Transport complex in the modern world economy. World transport

Introduction

The leading branch of material production is transport, without which it would be impossible to overcome the territorial gap between the production and consumption of goods and services. According to the World Bank, the global transport market is valued at $4.2 trillion. dollars (6.8% of world GDP). Like the global economy itself, transport has become a highly complex, interdependent, technology-driven industry that consumes a significant portion of the world's energy and natural resources.

World transport system: directions of development

Transport is divided into land (railway and road), water (sea and river), air, pipeline. Table 1 discusses the main parameters of the global transport system.

Table 1 - Main parameters of the world transport system

Automobile transport from the middle of the 20th century became the leading among the types of land transport. The length of its network is growing and has now reached 27.8 million km, with about 1/2 falling on the USA, India, Russia, Japan, and China. In terms of motorization in the world, the USA and the countries of Western Europe are in the lead. Automobile transport also ranks first in the volume of passenger traffic - 82% of the world volume.

Railway transport inferior to road transport in terms of the volume of transported goods (9% of the world volume), but still remains an important type of land transport. The world railway network as a whole was formed at the beginning of the 20th century, its length is now 13.2 million km with a significant uneven distribution. Although there are railways in 140 countries of the world, more than 1/2 of their total length falls on the “top ten countries”: the USA, Russia, Canada, India, China, Australia, Argentina, France, Germany and Brazil. European countries stand out especially in terms of network density. But along with this there are vast areas where the railway network is very rare or non-existent.

Pipeline transport — is actively developing due to the rapid growth of oil and natural gas production and the territorial gap that exists between the main areas of their production and consumption. Pipeline transport accounts for 11% of the global freight turnover, with networks stretching over 2.0 million km.

Water transport primarily characterized by the prominent role of maritime transport. It accounts for 62% of the world's cargo turnover, it also serves about 4/5 of all international trade. It is thanks to the development of maritime transport that the ocean no longer separates, but connects countries and continents. The total length of sea routes is millions of kilometers. Sea vessels transport mainly bulk cargo: oil, oil products, coal, ore, grain, and others, and usually over a distance of 8,000 to 10,000 km. The "container revolution" in maritime transport has led to a rapid growth in the transportation of so-called general cargo - finished goods and semi-finished products. Maritime transportation is provided by the merchant marine, the total tonnage of which exceeds 456 million tons. The Atlantic Ocean occupies the first place in world shipping, the Pacific Ocean occupies the second place in terms of maritime transportation, and the Indian Ocean ranks third. The international sea channels (especially the Suez and Panama) and the sea straits (the English Channel, Gibraltar, etc.) have a very great influence on the geography of maritime transport.

Inland water transport- the oldest mode of transport. Now it occupies the last place in the world transport system along the length of the network. The development and deployment of inland water transport is primarily associated with natural prerequisites - the presence of rivers and lakes suitable for navigation, the Amazon, Mississippi, Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Yangtze, Congo have a greater capacity than the most powerful railway lines. But the use of these prerequisites depends on the general level of economic development. Therefore, in terms of cargo turnover of inland waterways in the world, the United States, Russia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and China stand out. Navigation on artificial routes and lake navigation are also of great importance in some countries.

Air Transport. This type of the fastest, but quite expensive transport plays an important role in international passenger traffic. Its advantages, in addition to speed, are the quality of supplies, geographic mobility, which makes it easy to expand and change routes. The network of scheduled airlines now encircles the entire globe, stretching for millions of kilometers. Its reference points are more than 5 thousand airports. The main air powers of the world are the USA, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, Canada, Germany.

All means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles together form the world transport system. The volume and structure of transportation, as a rule, reflect the level and structure of the economy, and the geography of the transport network and cargo flows - the location of productive forces. The quantitative indicators of the transport system are: the length of communication lines, the number of employees, cargo and passenger turnover. First, it refers to the global transport network, the total length of which exceeds 50 million km. Secondly, this applies to vehicles. Suffice it to say that more than 210,000 locomotives and millions of railway wagons transport goods by rail, over a trillion cars by road, more than 90,000 ships by sea, and more than 30,000 regular aircraft by air. The total carrying capacity of all transportation means of world transport has already exceeded 2.0 billion tons. Thirdly, this applies to the work of transport, which annually transports over 110 billion tons of cargo and more than a trillion passengers. The number of people employed in transport exceeds 100 million people (which can be compared with the entire population of the Philippines).

Basic parameters of the world transport system. The change in the transport intensity of the world economy is characterized by a certain stability over the post-war period: both the total freight turnover and the total passenger turnover grew at about the same pace (with some lag) as the total gross product calculated at constant prices. During this period, the specific world freight turnover per 1 ton of manufactured products increased by 1/3, while the per capita freight turnover and kilometer mobility of the population increased by 3.5-4 times. One can note the dynamism of the development of transportation - the volume of transportation work has increased by more than 7 times, and by 2020 it will grow by another 1.2-1.3 times. The “container revolution” had a huge impact on the development of all types of transport, as a result of which labor productivity in transport increased by 7–12 times.

Maritime transport stands out sharply in world cargo turnover, the share of which has gradually increased and still hardly decreases from 52 to 62%. The same can be said about the share of passenger car individual transport in the passenger turnover - from 57 to 60%. There is an intensive change in the structure of transportation between individual modes of transport. Thus, in the freight turnover, the ratio between the railway and its main competitor, road transport, changed from 4:1 to 1.2:1, with a subsequent increase in the excess of the share of road transport. The share of pipelines increased from 4.2% to 12.8%. In terms of passenger turnover, air transport approached the level of rail transport - 10.0% and 10.2%, respectively, and by 2020 should exceed it.

The world transport system is heterogeneous, and it is possible to single out the transport systems of economically developed and developing countries, several regional heterogeneous transport systems: North America, Foreign Europe, CIS countries, Asia, Latin America, Australia. The density of the transport network, which best characterizes its availability, in most developed countries is 50 - 60 km per 100 km of territory, and in developing countries - 5 - 10 km. More than 80% of the world's automobile fleet is concentrated in economically developed countries, almost 2/3 of all ports of the world are located in them, 3/4 of the world cargo turnover is carried out. This transport subsystem is also characterized by a high technical level.

Since its inception, transportation has had a strong impact on the environment. The main air pollutant is road transport, air transport and rail transport, these types of transport also create "noise pollution" and require large areas for the construction of highways, gas stations, parking lots, train stations, etc. (excluding air). Water transport is the main source of oil pollution in oceans and inland waters.

A special part of the global transport system is transport corridors and nodes. The system of international transport corridors also includes export and transit main pipelines. The transport corridors created at the end of the last century, passing through the territories of several countries, unite several modes of transport at once. From a set of routes, they turned into a system of transportation control centers and transport hubs, which gradually acquired the functions of managing the tariff policy. Large specialized transport and distribution centers of international importance (Paris, Marseille, Frankfurt am Main, Munich, etc.) are being created at the nodes provided with reliable and high-speed transport links - air and sea container lines.

Scientific and technological revolution had a great impact on the "division of labor" between the individual modes of transport. In the world passenger turnover, the uncompetitive first place (about 4/5) now belongs to road transport, in the world freight turnover - to sea transport (almost 2/3). A characteristic result of the scientific and technological revolution in the world transport markets is the constant growth of the competitiveness of various modes of transport, the strengthening of the potential for their interchangeability, and the development of intermodal communications. The most intense competition in the transport markets is subject to land transport - rail, road, pipeline, and river - especially when they provide delivery of goods to seaports. The monopolization of vehicles, which is taking place in parallel with the scientific and technological revolution, only intensifies competition.

The impact of the state on the development and functioning of transport. Transport is widely used as an instrument of regional policy. In the context of increased redundancy and inconsistency in the development of transport, protectionist and discriminatory economic, fiscal and legal measures of the state are intensifying, aimed at mitigating competition and protecting national transport companies. The use of “our own” vehicles is increasing to expand “invisible” exports (transportation of goods by foreign charterers, etc.).

The interaction and interweaving of these factors causes a complex and contradictory development of the entire global transport system. On the one hand, the general trend is the acceleration of the transport process: high-speed railways, container communications, high-speed specialized ships, on the other hand, a decrease in the running speeds of ships in order to absorb excess tonnage, speed reductions in other modes of transport in order to reduce energy costs. Contradictory and complementary trends are the formation of powerful polyhighways, transport corridors to improve the efficiency of the transport process. On the other hand, the dispersion of traffic flows, the construction of relatively small highly specialized vehicles, containers with a clear “targeting” of destination, the development of feeder lines of communication that provide delivery and delivery.

Contradictions between the development of rolling stock and permanent devices, between the linear and nodal elements of the system are aggravated. Port capacity tends to lag behind traffic, and hierarchical port systems are formed to concentrate investment, while at the same time, competition among them intensifies. There are disproportions between the ports of the sending countries and the ports of the receiving countries. Hence, there is a growing tendency to avoid port facilities, to organize non-transshipment systems (river-sea vessels, barge carriers, ferries, ro-ro ships, etc.).

One of the reasons for the redundancy of transport capacity is the increased competition between rail and road transport (in the US, road transport costs 60%, while the share in freight turnover is 26%, and the share in transport energy consumption is 85%). From the "interception" of goods by road transport and from the "invasion" of the car in the sphere of railroads, the US economy loses, according to some estimates, about $ 2 billion a year.

The cost characteristics of the transportation of any product (transport tariff) are reflected directly in its final price, are added to production costs, affect the competitiveness of products and their sales area. Urban transport is subsidized mainly by the state, regional and local authorities. However, their participation in this is different. In some countries, public investments provide the entire amount of one-time and current costs (Belgium, Holland), in others they are practically not used (Canada, Denmark, Great Britain).

These tendencies and processes, typical for the modern and future transport situation, closely interacting with the process of world development, require careful study at the interdisciplinary level. Meanwhile, the overall level of knowledge of world transport as a system began to decline.

An analysis of global trends in the development of transport shows that no country is able to control the risks of its own economy without having strong transport positions. World trends in the development of transport show that the period of patronage in relation to modes of transport and carriers is over. At the present stage, the world transport system is characterized by a great dependence oninformation technologiesand develops in the following areas: an increase in the capacity of transport routes, an increase in traffic safety, the emergence of fundamentally new vehicles, an increase in the capacity and carrying capacity of vehicles, an increase in the speed of movement, timeliness, rhythm and environmental friendliness of the functioning of the transport system. New customer requirements for the quality of transport services push costs to the background.

The efforts of most countries are aimed at increasing the competitiveness of national transport and abandoning the quota system, as well as tariff and other restrictions. They are replaced by the harmonization of transport legislation; the market for transport services has become more complex, all segments of the transport process and logistics began to be integrated. As a natural result - the development of a new type of transport infrastructure - transport, storage and commodity transport complexes, which formed an integrated system of interaction; transport centers became the control elements of the system, which made it possible to optimize "through" tariffs.

This has led to the transition of the point of profitability from the processes of physical transportation to the field of transport and logistics services. Against this background, the requirements for the environmental friendliness of transport are increasing. Hence the desire to maintain an acceptable share of the transport component in the price of the final product, while observing strict environmental and safety standards.

In the long term, in countries with market economies, further development of scientific and technical progress in transport is expected. The structure of the communication network will undergo significant changes. Scientific and technological progress in transport will significantly improve its economic performance, improve the quality of customer service and traffic safety. In transport, the widespread use of marketing, the study of demand, the introduction of accounting for needs, the use of modeling, etc. are planned. It is expected that the Raillink computer system (which currently connects railways, customers and banks) or another similar system will be implemented throughout the network of communications, which will make it possible to include transport in the network of commercial exchanges.

Significant changes will occur in the fleet of vehicles. Their number will increase somewhat, and the share of progressive types of traction will increase noticeably. The share of specialized rolling stock, its carrying capacity and specific power will increase. Modern scientists and inventors have developed innovative vehicles that amaze the imagination. Imagine more than a billion cars that travel around the world and consume trillions of dollars in material resources, fuel and emissions, and run emission-free for 100 years on only 8 grams of fuel each! — In the US, a new type of car engine is being developed from one of the densest materials known in nature: thorium, which has the potential to produce heat through the use of laser nanotechnology.

Undoubtedly promising innovative vehicles are airships, submarine cruise and cargo ships (especially for the Arctic), string transport, private spacecraft up to tours to the Moon and Mars.

In the transition to an intensive, innovative, socially oriented type of development, Russia is striving to become one of the leaders of the global economy, which requires an active position of the state to create conditions for socio-economic development, primarily in order to improve the quality of transport services, reduce the total costs of society dependent on transport, increase the competitiveness of the domestic transport system and the quality of life of the population through access to safe and high-quality transport services, strengthening the innovative, social and environmental orientation of the development of the transport industry, the transformation of Russia's geographical features into its competitive advantage.

The new version of the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 was approved by Government Decree No. 1032-r dated June 11, 2014 and was developed taking into account the Strategy for Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, the Strategy for the Development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation and National Security for the period up to 2020 of the year, Development strategies for the shipbuilding industry for the period up to 2020 and beyond, Development strategies for the transport engineering industry of the Russian Federation in 2007-2010 and for the period up to 2015, Development strategies for the aviation industry for the period up to 2015, Development strategies for the automotive industry of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, the Strategy for the Development of Railway Transport in the Russian Federation until 2030, the Prospects for the Development of the Road Network in the Russian Federation (subprograms "Road Facilities" and "Development of High-Speed ​​Roads on the Conditions of Public-Private Partnership") and other sectoral strategies in the field of industry, energy, forestry and agriculture, strategies for the socio-economic development of Russian regions. The optimal level for linking the development strategy of the transport system with regional priorities is the level of the federal district.

The goals of the modern Transport Strategy of Russia: the formation of a single transport space in Russia on the basis of the country's transport and economic balance, which provides for the harmonious outstripping development of an efficient transport infrastructure, which ensures the acceleration of the movement of passenger flows, the movement of goods, the reduction of transport costs in the economy, the growth of entrepreneurial and business activity, which directly affects the quality of life and the level of social activity population; ensuring the availability, volume and competitiveness of transport services for cargo owners in accordance with the needs of the innovative development of the country's economy; creating the necessary conditions for an appropriate level of national security and reducing terrorist risks; reducing the negative impact of the transport system on the environment.

Development of transport infrastructure, increasing the competitiveness of goods and services plays a key role in the implementation of the transport strategy. It is necessary to fully use the transit potential associated with the special geographical position of the country as a natural transport corridor connecting the European, Asia-Pacific regions and the Americas (first of all, the creation of a reliable and efficient mechanism for transportation between Europe and Asia along the Trans-Siberian route, reunited with the Trans-Korean Railway and railways of Mongolia as one of the main routes for the delivery of containers from China to Europe and in perspective construction of the Asia-Pacific Railway: Singapore - Bangkok - Beijing - Yakutsk - Bering Strait Tunnel - Vancouver - San Francisco - Denver); improving the security of the transport system; reducing the harmful impact of transport on the environment.

The recent openness of the national transport market imposes new requirements on the level of transport competitiveness. Clearly, there are limitations associated with the underdevelopment of a unified transport system, disagreements in tax, tariff, and investment policies, which indicates the absence of a unified transport policy, effective mechanisms for its formation and implementation.

In the modern transport system, a special place is occupied by the spatial mobility of the population, which is not yet adequate not only to the requirements of an innovative type of economic growth, but also to the needs of a market economy. Studies show that, in general, the mobility of the population in Russia is significantly lower than in countries with developed market economies. According to estimates, up to 1/3 of the regions are below the poverty line, the population of these regions does not have economic opportunities to leave these regions, which, in particular, can explain why in Russia there is no convergence of regions in terms of income.

Conclusion

D. I. Mendeleev argued that transport is the center of gravity of the country. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, investments in the global transport system by 2030 should amount to more than $11 trillion, including $5 trillion in the development of railways. The transport system of the Russian Federation is part of the global transport system. In Russia, investment in transport infrastructure barely reaches 2% of GDP, while the average in most countries of the world is at least 4% of GDP.

In the coming years, our country may experience serious infrastructural restrictions on the transport accessibility of certain regions and the movement of goods in international and domestic transportation. It is possible that Russia will lose certain promising world commodity markets. The transport system can become a factor in slowing down economic growth. The share of cargo transported by sea is less than 1% in Russian cargo turnover. At the same time, it is maritime transport that is the main vehicle for world trade and growing international production. The ratio of the volume of cargo actually transported in containers by Russian railways to the total volume of cargo flows in the country is only 5%, while in European countries it is 30%. The ratio of transportation in containers to the volume of transportation of containerized cargo is 55%, while in European countries this figure is 90%. Trains with a carrying capacity of 40,000 tons run on Chinese coal roads, and no more than 4,000 tons on Russian general roads.

There are certain difficulties in the insufficient development of access roads to major transport hubs and border checkpoints. The practice of passing Trans-Siberian trains through the major cities of Siberia and the Far East is still preserved without railway bypasses or tunnels. A significant part of hump yards and utility yards is located in the centers of such cities, which significantly reduces the competitive advantages of this main railway line in Siberia and the Far East.

Implementation of the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation, coordination on the basis of its provisions of the actions of all branches and levels of government, business, various sectors of society will ensure the most efficient use of transport opportunities in the interests of the socio-economic development of Russia, solving the above systemic socio-economic problems.

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