The problem of a person's attitude to his homeland, small homeland. Patriotism, love for the Motherland - the arguments of the Unified State Examination The problem of love for the native land arguments

Text essay:

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766 - 1826) - Russian historian, writer, poet; the creator of the "History of the Russian State" - one of the first generalizing works on the history of Russia. In his article he describes the problem of feeling love for the motherland.

This problem is very relevant today, since a person cannot imagine his life without the Motherland, without his native land, where he feels free and good.
Nikolai Mikhailovich writes: "A person loves the place of his birth and upbringing." N. M. Karamzin narrates: “The motherland is dear to the heart not by local beauties, not by clear skies, not by pleasant climate, but by captivating memories surrounding, so to speak, the morning and the cradle of man.”
The writer says: "With whom we grew up and live, we get used to those."

I share the opinion of Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. Indeed, love for the motherland is fraught with tender memories.

First, let's remember the extraordinary poem by Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov "I love the Fatherland, but with a strange love!". In this poem, the poet describes the feelings that are embedded in him in relation to his native place. He conveys his emotions and memories to us. And we notice how much the poet valued the place where he was born.

Secondly, I have one friend who came from abroad to Russia. They moved here 9 years ago. And every time she tells me about how beautiful her homeland is and what it means to her. She tells all her memories stored about this place!

Thus, I want to conclude. Homeland is an integral part of human life. And love for the Motherland is expressed through memories.

Text by Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin:

Problems 1. Education and culture 2. Human upbringing 3. The role of science in modern life 4. Man and scientific progress 5. Spiritual consequences of scientific discoveries 6. The struggle between the new and the old as a source of development Affirming theses 1. Knowledge of the world cannot be stopped by anything. 2. Scientific progress should not be ahead of the moral possibilities of man. 3. The purpose of science is to make a person happy. Quotes 1. We can as far as we know (Heraclitus, ancient Greek philosopher). 2. Not every change is development (ancient philosophers). 3. We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist). 4. We left the caves, but the cave has not yet left us (A. Regulsky). Arguments Scientific progress and moral qualities of man 1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slips over his eyes... Doesn't this picture resemble a modern person? Having failed to grow morally, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on Earth. 2) Mankind has achieved great success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But it's a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner. 3) In ancient mythology there is a legend about Pandora's box. A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending. 4) In M. Bulgakov's story, Dr. Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility. 5) “We boarded the plane, but we don’t know where it will fly to!” - wrote the famous Russian writer Y. Bondarev. These words are a warning to all mankind. Indeed, we are sometimes very careless, we do something “get on a plane”, without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal. 6) The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person? 7) Until now, disputes about how legitimate, from a moral point of view, experiments related to human cloning do not fade away. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What will this creature be? Human? Cyborg? means of production? 8) It is naive to believe that some kind of bans, strikes can stop scientific and technological progress. So, for example, in England, during the period of rapid development of technology, a movement of Luddites began, who, in desperation, broke cars. People could understand: many of them lost their jobs after the machines began to be used in factories. But the use of technological advances ensured an increase in productivity, so the performance of the followers of the apprentice Ludd was doomed. Another thing is that with their protest they forced the society to think about the fate of specific people, about the penalty that has to be paid for moving forward. 9) In one science fiction story, it is said how the hero, being in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which his double was alcoholized - a genetic copy. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: “How could you create a creature like yourself, and then kill him?” And they heard the answer: “Why do you think that I created it? He made me!" 10) Nicolaus Copernicus, after long, long studies, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist did not dare to publish the data on his discovery for a long time, because he understood that such news would turn people's ideas about the world order upside down. and this can lead to unpredictable consequences. 11) Today, we have not yet learned how to treat many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, and the most acute problems have not been resolved. However, technically man is already capable of destroying all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - huge monsters, real killing machines. In the course of evolution, these giant reptiles disappeared. Will humanity repeat the fate of the dinosaurs? 12) There have been cases in history when some secrets that could harm humanity were deliberately destroyed. In particular, in 1903, the Russian professor Filippov, who invented a method for transmitting shock waves from an explosion over long distances by radio, was found dead in his laboratory. After that, by order of Nicholas II, all the documents were confiscated and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is not known whether the tsar was guided by the interests of his own security or the future of mankind, but such means of transmitting the power of an atomic or hydrogen explosion would be really disastrous for the population of the globe. 13) Recently, newspapers reported that a church under construction was demolished in Batumi. A week later, the district administration building collapsed. Seven people died under the ruins. Many residents took these events not as a mere coincidence, but as a dire warning that society had chosen the wrong path. 14) In one of the Ural cities, they decided to blow up an abandoned church so that it would be easier to extract marble at this place. When the explosion thundered, it turned out that the marble slab was cracked in many places and became unusable. This example clearly shows that the thirst for momentary gain leads a person to senseless destruction. Laws of social development. Man and power 1) History knows many unsuccessful attempts to forcefully make a person happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then paradise turns into a dungeon. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the appointed hours, their children were to be sent to schools, they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study... And a man deprived of his freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev's reforms were curtailed. 2) They decided to help one African tribe that lived in the equatorial zone. Young Africans were taught to beg for rice, tractors and seeders were brought to them. A year has passed - they came to see how the tribe, gifted with new knowledge, lives. What a disappointment it was when they saw that the tribe both lived and lives in a primitive communal system: they sold tractors to farmers, and with the proceeds they arranged a national holiday. This example is eloquent evidence that a person must mature to understand his needs, you can’t make anyone rich, smart and happy by force. 3) In one kingdom there was a severe drought, people began to die of hunger and thirst. The king turned to a soothsayer who came to them from distant lands. He predicted that the drought would end as soon as a stranger was sacrificed. Then the king ordered to kill the soothsayer and throw him into the well. The drought ended, but since then a constant hunt for foreign wanderers has begun. 4) The historian E. Tarle, in one of his books, tells about Nicholas I's visit to Moscow University. When the rector introduced him to the best students, Nicholas 1 said: “I don’t need wise men, but I need novices.” The attitude towards smart people and novices in various fields of knowledge and art eloquently testifies to the nature of society. 5) In 1848, the tradesman Nikifor Nikitin was exiled to the remote settlement of Baikonur "for seditious speeches about flying to the moon." Of course, no one could know that a century later, in this very place, in the Kazakh steppe, a spaceport would be built and spaceships would fly to where the prophetic eyes of an enthusiastic dreamer were looking. Man and knowledge 1) Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off. 2) Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger. 3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning. 4) One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons." 5) The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery. 6) The Early Middle Ages are called the "Dark Ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, the diligently drew letters. 7) Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. The great Newton had to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at a familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion. 8) It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people have brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, no harvest, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous forces on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, with their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil. 9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship. 10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life. 11) New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, who lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding" - 12) At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joel decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person. 13) In the middle of the 17th century, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. The masts were not broken on the court, the gear was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to a green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique. This story allegorically reflects the difficult path of any scientific truth. A person carefully cherishes in his soul a sprout of an as yet unknown discovery, waters it with moisture of hope and inspiration, shelters him from worldly storms and storms of despair. .. And here it is - the saving shore of the final insight. The ripened tree of truth will give seeds, and whole plantations of theories, monographs, scientific laboratories, technical innovations will cover the continents of knowledge.

1. The problem of the influence of genuine art on a person

1. In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better, cleaner. Reading the lines of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", we, together with Pyotr Grinev, go through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of knowing the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author precedes the story with an epigraph: "Take care of honor from a young age." Reading the great lines, I want to follow this rule.

2. The problem of morality

1. The problem of morality is one of the key ones in Russian literature, which always teaches, educates, and not just entertains. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" is a novel about the spiritual quest of the main characters, going to the highest moral truth through delusions and mistakes. For the great writer, spirituality is the main quality of Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova, Andrey Bolkonsky. It is worth listening to the wise advice of the master of the word, learning from him the highest truths.

2. On the pages of works of Russian literature there are many heroes whose main quality is spirituality and morality. I remember the lines of A. I. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryona's Dvor". The main character is a simple Russian woman who "did not chase after the factory", was trouble-free and impractical. But these, according to the author, are the righteous on whom our land rests.

3. Unfortunately, modern society strives more for the material than for the spiritual. Is everything repeating itself? I remember the lines of V.V. Mayakovsky, who complained that "beautiful people have disappeared from Petrograd", that many do not care about someone else's misfortune, they think "it's better to get drunk", hidden, like the lady from the poem "Nate!" into the "shell of things".

3 The problem of a person's attitude to his homeland, small homeland

1 The problem of attitude to their small homeland is raised by V.G. Rasputin in the story "Farewell to Matera". Those who truly love their native land protect their island from flooding, and strangers are ready to abuse the graves, burn down the huts, which for others, for example for Daria, are not just a dwelling, but a home where parents died and children were born.

2 The theme of the motherland is one of the main ones in Bunin's work. After leaving Russia, he wrote only about her until the end of his days. I remember the lines of "Antonov's apples", imbued with sad lyricism. The smell of Antonov apples has become for the author the personification of the motherland. Russia is shown by Bunin as diverse, contradictory, where the eternal harmony of nature is combined with human tragedies. But whatever the Fatherland, Bunin's attitude towards it can be defined in one word - love.

3. The theme of the motherland is one of the main ones in Russian literature. The nameless author of The Tale of Igor's Campaign addresses his native land. Motherland, Fatherland, its fate excite the chronicler. The author is not an outside observer, he mourns her fate, calls the princes to unity. Only about the dear homeland are all the thoughts of the soldiers exclaiming: “O Russian land! You are already over the hill!”

4. “No! A person cannot live without a homeland, just as one cannot live without a heart!” - K. Paustovsky exclaims in one of his journalistic articles. He would never have been able to exchange a rosy sunset at the Ilyinsky pool for the beautiful landscapes of France or the streets of ancient Rome.

5. In one of his articles, V. Peskov gives examples of our thoughtless, unforgivable attitude towards our native land. Ameliorators leave rusty pipes, road builders leave lacerated wounds on the body of the earth “Do we want to see our homeland like this? - V. Peskov invites us to think.

6. In his letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev calls for the preservation of cultural monuments, believing that love for the motherland, native culture, language begins with small things - "with love for one's family, one's home, one's school." History, according to the publicist, is “love, respect, knowledge”

4. The problem of loneliness

1. Probably, it is common for a person to be sometimes lonely, misunderstood. Sometimes I want to scream after the lyrical hero V.V. Mayakovsky: There are no people. You understand the cry of a thousand days of torment. The soul does not want to go dumb, And to tell to whom?

2. It seems to me that sometimes the person himself is guilty of loneliness, having separated himself, like Rodion Raskolnikov, the hero of Dostoevsky's novel, by pride, the desire for power or crime. You have to be open, kind, then there will be people who will save you from loneliness. The sincere love of Sonya Marmeladova saves Raskolnikov, gives hope for the future.

3. The pages of works of Russian literature teach us to be attentive to parents, the elderly, not to make them lonely, like Katerina Ivanovna from Paustovsky's story "Telegram". Nastya was late for the funeral, but it seems to me that she will be punished by fate, because she will never have the opportunity to correct her mistakes again.

4. I read the lines of M. Yu. Lermontov: “How scary this life is for us to drag in loneliness ...: These are lines from the poem “Loneliness”, written in 1830. The events of life, the nature of the poet contributed to the fact that the motive of loneliness became one of the main ones in the work of the genius of Russian poetry.

5. The problem of attitude to the native language, the word

1. I remember the lines from N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls". One of the lyrical digressions speaks of the author's careful attitude to the Russian word, which "is so bold and brisk, would have burst out from under the very heart, would have boiled and quivered so much." Gogol admires the Russian word and confesses his love for its creator - the Russian people.

2. The lines of Ivan Bunin's brilliant poem "The Word" sound like a hymn to the word. The poet urges: Be able to take care of it At least to the best of your ability, in the days of anger and suffering, Our immortal gift is speech.

3. K. Paustovsky in one of his articles talks about the magical properties and richness of the Russian word. He believes that "Russian words in themselves radiate poetry." In them, according to the writer, the centuries-old experience of the people is hidden. We must learn from the writer a careful and thoughtful attitude to the native word.

4. "The Russians are killing the Russian language" - this is the title of M. Molina's article, which indignantly says that slang words, all kinds of "blatnyachina" penetrate into our speech. At times, an audience of millions is addressed in a language more appropriate in a prison cell than in a civilized society. M.Molina believes that the first task of the nation is not to let the language die.

6. The problem of the state of modern television, the influence of television on a person

1. What a pity that so few really worthwhile programs, performances, films are shown. I will never forget my impressions of the film "Scarecrow" based on the novel by V. Zheleznikov. Teenagers are often cruel, and the story, like the film, teaches kindness, justice, tolerance towards another, albeit unlike you.

2. I would like more good, bright films to be shown on television. How many times I watch the film “The Dawns Here Are Quiet”, based on the novel by Boris Vasiliev, and the impression remains as strong as the first time. Sergeant Major Fedot Vaskov and five young girls take on an unequal battle with sixteen Germans. I was especially shocked by the episode of Zhenya's death: beauty clashed with death in the struggle for freedom and won. It is such works that teach us to be patriots, not egoists, to think about the important, and not about how many fashionable things the next pop star has.

7. The problem of ecology, the influence of nature, its beauty on the inner world of man, the influence of nature on man

1. Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "The Scaffold" is a warning to mankind that the world may disappear. Eternal Moyunkums amaze with the beauty of landscapes. Animals and birds lived here in perfect harmony for thousands of years. But now a man has invented a weapon, and the blood of helpless saigas is shed, animals die in the fire. The planet plunges into chaos, evil takes over. The writer asks us to think about the fact that the fragile world of nature, its existence is in our hands.

2. Reading the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera", you understand how nature and man are inseparable from each other. The writer warns us how fragile lakes, rivers, islands, forests - everything that we call the Motherland. The sword of fate is raised over Matera, a beautiful island doomed to flood. Daria Pinigina, the heroine of the story, feels personally responsible to her dead ancestors for everything that happens around. The writer talks about the inseparability of environmental and moral problems. If there is no love for the land that gave birth to you, if you do not feel a blood connection with nature, you do not see its beauty, then the fruits of civilization become evil, and a person from the king of nature becomes, according to the writer, a madman.

3. In one of his journalistic articles, V. Soloukhin says that we do not notice the purity of the air, the emerald color of the grass, taking everything for granted: "Grass is grass, there is a lot of it." But how terrible it is to look at the earth burned with antifreeze, gaping with blackness. It is necessary to protect such a familiar and fragile world - planet Earth.

8. The problem of mercy, humanism

1. The pages of works of Russian literature teach us to be merciful to those who, due to various circumstances or social injustice, find themselves at the bottom of life or in a difficult situation. The stocks of A.S. Pushkin’s story “The Stationmaster”, which tells about Samson Vyrin, showed for the first time in Russian literature that any person deserves sympathy, respect, compassion, no matter what step of the social ladder he is on.

2. In one of his journalistic articles, D. Granin argues that mercy, unfortunately, is leaving our lives. We have forgotten how to sympathize, to sympathize. “To withdraw mercy means to deprive a person of one of the most important effective manifestations of morality,” the publicist writes. He is sure that this feeling should be brought up in a person from childhood, because if it is not used, then it “weakens and atrophies”.

3. Recall Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man." “Sprinkled with ashes” the eyes of a soldier saw the grief of a little man, the Russian soul did not harden from countless losses

9. The problem of the relationship of "fathers" and "children" 1. The eternal problem of the conflict of generations is considered on the pages of the novel "Fathers and Sons" by I. S. Turgenev. Bazarov, a representative of the younger generation, seeks to correct society, but at the same time sacrifice some “little things” - love, the traditions of his ancestors, art. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov cannot see the positive qualities of his opponent. This is the conflict of generations. Young people do not listen to the wise advice of their elders, and "fathers", due to their age, cannot accept the new, often progressive. Each generation, in my opinion, must compromise in order to avoid contradictions.

2. The heroine of V. Rasputin's story "The Deadline", the old woman Anna, is tormented not by the fact that she is about to die, but because the family has actually broken up. That there is a sense of estrangement between her children. .

11 The problem of the cruelty of the modern world, people; problem of violence

1. The lines of Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" teach us a great truth: cruelty, murder, "Blood according to conscience" invented by Raskolnikov is absurd, because only God can give life or take it away. Dostoevsky tells us that to be cruel, to violate the great commandments of kindness and mercy, means to destroy one's own soul.

2. The heroine of the story by V.P. Astafyev "Lyudochka" came to the city to work. They brutally abused her, and the girl suffers, but does not find sympathy from either her mother or Gavrilovna. The human circle did not become life-saving for the heroine, and she committed suicide.

3. The cruelty of the modern world breaks into our homes from TV screens. Every minute blood is shed, correspondents savor the details of the disasters, like vultures, circling over the bodies of the dead, accustoming our hearts to indifference and aggression.

12 The problem of true and false values.

1. In A.P. Chekhov’s short story “Rodschild’s Violin”, important questions of morality are raised. Yakov Bronza, an undertaker, counts the losses, especially if someone was terminally ill but did not die. Even with his wife, to whom he did not say a single kind word, he takes measurements in order to make a coffin. Only before his death, the hero understands what true losses are. This is the absence of good relations in the family, love, mercy and compassion. Only these are the true values ​​for which it is worth living.

2. Recall the immortal lines of Gogol's "Dead Souls", when Chichikov at the governor's ball chooses who to approach - "thick" or "thin". The hero strives only for wealth, and at any cost, so he joins the "fat", where he finds all the familiar faces. This is his moral choice, which determines his future destiny.

13 The problem of honor, conscience.

The problem of conscience is one of the main ones in V. G. Rasputin's story “Live and Remember”. Meeting with her husband - a deserter becomes for the main character, Nastya Guskova, both joy and torment. Before the war, they dreamed of a child, and now, when Andrei is forced to hide, fate gives them such a chance. Nastena, on the other hand, feels like a criminal, because the pangs of conscience cannot be compared with anything, so the heroine commits a terrible sin - she throws herself into the river, destroying herself and the unborn child.

2. In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better, cleaner. Reading the lines of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", we, together with Pyotr Grinev, go through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of knowing the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author precedes the story with an epigraph: "Take care of honor from a young age." Reading the great lines, I want to follow this rule.

14 The problem of the spiritual value of the book in the upbringing and education of a person

1. The book has been and remains an important factor in the upbringing and education of a person. She teaches us love, honor, kindness, mercy. The lines of Pushkin's poem "The Prophet" come to mind, in which the great poet defined the mission of the poet, writer, the mission of the art of the word - "to burn people's hearts with the verb." Books teach us the beautiful, help us live according to the laws of goodness and conscience.

2. There are eternal books on which more than one generation was brought up. The timing of M. Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil" tells about Danko, who with his burning heart lit the way for people, showing us an example of true love for a person, an example of fearlessness and selflessness.

15 The problem of moral choice between good and evil, lies and truth

1. There are many examples on the pages of Russian literature when the heroes of works are faced with a choice between good and evil, truth and lies. The hero of Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov is obsessed with a diabolical idea. “Am I a trembling creature, or do I have a right?” he asks. There is a struggle between dark and light forces in his heart, and only through blood, murder and terrible spiritual torment does he come to the truth that not cruelty, but love, mercy can save.

2. Evil brought to people, according to the great writer F.M. Dostoevsky, always turns against the person himself, killing a part of the soul. Petr Petrovich Luzhin, the hero of the novel Crime and Punishment, is an acquirer, a business man. This is a scoundrel by conviction, putting only money at the forefront. This hero is a warning to us, living in the 21st century, that forgetfulness of eternal truths always leads to disaster.

3. The hero of Victor Astafiev's story "The Horse with a Pink Mane" remembered the lesson forever. Cheated on grandma. The most terrible punishment for his conscience was the “horse” gingerbread, which the grandmother nevertheless bought the boy, despite his misconduct.

4. Well-known literary scholar Yu.M. Lotman, in one of his journalistic articles, addressing students and young people, argued that a person has many situations when there is a choice. It is important that this choice be dictated by conscience.

16 The problem of fascism, nationalism

1. The problem of nationalism is raised in his story “A golden cloud spent the night” Anatoly Pristavkin. The author, speaking about the repressions against the Chechens, condemns the division of people along ethnic lines.

17 The problem of drug addiction

The problem of drug addiction is primarily a problem of morality. Grishan, the hero of Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "The Block", the leader of a group of guys who collect and distribute drugs, does not think that he is ruining someone's life. For him and those like him, the main thing is profit, money. The young guys are faced with a choice: with whom to go - with Grishan or Avdiy, who is trying to save them. Unfortunately, they choose evil. Talking about this, the author talks about the relevance of the problem of drug addiction, about its moral origins. 18 The problem of fascination with computers, computer addiction

1. You cannot stop civilization, but no computer will ever replace either live communication or a good book that makes you think, and not just download ready-made information. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" can be re-read many times. I did not like his screen version, it seemed like a rough fake. You have to read about eternal love, about ancient Yershalaim, Yeshua and Pontius Pilate, pondering every word. Only then can we understand what the author wanted to tell us.

19 The problem of motherhood

1. A mother will do anything for her child. The heroine of Maxim Gorky's novel "Mother" became a revolutionary, discovered a new world for herself, a world of completely different human relations, learned to read in order to be closer to her son, whom she trusted in everything, whose truth she shared unconditionally.

2. In his publicistic article “Forgive me, mother ...”, the writer A. Aleksin is sure that it is necessary to tell them everything good in time, during the life of mothers, to do everything possible for them, because mothers give their children the last and never demand anything.

20 The problem of the influence of mass culture on a person

1. The so-called popular culture even tries to make books disposable, easy to read. Bookstore shelves are full of novels by Ustinova, Dashkova and the like. Same plot, same characters. It is a pity that there is no demand for poetry, for works of spiritual content. They don't make as much money as paperback books. I take a volume of Blok and marvel at its depth and originality. Isn't it modern? We copy the West instead of going our own way. Blok speaks of the chosenness of Russia: Russia is the Sphinx. Rejoicing and grieving, And shedding black blood, She looks, looks, looks at you, And with hatred, and with love.

(The arguments were compiled by the teacher of the MOBU secondary school No. 19 of the city of Korenevsk, Krasnodar Territory Guzey Svetlana Anatolyevna)

In this article, we have selected topical and frequently encountered problems related to patriotism from texts for preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. The arguments we found in Russian literature meet all the criteria for evaluating papers in the exam. For convenience, you can download all these examples in table format at the end of the article.

1. « MindRussia Not understand, cannot be measured with a common arshin: she has become special - you can only believe in Russia, ”F. And Tyutchev speaks about his homeland. Although the poet lived for a long time abroad, he always loved and yearned for the way of Russian life. He liked the brightness of character, liveliness of mind and the unpredictability of his compatriots, because he considered Europeans to be too measured and even slightly boring by nature. The author is sure that Russia has its own way, it will not get bogged down in "philistine aspirations", but will grow spiritually, and it is this spirituality that will distinguish it in a number of other countries.
2. M. Tsvetaeva had a difficult relationship with her homeland, she either always wanted to return, or she felt resentment for her native land. In a poem "Homesickness…" there is a growing tension, which sometimes turns into a scream. The heroine feels powerless due to the fact that there is no one to listen to her. But the exclamations stop when Tsvetaeva suddenly recalls the main symbol of Russia - the mountain ash. Only at the end do we feel how great her love is, it is love in spite of everything and in spite of everything. She just is.
3. We see a comparison at the junction of true and false love in the epic novel L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". At first, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war only because he was "bored with social life", tired of his wife, he even advises Pierre "not to marry." He is attracted by titles and honor, for which he is ready to make great sacrifices. But the Andrei we meet on his deathbed is completely different. He was changed by the Battle of Austerlitz, on which his eyes were riveted by the sky, its beauty and the beauty of nature, which he did not seem to see. Against this background, Napoleon, who noticed the wounded Andrei, seemed so insignificant, and the ranks - useless and low. At that moment, the hero realized what value life, and the homeland, and the abandoned family had for him now. He realized that true patriotism is manifested not in the search for glory, but in quiet and modest service.

military patriotism

1. Military lyrics are close to the Russian soul, it was born so that people could not lose heart in the most difficult times for the Motherland. Therefore, such a popular favorite appears as "Vasily Terkin", the hero of the poem of the same name by A.T. Tvardovsky. He is the collective image of a dashing soldier. His jokes and statements are encouraging, but sometimes our main character loses his mental strength. He yearns for “evenings” and “girls”, for simple human joys like a “pouch of tobacco”, which he lost somewhere. And most importantly, he is brave, he does not give in even in the face of death itself. This work serves the reader, both in wartime and in peacetime, reminding of simple values ​​​​and great love for the place that we call the fatherland.
2. Lyrics by Konstantin Simonov makes us completely immerse ourselves in the war years, it conveys in simple human language the most terrible details of the war. For example, the work “Do you remember, Alyosha?” is very revealing, where we become eyewitnesses of the military devastation of “villages, villages, villages with graveyards”, prayers and tears of people who have lost the most valuable thing in their lives. The poem ends with a loud and proud confession: “Still, I was glad, for the most bitter, for the Russian land where I was born.” And we feel this pride together with the lyrical hero.
3. Another poem Konstantin Simonov - "Kill him!"- speaks of the despair of a loving heart, of his revenge for the trampled shrines. It is quite difficult to understand and perceive. In it, the author tells that if we want to see a peaceful sky above us, if “mother is dear to us”, “if you have not forgotten your father”, then you need to kill. Without pity. You need to take revenge for what is happening in your home. “So kill him quickly, as many times as you see him, kill him as many times.”

Love for native nature

1. In Yesenin's lyrics nature and homeland were inseparable, both of these subjects in harmony constituted his great love. S. A. Yesenin said: "My lyrics are alive with one great love - love for the Motherland." In his works, he often confesses his love for her. And he dreams of the "Ryazan sky" in the poem "I have never been so tired." In it, the author speaks of his weariness from life, but hurries to add: “But still, I bow to those fields that I once loved.” The poet's love for Russia is a poignant and incomparable song. This is not just a feeling, but his peculiar life philosophy.
2. In a poem by S. Yesenin“Goy you, Rus', my dear,” the lyrical hero is offered: “Throw you Rus', live in paradise!”, - he answers: “Don’t need paradise, give me my homeland.” These words express all the awe of the attitude of a Russian person to his homeland, which has never been distinguished by easy living and working conditions. And yet he chooses his lot, does not grumble and does not look for someone else's. Also in the poem, descriptions of domestic nature go in parallel: “huts in robes, images”; "I will run along the crumpled stitch, into the freedom of the green lech." Yesenin is the most devoted admirer of his native land. It is about the years spent in the village that he recalls as the happiest and most serene. Rural landscapes, romance, way of life - all this is dearly loved by the author.

Patriotism against all odds

1. Many lovers of Russian literature know the lines of M. Yu. Lermontov: “ Farewell, unwashed Russia... ". Some even misinterpret them. But, in my opinion, this is just a gesture, almost bordering on despair. Resentment that seethed and splashed out in a short and light “goodbye!”. Although he is defeated by the system, he is not broken in spirit. In essence, the author in this work says goodbye not to Russia itself and not to its inhabitants, but to the state system and orders, which are unacceptable for Lermontov. But we feel the pain that the breakup causes him. We feel the anger that burns in the heart of a true patriot who worries about his country. This is true love for the motherland, characterized by the desire to change it for the better.

• Patriotism can be both true and false
• A true patriot will not dare to betray his homeland even under the threat of death.
• Patriotism is manifested in the desire to make the native country better, cleaner, to protect it from the enemy
• A huge number of vivid examples of the manifestation of patriotism can be found in wartime.
• The patriot is ready for even the most reckless act, which can bring people even a little closer to saving the country
• A true patriot is faithful to his oath and his own moral principles.

Arguments

M. Sholokhov “The fate of man”. During the war, Andrei Sokolov proved more than once that he deserved to be called a patriot of his country. Patriotism manifested itself in the tremendous strength of will and hero. Even under the threat of death during interrogation by Muller, he decides to preserve his Russian dignity and show the German the qualities of a real Russian soldier. Andrei Sokolov's refusal to drink to the victory of German arms, despite the famine, is direct evidence that he is a patriot. The behavior of Andrei Sokolov, as it were, generalizes the fortitude and steadfastness of the Soviet soldier, who truly loves his homeland.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". In the epic novel, the reader is faced with the concept of true and false patriotism. All representatives of the Bolkonsky and Rostov families, as well as Pierre Bezukhov, can be called true patriots. These people are ready to defend the Motherland at any moment. Prince Andrei, even after being wounded, goes to war, no longer dreaming of glory, but simply defending his homeland. Pierre Bezukhov, who does not really understand anything about military operations, like a true patriot, remains in Moscow captured by the enemy to kill Napoleon. Nikolai and Petya Rostov are fighting, and Natasha does not spare the carts and gives them to transport the wounded. Everything suggests that these people are worthy children of their country. This cannot be said about the Kuragins, who are patriots only in words, but do not back up words with deeds. They talk about patriotism only for their own benefit. Consequently, not everyone from whom we hear about patriotism cannot be called a true patriot.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev cannot even allow the thought of swearing allegiance to the impostor Pugachev, although this threatens him with death. He is a man of honor, true to his oath and his word, a real soldier. Although Pugachev is kind to Pyotr Grinev, the young soldier does not seek to please him or make a promise not to touch his people. In the most difficult situations, Petr Grinev confronts the invaders. And although the hero more than once turns to Pugachev for help, he cannot be accused of betrayal, because he does all this for the sake of saving Masha Mironova. Pyotr Grinev is a true patriot, ready to give his life for his Motherland, which is proved by his actions. The accusations of betrayal that are presented to him in court are false, therefore, in the end, justice wins.

V. Kondratiev "Sasha". Sasha is a man who fights selflessly, in full force. And although he beats the enemy with hatred, the sense of justice makes the hero not kill the captured German, his peer, who unexpectedly found himself in the war. This, of course, is not a betrayal. Sasha's thoughts at the sight of Moscow, not captured by the enemy, confirm that he is a true patriot. At the sight of a city in which almost the former life is in full swing, the hero realizes how important what he did on the front line. Sasha is ready to defend his native country, because he understands how important it is.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". For the Cossacks, the protection of their native land is the basis of existence. It is not for nothing that the work says that it is difficult to resist the power of the angry Cossacks. Old Taras Bulba is a true patriot who does not tolerate betrayal. He even kills his youngest son Andriy, who went over to the side of the enemy because of love in a beautiful Polish woman. Taras Bulba does not consider his own child, because his moral principles are unshakable: betrayal of the Motherland cannot be justified by anything. All this confirms that Taras Bulba is characterized by a sense of patriotism, like other real Cossacks, including Ostap, his eldest son.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". The image of Vasily Terkin serves as an ideal embodiment of a simple Soviet soldier, ready at any moment to perform a feat for the sake of approaching victory over the enemy. It costs nothing for Terkin to cross the icy river, covered with ice, in order to transmit the necessary instructions to the other side. He himself does not see this as a feat. And the soldier performs similar actions more than once throughout the work. Without a doubt, he can be called a true patriot, fighting for the bright future of his country.