Who played a positive role in the education of Dostoevsky. Biography

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Biography, life story of Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich

Origin

On the father's side, the Dostoevskys are one of the branches of the Rtishchev family, which originates from Aslan-Chelebi-Murza, baptized a Moscow prince. The Rtishchevs were part of the inner circle of Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of Serpukhov and Borovsky, who in 1456, having quarreled with Vasily the Dark, left for Lithuania. There Ivan Vasilyevich became Prince of Pinsky. He granted Stepan Rtishchev the villages of Kalechino and Lepovitsa. In 1506, the son of Ivan Vasilievich, Fyodor, granted Danila Rtishchev a part of the village of Dostoeva in the Pinsk region. Hence the "Dostoevsky". The writer's paternal ancestors from 1577 received the right to use the Radwan - the Polish noble coat of arms. Dostoevsky's father drank heavily and was extremely cruel. “My grandfather Mikhail,” says Lyubov Dostoevskaya, “always treated his serfs very strictly. The more he drank, the more ferocious he became, until they eventually killed him." Dostoevsky's mother, Maria Fedorovna (1800-1837), came from a wealthy Russian merchant family, the Nechaevs. She was a wonderful and kind woman. Her image greatly influenced the writer's worldview.

Writer's youth

He was the second of 7 children left alive.

When Dostoevsky was 16 years old, his mother died of consumption, and his father sent his eldest sons, Fyodor and Mikhail (later also a writer), to K. F. Kostomarov's boarding house in St. Petersburg.

1837 was an important date for Dostoevsky. This is the year of his mother's death, the year of death, the work of which he (like his brother) has been credited with since childhood, the year of moving to St. Petersburg and entering the Main Engineering School, and now the Military Engineering and Technical University. Thanks to this, he received not only a high-quality engineering education, but also the opportunity to continue cultural development. In 1839, he receives news of the murder of his father by serfs. Dostoevsky participates in the work of Belinsky's circle. A year before his dismissal from military service, Dostoevsky first translated and published Balzac's Eugene Grande (1843). A year later, his first work, Poor People, was published, and he immediately became famous: V. G. Belinsky highly appreciated this work. But the next book, The Double, runs into misunderstandings.

CONTINUED BELOW

Shortly after the publication of White Nights, the writer was arrested (1849) in connection with the Petrashevsky case. Although Dostoevsky denied the charges against him, the court recognized him as "one of the most important criminals."

"The military court finds the defendant Dostoevsky guilty of the fact that, having received in March of this year from Moscow from the nobleman Pleshcheev ... a copy of the criminal letter of the writer Belinsky, he read this letter in meetings: first with the defendant Durov, then with the defendant Petrashevsky. And therefore, the military court sentenced him for failure to report on the distribution of a criminal letter about religion and the government of the writer Belinsky ... to deprive, on the basis of the Code of Military Decrees ... ranks and all the rights of the state and subject him to death by shooting".

The trial and the harsh sentence of death (December 22, 1849) on the Semyonovsky parade ground was staged as a mock execution. At the last moment, the convicts were pardoned, having been sentenced to hard labor. One of those sentenced to death, Grigoriev, went mad. The feelings that he could experience before the execution, Dostoevsky conveyed the words of Prince Myshkin in one of the monologues in the novel The Idiot.

During a short stay in Tobolsk on the way to the place of hard labor (January 11-20, 1850), the writer met with the wives of the exiled Decembrists: Zh. A. Muravyova, P. E. Annenkova and N. D. Fonvizina. Women gave him the Gospel, which the writer kept all his life.

Dostoevsky spent the next four years in hard labor in Omsk. The memoirs of one of the eyewitnesses of the hard labor life of the writer have been preserved. In 1854, Dostoevsky was released and sent as a private to the seventh line Siberian battalion. It must be understood that the improvement of social status, even in the position of a private, was influenced by the fact that he had an education received at a Higher Engineering Educational Institution. While serving in Semipalatinsk, he became friends with Chokan Valikhanov, a future famous Kazakh traveler and ethnographer. There, a common monument was erected to a young writer and a young scientist. Here he began an affair with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, who was married to a gymnasium teacher Alexander Isaev, a bitter drunkard. After some time, Isaev was transferred to the place of an assessor in Kuznetsk. On August 14, 1855, Fyodor Mikhailovich received a letter from Kuznetsk: the husband of M. D. Isaeva died after a long illness.

On February 18, 1855, Emperor Nicholas I dies. Dostoevsky writes a loyal poem dedicated to his widow, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and as a result becomes a non-commissioned officer. October 20, 1856 Dostoevsky was promoted to ensign.

On February 6, 1857, Dostoevsky married Maria Isaeva in the Russian Orthodox Church in Kuznetsk. Immediately after the wedding, they go to Semipalatinsk, but on the way Dostoevsky has an epileptic seizure, and they stop in Barnaul for four days. February 20, 1857 Dostoevsky and his wife return to Semipalatinsk.

The period of imprisonment and military service was a turning point in Dostoevsky's life: from a "seeker of truth in man" who had not yet decided in life, he turned into a deeply religious person, whose only ideal for the rest of his life was Christ.

In 1859 Dostoevsky published his novels The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants and Uncle's Dream in Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1859.

On June 30, 1859, Dostoevsky was given a temporary ticket number 2030, allowing him to travel to Tver, and on July 2 the writer left Semipalatinsk. In 1860, Dostoevsky, with his wife and adopted son Pavel, returned to St. Petersburg, but secret surveillance of him did not stop until the mid-1870s. From the beginning of 1861, Fyodor Mikhailovich helped his brother Mikhail publish his own magazine, Vremya, after which the brothers began to publish the Epoch magazine in 1863. On the pages of these magazines, such works by Dostoevsky as "Humiliated and Insulted", "Notes from the Dead House", "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" and "Notes from the Underground" appear.

Dostoevsky undertakes a trip abroad with a young emancipated special Apollinaria Suslova, in Baden-Baden he is fond of a ruinous game of roulette, he is in constant need of money and at the same time (1864) he loses his wife and brother. The unusual way of European life completes the destruction of the socialist illusions of youth, forms a critical perception of bourgeois values and rejection of the West.

Six months after the death of his brother, the publication of the Epoch ceases (February 1865). In a desperate financial situation, Dostoevsky writes the chapters of Crime and Punishment, sending them to M. N. Katkov directly into the magazine set of the conservative Russkiy Vestnik, where they are printed from issue to issue. At the same time, under the threat of losing the rights to his publications for 9 years in favor of the publisher F. T. Stellovsky, he undertook to write a novel for him, for which he did not have enough physical strength. On the advice of friends, Dostoevsky hires a young stenographer, Anna Snitkina, to help him cope with this task. In October 1866, the novel The Gambler was written in twenty-one days and completed on the 25th.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" was paid by Katkov very well, but in order to prevent creditors from taking this money, the writer goes abroad with his new wife Anna Snitkina. The trip is reflected in the diary, which Snitkina-Dostoevskaya began to keep in 1867. On the way to Germany, the couple stopped for a few days in Vilna.

The heyday of creativity

Snitkina arranged the life of the writer, took over all the economic issues of his activities, and since 1871 Dostoevsky gave up roulette forever.

For the last 8 years, the writer has lived in the city of Staraya Russa, Novgorod province. These years of life were very fruitful: 1872 - "Demons", 1873 - the beginning of the "Diary of a Writer" (a series of feuilletons, essays, polemical notes and passionate journalistic notes on the topic of the day), 1875 - "Teenager", 1876 - "Meek", 1879 -1880 - "The Brothers Karamazov". At the same time, two events became significant for Dostoevsky. In 1878, Emperor Alexander II invited the writer to his place to introduce him to his family, and in 1880, just a year before his death, Dostoevsky delivered his famous speech at the opening of the monument

In this article we will describe the life and work of Dostoevsky: we will briefly tell you about the most important events. Fedor Mikhailovich was born on October 30 (according to the old style - 11), 1821. An essay on Dostoevsky's work will introduce you to the main works, achievements of this person in the literary field. But we will start from the very beginning - from the origin of the future writer, from his biography.

The problems of Dostoevsky's work can be deeply understood only by becoming acquainted with the life of this man. After all, fiction always somehow reflects the features of the biography of the creator of works. In the case of Dostoevsky, this is especially noticeable.

Origin of Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich's father was from a branch of the Rtishchevs, descendants of Daniil Ivanovich Rtishchev, a defender of the Orthodox faith in Southwestern Rus'. He was given the village of Dostoevo, located in the Podolsk province, for special successes. The surname Dostoevsky originates from there.

However, by the beginning of the 19th century, the Dostoevsky family had become impoverished. Andrei Mikhailovich, the writer's grandfather, served in the Podolsk province, in the town of Bratslav, as an archpriest. Mikhail Andreevich, the father of the author of interest to us, graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy in his time. During the Patriotic War, in 1812, he fought with others against the French, after which, in 1819, he married Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva, the daughter of a merchant from Moscow. Mikhail Andreevich, having retired, received the position of a doctor in an open for poor people, which was nicknamed Bozhedomka among the people.

Where was Fyodor Mikhailovich born?

The apartment of the family of the future writer was in the right wing of this hospital. In it, allotted for the government apartment of the doctor, Fyodor Mikhailovich was born in 1821. His mother, as we have already mentioned, came from a family of merchants. Pictures of premature deaths, poverty, illness, disorder - the first impressions of the boy, under the influence of which a very unusual view of the world of the future writer took shape. Dostoevsky's work reflects this.

The situation in the family of the future writer

The family, which grew over time to 9 people, was forced to huddle in just two rooms. Mikhail Andreevich was a suspicious and quick-tempered person.

Maria Feodorovna was of a completely different disposition: economic, cheerful, kind. Relations between the boy's parents were based on submission to the whims and will of the father. The nanny and mother of the future writer honored the sacred religious traditions of the country, educating the future generation in respect for the faith of the fathers. Maria Fedorovna died early - at the age of 36. She was buried at the Lazarevsky cemetery.

First encounter with literature

A lot of time was devoted to education and sciences in the Dostoevsky family. Even at an early age, Fedor Mikhailovich discovered the joy of communicating with a book. The very first works that he met were the folk tales of Arina Arkhipovna, the nanny. After that there were Pushkin and Zhukovsky, Maria Feodorovna's favorite writers.

Fyodor Mikhailovich at an early age got acquainted with the main classics of foreign literature: Hugo, Cervantes and Homer. His father in the evenings arranged a family reading of the work of N. M. Karamzin "History of the Russian State." All this instilled in the future writer an early interest in literature. The life and work of F. Dostoevsky were largely formed under the influence of the environment from which this writer came.

Mikhail Andreevich achieves hereditary nobility

Mikhail Andreevich in 1827 was awarded the Order of the 3rd degree for diligent and excellent service, and a year later he was also awarded the rank of collegiate assessor, which at that time gave a person the right to hereditary nobility. The father of the future writer was well aware of the value of higher education and therefore sought to seriously prepare his children for admission to educational institutions.

Tragedy from the childhood of Dostoevsky

The future writer in his youth experienced a tragedy that left an indelible mark on his soul for the rest of his life. He fell in love with the childish sincere feeling of the cook's daughter, a nine-year-old girl. One summer day there was a cry in the garden. Fyodor ran out into the street and noticed her lying in a white tattered dress on the ground. Women leaned over the girl. From their conversation, Fedor realized that a drunken tramp was the culprit of the tragedy. After that, they went for their father, but his help was not needed, since the girl had already died.

Writer's education

Fedor Mikhailovich received his initial education in a private boarding school in Moscow. In 1838 he entered the Main Engineering School located in St. Petersburg. He graduated in 1843, becoming a military engineer.

In those years, this school was considered one of the best educational institutions in the country. It is no coincidence that many famous people came out of there. Among Dostoevsky's comrades at the school there were many talents who later turned into famous personalities. These are Dmitry Grigorovich (writer), Konstantin Trutovsky (artist), Ilya Sechenov (physiologist), Eduard Totleben (organizer of the defense of Sevastopol), Fyodor Radetsky (Shipka hero). Both humanitarian and special disciplines were taught here. For example, world and national history, Russian literature, drawing and civil architecture.

Tragedy of the "little man"

Dostoevsky preferred solitude to a noisy society of students. Reading was his favorite pastime. The erudition of the future writer amazed his comrades. But the desire for solitude and solitude in his character was not an innate trait. In the school, Fyodor Mikhailovich had to endure the tragedy of the soul of the so-called "little man". Indeed, in this educational institution, the students were mainly children of the bureaucratic and military bureaucracy. Their parents gave gifts to teachers, sparing no expense. In this environment, Dostoevsky looked like a stranger, often subjected to insults and ridicule. During these years, a feeling of wounded pride flared up in his soul, which was reflected in the future work of Dostoevsky.

But, despite these difficulties, Fyodor Mikhailovich managed to achieve recognition from his comrades and teachers. Everyone was convinced over time that this is a man of extraordinary intelligence and outstanding abilities.

Father's death

In 1839, Fyodor Mikhailovich's father died suddenly from an apoplexy. There were rumors that it was not a natural death - he was killed for his tough temper by the men. This news shocked Dostoevsky, and for the first time he had a seizure, a harbinger of future epilepsy, from which Fyodor Mikhailovich suffered all his life.

Service as an engineer, first works

Dostoevsky in 1843, having completed the course, was enlisted in the engineering corps to serve with the engineering team of St. Petersburg, but did not serve there for long. A year later, he decided to engage in literary work, a passion for which he had long felt. At first he began to translate the classics, such as Balzac. After some time, the idea of a novel in letters called "Poor people" arose. It was the first independent work from which Dostoevsky's work begins. Then followed stories and novels: "Mr. Prokharchin", "Double", "Netochka Nezvanova", "White Nights".

Rapprochement with the circle of Petrashevists, tragic consequences

The year 1847 was marked by a rapprochement with Butashevich-Petrashevsky, who spent the famous "Fridays". It was a propagandist and admirer of Fourier. At these evenings, the writer met the poets Alexei Pleshcheev, Alexander Palm, Sergei Durov, as well as the prose writer Saltykov and the scientists Vladimir Milyutin and Nikolai Mordvinov. At meetings of the Petrashevites, socialist doctrines and plans for revolutionary upheavals were discussed. Dostoevsky was a supporter of the immediate abolition of serfdom in Russia.

However, the government found out about the circle, and in 1849 37 members, including Dostoevsky, were imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. They were sentenced to death, but the emperor commuted the sentence, and the writer was exiled to hard labor in Siberia.

In Tobolsk, in hard labor

He went to Tobolsk in the terrible frost on an open sleigh. Here Annenkova and Fonvizina visited the Petrashevites. The whole country admired the feat of these women. They gave each condemned person a gospel in which the money had been invested. The fact is that the prisoners were not allowed to have their own savings, so this softened the harsh living conditions for a while.

During hard labor, the writer realized how far the rationalistic, speculative ideas of the "new Christianity" are from the feeling of Christ, the bearer of which is the people. Fyodor Mikhailovich took out a new one from here. Its basis is the folk type of Christianity. Subsequently, this reflected the further work of Dostoevsky, which we will tell you about a little later.

Military service in Omsk

For the writer, a four-year hard labor was replaced after some time by military service. He was escorted from Omsk under escort to the city of Semipalatinsk. Here the life and work of Dostoevsky continued. The writer served as a private, then received the rank of officer. He returned to Petersburg only at the end of 1859.

Magazine publishing

At this time, Fyodor Mikhailovich's spiritual search began, which in the 60s culminated in the formation of the writer's soil convictions. The biography and work of Dostoevsky at this time are marked by the following events. Since 1861, the writer, together with Mikhail, his brother, began to publish a magazine called "Time", and after its prohibition - "Epoch". Working on new books and magazines, Fyodor Mikhailovich developed his own view of the tasks of a public figure and writer in our country - a Russian, peculiar version of Christian socialism.

The first works of the writer after hard labor

The life and work of Dostoevsky after Tobolsk changed a lot. In 1861, the first novel of this writer appeared, which he created after hard labor. This work ("Humiliated and Insulted") reflected Fyodor Mikhailovich's sympathy for the "little people" who are subjected to incessant humiliation by the powerful of this world. The "Notes from the Dead House" (years of creation - 1861-1863), which were started by the writer while still in hard labor, also acquired great social significance. In the journal Vremya in 1863, Winter Notes on Summer Impressions appeared. In them, Fyodor Mikhailovich criticized the systems of Western European political beliefs. In 1864, Notes from the Underground were published. This is a kind of confession of Fyodor Mikhailovich. In the work, he renounced his former ideals.

Further work of Dostoevsky

Let us briefly describe other works of this writer. In 1866, a novel called "Crime and Punishment" appeared, which is considered one of the most significant in his work. In 1868, The Idiot was published, a novel where an attempt was made to create a good character who confronts a predatory, cruel world. In the 70s, the work of F.M. Dostoevsky continues. Such novels as "Demons" (published in 1871) and "Teenager", which appeared in 1879, gained wide popularity. "The Brothers Karamazov" is a novel that became the last work. He summed up the work of Dostoevsky. The years of publication of the novel are 1879-1880. In this work, the main character, Alyosha Karamazov, helping others in trouble and alleviating suffering, is convinced that the most important thing in our life is a feeling of forgiveness and love. In 1881, on February 9, Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich died in St. Petersburg.

The life and work of Dostoevsky were briefly described in our article. It cannot be said that the writer has always been interested more than anyone else in the problem of man. Let us write briefly about this important feature that Dostoevsky's work had.

Man in the work of the writer

Fedor Mikhailovich, throughout his entire career, reflected on the main problem of mankind - how to overcome pride, which is the main source of separation of people. Of course, there are other themes in Dostoevsky's work, but it is largely based on this one. The writer believed that any of us has the ability to create. And he must do this while he lives, it is necessary to express himself. The writer devoted his whole life to the theme of Man. The biography and work of Dostoevsky confirm this.

Fyodor Dostoevsky is a universally recognized literary classic. He is considered one of the best novelists in the world and the finest expert on human psychology.

In addition to writing, he was an outstanding philosopher and deep thinker. Many of his quotes have entered the golden fund of world thought.

In the biography of Dostoevsky, as in, there were many controversial points, which we will tell you about right now.

So, your attention is invited to the biography of Fyodor Dostoevsky.

Brief biography of Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on November 11, 1821 in. His father, Mikhail Andreevich, was a physician, and during his life he managed to work both in the military and in ordinary hospitals.

Mother, Maria Feodorovna, was a merchant's daughter. To feed their families and give their children a good education, parents had to work from dawn to dusk.

Growing up, Fedor Mikhailovich repeatedly thanked his father and mother for all that they had done for him.

Childhood and youth of Dostoevsky

Maria Fedorovna independently taught her little son to read. To do this, she used a book that described biblical events.

Fedya really liked the Old Testament book of Job. He admired this righteous man, who had many difficult trials.

Later, all this knowledge and childhood impressions will form the basis of some of his works. It is worth noting that the head of the family was also not aloof from training. He taught his son Latin.

There were seven children in the Dostoevsky family. Fedor had a special affection for his older brother Misha.

Later, N. I. Drashusov became the teacher of both brothers, who was also helped by his sons.

Special signs of Fyodor Dostoevsky

Education

In 1834, for 4 years, Fedor and Mikhail studied at the prestigious Moscow boarding house of L. I. Chermak.

At this time, the first tragedy occurred in Dostoevsky's biography. The mother died of consumption.

After mourning his dear wife, the head of the family decided to send Misha and Fedor to so that they could continue their studies there.

The father arranged for both sons in the boarding house of K. F. Kostomarov. And although he knew that the boys were addicted, he dreamed that in the future they would become engineers.

Fyodor Dostoevsky did not argue with his father and entered the school. However, the student devoted all his free time from study. He read the works of Russian and foreign classics day and night.

In 1838, an important event took place in his biography: together with his friends, he managed to create a literary circle. It was then that he first became seriously interested in writing.

After graduating after 5 years of study, Fedor got a job as an engineer-lieutenant in a St. Petersburg brigade. However, he soon resigned from this position and plunged headlong into literature.

The beginning of a creative biography

Despite objections from some family members, Dostoevsky still did not retreat from his passion, which gradually became the meaning of life for him.

He diligently wrote novels, and soon enough he achieved success in this field. In 1844, his first book, Poor People, was published, which received many flattering reviews, both from critics and from ordinary readers.

Thanks to this, Fyodor Mikhailovich was accepted into the popular "Belinsky circle", in which they began to call him "new".

His next work was "Double". This time, the success did not repeat, but rather the opposite - the devastating criticism of the failed novel was waiting for the young genius.

The Double received a lot of negative reviews, as for most readers this book was completely incomprehensible. An interesting fact is that later her innovative writing style was highly appreciated by critics.

Soon the members of the "Belinsky circle" asked Dostoevsky to leave their society. This happened because of the young writer's scandal with and.

However, at that time, Fyodor Dostoevsky already had quite a lot of popularity, so he was gladly accepted into other literary communities.

Arrest and hard labor

In 1846, an event occurred in Dostoevsky's biography that influenced his entire subsequent life. He met M. V. Petrashevsky, who was the organizer of the so-called “Fridays”.

"Fridays" were meetings of like-minded people, at which participants criticized the actions of the king and discussed various laws. In particular, questions were raised regarding the abolition of serfdom and freedom of speech in.

At one of the meetings, Fyodor Mikhailovich met the communist N. A. Speshnev, who soon formed a secret society consisting of 8 people.

This group of people advocated a coup in the state and the formation of an underground printing house.

In 1848, another novel “White Nights” was published from the writer’s pen, which was warmly received by the public, and already in the spring of 1849 he was arrested along with the rest of the Petrashevites.

They are accused of attempting a coup d'état. For about six months, Dostoevsky is kept in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and in the autumn the court sentences him to death.

Fortunately, the sentence was not carried out, because at the last moment the execution was replaced with eight years of hard labor. Soon the king softened the punishment even more, reducing the term from 8 to 4 years.

After hard labor, the writer was called to serve as an ordinary soldier. It is curious to note that this fact from the biography of Dostoevsky was the first case in Russia when a convict was allowed to be in the service.

Thanks to this, he again became a full-fledged citizen of the state, having the same rights that he had before his arrest.

The years spent in hard labor greatly influenced the views of Fyodor Dostoevsky. Indeed, in addition to exhausting physical labor, he also suffered from loneliness, since ordinary prisoners at first did not want to communicate with him because of his noble title.

In 1856, Alexander II came to the throne and granted amnesty to all the Petrashevites. At that time, 35-year-old Fedor Mikhailovich was already a fully formed personality with deep religious views.

The heyday of Dostoevsky's work

In 1860, Dostoevsky's collected works were published. His appearance did not arouse much interest in the reader. However, after the publication of "Notes from the House of the Dead", the writer's popularity returns again.

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

The fact is that the “Notes” describes in detail the life and suffering of convicts, which most ordinary citizens did not even think about.

In 1861, Dostoevsky, together with his brother Mikhail, created the magazine Vremya. After 2 years, this publishing house closed, after which the brothers began to publish another magazine - Epoch.

Both magazines made the Dostoevskys very famous, since they published any works of their own composition in them. However, after 3 years, a black streak begins in Dostoevsky's biography.

In 1864, Mikhail Dostoevsky died, and a year later the publishing house itself was closed, since it was Mikhail who was the engine of the entire enterprise. In addition, Fedor Mikhailovich has accumulated a lot of debts.

The difficult financial situation forced him to sign an extremely disadvantageous contract with the publisher Stelovsky.

At the age of 45, Dostoevsky finished writing one of his most famous novels, Crime and Punishment. This book brought him absolute recognition and universal fame during his lifetime.

In 1868, another epoch-making novel, The Idiot, was published. Later, the writer admitted that this book was given to him extremely hard.

Dostoevsky's office in the last apartment in St. Petersburg

His next works were the equally famous Possessed, The Teenager and The Brothers Karamazov (many consider this book to be the most important in Dostoevsky's biography).

After the release of these novels, Fyodor Mikhailovich began to be considered a perfect connoisseur of the human, capable of conveying in detail the deepest feelings and true experiences of any person.

Dostoevsky's personal life

The first wife of Fyodor Dostoevsky was Maria Isaeva. Their marriage union lasted 7 years, until her death.

In the 60s, during his stay abroad, Dostoevsky met Apollinaria Suslova, with whom he began a romantic relationship. Interestingly, the girl became the prototype of Nastasya Filippovna in The Idiot.

The second and last wife of the writer was Anna Snitkina. Their marriage lasted 14 years, until the death of Fyodor Mikhailovich. They had two sons and two daughters.

Anna Grigoryevna Dostoevskaya (nee Snitkina), the "main" woman in the writer's life

For Dostoevsky, Anna Grigorievna was not only a faithful wife, but also an indispensable assistant in his writing.

Moreover, all financial issues lay on her shoulders, which she masterfully solved, thanks to her foresight and insight.

A huge number of people came to see him on his last journey. Perhaps, then no one guessed that they were contemporaries of one of the most outstanding writers of mankind.

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Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born October 30 (November 11), 1821. The writer's father came from the ancient Rtishchev family, descendants of the defender of the Orthodox faith in Southwestern Rus', Daniil Ivanovich Rtishchev. For special successes, he was given the village of Dostoevo (Podolsk province), from where the name of Dostoevsky originates.

By the beginning of the 19th century, the Dostoevsky family had become impoverished. The writer's grandfather, Andrei Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, served as an archpriest in the town of Bratslav, Podolsk province. The writer's father, Mikhail Andreevich, graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy. In 1812, during the Patriotic War, he fought against the French, and in 1819 he married the daughter of a Moscow merchant, Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva. After retiring, Mikhail Andreevich decided to take the position of a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, which was nicknamed Bozhedomka in Moscow.

The apartment of the Dostoevsky family was located in the wing of the hospital. In the right wing of Bozhedomka, allotted to the doctor for a government apartment, Fyodor Mikhailovich was born. The writer's mother came from a merchant family. Pictures of disorder, illness, poverty, premature deaths are the first impressions of a child, under the influence of which an unusual view of the future writer on the world was formed.

The Dostoevsky family, which eventually grew to nine people, huddled in two rooms from the front. The writer's father, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky, was a quick-tempered and suspicious person. Mother, Maria Fedorovna, was a completely different stock: kind, cheerful, economic. Relations between the parents were built on complete submission to the will and whims of Father Mikhail Fedorovich. The writer's mother and nanny sacredly honored religious traditions, raising their children in deep respect for the Orthodox faith. Fyodor Mikhailovich's mother died early, at the age of 36. She was buried at the Lazarevsky cemetery.

The Dostoevsky family attached great importance to science and education. Fedor Mikhailovich at an early age found joy in learning and reading books. First, these were the folk tales of the nanny Arina Arkhipovna, then Zhukovsky and Pushkin, his mother's favorite writers. At an early age, Fedor Mikhailovich met with the classics of world literature: Homer, Cervantes and Hugo. In the evenings, my father arranged a family reading of the “History of the Russian State” by N.M. Karamzin.

In 1827, the writer's father, Mikhail Andreevich, was awarded the Order of St. Anna of the 3rd degree for excellent and diligent service, and a year later he was awarded the rank of collegiate assessor, which gave the right to hereditary nobility. He knew well the price of higher education, so he tried to seriously prepare his children for entering higher educational institutions.

In childhood, the future writer experienced a tragedy that left an indelible mark on his soul for life. With a sincere childish feeling, he fell in love with a nine-year-old girl, the daughter of a cook. One summer day there was a cry in the garden. Fedya ran out into the street and saw that this girl was lying on the ground in a torn white dress, and some women were bending over her. From their conversation, he realized that the drunken tramp was the cause of the tragedy. They sent for her father, but his help was not needed: the girl died.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky received his initial education in a private Moscow boarding school. In 1838 he entered the Main Engineering School in St. Petersburg, from which he graduated in 1843 with the title of military engineer.

The Engineering School in those years was considered one of the best educational institutions in Russia. It is no coincidence that many wonderful people came out of there. Among Dostoevsky's classmates there were many talented people who later became outstanding personalities: the famous writer Dmitry Grigorovich, the artist Konstantin Trutovsky, the physiologist Ilya Sechenov, the organizer of the Sevastopol defense Eduard Totleben, the hero of Shipka Fyodor Radetsky. The school taught both special and humanitarian disciplines: Russian literature, national and world history, civil architecture and drawing.

Dostoevsky preferred solitude to a noisy student society. Reading was his favorite pastime. Dostoevsky's erudition amazed his comrades. He read the works of Homer, Shakespeare, Goethe, Schiller, Hoffmann, Balzac. However, the desire for solitude and loneliness was not an innate trait of his character. As an ardent, enthusiastic nature, he was in a constant search for new experiences. But at the school, he experienced the tragedy of the soul of the "little man" from his own experience. Most of the students in this educational institution were children of the highest military and bureaucratic bureaucracy. Wealthy parents did not spare money for their children and generously endowed teachers. Dostoevsky in this environment looked like a "black sheep", often subjected to ridicule and insults. For several years, a feeling of wounded pride flared up in his soul, which was later reflected in his work.

However, despite the ridicule and humiliation, Dostoevsky managed to gain the respect of both teachers and schoolmates. All of them eventually became convinced that he was a man of outstanding abilities and an extraordinary mind.

During his studies, Dostoevsky was influenced by Ivan Nikolaevich Shidlovsky, a graduate of Kharkov University, who served in the Ministry of Finance. Shidlovsky wrote poetry and dreamed of literary fame. He believed in the enormous world-changing power of the poetic word and argued that all great poets were "builders" and "world-creators". In 1839, Shidlovsky unexpectedly left St. Petersburg and left in an unknown direction. Later, Dostoevsky learned that he had gone to the Valuysky monastery, but then, on the advice of one of the wise elders, he decided to accomplish a "Christian feat" in the world, among his peasants. He began to preach the gospel and achieved great success in this field. Shidlovsky - a religious romantic thinker - became the prototype of Prince Myshkin, Alyosha Karamazov - heroes who have taken a special place in world literature.

On July 8, 1839, the writer's father suddenly died of apoplexy. There were rumors that he did not die a natural death, but was killed by peasants for his tough temper. This news greatly shocked Dostoevsky, and he suffered the first seizure - a harbinger of epilepsy - a serious illness from which the writer suffered for the rest of his life.

On August 12, 1843, Dostoevsky graduated from the full course of sciences in the upper officer class and was enlisted in the engineering corps at the St. Petersburg engineering team, but he did not serve there for long. On October 19, 1844, he decided to retire and devote himself to literary creativity. Dostoevsky had a passion for literature for a long time. After graduating, he began translating the works of foreign classics, in particular Balzac. Page after page, he deeply got used to the train of thought, to the movement of the images of the great French writer. He liked to imagine himself some famous romantic hero, most often Schiller's... But in January 1845, Dostoevsky experienced an important event, which he himself later called "a vision on the Neva". Returning home from Vyborgskaya one winter evening, he "cast a piercing glance along the river" into the "frosty and muddy distance." And then it seemed to him that “this whole world, with all its inhabitants, strong and weak, with all their dwellings, shelters for the poor or gilded chambers, in this twilight hour is like a fantastic dream, a dream, which, in turn, immediately vanishes, fizzes with steam towards the dark blue sky. And at that very moment, a “completely new world” opened up before him, some strange figures “quite prosaic”. “Not at all Don Carlos and Poses,” but “quite titular advisers.” And “another story appeared, in some dark corners, some kind of titular heart, honest and pure ... and with it some girl, offended and sad.” And he was “deeply heartbroken by their whole story.”

A sudden upheaval took place in Dostoevsky's soul. The heroes, so dearly loved by him recently, who lived in the world of romantic dreams, were forgotten. The writer looked at the world with a different look, through the eyes of "little people" - a poor official, Makar Alekseevich Devushkin and his beloved girl, Varenka Dobroselova. This is how the idea of the novel in the letters "Poor People", the first work of art by Dostoevsky, arose. This was followed by the novels and stories “Double”, “Mr. Prokharchin”, “Mistress”, “White Nights”, “Netochka Nezvanova”.

In 1847, Dostoevsky became close friends with Mikhail Vasilyevich Butashevich-Petrashevsky, an official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a passionate admirer and propagandist of Fourier, and began to visit his famous "Fridays". Here he met poets Alexei Pleshcheev, Apollon Maykov, Sergei Durov, Alexander Palm, prose writer Mikhail Saltykov, young scientists Nikolai Mordvinov and Vladimir Milyutin. At meetings of the Petrashevsky circle, the latest socialist teachings and programs for revolutionary upheavals were discussed. Dostoevsky was among the supporters of the immediate abolition of serfdom in Russia. But the government became aware of the existence of the circle, and on April 23, 1849, thirty-seven of its members, including Dostoevsky, were arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. They were tried by military law and sentenced to death, but by order of the emperor, the sentence was reduced, and Dostoevsky was exiled to Siberia for hard labor.

On December 25, 1849, the writer was shackled, put in an open sleigh and sent on a long journey ... Sixteen days they traveled to Tobolsk in forty-degree frosts. Recalling his journey to Siberia, Dostoevsky wrote: "I was freezing to the core."

In Tobolsk, the wives of the Decembrists, Natalia Dmitrievna Fonvizina and Praskovya Egorovna Annenkova, visited the Petrashevists, Russian women whose spiritual feat was admired by all of Russia. They gave each condemned a gospel, in the binding of which money was hidden. Prisoners were forbidden to have their own money, and the ingenuity of friends to some extent for the first time made it easier for them to endure the harsh situation in the Siberian prison. This eternal book, the only one allowed in prison, Dostoevsky kept all his life as a shrine.

In hard labor Dostoevsky realized how far the speculative, rationalistic ideas of the “new Christianity” were from that “heartfelt” feeling of Christ, the true bearer of which is the people. From here Dostoevsky brought out a new "creed", which was based on the people's feeling of Christ, the people's type of Christian worldview. “This creed is very simple,” he said, “believing that there is nothing more beautiful, deeper, more sympathetic, more reasonable, more courageous and more perfect than Christ, and not only not, but with jealous love I say to myself that it cannot be ... »

The four-year penal servitude for the writer was replaced by military service: Dostoevsky was escorted from Omsk under escort to Semipalatinsk. Here he served as a private, then received an officer's rank. He returned to Petersburg only at the end of 1859. A spiritual search for new ways of Russia's social development began, culminating in the 1960s with the formation of Dostoevsky's so-called soil convictions. Since 1861, the writer, together with his brother Mikhail, began publishing the Vremya magazine, and after its prohibition, the Epoch magazine. Working on magazines and new books, Dostoevsky developed his own view of the tasks of the Russian writer and public figure - a kind of Russian version of Christian socialism.

In 1861, Dostoevsky's first novel, written by him after hard labor, "Humiliated and Insulted", was published, in which the author's sympathy was expressed for "little people" who are subjected to incessant insults by the powerful of this world. Notes from the Dead House (1861-1863), conceived and begun by Dostoevsky while still in hard labor, acquired enormous social significance. In 1863, Vremya magazine published Winter Notes on Summer Impressions, in which the writer criticized Western European political belief systems. In 1864, Notes from the Underground were published - a kind of confession by Dostoevsky, in which he renounced his former ideals, love for a person, faith in the truth of love.

In 1866, the novel "Crime and Punishment" was published - one of the most significant novels of the writer, and in 1868 - the novel "The Idiot", in which Dostoevsky tried to create the image of a positive hero opposing the cruel world of predators. Dostoyevsky's novels The Possessed (1871) and The Teenager (1879) were widely known. The last work summing up the creative activity of the writer was the novel The Brothers Karamazov (1879-1880). The protagonist of this work - Alyosha Karamazov - helping people in their troubles and alleviating their suffering, is convinced that the most important thing in life is a feeling of love and forgiveness. On January 28 (February 9), 1881, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky died in St. Petersburg.