Minerals of Pleshakov 3. Properties of minerals

How minerals are mined

check yourself

1. Question: tell us about the diversity of minerals.

Answer: minerals can be in different forms: solid, liquid, gaseous. They are mined underground, from underground, on the surface of the earth. For example: iron ore, coal - mined both underground and on the surface, like clay, sand, limestone, granite - mined in quarries, oil, natural gas - mined from underground.

2. Question: why do people extract minerals? What is their application based on?

Answer: to obtain the necessary items for a person, to satisfy their needs. Application depends on the properties of minerals. Sand, clay, limestone, granite, marble - used in construction; oil for fuel, plastics, road building materials; coal for heating, generating electricity; various ores for obtaining metals.

3. Question: what mining methods do you know?

Answer: mine, drilling rig and platform, quarry, well.

Homework assignments

Task 2.

Q: What minerals are mined in your area?

Answer: copper ore, gold ore, coal, sand, clay, precious stones, iron ore, titanomagnetite ore, etc.

Task 3. Prepare a message about some mineral.

Answer: Coal.

Coal is a solid, exhaustible, non-renewable mineral that man uses to generate heat by burning it. According to the classification, it belongs to sedimentary rocks.

Coal as a source of energy, people began to use in antiquity along with firewood. The “flammable stone” was found on the surface of the earth, later it was purposefully mined from under it.

Coal appeared on Earth about 300-350 million years ago, when tree-like ferns flourished in ancient swamps and the first gymnosperms began to appear. Huge trunks fell into the water, gradually forming thick layers of undecomposed organic mass. Wood with limited access to oxygen did not rot, but gradually sank deeper and deeper under its weight. Over time, due to the displacement of the layers of the earth's crust, these layers sank to a considerable depth, and there, under the influence of great pressure and elevated temperature, a qualitative change took place in wood into coal.

Today, various types of coal are mined.

Anthracites are the hardest grades with great depth and maximum combustion temperature.

Coal - many varieties mined in mines and open pit. It is widely used in many areas of human activity.

Brown coal - formed from the remains of peat, the youngest type of coal. It has the lowest combustion temperature.

All types of coal lie in layers and their locations are called coal basins.

At first, coal was simply collected at the places where the seam came to the surface. This could have happened as a result of the displacement of the layers of the earth's crust. Often, after landslides in mountainous areas, such outcrops of the deposit were exposed, and people got the opportunity to get to pieces of “combustible stone”.

Later, when primitive technology appeared, coal began to be developed in an open way. Some coal mines plunged to a depth of more than 300 meters.

Today, thanks to the availability of sophisticated modern technology, people descend underground into mines more than a kilometer deep. From these horizons, the highest quality and valuable coal is mined.

All types of coal can be used to generate heat. When burned, it releases much more than can be obtained from wood or other solid fuels. The hottest grades of coal are used in metallurgy, where high temperatures are needed. In addition, coal is a valuable raw material for the chemical industry. Paints, plastics and other valuable materials are extracted from it.

Coal is mined in mines and quarries. And they are transported in wagons by rail.

On the next lesson.

Question: remember what plants are called cultivated. Give examples of such plants. What kind of work on growing plants is carried out at different times of the year? What agricultural professions do you know?

Answer: cultivated plants (agrocultures) - plants grown by man for food, feed in agriculture, medicines, industrial and other raw materials and other purposes. Examples of cultivated plants: various cereals, potatoes, carrots, tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, cotton, rice, etc.

In the spring, plowing of the land and sowing of plants are carried out, in the summer - weeding, top dressing, loosening; in autumn - harvesting, soil preparation - ploughing, closing of autumn moisture, sowing of winter crops is possible; in winter - they produce "snow retention", work to keep snow on the fields.

Agricultural professions related to growing plants: combine operator, agronomist, field grower, vegetable grower, tractor driver.

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Properties of minerals minerals Lesson of the world around 3rd grade presentation for the lesson of the primary school teacher Golovanova Tatyana Gennadievna

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Granite Granite (Italian granito, - grain) - Consists of quartz, potassium feldspar and micas. Granites are very widespread in the continental crust.

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Natural gas Natural gas is a mixture of several gases formed in the depths of the earth due to the decomposition of sedimentary organic rocks. Pure natural gas is colorless and odorless.

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Oil Oil (Greek ναφθα - flare, ignite) is a flammable oily liquid, red-brown, sometimes almost black, although sometimes it is also slightly colored yellow-green and even colorless oil, has a specific smell, is common in the sedimentary shell of the Earth ; one of the most important minerals for mankind

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Iron ore 1. Solid, dense, opaque mineral. 2. Color dark gray, bright yellow, purple, rusty red. 3. Iron ore is used to make pig iron, which is one of the main raw materials for steel making.

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peat Peat (it. Torf) combustible minerals; formed by the accumulation of plant remains that have undergone incomplete decomposition in swamp conditions.

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Coal Coal was the first type of fossil fuel used by man. Coal is a sedimentary rock, which is a product of deep decomposition of plant remains (ferns, horsetails and club mosses). Most coal deposits were formed approximately 300-350 million years ago.

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Minerals are rocks and minerals that a person uses in the economy. Solid: (granite, sand, ore) Liquid: (oil, mineral water) Gaseous: natural gas

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Limestone Limestone is a sedimentary rock of organic origin. It dissolves in water in small amounts. Decaying contributes to the formation of karst caves, as well as at great depths under the influence of the deep heat of the earth, it provides a source of gas for mineral waters.

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Properties of limestone Stone Consists of particles bonded together white or light gray in color Heavier than water Dense Dissolves under the action of acetic acid

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Properties of marble Stone Hard and dense Various colors Consists of individual shiny grains Well polished

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Clay Clay is a secondary product of the earth's crust, a sedimentary rock formed as a result of the destruction of rocks in the process of weathering.

Russia is one of the richest countries in terms of mineral resources. The main ones are gas, oil and gold.

Oil."Black gold", as many call this oily substance, which consists of various hydrocarbons.

Without this substance, most of the machines will lose all meaning. After all, oil is processed into fuel, which drives almost every car. It is used to produce not only the well-known gasoline, but also other combustible mixtures, and is also used as the main raw material in industry. Sufficient income for the country brings oil exports to other states. Many are very dependent on Russian "black gold".

The main leader in oil production in Russia is the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Half of the country's total oil reserves are produced here. The second half falls on the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Republic of Tatarstan and other regions.

Gas. This mineral is also a mixture of hydrocarbons. The main content is methane. Gas is the pearl of our country. Its export is quite large, which brings the country unprecedented profits, as well as the huge dependence of other states on Russia. This gives our country considerable advantages.

Gas is used on a par with oil. It is used as a fuel for cars, with the help of additional special equipment. Gas is now almost impossible to replace in everyday life, it feeds gas boilers, stoves, lighters and other household appliances that run on gas. Some plants operate thanks to this mixture of hydrocarbons.

The Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ranks first in terms of gas production, followed by the Kara Sea.

Gold. This metal is the most stable currency in the country and around the world, is a precious metal. But its quality varies, and may have impurities that make it either more expensive or cheaper. Its value directly depends on the purity of gold.

This metal is widely used in jewelry, can be a good investment. Since current flows well through it, gold is used in the production of various electronics. In medicine, the precious metal occupies a fairly high position; a lot of gold is spent on the manufacture of crowns.

They even learned how to treat cancer by including the metal in various medicines.

The main market for gold mining is still Russia, not counting China, its success is very hard to beat.

Message about Minerals of Russia

The vast territory of the Russian Federation hides huge reserves of minerals in its bowels. Most of the developed deposits are located in the Central region (East European Plain) and the Caucasus. Siberia and the Far East are being developed with great difficulty due to the influence of the main factor holding back the mining industry - permafrost (2/3 of the Russian territory is the zone of the North).

Minerals, so necessary for the production of equipment, machinery, household chemicals, are minerals and rocks. At the same time, it is still important to process them in order to obtain the desired type of resource.

1. Combustible minerals.

a) brown coal is the cheapest, since it is only suitable for burning at local thermal power plants and thermal power plants. Main deposits: Podmoskovny, Kansk-Achinsk basin (Republic of Khakassia);

b) hard coal is the best option, long-distance transportation is possible and the quality is better. Coal basins are being developed: Kuzbass (Kemerovo Region), Pechora (Komi Republic), Tungussky (Krasnoyarsk Territory), Donetsk (Rostov Region);

c) anthracite - coal of the highest quality (Donetsk, Rostov region);

d) peat - something that has not yet become coal in the process of decomposition of plant remains. Tons of minerals are hidden in the swamps of the East European Plain and Western Siberia. The carbon concentration is 60%. They are mainly used as a cheap substitute for fuel, fertilize fields, extract acetic acid;

e) oil - a black oily liquid formed from the remains of ancient animals under the influence of time under numerous layers of rocks. The main deposits are concentrated in the valley of the Volga River, in the Caucasus, in Western Siberia, as well as on the shelf of the Barents and Okhotsk Seas;

f) natural gas - extracted from mountain voids. Fuel is inexpensive and easy to use. Associated gas is often flared during oil production. Deposits: West Siberian lowland, Far East regions;

g) oil shale - is represented by a mixture of siliceous clay and organic residues. Proper distillation will produce a liquid that is close in composition to oil.

2. Ore and non-metallic minerals.

The first are tied to mountainous areas or the exit of the foundation (foundation) of the platform (on the plains).

iron ores: KMA (Kursk Magnetic Anomaly), Kola Peninsula, in the valley of the Angara River, Republic of Karelia, Ural Mountains (heavily depleted);

copper ores: Ural, Kola Peninsula, Siberia (Sayan Mountains, Altai, Transbaikalia ranges), Cu-Ni deposit (Norilsk city, Krasnoyarsk Territory);

tin ores: Eastern Siberia, Far East;

aluminum raw materials (bauxite): Northern Ural ranges and mountainous regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory;

gold: Eastern Siberia, the Republic of Yakutia (famous for non-metallic minerals - diamonds), Magadan region;

non-metallic (non-metallic): potash, table salts, rock salts (Astrakhan region, Perm region), apatites (Murmansk region), phosphorites (Central Russia), building materials: granites, limestones, clays, etc.

3. Where can minerals be used?

For example, asbestos is used for thermal insulation, fire protection. Roads are covered with asphalt. Marble is used for cladding buildings, as well as granite.

Metals are used in the production of various equipment, structures, conductors, and equipment. Non-ferrous metals are highly valued in the creation of electronics. Precious stones are used in the manufacture of jewelry, medicine, and the chemical industry.

Option 3

Russia is a country that occupies a leading position in the extraction (reserve) of many minerals. The country produces about 32% of natural gas, 30% of potash salt, 12% of oil - this is all the share of production in world reserves.

Minerals, first of all, are minerals and various rocks that are used by man.

In most cases, minerals are divided by type of application (fuel, ore, non-metallic)

combustible

Coal. - solid and combustible, is a sedimentary rock. Used in metallurgy. The largest reserves are located in the Kuzbass, Pechorsky, Lensky and Tunguska deposits. The main ones are Lensky and Tunguska, which together include almost 4,000 billion tons of coal.

Peat. - arises from rotten plants in swamps. It contains about 60% carbon. Most often it is used as a cheap fuel or for fertilizers. The largest deposit is Vasyuganskoye, which produces about 15% of all peat in Russia.

Oil. - one of the most important fossils, a liquid that has a black color. It is located at a depth of about 6 meters underground between sedimentary rocks. The largest oil fields in Russia are the West Siberian basin, as well as the basins located in the North Caucasus and the Volga region. On the territory of the Russian Federation, about 600 million tons of "black gold" (as oil is called) is produced every year.

Natural gas. - a huge amount of gases that were formed in the depths of the earth after the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. Natural gas is a cheap and extremely convenient fuel. In terms of reserves of this mineral, Russia is the leader. Approximately 650 billion cubic meters of natural gas are produced annually.

Ore

Rocks. - are different in the field, they are used in many different industries, since they are needed almost everywhere. These rocks include fossils such as asphalt or marble, mica, and many others.

Metal ores. - mountain clusters that contain metal compounds in their composition. (Bauxites, nepheline, alunite, red iron ore and others.)

non-metallic ores. - this includes fossils such as sand and asbestos.

Nonmetallic

Non-metallic minerals include various types of precious stones, which are most often used in the form of jewelry, but in addition, such stones are actively used in medicine.

Sand, clay, salts and other minerals are also non-metallic. They are used in most different industries.

Some interesting essays

Composition Computer science is my favorite school subject (reasoning)
I can’t even say for sure what my favorite lesson at school is ... But still, I like computer science. She is less loved. I really like to play computer games, that's true. Although mom says it's not very good!

To make glass and make a glass, you need special sand, this is a mineral. To make the soup salty, you need salt, this is also a mineral. To make a cup or saucer, you need a special white clay - kaolin (Fig. 2).

A teaspoon is made of metal, and a railroad, and an ocean liner, and machine tools, and watches, and many other items. Metals are smelted from ore, this is also a mineral (Fig. 3). Man-made planes, diesel locomotives will not go and fly by themselves, they need fuel - gasoline and kerosene, which are produced from oil. Oil is pumped out of the ground, it is also a mineral. Natural gas, which burns with blue lights on the stove, is also a mineral. That's how many different underground riches there are.

Rice. 3. Iron ore ()

Every year the need of people for combustible minerals is growing. Coal, peat, natural gas is the main fuel for residential buildings, for factories and factories and thermal power plants. The minerals most needed by man are coal and oil. Everyone knows that coal is black, but it can also be yellow, it is called shale (Fig. 4).

There is also golden charcoal, and even bluish-purple charcoal. It was called coal because for a long time it was considered a stone, because it is very hard. The Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov solved the mystery of the origin of coal (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. M.V. Lomonosov ()

He proved that coal was formed from ancient plants that grew on earth hundreds of millions of years ago. Without coal it is impossible to smelt metals from ores, it is impossible to prepare cement. Coal is used to produce plastics, tar, medicines, liquid fuels, acid, baking soda, paints and inks. Coal itself is odorless, but perfumes and various odorous syrups for sweets and cakes are made from it. Charcoal is opaque, but the best glass is made from it, light, hard, clean. Coal is also used in the production of fertilizers, from which the earth bears fruit better, vegetables, fruits, and crops grow. Even vitamins can be extracted from coal.

More than a thousand substances are obtained from oil. From this oily brownish liquid, the purest gasoline and kerosene for aviation, diesel fuel are obtained. Their difference from coal is that when burned, they emit much more heat. Oil is used to make safety glass, plastic, which is used in the construction of houses, furniture and parts for cars are made from them, and jewelry is created.

Bitumen, which is also produced from petroleum, is essential for asphalt road pavement (Figure 6).

How was oil formed? Scientists still cannot come to a consensus on this issue. Many believe that over hundreds of millions of years, the substances that once made up algae, fish, and crustaceans have turned into oil. Algae and crustaceans died, and their remains, together with shells, together with the skeletons of fish, accumulated in the calm waters of sea bays in huge quantities. They mixed with silt and grains of sand, which were brought by rivers flowing into the sea. So oil can be found in places where ancient seas once were? This is true. Geologists search for bays and shores of long-vanished seas and, as a rule, discover oil reserves there. Our country is very rich in oil. Oil is produced between the Urals and the Volga, beyond the Urals, in the upper reaches of the Lena River, on Sakhalin Island, in Eastern Siberia. The largest coal deposits are located in the Vorkuta region, in the Donets Basin (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. Oil reserves of Russia ()

And what minerals are called ore? Man has been looking for deposits of ores containing metals for a long time. Iron, steel, cast iron are smelted from ferrous metal ores, and aluminum, zinc, lead, and copper are smelted from non-ferrous metal ores. As a rule, products do not contain pure metals, but their alloys. Alloys are substances that are obtained by melting two or more metals. Some products need plasticity, elasticity, flexibility, others need strength, hardness, durability, and others need lightness and brilliance. For example, pure iron is a very soft metal, from which neither a nail nor a knife can be made. To obtain steel, other metals and various impurities are added to iron. An alloy of aluminum, chromium, titanium is used in the production of strong and durable space and military ships, aircraft, rockets. And in thin aluminum sheets - foil - they wrap chocolate, tea, processed cheese.

Jewelers have long been attracted by the remarkable properties of precious metals: gold, silver, platinum (Fig. 8). Jewelry is made from them, coins are minted. These precious metals are widely used in radio engineering, they are used to make ultra-precise space instruments.

If you live in the Urals, Transbaikalia, Altai, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Eastern Siberia or the Far East, then your region is rich in deposits of non-ferrous rare metal ores. In Yakutia, for example, oil, diamonds, brown coal are mined.

The life of a modern person cannot be imagined without minerals. Mineral resources are a huge, priceless wealth of our country.

Today in the lesson you got acquainted with new concepts: minerals, deposits, ore, alloys. You learned about combustible minerals and ore and their importance in the life of modern man.

Bibliography

Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. World around 3. - M.: Ballas.
Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around 3. - M .: Publishing house "Fedorov".
Pleshakov A.A. The world around 3. - M .: Education.

Files.school-collection.edu.ru ().
Enc.fxeuroclub.ru ().
Jewelbox.ru ().

Homework

What are minerals?
What is coal for?
What do you know about oil?

In the bowels of the Earth, natural resources are stored - minerals that are of great importance to humans. With their help, people solve almost all their household needs: they build, heat rooms, travel by transport, create many useful household items. Let's find out the names and properties of minerals, without which life would not be so convenient and comfortable.

fossil fuels

Fossils that can be used to produce heat and energy are called combustible. These include natural gas and oil.

Rice. 1. Oil production

It is difficult to imagine modern life without fossil fuels, because due to their energy we heat rooms in the cold season, cook food, and drive cars.

Also combustible natural substances include peat, shale, brown and hard coal, anthracite.

ore minerals

Ore or metal minerals are one of the first that the ancient man mastered. Without metal, it is impossible to imagine the industry, because in every house, every person will definitely have a metal object.

non-metallic minerals

Non-metallic or non-metallic fossils are soft and hard groups of rocks and minerals. To date, more than a hundred such natural compounds are known, and all of them have found their application in various economic and industrial sectors.

Consider a brief description of the properties of non-metallic minerals:

mining raw materials - asbestos, limestone, mica - rocks, without which it is impossible to imagine the construction industry;
chemical raw materials - apatite, sulfur, potassium salts - are used in the chemical industry, in the production of mineral fertilizers, ceramics, rubber;
Construction Materials - marble, gypsum - are used in various fields;
semiprecious stones - emeralds, rubies, topazes - have a beautiful appearance, are used to create jewelry.

Rice. 3. Diamond is the hardest mineral on Earth

Almost all deposits of useful substances are gradually depleted. If people do not learn to carefully and rationally use natural resources, our offspring may be left without such valuable raw materials.