How to determine the case of the complement. Definition, circumstance, addition

Secondary members play an important role in the sentence, enriching it, bringing clarity, explaining the subject and predicate. Among them stands out and addition. The error in isolating this minor member is that it is often confused with the subject, especially when it is in the accusative case. To avoid inaccuracies, you need to know what questions the add-on answers. We will talk about this in the article.

General information

The complement answers questions of indirect cases. They include everything except the nominative (the subject answers it).

Usually, a question is asked to the addition from the members of the sentence (secondary and main), which are expressed either by verbs or close in meaning to them (participles, gerunds).

Meaning

The values ​​of the complement can be completely different. Let's analyze such relations with the predicate in the sentence and see how the object answers the questions. Examples below.

Olga makes (what?) an injection.

Olga gives an injection (to whom?) to her mother.

Olga makes an injection (with what?) With a syringe.

Sometimes there are additions that depend on verbal nouns and adjectives: conquering the top, moving to the end of the line, fish fried in a pan.

If you systematize the values, taking into account what the complement responds to, you get the following:

1. This minor term defines an object that experiences an action: choose (what?) A profession, wash (what?) linen.
2. The subject in whose interests the action is performed: write to your brother, go to your sister, come to your parents.
3. A means of performing an action or an instrument of labor: write with a pen, swim with a breaststroke, draw with a brush and paints.

What is an addition?

The addition, like the subject, is expressed by the following parts of speech:

1. A noun in the indirect case form or a noun pronoun in the same form. At the same time, the pretext is variable: she went (to whom?) To her mother; satisfied with (what?) work; I think (about whom?) about him; bring (who?) him.
2. Any substantive part of speech (endowed with the function of a noun). Everyone was interested (by whom?) in the reader.
3. Infinitive. The audience asked the troupe (about what?) to dance again.
4. Numerical name. I'll multiply (what?) fifteen (by what?) by ten.
5. Phraseologism. I ask my sister (about what?) not to hang up her nose.

What is the supplement?

Since the object answers the questions of indirect cases, it most often refers to the verb-predicate. In this way, it brings clarity to the main action reported in the sentence. We walk (with whom?) With my daughter through the store. In this case, the addition "with my daughter" extends the verb-predicate "walk".

However, this minor term can also apply to a noun that has some action in its meaning. For example, "He is the driver of (what?) a heavy vehicle." The complement "car" refers to the noun "driver".

Short adjectives are close in form and meaning to the verb-predicate, so this minor term can also apply to them: I am angry (at whom?) At my neighbor. The addition with the preposition "on the neighbor" refers to the short adjective "evil". Less commonly, it refers to the full adjective: Similar (to whom?) To the father.

Often, the addition explains the adverb or adjective in a comparative degree. For example: She looks younger than (what?) her years. Jasmine is more fragrant than (what?) roses.

direct

Depending on what questions the addition answers, it can be either direct or indirect. The first requires setting in the accusative case, and there can be no preposition with it.

Such an addition defines the object of the action. It refers to a transitive verb or adverb. For example: to hate the enemy is direct, it is in the accusative case, and the verb "to hate" is transitive. Another example: I'm sorry for your friend. The complement "friend" refers to the adverb "sorry", which plays the role of a predicate in this sentence.

What questions does a direct complement answer? Only genitive or accusative questions. Let's look at the options:

1. The most common is the accusative form with a missing preposition: We decorated the Christmas tree with the whole family. Complement "Christmas tree" - direct, used in the form of the accusative case, there is no preposition.
2. The genitive form when denoting a part of something whole: I poured tea leaves into a cup, and then diluted it with boiling water and put a lemon. The addition of "brewing" is direct, it is in the genitive case. Also, the genitive case can indicate any result of an action, combined with the value of quantity: I need to go buy flour and bread.
3. In impersonal sentences, when the adverb acts as a predicate: What a pity for the years spent.

indirect

What questions does the indirect object answer? To all the rest: accusative with a preposition, dative, instrumental and prepositional. The last three can be used with or without a preposition.

• In our childhood dreams there were bright travels and carefree everyday life (indirect additions - dreams, everyday life).
• We pretended to be adults to ride this attraction (indirect addition - adults).
• Talking about the upcoming celebration occupied all the free time (indirect addition - about the celebration).

Additions; definitions; circumstances.

Applications are usually considered as a kind of definition.

Secondary members are directly or indirectly related to the grammatical basis, that is, from the grammatical basis, you can ask a question to a minor member, from this minor member to another, etc.

The frightened face of a young girl peeked out from behind the trees (Turgenev).

Grammatical basis – face peeked out . From the subject, you can ask questions to two words: face (what?) frightened ; face (whose?) girls. From the definition of a girl, you can ask a question to one word girls (what?) young . The predicate looked out connected with the noun with the preposition: looked out (where?) from behind the trees .

Thus, one sentence includes all the words that are somehow related to the grammatical basis. This is especially important when placing punctuation marks in a complex sentence. Commas (rarely other signs) separate parts of a complex sentence from each other. Therefore, to check punctuation marks, it is necessary to clearly understand where these boundaries are.

In the evening, while we silently waited for Asya, I finally became convinced of the need for separation (Turgenev).

To correctly punctuate this sentence, you must:

a) highlight the grammatical foundations;

b) establish which words are associated with these stems.

This sentence has two grammatical bases:

1 – I made sure ; 2 – we expected .

So the proposal is complex.

The words associated with the first grammatical basis are: convinced (how?) finally; convinced (of what?) in need; convinced (when?) In the evening; in need (of what?) separation. Therefore, the first sentence will look like: In the evening I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

The words associated with the second grammatical basis are: expected (who?) Asyu; expected (how?) silently. Bye is a temporary conjunction in a subordinate clause. Therefore, the second sentence will look like: Bye we silently waited for Asya , and it is inside the main clause.

So, punctuation marks in a complex sentence should be arranged as follows:

In the evening, while we silently waited for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

But for the correct placement of punctuation marks, it is necessary not only to identify all the secondary members of the sentence, but also to determine their specific type (definition, addition, circumstance), since each of the secondary members has its own rules for isolation. Therefore, incorrect parsing of minor members can lead to errors in punctuation.

Each of the secondary members has its own system of questions.

Definition answers the questions Which? whose?

Red dress; happy boy.

Addition answers questions of indirect cases .

Saw a friend.

Circumstances answer the questions of adverbs: Where? When? How? Why? and etc.

They waited in silence.

Note!

One and the same minor member can sometimes be asked several different questions. This happens especially often if the minor member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun. You can always ask them a morphological question of the indirect case. But not always a noun or a pronoun will be an object. The syntax issue may be different.

For example, in combination with a girl's face to a noun in the genitive case, you can ask a morphological question: the face (of whom?) of the girl. But the noun girl in the sentence will be a definition, not an object, because the syntactic question will be different: the face (whose?) of the girl.

Supplement and its varieties

1. Addition- is a minor member of the sentence, which denotes the subject:

· an object , which is covered action ;

Writing letter ; I listen music .

· destination object actions;

Writing friend .

· object - a tool or means of action ;

Writing pen .

· an object, to which state ;

To me sad.

· comparison object and etc.

Faster me .

2. Addition answers the questions of indirect cases:

Genitive - whom? what? Choice professions.

dative - to whom? what? Writing friend.

accusative - whom? What? Writing letter.

instrumental case - by whom? how? Writing pen.

prepositional - about whom? about what? Think about a friend.

3. Addition may refer to:

· verb-predicate: Writing letter.

· the main or minor member expressed by the noun: A loss horse; hope for luck.

· to the main or minor member expressed by an adjective or participle: Strict to children; thinking about children.

· the main or minor member expressed by the adverb: imperceptibly For others.

Ways of Expressing Complement

Notes

1) Combinations are a single member of the sentence - an addition in the same cases in which combinations - subjects are a single member.

2) Infinitive with a conjugated verb, it is an addition, and not the main part of the predicate, if its action refers to a minor member ( I asked him leave ), and not to the subject ( I decided to leave ).

3) Since the questions and forms of the nominative and accusative cases, accusative and genitive cases may coincide, to distinguish between the subject and the object, put the word book instead of the checked form (nominative case - book; genitive case - books; accusative case - book. For example: Good snowball harvest will collect(cf.: Good book book will collect). Therefore, snowball is the nominative case; harvest - accusative).

4. According to the form of the expression two types of extensions:

direct object- form of the accusative case without a preposition;

I write (what?) letter; erase (what?) underwear; listening (what?) music.

indirect addition- all other forms, including the accusative form with a preposition.

Fight (for what?) for freedom; gave (to whom?) to me.

Notes

1) In negative sentences, the accusative form of the direct object can change to the genitive form (cf. .: I wrote (what?) letter. - I Not wrote (what?) letters ). If the genitive form of the complement is preserved both in the affirmation and in the negation, then such an addition is indirect (cf .: To me Not missing (what?) money. - I have enough (what?) money ).

2) Complement, expressed by the infinitive, has no case form (I asked him to leave). Therefore, such additions are not characterized as either direct or indirect.

Addon parsing plan

Specify the type of addition (direct - indirect).

Indicate what morphological form the complement is expressed in.

Sample parsing

I ask you to talk essentially affairs(M. Gorky).

You- a direct object expressed by a pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition. Speak- an addition expressed by the infinitive. Affairs- an indirect object expressed by a noun in the genitive case.

The night brought coolness(A.N. Tolstoy).

coolness- a direct object expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition (if negated, it did not bring). Wed: The night brought (what?) coolness (V. p.).

ADDITION(tracing paper from French complément or German Ergänzung), a minor member of a sentence that fills the non-subjective valence of a predicate word.

The concept of complement was developed by French encyclopedists in the middle of the 18th century. In the Russian tradition, a similar term "filling" was used in the grammar of M.V. Lomonosov (1755) to denote a semantic function, for example, the word sky in the example The clouds covered sky ; but to designate additions in the grammar of A.A. Barsov (1783–1788), the term “managed” was used (tracing paper from the French term régime “management // managed”, which was used back in the grammar of Port-Royal 1660 - sometimes to designate not only the relationship of management itself, but also its second member - “managed”, i.e. additions). The term “managed” then entered the Academic Grammar of 1802 (D. and P. Sokolov) and was subsequently used by various authors along with or instead of the term “addition”.

The term “addition” appeared in the work of N.I. Grech (1827) and has since come into use (although the very expediency of this concept was then repeatedly questioned - for example, by A.M. Peshkovsky, who, following Barsov, preferred to speak only about “controlled terms”). At first, circumstances were included in the number of additions (such is the concept of I.I. Davydov, 1852). F.I. Buslaev (1858) proposed to take the circumstances beyond the limits of additions, and this last point of view eventually prevailed.

The object is a syntactically controlled member of the sentence - its position and design are controlled by the predicate word (in case languages, the predicate determines the choice of the case or prepositional case form in which the object stands); in languages ​​with object agreement, the object is the controller (or one of the controllers) of the predicate agreement; some theorists of ergativity, following I.I. Meshchaninov, believe that in such languages ​​the direct object is the third main member of the sentence.

The addition can control the agreement of the significant part of the analytical verbal form of the predicate (by gender and number) in some constructions such as French phrases with the preposition of the significant object to the relative clause: les mesures qu "on a prises"measures that have been taken" la lettre qu "il a écrite n" est pas arrivee"The letter he wrote didn't come."

Unlike “weakly controlled” (adverbial) modifiers, which are usually attributed to circumstances, the addition is a syntactic actant, i.e. fills in the obligatory valency of the predicate (and is thus a "strongly controlled" member); from the point of view of predicate-argument logic, the complement corresponds to one of the arguments of the many-place predicate (namely, the semantic object). Therefore, for example, steps V Peter walks fast is considered not an addition, but a circumstance (it answers not the question "what?", but the question "how?" and is equivalent to the adverb fast).

Objects are similar in a number of respects to the subject. The hypertrophy of this similarity causes some supporters of the verbocentric interpretation of the sentence (inspired by the logico-mathematical concepts of the 20th century, where the focus is on the multi-place propositional form - the predicate with several of its arguments) the desire to completely abandon the distinction between the additions and the subject in favor of a single concept, no matter how it is called (“actant”, “complement”//”complement” or “predicandum”). However, this approach has not received recognition in linguistics. With all three interpretations of the sentence common in science (bicentric, verbocentric or nominative centric), the complement is treated as a component of the composition of the predicate.

The following types of additions are distinguished by their structure:

(1) simple (expressed by own name, actualized group of common noun and actualizer or pronoun);

(2) analytical, expressed by a combination of a functional word (preposition or postposition) with a significant one; Indirect additions are usually designed like this: hope for success; but, for example, in Spanish, a direct object can also be formed as a prepositional group, if the proper name plays this role: cf. El mismo ensillú a Rocinante"The same man saddled Rossinante";

(3) combined, including composed, for example, Misha introduced Petya and Vanya(together);Misha introduced Petya to Vanya; Misha introduced Petya to Vanya;

(4) complex, including: subordinate-nexus infinitive ( forced the aggressor to get away, puto Carthaginem delendam esse"I believe that Carthage must be destroyed"); subordinate-nexus incoherent ( consider Chomsky the founder), including with the “double accusative” (lat. Romani appellarunt Ciceronem patrem patriae"The Romans called Cicero the father of the fatherland"; I found him surrounded by our officers; st.-sl. appoint Methodius Bishop); subordinate-nexus gerundial ( I heard Mary singing); sentential (that is, expressed by a subordinate clause), including an explanatory one, in which subordinating conjunctions are a formal indicator of the complementary role What And to(cf. He believed that his friends were ready / For his honor to accept fetters).

An object can be semantically redundant if it repeats the meaning of the predicate (the so-called figura etymologica: live your life, gait and so on.); in this case, the main semantic load is taken by the definition to the addition ( live a hard life, walk awkwardly).

With verbs with a non-objective object, the latter expresses a folded (nominalized) predication (with the meaning of a fact, situation or proposition). Such are verbs with phase, modal, inter-event, perceptual, mental and propositive meaning. A non-objective object is canonically expressed by a subordinate clause, an explanatory, infinitive construction, from a predicate name or a non-objective pronoun ( it's something...).

Usually the verb agrees with its complement in some categorical properties. The semantic inconsistency of the verb with the object is a sign that a semantic shift has occurred. So, a specific object with an abstract verb means that the object should be understood metonymically ( I hope for Pete means "I hope for Petya's actions"; waiting for Dima means "I'm waiting for Dima to come"). An abstract addition with a specific verb most often means that the combination as a whole should be understood in a figurative sense, for example, metaphorically ( to carry nonsense, to pick up an idea and so on.). Often, a mismatch requires restoring a semantic gap: feel the cold metal means, most likely, "to feel the touch of cold metal."

If several objects are possible with a given verb, then some hierarchy is usually revealed among them. As a rule, one of the complements is more important than the others, has the highest communicative rank (expresses "direct object"). This priority manifests itself in many ways; most languages ​​have their own set of formal properties (typical case, typical linear position relative to the predicate, typical concordant role indicator in the composition of the predicate, etc.), which is characteristic of the complement with a two-place verb. An addition that has this set of properties is called direct; the remaining additions are called indirect.

If a predicate controls a single object, then most often it is a direct object. However, for some (the so-called "indirectly transitive") predicates with rigidly fixed diatheses, the only object is indirect: cf. to obey someone/what, to depend on something, to help someone, to follow something(for whom), equal to, lead than and so on.

In case languages, the main feature that distinguishes direct objects from indirect objects is case. In accusative languages ​​(including Russian), the case of the direct object is the accusative non-prepositional; in ergative languages ​​it is the absolutive nominative case. The sign of the case is considered to be diagnostic for the direct complement.

However, it does not follow from this that the accusative unprepositional always expresses a direct object: for example, in constructions like I kiss the night read the accusative unprepositional case expresses an indirect object (or, according to another classification, "circumstance") of duration (temporal duration) and answers the question " how long?for how long?". In constructions like The suitcase weighs ten kilograms accusative quantitative group ten kilograms expresses not an object, but a measure of a parameter, and therefore answers not the question "what?", but the question "how much?"; at the same time, it differs from typical circumstances, filling in the obligatory valence of the predicate, while being expressed by an unprepositional accusative.

In languages ​​with a rigid word order, there are more or less strict rules for placing direct and indirect objects relative to the predicate. So, in Chinese, English, French, German, a direct object is placed after the predicate; in such cases, the diagnostic feature of the complement is the postposition. In the Altaic languages, the direct object is located, on the contrary, before the predicate.

In languages ​​with a rigid word order, inversion of the object (its movement from its usual place) is sometimes possible, but it rarely occurs and at the same time has a pronounced character of a specialized signal with a modal or emphatic meaning. However, even where the word order is not rigid, one of the possible word orders is dominant. Therefore, sentences like Being determines consciousness; mother loves daughter; Truck pulls tractor in the absence of communicative interference, they are normally perceived unambiguously: as sentences with the order “subject - predicate - object”; respectively, nouns consciousness, daughter, tractor in these phrases are usually perceived as taking the position of a direct object. Since the direct object in the dominant word order is closer to the verb than the indirect object, phrases like I prefer metro taxi are much more likely to be understood as meaning "I prefer the subway to a taxi" than vice versa.

In languages ​​that have a passive voice, a typical sign of a direct object is the possibility of transformation into the subject of a passive construction. However, occasionally it turns out that a non-accusative complement ( Ivanov runs a plant - a plant run by Ivanov); there are also direct complements that do not allow passivation (* Petya thanks Vanya, *The dacha is owned by Alla).

The main structural function of the direct object is to replenish the second syntactic valency of the transitive predicate.

Like other members of the proposal, the addition is characterized by multifunctionality. The main semantic function of the direct object is the expression of the semantic direct object ( cm. AN OBJECT) . About secondary semantic functions realized in indirect diathesis, cm. DIATHESIS.

Indirect additions are classified according to both function and form. They are divided into several formal-semantic types (each of which is characterized by its typical means of expression and a typical set of functions, of which usually one is a canonical function). In multi-case languages, types of indirect objects are expressed by special cases and prepositional-case forms; in caseless and caseless analytic languages, along with prepositions and postpositions, a significant role is played by the linear arrangement of objects relative to the verb and relative to each other; in concordant languages ​​with object agreement, the marking of roles in the composition of the verbal word form with special affixes acquires a special role. In prepositional non-case languages, the direct object is non-prepositional, while indirect objects are most often prepositional; however, occasionally the indirect object is also formed without preposition, as in English verbs like give"give".

The most important types of indirect additions are targeted and instrumental-agent.

In its primary function, the addressee denotes the recipient of property or information ( give to husband, tell mom); a kind of address object is a beneficial ( for wife), and in languages ​​with the dominance of the affective construction - also experiential ( she liked novels early).

The instrumental-agentive (or simply "instrumental" in the broad sense) addition has several functional varieties: actually instrumental // instrumental (expressed by a semantically inanimate name in instrumental diathesis: sew with a needle) and agentive (expressed by an animated name in passive indirect-agentive diathesis: tailored by a tailor). In many ways (first of all, on the basis of optionality), the instrumental-agentive addition is close to the circumstance, which gives grounds to see here a “circumstantial addition” or “instrumental circumstance”.

The criterion for distinguishing indirect additions from circumstances and from definitions is usually the question asked. Indirect objects answer oblique case (rather than adjectival or adverbial) questions. Yes, the phrase He fell in love with this city answers the question "What did he fall in love with?" (there is an indirect addition), and He came to this city- to the question "Where did he come?" (there is a circumstance of the final point).

Another criterion for distinguishing an addition from other members of a sentence is anaphoric pronominalization. In the example Do you like cheese?- once asked a hypocrite. - I love: - he answered, - I find a taste in him(K. Prutkov) indirect object is expressed by a substantive pronoun ( in him). Meanwhile, the circumstance of the place does not allow such pronominalization, which explains the comic effect of Dm. Shmelev: Do you love the forest?- once asked a hypocrite. - I love: - he answered, - I find mushrooms in it. Adverbial pronoun substitution ( there) would eliminate this comedy.

Some languages ​​allow such a transformation, in which the direct addition of one diathesis corresponds to the indirect addition of another, and vice versa. So, in a donative construction like The Tsar granted Yermak a fur coat direct object fur coat expresses the role of the transferred property, and the indirect object Yermak expresses the role of the recipient; meanwhile, in a decorative (award-winning) design of the type The Tsar granted Yermak a fur coat direct object Yermak expresses the role of the recipient, and the indirect object fur coat expresses the role of the transferred property. In the presence of such a diathetic transformation in a number of languages, the possibility of passivation turns out to be a property of more than one participant in the situation, cf. English John gave her a book® She was given a book(by John) (here the recipient's direct object is passivated); And John gave a book to her® A book was given to her by John(here the direct object of property is passivated).

Depending on the categorical affiliation of the control predicate word, objects are divided into verbal and adjectival. A number of verbs (the so-called verbs of incomplete predication) do not allow the omission of the object or are radically rethought with such an omission: have, do, put, take, want, give, put, carry, grab and so on. Unlike verbal objects, adjectival objects almost always behave like indirect objects and are treated accordingly. The only exception is a direct object for some types of non-verbal predicatives (statives): you can see the mountain, sorry for the bird and so on.

Applied additions differ from verbal additions in their less obligatory nature and the transformation of case registration: cf. adjectival ( devoted to wife, attached to wife, in love with wife) and substantive ( love for wife). Therefore, they are always referred to as indirect.

An adjectival complement denotes a limitation of a feature in one way or another. Such a constraint can be the second member of some relation ( far from Moscow), the type of the parameter characterized by this attribute ( palatable etc.), aspect of the subject ( strong in spirit, weak in body) and so on. Comparative complement means the second comparison term ( above the pine), i.e. another carrier of the sign - the subject ( Tanya loves music more than her sister / / more than her sister), complex ( Tanya loves math more than music // more than music), another feature ( Vasya is more simple-minded than kind), other time ( You're right more than ever). Adverbial additions are distinguished by grammarians in cases where the complemented member is treated as an adverb. However, in all such cases, the adverb can also receive a different categorical interpretation: as a derivative adverbial preposition ( regardless of mother) or as a derived adverbial pronominal numeral //quantitative pronoun ( a lot of worries, little time, a few rubles, how many bottles and so on.). However, for example, an adverb with a comparative sense ( Also(How)) requires filling in the second valency with the name of the second term of the comparison: work as well as Stakhanov; cf. its parallel complement work better than Stakhanov.

Substantive additions are made out:

(a) substantive unprepositional genitive ( murder of Lermontov); possessives, i.e. possessive adjectives and pronouns ( your arrival, your departure); other transformed forms ( love to motherland);

(b) indirect-complement non-transformed forms, directly corresponding to the forms of verbal indirect objects ( the pursuit of truth, the struggle against classicism...);

(c) the transformed ergative (agent-instrumental) form of the instrumental, used similarly to the form of the indirect object of the agent ( the beating of babies by Herod, the abduction of the goose by Panikovsky).

Many types of substantive additions are sometimes interpreted as definitions, for which there are good reasons: quite often they answer the question "whose? what?" (along with the questions "what?", "whom?", "to whom?", "with whom?", indicating the role of the direct object).

One of the fruits of the endless discussion about the applicability of the interrogative test in syntactic analysis was the realization that in such cases there is a combination of completeness with attribution.

The canonical morphological-syntactic form of the direct object is the accusative unprepositional case of a noun or pronoun. In an incomplete sentence ( Carriage for me, carriage!) such a form is a representative of the entire group of the predicate, even in the absence of a complemented member; the same happens with an ellipsis ( To whom - mountain ash, and to whom - cranberry tincture). However, under the conditions of morphological-syntactic transposition, a non-specialized form appears in the position of a direct object:

(a) accusative unprepositional case of a substantiated adjective ( I scold the latecomer), substantivized numeral ( add ten), substantiated adverb ( we build a beautiful tomorrow, destroy the cursed yesterday), elective construction ( met one of the girls, singled out one of the strongest);

(b) quantifier group ( earns little money, wrote several articles, gave all the children an apple, two apples, ten apples);

(c) infinitive phrase ( ordered to remove, asked to meet).

The infinitive object is characteristic of many modal verbs ( Want), phase ( start), perceptual (lat. video...), mental (lat. puto...), dictal (lat. dico...), directive ( order...), causative ( I force...) and some similar value types.

The morphologized addition in many languages ​​has a number of important secondary semantic loads. So, in the Slavic languages, the accusative form standing in this position explicitly expresses the opposition of names according to animation / inanimateness (in Russian - for names in the plural, as well as for names of the masculine gender). The syntactic alternation of the genitive with the accusative, which is allowed in this position, participates in the expression of the referentiality and definiteness of the name. The syntactic alternation of the partitive (or genitive) with the accusative, which is allowed in this position, expresses the partiality/integrity of a material object ( brought pies- brought pies ).

Sergey Krylov

Literature:

Espersen O. Philosophy of grammar. M., 1958
Apresyan Yu.D. Experimental study of the semantics of the Russian verb. M., 1967
Alisova T.B. Essays on the Syntax of Modern Italian. M., 1971
Arutyunova N.D. The sentence and its meaning. M., 1976
Lyons J. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. M., 1978
Katsnelson S.D. (responsible ed.). The Category of Subject and Object in Different Types of Languages. L., 1982
Kibrik A.E. (ed.) New in foreign linguistics. Issue. 11. Modern syntactic theories. M., 1982
Gak V.G. Russian versus French, ed. 2nd. M., 1988
Vardul I.F. (responsible ed.). Essays on the typology of word order. M., 1989
Apresyan Yu.D. Lexical semantics. Synonymous language means. M., 1995
Arutyunova N.D. Language and the human world. M., 1998
Gak V.G. Theoretical grammar of the French language. M., 2000
Peshkovsky A.M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage, ed. 7. M., 1956 [reprint: M., Editorial URSS, 2001]



In a sentence, in addition to the subject and predicate, which make up its grammatical basis, secondary members can be used to clarify, specify or supplement the content. These include additions, definitions and circumstances. Each group of secondary members of the sentence performs its specific syntactic function in speech.

Definition

Addition- a secondary member of the sentence associated with the predicate, which names the object or person that acts as the object of action in a particular speech situation.

Circumstance- a minor member of the sentence, indicating the method, image or other sign of the action expressed by the predicate.

Comparison

The addition can be expressed by a noun, a pronoun or a substantiated part of speech, occupying a position in the sentence structure after the spreading word. Usually it is a verb with which the object is associated with a control method. Such a connection is determined by questions of indirect cases.

The transition (through what?) through the pass turned out to be difficult.

The flowers were placed (in what?) in a vase.

The object indicates the object of the action or the means by which it is performed: to crochet; feed breakfast; chasing pigeons; read a book.

The circumstance is expressed by an adverb, gerund or participle turnover, in some cases - a noun and a phrase with a circumstantial meaning. Questions can be put to the circumstance : How? what way? When? for what purpose? to what extent? Where? Why?

(When?) Occasionally the wind broke and carried (from where?) an indistinct noise from the sea.

He lived (how?) simply, caring only about his daily bread.

The circumstance is always connected with the predicate, but can be structurally separated from it by other members of the sentence.

Thus, the object and circumstance perform different semantic and syntactic functions in the sentence.

Findings site

1. The circumstance indicates the image, method or time of action, that is circumstances under which it proceeds. Complement denotes an object or means of action.
2. The circumstance is expressed by an adverb or parts of speech close to it in meaning. The complement is most often expressed by a noun or a pronoun.
3. In addition, questions of indirect cases can be raised. Questions addressed to circumstances depend on the way in which the circumstantial meaning is expressed.

§1. General concepts

Secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis. They spread the main and other minor members, contain the components of meaning needed for a more detailed transmission of information. Compare:

The boy is eating.

(information is presented without details)

The little boy eats the soup slowly.

(information presented in more detail thanks to minor members)

Minor Members:

• addition,
• definition,
• circumstance.

§2. Addition

Addition- this is a minor member of the sentence, which depends on the predicate (or other members of the sentence) and answers the questions of indirect cases. For example:

I love (what?) ice cream.

(addition: ice cream)

How is the complement expressed?

1. A noun in indirect cases without a preposition or with prepositions:

We met with Anna on the square. I gave her flowers.

2. In addition to the nouns themselves, the expression of the addition of words in the function of the noun is common: adjectives and participles formed by the transition to another part of speech, for example: sick, in love, participating, meeting, etc.:

The old man looked at the young with a smile.

3. Numeral name:

Ten is divisible by two.

4. Both nouns and words in the function of nouns can be replaced by the corresponding pronouns:

The old man looked at them with a smile.

5. Verb:

The doctor advised him to walk a lot.

6. As an addition, syntactically indivisible phrases or stable lexical combinations (=phraseological units) can act:

We have read several books.

(some books- syntactically indivisible phrase, it is impossible to say: We read books. Or: We have read some)

We ate a pound of salt together.

(a pood of salt- phraseology)

A distinction should be made between direct and indirect additions.

Direct and indirect object

direct complement- this is an addition in the form of V.p. without a suggestion. It refers to a verb and is used after transitive verbs:

I wash my hands.

A direct object can also be in the form of R.p., if:

• a part of an object is indicated, a certain amount, for example, a little: drink water, eat soup;
• with a transitive verb there is a negation Not:did not build a new building, did not complete homework.

All other cases of complement are called indirect complement.

§3. Definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition. Application

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, complement or circumstance, determines the sign of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which? whose?

The definition can refer to words of different parts of speech: a noun and words formed from adjectives or participles by transition to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.

Agreed and inconsistent definition

Agreed Definition is a definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent words is agreement. For example:

A disgruntled girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the outdoor terrace.

(girl(which?) dissatisfied, ice cream(which?) chocolate, on the terrace(Which?) open)

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the defined words - nouns in gender, number and case.

The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;

2) participles: a laughing boy, a bored girl;

3) pronouns: my book, this boy;

4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.

But the definition can be inconsistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connection:

• management
• adjoining

Inconsistent definition based on control:

Mom's book was on the bedside table.

Wed: mom's book mom's book
(mother'sbook is the agreed definition, the link type is agreement, and mom's book- inconsistent, communication type - control)

Inconsistent adjacency-based definition:

I want to buy her a more expensive gift.

Wed: more expensive gift - giftExpensive
(more expensive gift- inconsistent definition, connection type - adjacency, and gift dear

Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.

A five-story shopping center was built opposite.

Wed: five-story center - five-story center
(center on five floors is an inconsistent definition, the link type is control, and five-storey center- agreed definition, type of connection - agreement)

A girl with blue hair entered the room.

(girl with blue hair- inconsistent definition, link type - control.)

Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:

1) noun:

The bus stop has been moved.

(bus- noun)

2) adverb:

Grandma cooked the meat in French.

(French- adverb)

3) a verb in an indefinite form:

She had the ability to listen.

(listen- verb in indefinite form)

4) comparative degree of the adjective:

He always chooses the easier path, and she chooses the harder tasks.

(easier, harder comparative degree of adjectives)

5) pronoun:

Her story touched me.

(her- possessive pronoun)

6) syntactically indivisible phrase

Application

Application is a special kind of definition. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case.
Applications denote various features of an object that are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:

I love my little sister.

A group of Japanese tourists lived with me in the hotel.

A variation of the application are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, publications, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Compare examples:

I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.

(Sukhony- agreed application, words rivers And Sukhony stand in one case.)

The son read the fairy tale "Cinderella".

("Cinderella"- inconsistent application, words fairy tale And "Cinderella" stand in different cases

§4. Circumstance

Circumstance- this is a minor member of the sentence, denoting a sign of action or another sign. Usually the circumstance depends on the predicate.

Since the meanings of circumstances are diverse, the circumstances are classified according to their meaning. Each meaning has its own questions.

Circumstance ranks by value
The following categories of circumstances are distinguished by value.

1. Mode of action - how? how?: The children laughed out loud.
2. Measures and degrees - how? to what extent?: We are tired to the point of exhaustion.
3. Places - where? Where? from where?: Everyone around was dancing. He looked into the distance. Father returned from work.
4. Time - when? how long? since when? How long? what time?: We waited for the doctor's appointment for about ten minutes.
5. Conditions - under what condition?: If desired, everyone can learn better.
6. Reasons - why? why?: Masha missed classes due to illness. We didn't go to the forest because of the rain.
7. Goals - why? for what?: She came to Yalta to rest.
8. Concessions - in spite of what? in spite of what?: Despite the fatigue, the mother was cheerful.

Circumstances are expressed

1) adverbs: fast, loud, fun;
2) nouns in the form of indirect cases with and without a preposition: in the forest, by Tuesday, a week;
3) pronouns: in it, above it, below it;
4) gerunds and participles: lying on the stove, you will not meet good luck;
5) indefinite form of the verb: I came to talk;
6) phraseological turn: he worked carelessly;
7) the circumstances of the mode of action are expressed by comparative turns: Quartz sand sparkled like February snow in the sun.

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Are the secondary members of the sentence included in the grammatical basis of the sentence?

2. Is it true that the minor members of the sentence spread the main and other minor members?

3. What are the secondary members of the sentence in Russian?

   • predicate and circumstance
   • circumstance, definition and subject
   • addition, definition and circumstance

4. Can the complement be expressed as a numeral?

5. Is it true that an indirect object is an addition in the form of V.p. no suggestion?

6. What is the name of the definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent word is agreement?

   • agreed definition
   • inconsistent definition

7. What is the definition in the sentence: This is dad's jacket.?

   • agreed definition
   • inconsistent definition

8. What type of syntactic connection in the phrase more expensive gift in a sentence: I want to buy a more expensive gift.?

   • agreement
   • control
   • contiguity