "squirrel"), Borozdin (Furrow), Korovin (Cow), Travin (Grass), Zamin and Zimin (winter) and many others

Please note that the words from which surnames are formed with "in" mostly end in "-a" or "-ya". We will not be able to say "Borodov" or "Ilyinov", it would be more logical and sonorous to pronounce "Ilyin" or "Borodin".

Why do some people think that surnames ending in "-in" have Jewish roots? Is it really? No, this is not true, one cannot judge the origin of a surname by one ending. The sound of Jewish surnames coincides with Russian endings just by pure chance.

It is always necessary to research the surname itself. The ending "ov", for some reason, does not cause us doubts. We believe that surnames ending in "-ov" are definitely Russian. But there are exceptions. For example, we recently prepared a beautiful family diploma for a wonderful family named Maksyutov.

Let's explore the surname further and find out:

"The surname Maksyutov is an old princely surname of Tatar origin. Historical sources speak of the ancient origin of the surname Maksyutov. The surname was first documented in X VI century: Maksyutovs (Maksutovs, obsolete Maksyutovs, Tat. Maksutovlar) - the Volga-Bulgarian princely-Murzin family, descended from the Kasimov prince Maksut (1554), in the genealogical legend, Prince Maksut was called a lancer and a descendant of Tsarevich Kasim. "Now there are doubts about the origin The last name is almost non-existent.

How to find out if the surname on -in is of Jewish origin or is it a native Russian surname? Always analyze the word that underlies your last name.

Here are examples of Jewish surnames ending in "-in" or "-ov": Edmin (derived from the name of the German city of Emden), Kotin (derived from the Hebrewקטן - in the Ashkenazi pronunciation "kotn", meaning "small"), Eventov (derived from the Hebrew "even tov" - "precious stone"), Khazin ( comes from the Hebrew "chazan", in the Ashkenazi pronunciation "khazn", meaning "a person leading worship in the synagogue"), Superfin (translated means "very beautiful") and many others.

SURNAMES ENDING IN √ SKIY/-SKAYA, -TSKIY/-TSKAYA

Many Russians have a firm and unfounded conviction that surnames in -sky are necessarily Polish. From history textbooks, the names of several Polish magnates are known, formed from the names of their possessions: Pototsky and Zapototsky, Zablotsky, Krasinsky. But from the same textbooks, the names of many Russians are known with the same suffixes: Konstantin Grigorievich Zabolotsky, Tsar John's roundabout III, late XV - early X VI century; clerk Semyon Zaborovsky, beginning X VI century; boyars Shuisky and Belsky, close associates of Ivan the Terrible. Famous Russian artists Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Makovsky, Kramskoy.

The history of the origin of the surname is always a lot of mystery. This is what leads people to desire to know how this integral element of our personality came about.

Surnames with suffixes -ov and -ev

According to statistics, surnames with suffixes -ov and -ev have about 60% of the population of Russia. Such surnames are considered primordially Russian, suggesting that they have a generic origin. Initially, Russian surnames came from patronymics. For example, Ivan, who was the son of Peter, was called Ivan Petrov. After surnames came into use in the 13th century, they began to be given, focusing on the oldest man in the family. So, not only sons, but also grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Peter became Petrovs.

To diversify surnames, they began to be given based on nicknames. So, the descendants of Beloborodov also received the name Beloborodov, passing it on to their descendants from generation to generation. They began to give surnames and depending on the occupation of a person. Therefore, the Goncharovs, Kuznetsovs, Plotnikovs, Popovs and other sonorous names appeared. You can be sure that Kuznetsov's great-grandfather had a forge, and Popov had priests in his family.

Surnames with the suffix -ev were given to those people whose names, nicknames or the name of the specialization of their ancestors ended in a soft consonant. This is how the Ignatievs, Bondarevs and others appeared.

Surnames with suffixes -in and -yn

About 30% of the population of Russia have surnames ending with the suffixes -in and -yn. These surnames could come from the names, nicknames and professions of ancestors, as well as from words that end in -а and -я.

So, the surname Minin means "son of Mina". By the way, Mina is a popular female name in Rus'. For example, the surname Semin comes from the name Semyon. Interestingly, the name Semyon comes from Simeon, which in ancient times meant "heard by God." This is how popular surnames were formed - Nikitin, Ilyin, Fomin and many others.

Also, some surnames indicate the belonging of a person's ancestors to a particular craft. For example, the surname Rogozhin indicates that the ancestors of a person traded matting or were engaged in its production. It is impossible to say with absolute certainty, because even now many disputes continue, however, it is assumed that the names Pushkin, Gagarin, Zimin, Korovin, Ovechkin, Borodin also came from the names of things, phenomena, animals or professions.

Nevertheless, experts say that initially you need to find out which word underlies the surname, and only then can we talk about professional occupations or nicknames of distant ancestors from which the surname came.

According to materials: