“I brought this history in order. V.N
Russian historian, geographer, economist and statesman, founder of Stavropol (now Togliatti), Yekaterinburg and Perm.
Childhood and youth
Vasily Tatishchev was born in Pskov into a noble family. The Tatishchevs descended from the Rurikovich family, more precisely, from the younger branch of the princes of Smolensk. The family lost the princely title. Since 1678, Vasily Nikitich’s father was listed in the sovereign’s service as a Moscow “tenant” and at first did not have any land holdings, but in 1680 he managed to get the estate of a deceased distant relative in the Pskov district. Both Tatishchev brothers (Ivan and Vasily) served as stolniks (the steward served the master's meal) at the tsar's court until his death in 1696. After that, Tatishchev left the court. The documents do not contain evidence of Tatishchev's studies at school. In 1704, the young man was enrolled in the Azov Dragoon Regiment and served in the army for 16 years, leaving it on the eve of the end of the Northern War with the Swedes. Participated in the capture of Narva, in the Prut campaign of Peter I against the Turks. In 1712-1716. Tatishchev improved his education in Germany. He visited Berlin, Dresden, Breslavl, where he studied mainly engineering and artillery, kept in touch with Feldzeugmeister General Ya.V. Bruce and carried out his instructions.
Development of the Urals
At the beginning of 1720, Tatishchev was assigned to the Urals. His task was to identify sites for the construction of iron ore plants. Having explored these places, he settled in the Uktus plant, where he founded the Mining Office, which was later renamed the Siberian Higher Mining Administration. On the Iset River, he laid the foundation for the current Yekaterinburg, indicated a place for the construction of a copper smelter near the village of Egoshikha - this was the beginning of the city of Perm. In the region, he launched the construction of schools and libraries, which, after his death, existed without fundamental changes for 158 years.
Tatishchev had a conflict with an entrepreneur, an expert in mining. In the construction and establishment of state-owned factories, he saw the undermining of his activities. To investigate the dispute that arose between Tatishchev and Demidov, a military and engineer G.V. was sent to the Urals. de Gennin. He found that Tatishchev acted fairly in everything. According to a report sent to Peter I, Tatishchev was acquitted and promoted to adviser to the Berg Collegium.
From 1724 to 1726 Tatishchev spent time in Sweden, where he inspected factories and mines, collected drawings and plans, brought a lapidary master to Yekaterinburg, met many local scientists, etc. In 1727 he was appointed a member of the mint office, which then subordinated mints. Tatishchev began work on the General geographical description of all Siberia, which, due to the lack of materials, he left unfinished, writing only 13 chapters and a plan for the book. The conflict with Biron's henchmen and the dissatisfaction of local influential people who used individual abuses of power by Tatishchev led to his recall, and then to trial. In 1734, Tatishchev was released from court and again appointed to the Urals as the head of state-owned mining factories "for breeding factories." July 1737 to March 1739 led the Orenburg expedition.
In January 1739, Tatishchev arrived in St. Petersburg, where a whole commission was set up to consider complaints against him. He was accused of "attacks and bribes", non-performance, etc. The commission arrested Tatishchev in the Peter and Paul Fortress and in September 1740 sentenced him to deprivation of rank. The sentence, however, was not carried out. In this difficult year for Tatishchev, he wrote his instruction to his son - the well-known "Dukhovnaya".
Writing "History of the Russian"
The fall of Biron again put forward Tatishchev: he was released from punishment and in 1741 was appointed to Astrakhan to manage the Astrakhan province, mainly to stop the unrest among the Kalmyks. The lack of necessary military forces and the intrigues of the Kalmyk rulers prevented Tatishchev from achieving anything lasting. When she ascended the throne, Tatishchev hoped to free himself from the Kalmyk commission, but he did not succeed: he was left in place until 1745, when he was dismissed from office due to disagreements with the governor. Arriving in his village near Moscow Boldino, Tatishchev no longer left her to death. Here he finished his famous Russian History.
Work on writing a work on native history began in the early 1720s. and actually became the main business of life. Taking up the writing of the work, Tatishchev set himself several tasks. Firstly, to identify, collect and systematize the material and present it in accordance with the chronicle text. Secondly, to explain the meaning of the collected material and to establish a causal relationship of events, to compare Russian history with Western, Byzantine and Eastern.
Tatishchev's work on writing the "History of the Russian" was rather slow. Starting to study and collect materials in 1721, in November 1739, the scientist presented to the Academy of Sciences the "Foreshadowing of Russian histories", written in an ancient dialect. Arriving in St. Petersburg in 1739, Tatishchev showed his "Russian History" to many, but the work was not approved. Resistance was offered by the clergy and foreign scientists. He was accused of freethinking. Then Tatishchev sent his "History of Russia" to the Archbishop of Novgorod Ambrose, asking him "to read and correct." The archbishop did not find “anything contrary to the truth” in Tatishchev’s work, but he asked him to shorten the controversial points. Discouraged by the attacks from the Church and not feeling supported by the Academy of Sciences, Tatishchev did not dare to protest openly. Not only the questions of church history raised by him served as a pretext for the rejection of labor, but also the dominance of foreign scientists in the Academy of Sciences, mostly Germans by origin.
V.N. Tatishchev turned to P.I. for help. Rychkov, a prominent historian, geographer, and economist of that time. Rychkov reacted with great interest to the work of Vasily Nikitich. Having retired to his estate Boldino after numerous wanderings and exiles, Tatishchev continues to purposefully work on writing the Russian History. By the end of the 1740s. refers to Tatishchev's decision to start negotiations with the Academy of Sciences on the publication of his work. Most of the members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences were sympathetic. This is due to the change in the general situation in the country. Elizaveta Petrovna came to power. National science in her person received state support. His work was first published already during the reign of Catherine II.
The structure and summary of the "History of the Russian"
"History of Russia" Tatishchev consists of five books, which include four parts. The first book by Tatishchev is divided into two parts. The first part is entirely devoted to the characteristics and history of the various peoples who inhabited the East European Plain in antiquity. The second part of the book is devoted to the ancient history of Rus'. Its scope covers 860-1238. Particular attention is paid to the question of the role of the Varangian influence on the development and formation of the Old Russian state. In the second, third and fourth parts of the Russian History, Tatishchev tells his story in chronological order. The second part of the work has the most finished look. The fact is that Tatishchev not only wrote it in the ancient dialect, but also translated it into his modern language. This, unfortunately, was not done with the subsequent material. This part is also significant in that in addition to it, Tatishchev compiled notes, where he gives comments on the text, which make up approximately one fifth of what was written. Tatishchev did not bring the fourth part of his work to the planned time frame (1613), finishing the narrative in 1577. Although materials about later events were found in Tatishchev’s personal archive, for example, about the reign of Fyodor Ioanovich, Vasily Ioanovich Shuisky, Alexei Mikhailovich and etc.
Source base of the "History of the Russian"
Tatishchev collected and kept the manuscripts he needed for his work. This is the “History of Kurbsky about the Kazan campaign ...; Popov, Archimandrite of the Trinity Monastery, from the reign of Tsar John II to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich; About Pozharsky and Minin, about 54 Polish times...; Siberian history...; Stories written in Tatar ”, etc. The scientist had many sources not in a single copy and version (in particular, Tatishchev had a story about the Kazan campaign not only under the authorship of A. Kurbsky, but also as a work of an unknown author). Tatishchev did not copy and rewrite ancient sources, but sought to critically comprehend them. Many of the documents used by Tatishchev in his work on the Russian History did not reach the next generations of scientists and, most likely, are forever lost to science. Tatishchev processed the works of foreign authors containing information on Russian history. in his classification of historical sources used by Tatishchev in his work, he singled out chronicles, ancient legends, writings of various historical figures, biographies, as well as “marriages and crownings”.
Other writings
In addition to the main work of V.N. Tatishchev left a large number of essays of a journalistic nature: "Spiritual", "Reminder on the sent schedule of high and lower state and zemstvo governments", "Discourse on the revision of the total" and others. "Dukhovnaya" (ed. 1775) gives detailed instructions embracing the whole life and activity of a person (landowner). She talks about upbringing, about different types of service, about relations with superiors and subordinates, about family life, managing estates and households, and the like. The "Reminder" outlines Tatishchev's views on state law, and the "Discourse", written on the revision of 1742, indicates measures to increase state revenues.
The incomplete explanatory dictionary (up to the word "Keyman") "The Lexicon of Russian Historical, Geographical, Political and Civil" (1744-1746) covers a wide range of concepts: geographical names, military affairs and the fleet, the administrative and management system, religious issues and the church , science and education, the peoples of Russia, legislation and courts, classes and estates, trade and means of production, industry, construction and architecture, money and money circulation. First published in 1793 (M.: Mining College, 1793. Parts 1-3).
Historical significance of the works
Vasily Tatishchev is rightly called one of the fathers of Russian historical science, he is the author of the first "Russian History from Ancient Times", which is one of the most significant works of the entire existence of Russian historiography.
Tatishchev's "Russian History" was used as the basis for his works, I.N. Boltin and others. Thanks to Tatishchev, such historical sources as Russkaya Pravda, Sudebnik 1550, and Power Book have come down to us. They were published after Tatishchev's death thanks to Miller's efforts. With his research, Tatishchev initiated the formation of historical geography, ethnography, cartography and a number of other auxiliary historical disciplines. In the course of his scientific and practical activities, Tatishchev became increasingly aware of the need for historical knowledge for the development of Russia and sought to convince "those in power" of this. According to N.L. Rubinstein, "Russian History" V.N. Tatishcheva "summed up the previous period of Russian historiography ... for a whole century ahead."
Russian history from the most ancient times with vigilant labors thirty years later collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev
Download Download Download Download Download Download- The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book one. Part one
- The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book one. Part two
- The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. book two
- The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book Three
- The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book Four
- The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. The fifth book, or according to the author, the fourth part of the ancient Russian chronicle
Russian history from the most ancient times with vigilant labors thirty years later collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev
DownloadThe history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book one. Part two
DownloadThe history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. book two
DownloadThe history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book Three
DownloadThe history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book Four
DownloadThe history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book five, or part four according to the author
Download Download all volumes from BitTorrent (PDF) History of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich TatishchevRussian history from the most ancient times with vigilant labors thirty years later collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev
The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book one. Part two
The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. book two
The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book Three
The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book Four
The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book five, or part four according to the author
Download all volumes from BitTorrent (DjVU) History of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich TatishchevRussian history from the most ancient times with vigilant labors thirty years later collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev
The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book one. Part two
The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. book two
The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book Three
The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book Four
The history of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book five, or part four according to the author
A major historical work by the Russian historian V. N. Tatishchev, one of the most important works of Russian historiography of the second quarter of the 18th century, a significant stage in its transition from the medieval chronicle to the critical style of narration.
The "History" consists of four parts; some sketches on the history of the 17th century have also been preserved.
- Part 1. History from ancient times to Rurik.
- Part 2. Chronicle from 860 to 1238.
- Part 3. Chronicle from 1238 to 1462.
- Part 4. A continuous chronicle from 1462 to 1558, and then a series of extracts about the history of the Time of Troubles.
Biography of Vasily Tatishchev
Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich - a famous Russian historian, was born on April 16, 1686 on the estate of his father, Nikita Alekseevich Tatishchev, in the Pskov district; studied at the Moscow artillery and engineering school under the direction of Bruce, participated in), in and in the Prussian campaign; in 1713-14 he was abroad, in Berlin, Breslau and Dresden, for improvement in the sciences.
In 1717, Tatishchev was again abroad, in Danzig, where Peter I sent him to apply for the inclusion of an old image in the indemnity, about which there was a rumor that it was painted by St. Methodius; but the magistrate of the city did not yield to the image, and T. proved to Peter the infidelity of the legend. From both of his trips abroad, Tatishchev took out a lot of books. Upon his return, T. was with Bruce, the president of the Berg and Manufactory College, and went with him to the Aland Congress.
The idea made to Peter the Great of the need for a detailed geography of Russia gave impetus to the compilation of the "Russian History" by Tatishchev, whom Bruce pointed out to Peter in 1719 as the performer of such a work. T., sent to the Urals, could not immediately present the plan of work to the tsar, but Peter did not forget about this matter and in 1724 reminded Tatishchev of it. Having set to work, T. felt the need for historical information and therefore, pushing geography into the background, began to collect materials for history.
At the time of the beginning of these works, another, closely related plan of Tatishchev dates back: in 1719, he submitted a presentation to the tsar, in which he pointed out the need for a delimitation in Russia. In T.'s thoughts, both plans were connected; in a letter to Cherkasov in 1725, he says that he was determined "to survey the entire state and compose detailed geography with land maps."
In 1720, a new assignment tore Tatishchev away from his historical and geographical work. He was sent "in the Siberian province on Kungur and in other places where convenient places are searched, to build factories and smelt silver and copper from ores." He had to operate in a country little known, uncultured, which has long served as an arena for all sorts of abuses. Having traveled around the region entrusted to him, Tatishchev settled not in Kungur, but in the Uktussky plant, where he founded a department, called at the beginning the mining office, and then the Siberian higher mining authorities.
During the first stay of Vasily Tatishchev at the Ural factories, he managed to do a lot: he moved the Uktus factory to the river. Iset and there laid the foundation for the present Yekaterinburg; he obtained permission to allow merchants to enter the Irbit fair and through Verkhoturye, as well as post offices between Vyatka and Kungur; at the factories he opened two primary schools, two for teaching mining; procured the establishment of a special judge for factories; compiled instructions for protecting forests, etc.
Tatishchev's measures aroused the displeasure of Demidov, who saw the undermining of his activities in the establishment of state-owned factories. To investigate disputes, Genik was sent to the Urals, who found that T. acted fairly in everything. T. was acquitted, at the beginning of 1724 he presented himself to Peter, was promoted to councilor of the Berg College and appointed to the Siberian Oberberg Amt. Soon afterwards he was sent to Sweden for the needs of mining and for the execution of diplomatic missions.
Vasily Tatishchev stayed in Sweden from December 1724 to April 1726, inspected factories and mines, collected many drawings and plans, hired a lapidary master, who launched a lapidary business in Yekaterinburg, collected information about the trade of the Stockholm port and the Swedish monetary system, got acquainted with many local scientists, etc. Returning from a trip to Sweden and Denmark, Tatishchev spent some time compiling a report and, although not yet expelled from Bergamt, was, however, not sent to Siberia.
In 1727, Tatishchev was appointed a member of the mint office, to which the mints were then subordinate; the events of 1730 found him in this position.
Regarding them, Tatishchev drew up a note, which was signed by 300 people from the nobility. He argued that Russia, as a vast country, most of all corresponds to monarchical government, but that, nevertheless, "to help" the empress, she should have established a Senate of 21 members and an assembly of 100 members, and elected to the highest places by ballot; here various measures were proposed to alleviate the situation of different classes of the population. Due to the unwillingness of the guards to agree to changes in the state system, this whole project remained in vain, but the new government, seeing Vasily Tatishchev as an enemy of the supreme leaders, treated him favorably: he was the chief master of ceremonies on the day of the coronation. Having become the chief judge of the coin office, T. began to actively take care of improving the Russian monetary system.
In 1731, T. began to have misunderstandings with, which led to the fact that he was put on trial on charges of bribery. In 1734, Tatishchev was released from court and again assigned to the Urals, "for breeding plants." He was also entrusted with the drafting of the mining charter. While T. remained at the factories, his activities brought a lot of benefits to both the factories and the region: under him, the number of factories increased to 40; new mines were constantly opened, and T. considered it possible to arrange another 36 factories, which opened only a few decades later. Between the new mines, the most important place was occupied by the mountain Blagodat indicated by T..
Vasily Tatishchev used the right to interfere in the management of private factories very widely and thus more than once aroused reproaches and complaints against himself. In general, he was not a supporter of private factories, not so much out of personal self-interest, but out of the consciousness that the state needs metals, and that by mining them itself, it receives more benefits than entrusting this business to private people. In 1737, Biron, wanting to remove Tatishchev from mining, appointed him to the Orenburg expedition to finally pacify Bashkiria and the control devices of the Bashkirs. Here he managed to carry out several humane measures: for example, he procured that the delivery of yasak was entrusted not to the yasaks and kissers, but to the Bashkir foremen.
In January 1739, he arrived in St. Petersburg, where a whole commission was set up to consider complaints against him. He was accused of "attacks and bribes", not diligence, etc. It is possible to assume that there was some truth in these attacks, but T.'s position would be better if he got along with Biron. The commission subjected T. to arrest in the Peter and Paul Fortress and in September 1740 sentenced him to deprivation of his ranks. The sentence, however, was not carried out. In this difficult year for T., he wrote his instruction to his son - the well-known "Spiritual". The fall of Biron again advanced T.: he was released from punishment and in 1741 was appointed to Tsaritsyn to manage the Astrakhan province, mainly to stop the unrest among the Kalmyks.
The lack of the necessary military forces and the intrigues of the Kalmyk rulers prevented T. from achieving anything lasting. When she ascended the throne, T. hoped to get rid of the Kalmyk commission, but he did not succeed: he was left in place until 1745, when he, due to disagreements with the governor, was dismissed from his post. Arriving in his village near Moscow Boldino, Tatishchev no longer left her to his death. Here he finished his story, which he brought to St. Petersburg in 1732, but for which he did not meet with sympathy. An extensive correspondence conducted by T. from the village has come down to us.
On the eve of his death, he went to the church and ordered the workmen with shovels to appear there. After the liturgy, he went with the priest to the cemetery and ordered that a grave be dug for himself near his ancestors. Leaving, he asked the priest to come the next day to partake of him. At home, he found a courier who brought a decree that forgave him, and. He returned the order, saying that he was dying. The next day he took communion, said goodbye to everyone and died (July 15, 1750).
The main work of Vasily Tatishchev could only be published under Catherine II. All of T.'s literary activity, including works on history and geography, pursued journalistic objectives: the benefit of society was his main goal. T. was a conscious utilitarian. His worldview is set forth in his "Conversation of two friends about the benefits of science and schools." The main idea of this worldview was the then fashionable idea of natural law, natural morality, natural religion, borrowed by T. from Pufendorf and Walch. The highest goal or "true well-being", according to this view, lies in the complete balance of spiritual forces, in "peace of soul and conscience", achieved through the development of the mind by "useful" science; Tatishchev attributed medicine, economy, law teaching and philosophy to the latter.
Tatishchev came to the main work of his life as a result of a combination of a number of circumstances. Realizing the harm from the lack of a detailed geography of Russia and seeing the connection between geography and history, he found it necessary to collect and consider first all historical information about Russia. Since the foreign manuals turned out to be full of errors, Tatishchev turned to the primary sources, began to study the annals and other materials. At first he had in mind to give a historical essay, but then, finding that it was inconvenient to refer to annals that had not yet been published, he decided to write in a purely annalistic order.
In 1739, T. brought to St. Petersburg the work on which he had worked for 20 years, and transferred it to the Academy of Sciences for storage, continuing to work on it and subsequently, smoothing out the language and adding new sources. Lacking special training, T. could not give an impeccable scientific work, but in his historical works, a vital attitude to questions of science and the breadth of outlook associated with this are valuable. T. constantly connected the present with the past: he explained the meaning of Moscow legislation by the customs of judicial practice and memories of the mores of the 17th century; on the basis of personal acquaintance with foreigners, he understood ancient Russian ethnography; explained ancient names from the lexicons of living languages.
As a result of this connection between the present and the past, Tatishchev was in no way distracted by his work from his main task; on the contrary, these studies broadened and deepened his historical understanding. The conscientiousness of Tatishchev, previously questioned because of his so-called (see Chronicles), is currently beyond any doubt. He did not invent any news or sources, but sometimes unsuccessfully corrected his own names, translated them into his own language, substituted his own interpretations, or compiled news similar to chronicles from data that seemed to him reliable.
Citing chronicle legends in a code, often without indicating sources, T. gave, in the end, in essence, not history, but a new chronicle code, unsystematic and rather clumsy. The first two parts of the first volume of "History" were published for the first time in 1768 - 69 in Moscow, G.F. Miller, under the title "History of Russia from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors after 30 years, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan Governor V.N.T." Volume II was published in 1773, Volume III - in 1774, Volume IV - in 1784, and Volume V was found by M.P. Pogodin only in 1843 and published by the Society of Russian History and Antiquities in 1848.
Tatishchev put the material in order until the time of the death of Vasily III; he also prepared, but did not finally edit the material until 1558; he also had a number of handwritten materials for later eras, but no further than 1613. Part of T.'s preparatory work is stored in Miller's portfolios. In addition to the history of T. and the conversation mentioned above, he compiled a large number of essays of a journalistic nature: "Spiritual", "Reminder on the sent schedule of high and lower state and zemstvo governments", "Discourse on the revision of the total" and others.
"Dukhovnaya" (published in 1775) gives detailed instructions covering the whole life and activity of a person (landowner). She talks about education, about different types of service, about relations with superiors and subordinates, about family life, managing the estate and economy, etc. Tatishchev’s views on state law are set out in the Reminder, and in the Reasoning, written about revisions of 1742, indicate measures to increase state revenues. Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev - a typical "", with a vast mind, the ability to move from one subject to another, sincerely striving for the good of the fatherland, having his own definite worldview and firmly and steadily pursuing it, if not always in life, then, in any case, in all his scientific works.
Wed ON THE. Popov "Tatishchev and his time" (Moscow, 1861); P. Pekarsky "New news about V. N. T." (III volume, "Notes of the Imperial Academy of Sciences", St. Petersburg, 1864); "On the publication of the works of V. N. T. and materials for his biography" (A. A. Kunik, 1883, published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences); K.N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin "Biographies and Characteristics" (St. Petersburg, 1882); Senigov "Historical and critical research on the Novgorod chronicle and on the Russian history of Tatishchev" (Moscow, 1888; review by S.F. Platonov, "Bibliographer", 1888, No. 11); edition of "Dukhovnaya" T. (Kazan, 1885); D. Korsakov "From the life of Russian figures of the XVIII century" (ib., 1891); N. Popov "Scientists and literary works of T." (St. Petersburg, 1886); P.N. Milyukov "Main Currents of Russian Historical Thought" (Moscow, 1897).
Plan
Introduction
1 Work on the "History"
2 Plan
Introduction
3 Sources of the first part of the "History"
4 Tatishchev news
5 The problem of the "minus text" of Tatishchev's work
6 Sources of the second-fourth parts of the "History"
6.1 Cabinet manuscript
6.2 Schismatic chronicle
6.3 Königsberg manuscript
6.4 Golitsyn manuscript
6.5 Cyrillic manuscript
6.6 Novgorod manuscript
6.7 Pskov manuscript
6.8 Krekshinsky manuscript
6.9 Nikon's manuscript
6.10 Nizhny Novgorod manuscript
6.11 Yaroslavl manuscript
6.12 Rostov manuscript
6.13 Manuscripts of Volynsky, Khrushchov and Eropkin
6.14 Orenburg manuscript
7 History of the 17th century
8 Editions
9 Research
Introduction
Russian History (full title of the first edition: “Russian History from the most ancient times, with vigilant labors thirty years later collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan Governor Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev”) is a major historical work by the Russian historian Vasily Tatishchev, one of the most important works of Russian historiography the second quarter of the 18th century, a significant stage in its transition from the medieval chronicle to the critical style of narration.
1. Work on the "History"
Tatishchev came to the main work of his life as a result of a combination of a number of circumstances. Realizing the harm from the lack of a detailed geography of Russia and seeing the connection between geography and history, he found it necessary to collect and consider first all historical information about Russia. Since the foreign manuals turned out to be full of errors, Tatishchev turned to the primary sources, began to study the annals and other materials. At first, he had in mind to give a historical essay (“in a historical order” - that is, an author’s analytical essay in the style of the New Age), but then, finding that it was inconvenient to refer to chronicles that had not yet been published, he decided to write in a purely “chronicle order” ( on the model of chronicles: in the form of a chronicle of dated events, the connections between which are outlined implicitly).
As Tatishchev writes, he collected more than a thousand books in his library, but he could not use most of them, because he knew only German and Polish. At the same time, with the help of the Academy of Sciences, he used the translations of some ancient authors made by Kondratovich.
In 1739, Tatishchev brought to St. Petersburg a work on which he worked, according to him, for 15-20 years (associating the beginning of work with the so-called Cabinet Manuscript and the personalities of Peter I and Y. V. Bruce), and arranged public readings, continuing to work over it and subsequently, "smoothing the language" (the first edition, preserved for the second part in the list of 1746, was written in a language stylized as the Old Russian language of chronicles, the second "translated" into the language of the 18th century) and adding new sources. At the same time, the author managed to carry out such a “translation” only for the second part.
Without special training, Tatishchev could not give an impeccable scientific work, but in his historical works, a vital attitude to questions of science and the breadth of outlook associated with this are valuable.
Among the more private scientific merits of Tatishchev is the discovery and publication of the Russian Truth, the Sudebnik of Ivan the Terrible (1550). Tatishchev constantly connected the present with the past: he explained the meaning of Moscow legislation by the customs of judicial practice and memories of the mores of the 17th century; on the basis of personal acquaintance with foreigners, he understood ancient Russian ethnography, explained ancient names from the lexicons of living languages. As a result of this connection between the present and the past, Tatishchev did not in the least distract himself from his main task with his work. On the contrary, these studies broadened and deepened his historical understanding.
The author's employment in the civil service did not allow him to devote much time to studying history. Only from April 1746, when Tatishchev was under investigation and lived in his village of Boldino, was he able to increase his activity. However, his death on July 15, 1750 interrupted this work.
The "History" consists of four parts; some sketches on the history of the 17th century have also been preserved.
· Part 1. History from ancient times to Rurik.
· Part 2. Chronicle from 860 to 1238.
· Part 3. Chronicle from 1238 to 1462.
· Part 4. A continuous chronicle from 1462 to 1558, and then a series of extracts about the history of the Time of Troubles.
Only the first and second parts are relatively completed by the author and include a significant number of notes. In the first part, the notes are divided into chapters, the second in the final version contains 650 notes. There are no notes in the third and fourth parts, except for the chapters on the Time of Troubles, which contain some references to sources.
3. Sources of the first part of the "History"
The first part includes information from ancient times to Rurik.
· Excerpts from the "History" of Herodotus (ch.12).
· Excerpts from the book. VII "Geography" of Strabo (ch.13).
· From Pliny the Elder (ch.14).
· From Claudius Ptolemy (ch.15).
· From Constantine Porphyrogenitus (ch.16).
· From the books of northern writers, Bayer's work (ch.17).
The Sarmatian theory occupies a special place in Tatishchev's ethnogeographical ideas. The etymological “method” of Tatishchev illustrates the reasoning from Chapter 28: the historian notes that in Finnish the Russians are called venelain, the Finns are called sumalain, the Germans are saxoline, the Swedes are roxoline, and highlights the common element “alain”, that is, the people. He singles out the same common element in the names of tribes known from ancient sources: Alans, Roxalans, Rakalans, Alanors, and concludes that the language of the Finns is close to the language of the Sarmatians. The idea of the kinship of the Finno-Ugric peoples already existed by the time of Tatishchev.
Another group of etymologies is associated with the search for Slavic tribes in ancient sources. In particular, only Ptolemy, according to Tatishchev's assumptions (Ch. 20), mentions the following Slavic names: agorites and pagorites - from the mountains; demons, that is, barefoot; sunsets - from sunset; zenkhi, that is, suitors; hemp - from hemp; tolstobogi, that is, thick-sided; tolistosagi, that is, thick-assed; mothers, that is, hardened; plesii, that is, bald; sabos, or dog; defenses, that is, harrows; sapotrens - prudent; svardeny, i.e. svarodei (making swaras), etc.
4. Tatishchev news
A special source problem is the so-called "Tatishchev news", containing information that is not in the annals known to us. These are texts of various sizes, from one or two added words to large whole stories, including lengthy speeches of princes and boyars. Sometimes Tatishchev comments on these news in notes, refers to chronicles unknown to modern science or not reliably identifiable (“Rostovskaya”, “Golitsynskaya”, “Schismatic”, “Chronicle of Simon Bishop”). In most cases, the source of the original news is not indicated at all by Tatishchev.
A special place in the array of "Tatishchev's news" is occupied by the Ioakimov Chronicle - an insert text, equipped with a special introduction by Tatishchev and representing a brief retelling of a special chronicle telling about the most ancient period in the history of Rus' (IX-X centuries). Tatishchev considered the first Bishop of Novgorod, Joachim Korsunian, a contemporary of the Baptism of Rus', to be the author of the Joachim Chronicle.
In historiography, the attitude to Tatishchev's news has always been different. Historians of the second half of the 18th century (Shcherbatov, Boltin) reproduced his information without checking the annals. A skeptical attitude towards them is associated with the names of Schlozer and especially Karamzin. This latter considered the Joachim Chronicle to be Tatishchev's "joke" (i.e., a clumsy hoax), and the Schismatic Chronicle resolutely declared it to be "imaginary." On the basis of a critical analysis, Karamzin took a number of specific Tatishchev news and rather consistently refuted them in the notes, without using the History of the Russian State in the main text (the exception is the news about the papal embassy to Roman Galitsky under 1204, which penetrated into the main text of the second volume due to special circumstances).
In the second half of the 19th century, S. M. Solovyov and many other authors began to "rehabilitate" Tatishchev, systematically drawing on his news as dating back to chronicles that have not come down to us. At the same time, conscientious errors of the historian were also taken into account. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron characterizes the state of the issue at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. in the following way:
“Tatishchev’s conscientiousness, previously questioned because of his so-called Joachim Chronicle now stands above all doubt. He did not invent any news or sources, but sometimes unsuccessfully corrected his own names, translated them into his own language, substituted his own interpretations, or compiled news similar to chronicles from data that seemed to him reliable. Citing chronicle legends in a code, often without indicating the sources, Tatishchev in the end gave, in essence, not history, but a new chronicle code, unsystematic and rather clumsy.
In the 20th century, A. A. Shakhmatov, M. N. Tikhomirov, and especially B. A. Rybakov were supporters of the authenticity of Tatishchev’s news. This latter proposed a very large-scale concept, which assigned a special role in the formation of the Tatishchev collection of the lost "Schismatic Chronicle" (with the reconstruction of political views and even the biography of its alleged author). Skeptical hypotheses regarding most of the “Tatishchev news” were put forward by M. S. Grushevsky, A. E. Presnyakov, S. L. Peshtich (who has the honor of a detailed study of the manuscript of the first edition of Tatishchev’s work, written in the “ancient dialect”), Ya. S. Lurie . In 2005, the Ukrainian historian A.P. Tolochko published a voluminous monograph in which he refutes the authenticity of all "Tatishchev's news" without exception and claims that Tatishchev's references to sources are consistently mystified. From the point of view of A.P. Tolochko, almost all the sources REALLY used by Tatishchev have been preserved and are well known to modern researchers. A close (and even more uncompromising) position is taken by the Russian historian A. V. Gorovenko. If A.P. Tolochko recognizes the reality of Tatishchev’s Raskolnich’s chronicle, although he declares it to be a Ukrainian manuscript of the 17th century (annals of the “Khlebnikov type”, close to Golitsyn’s), then A.V. Gorovenko considers the Raskolnich’s chronicle to be a hoax of Tatishchev and sharply argues with his Ukrainian colleague, refuting his textual argument. Supporters of the reliability of "Tatishchev's news" also subjected the monograph of A.P. Tolochko to sharp criticism, although from a completely different position.
V.N. Tatishchev "Russian History"
According to V. Tatishchev, history is memories of "former deeds and adventures, good and evil."
His main work is Russian History. Historical events are brought in it until 1577. Tatishchev worked on the "History" for about 30 years, but the first edition in the late 1730s. he was forced to rework, tk. it evoked comments from members of the Academy of Sciences. The author hoped to bring the story to the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich, but did not have time to do this. about the events of the 17th century. only preparatory materials have been preserved.
The main work of V.N. Tatishcheva
In fairness, it should be noted that the work of V.N. Tatishchev was subjected to very severe criticism, starting from the 18th century. And to this day there is no final agreement on his work among historians. The main subject of the dispute is the so-called "Tatishchev News", chronicle sources that have not come down to us, which the author used. Some historians believe that these sources were invented by Tatishchev himself. Most likely, it is no longer possible to either confirm or refute such statements, therefore in our article we will proceed only from those facts that exist irrefutably: the personality of V.N. Tatishchev; its activities, including public ones; his philosophical views; his historical work "Russian History" and the opinion of the historian S. M. Solovyov: Tatishchev's merit to historical science is that he was the first to start historical research in Russia on a scientific basis.
By the way, works have recently appeared in which Tatishchev's creative heritage is being reviewed, and his works have been republished. Do they have something relevant for us? Imagine yes! These are questions about protecting state interests in the field of mining, vocational education, a look at our history and modern geopolitics…
At the same time, we must not forget that many of our famous scientists (for example, Arsenyev, Przhevalsky and many others) served the fatherland not only as geographers, paleontologists and surveyors, they also performed secret diplomatic missions, which we do not know for sure. . This also applies to Tatishchev: he repeatedly performed secret assignments for the head of Russian military intelligence, Bruce, and personal assignments for Peter I.
Biography of V.N. TatishchevaVasily Nikitich Tatishchev was born in 1686 in the village of Boldino, Dmitrovsky district, Moscow province, in the family of an impoverished and humble nobleman, although he was descended from the Rurikids. Both Tatishchev brothers (Ivan and Vasily) served as stolniks (the steward served the master's meal) at the court of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich until his death in 1696.
In 1706, both brothers were enrolled in the Azov Dragoon Regiment and in the same year were promoted to lieutenants. As part of the dragoon regiment of Avtomon Ivanov, they went to Ukraine, where they took part in hostilities. In the battle of Poltava, Vasily Tatishchev was wounded, and in 1711 he participated in the Prut campaign.
In 1712-1716. Tatishchev improved his education in Germany. He visited Berlin, Dresden, Breslavl, where he studied mainly engineering and artillery, kept in touch with Feldzeugmeister General J. V. Bruce and carried out his instructions.
Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev
In 1716, Tatishchev was promoted to artillery lieutenant engineer, then was in the army near Koenigsberg and Danzig, where he was engaged in the organization of artillery facilities.
At the beginning of 1720, Tatishchev was assigned to the Urals. His task was to identify sites for the construction of iron ore plants. Having explored these places, he settled in the Uktus plant, where he founded the Mining Office, which was later renamed the Siberian Higher Mining Administration. On the Iset River, he laid the foundation for the current Yekaterinburg, indicated a place for the construction of a copper smelter near the village of Egoshikha - this was the beginning of the city of Perm.
Monument to V. Tatishchev in Perm. Sculptor A. A. Uralsky
At the factories, through his efforts, two primary schools and two schools for teaching mining were opened. He also dealt with the problem of saving forests here and the creation of a shorter road from the Uktussky plant to the Utkinskaya pier on Chusovaya.
V. Tatishchev at the Ural plant
Here Tatishchev had a conflict with the Russian businessman A. Demidov, an expert in the mining industry, an enterprising figure who knew how to deftly maneuver among the nobles of the court and seek exclusive privileges for himself, including the rank of real state councilor. In the construction and establishment of state-owned factories, he saw the undermining of his activities. To investigate the dispute that arose between Tatishchev and Demidov, G. V. de Gennin (a Russian military man and engineer of German or Dutch origin) was sent to the Urals. He found that Tatishchev acted fairly in everything. According to a report sent to Peter I, Tatishchev was acquitted and promoted to adviser to the Berg Collegium.
Soon he was sent to Sweden on mining issues and to fulfill diplomatic missions, where he stayed from 1724 to 1726. Tatishchev inspected factories and mines, collected drawings and plans, brought a cutting master to Yekaterinburg, collected information about the trade of the Stockholm port and about the Swedish monetary system, met many local scientists, etc.
In 1727 he was appointed a member of the mint office, which then subordinated the mints.
Monument to Tatishchev and Wilhelm de Gennin in Yekaterinburg. Sculptor P. Chusovitin
In 1730, with the accession to the throne of Anna Ioannovna, the era of Bironovism begins. You can read more about this on our website:. Tatishchev did not have a relationship with Biron, and in 1731 he was put on trial on charges of bribery. In 1734, after his release, Tatishchev was assigned to the Urals "to breed factories." He was entrusted with the drafting of the mining charter.
Under him, the number of factories increased to 40; new mines were constantly being discovered. An important place was occupied by Mount Blagodat indicated by Tatishchev with a large deposit of magnetic iron ore.
Tatishchev was an opponent of private factories, he believed that state-owned enterprises were more profitable for the state. By this he called "fire on himself" from the industrialists.
Biron did his best to free Tatishchev from mining. In 1737, he appointed him to the Orenburg expedition to pacify Bashkiria and control the Bashkirs. But even here Tatishchev showed his originality: he ensured that the yasak (tribute) was delivered by the Bashkir foremen, and not by the yasaks or kissers. And again, complaints rained down on him. In 1739, Tatishchev came to St. Petersburg for a commission to consider complaints against him. He was accused of "attacks and bribes", non-performance and other sins. Tatishchev was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, sentenced to deprivation of rank. But the sentence was not carried out. In this difficult year for him, he wrote his instruction to his son: "Spiritual."
V.N. Tatishchev was released after the fall of Biron's power, and already in 1741 he was appointed governor of Astrakhan. His main task was to stop the unrest among the Kalmyks. Until 1745, Tatishchev was engaged in this thankless task. Ungrateful, because neither the military forces nor the interaction of the Kalmyk authorities were enough to carry it out.
In 1745, Tatishchev was relieved of this post and settled permanently in his Boldino estate near Moscow. It was here that he devoted the last five years of his life to working on his main work, The History of Russia. V.N. died. Tatishchev in 1750
Interesting fact. Tatishchev knew about the date of his death: he ordered in advance to dig a grave for himself, asked the priest to take communion the next day, after that he said goodbye to everyone and died. The day before his death, the courier brought him a decree, which spoke of his forgiveness, and the Order of Alexander Nevsky. But Tatishchev did not accept the order, explaining that he was dying.
Buried V.N. Tatishchev on the Christmas churchyard (in the modern Solnechnogorsk district of the Moscow region).
Grave of V.N. Tatishchev - a historical monument
V.N. Tatishchev is the great-great-grandfather of the poet F.I. Tyutchev.
Philosophical views of V.N. TatishchevaVasily Nikitich Tatishchev, who is rightfully considered an outstanding historian, "the father of Russian historiography", was one of the "chicks of Petrov's nest". “All that I have - ranks, honor, property, and most importantly over everything - reason, I only have everything by the grace of His Majesty, for if he had not sent me to foreign lands, did not use me for noble deeds, but did not encourage me with mercy, then I would I couldn’t get anything of that, ”this is how he himself assessed the influence of Emperor Peter I on his life.
Monument to V. Tatishchev in Togliatti
According to V.N. Tatishchev was a loyal supporter of autocracy - he remained such even after the death of Peter I. When in 1730 the niece of Peter I, the Duchess of Courland Anna Ioannovna, was enthroned on the throne with the condition that the country would be governed by the Supreme Privy Council, Tatishchev was categorically against limiting imperial power. Anna Ioannovna surrounded herself with German nobles, who began to manage all the affairs in the state, and Tatishchev opposed the dominance of the Germans.
In 1741, as a result of a palace coup, the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth, came to power. But Tatishchev's social views, his independent character, freedom of judgment were not to the liking of this empress either.
The last five years of the life of a seriously ill Tatishchev devoted to work on the history of the fatherland.
Historian at work
He understood life as a continuous activity in the name of public and state good. In any place, the most difficult work he performed in the best possible way. Tatishchev highly valued intelligence and knowledge. Leading an essentially wandering life, he collected a huge library of ancient chronicles and books in different languages. The range of his scientific interests was very wide, but history was his main attachment.
V.N. Tatishchev "Russian History"This is the first scientific generalizing work on Russian history in Russia. By the type of arrangement of the material, his "History" resembles the ancient Russian chronicles: the events in it are set out in a strict chronological sequence. But Tatishchev did not just rewrite the chronicles - he conveyed their content in a language more accessible to his contemporaries, supplemented them with other materials and, in special comments, gave his own assessment of events. This was not only the scientific value of his work, but also novelty.
Tatishchev believed that knowledge of history helps a person not to repeat the mistakes of his ancestors and improve morally. He was convinced that historical science should be based on facts gleaned from sources. A historian, like an architect for the construction of a building, must select from a pile of materials everything suitable for history, be able to distinguish reliable documents from those that do not deserve trust. He collected and used a huge number of sources. It was he who found and published many valuable documents: the code of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" and "Sudebnik" of Ivan IV. And his work became the only source from which you can find out the contents of many historical monuments, subsequently destroyed or lost.
Sculpture of Tatishchev in VUiT (Tolyatti)
Tatishchev in his "History" paid much attention to the origin, interconnection and geographical distribution of the peoples who inhabited our country. This laid the foundation for the development of ethnography and historical geography in Russia.
For the first time in Russian historiography, he divided the history of Russia into several main periods: from the 9th to the 12th centuries. - autocracy (one prince ruled, power was inherited by his sons); from the 12th century —the rivalry of princes for power, the weakening of the state as a result of princely civil strife, and this allowed the Mongol-Tatars to conquer Rus'. Then the restoration of autocracy by Ivan III and its strengthening by Ivan IV. A new weakening of the state in the Time of Troubles, but he was able to defend his independence. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, autocracy was again restored and flourished under Peter the Great. Tatishchev was convinced that an autocratic monarchy was the only form of government necessary for Russia. But "History of Russia" (I volume) was published only 20 years after the death of the historian. Volume II came out only 100 years later.
The well-known Russian historian S. M. Solovyov wrote: “... His importance lies precisely in the fact that he was the first to begin processing Russian history, as it should have begun; the first gave the idea of how to get down to business; he was the first to show what Russian history is, what means exist for studying it.
The scientific activity of Tatishchev is an example of disinterested service to science and education: he considered his scientific work as fulfilling his duty to the fatherland, whose honor and glory were above all for him.
Our story about V.N. Tatishchev, we want to finish with an excerpt from an article in the Togliatti city newspaper “Free City”, which cites the well-known and little-known results of V.N. Tatishchev.
It's common knowledge
Under his leadership, the state (state) mining industry of the Urals was founded: more than a hundred ore mines and metallurgical plants were built.
He modernized assaying in Russia, created and mechanized the Moscow Mint and began the industrial minting of copper and silver coins.
He founded (personally compiled and corrected the drawings) the cities of Orsk, Orenburg, Yekaterinburg and our Stavropol (now Togliatti). Reconstructed Samara, Perm and Astrakhan.
He organized vocational schools at state-owned factories, the first national schools for Kalmyks and Tatars. Compiled the first Russian-Kalmyk-Tatar dictionary.
He collected, systematized and translated from Church Slavonic into Russian the first annals and state documents of the Moscow kingdom of the Middle Ages. Based on them, he wrote the first "History of Russia".
Prepared scientific papers and memos on philosophy, economics, state building, pedagogy, history, geography, philology, ethnology, paleontology, archeology, numismatics.
little known
He is the author of the foundations of the first Constitution of (monarchist) Russia. By the way, it operated in the country for 50 days!
He found and organized the first archaeological excavations
the capital of the Golden Horde - Saray.
Personally drew the first detailed (large-scale)
a map of the Samara Luka and most of the Yaik (Ural) River.
He compiled a geographical atlas and a "General geographical description of Siberia", introduced the name of the Ural Mountains, previously called the Stone Belt.
Prepared the Åland Congress (the first truce negotiations with Sweden).
He made projects of navigable canals: between the Volga and the Don, between the Siberian and European rivers of Russia.
He brilliantly spoke ten (!) languages: he was fluent in French, German, English, Swedish and Polish, he knew several Turkic languages, Church Slavonic and Greek. Participated in the improvement of the Russian alphabet.
Being engaged in pharmacology, he experimented a lot and created new drugs based on extracts from coniferous trees.
Autograph V.N. Tatishcheva
