“Pollution of water bodies with domestic wastewater. Trends in environmental pollution by wastewater from various industrial enterprises

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Ussuri State Pedagogical Institute

Faculty of Biology and Chemistry

Course work

sewage pollution

Completed:

2nd year student 521 groups

Yastrebkova S.Yu._________

Scientific adviser:

______________________________

Ussuriysk, 2001 Contents:

Introduction……………………………………………………………………..…3

I.1. Sources of pollution of inland waters…………………4

I .2. Discharge of wastewater into water bodies ……………………………………..7

II.1. Wastewater treatment methods…………………………………….….…9

Conclusion………………………………………………………………….11

Application …………………………………………………………………13

Bibliography ……………………………………………………..22

Introduction

Water is the most valuable natural resource. It plays an exceptional role in the metabolic processes that form the basis of life. Water is of great importance in industrial and agricultural production. It is well known that it is necessary for the everyday needs of man, all plants and animals. For many living beings, it serves as a habitat.

The growth of cities, the rapid development of industry, the intensification of agriculture, the significant expansion of irrigated land, the improvement of cultural and living conditions, and a number of other factors are increasingly complicating the problems of water supply.

The demand for water is enormous and is increasing every year. The annual water consumption on the globe for all types of water supply is 3300-3500 km3. At the same time, 70% of all water consumption is used in agriculture.

A lot of water is consumed by the chemical and pulp and paper industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Energy development also leads to a sharp increase in demand for water. A significant amount of water is spent for the needs of the livestock industry, as well as for the domestic needs of the population. Most of the water after its use for household needs is returned to the rivers in the form of wastewater.

Fresh water scarcity is already becoming a global problem. The ever-increasing needs of industry and agriculture for water are forcing all countries, scientists of the world to look for various means to solve this problem.

At the present stage, the following areas of rational use of water resources are determined: more complete use and expanded reproduction of fresh water resources; development of new technological processes to prevent pollution of water bodies and minimize the consumption of fresh water.

1. Sources of pollution of inland waters

Pollution of water resources is understood as any changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of water in reservoirs due to the discharge of liquid, solid and gaseous substances into them, which cause or may create inconvenience, making the water of these reservoirs dangerous for use, causing damage to the national economy, health and public safety

Pollution of surface and ground waters can be divided into the following types:

mechanical - increase in the content of mechanical impurities, characteristic mainly of surface types of pollution;

chemical - the presence in the water of organic and inorganic substances of toxic and non-toxic action;

bacterial and biological - the presence in the water of a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, fungi and small algae;

radioactive - the presence of radioactive substances in surface or ground waters;

thermal - release of heated water from thermal and nuclear power plants into reservoirs.

The main sources of pollution and clogging of water bodies are insufficiently treated wastewater from industrial and municipal enterprises, large livestock complexes, production waste from the development of ore minerals; water mines, mines, processing and alloying of timber; water and rail transport discharges; flax primary processing waste, pesticides, etc. Pollutants, getting into natural water bodies, lead to qualitative changes in water, which are mainly manifested in a change in the physical properties of water, in particular, the appearance of unpleasant odors, tastes, etc.); in changing the chemical composition of water, in particular, the appearance of harmful substances in it, the presence of floating substances on the surface of the water and their deposition at the bottom of reservoirs.

Wastewater is divided into three groups: fan, or fecal; household, including drains from the galley, showers, laundries, etc.; subsoil, or oil-containing. For fan waste water characterized by high bacterial pollution, as well as organic pollution (chemical oxygen demand reaches 1500-2000 mg / l.). the volume of these waters is relatively small. - Household waste water characterized by low organic pollution. This wastewater is usually discharged overboard as it is generated. Dumping them is prohibited only in the zone of sanitary protection. Podslanye waters formed in the engine rooms of ships. They are high in oil content.(6)

Industrial wastewater is polluted mainly by industrial waste and emissions. Their quantitative and qualitative composition is diverse and depends on the industry, its technological processes; they are divided into two main groups: containing inorganic impurities, incl. both toxic and containing poisons.

The first group includes wastewater from soda, sulfate, nitrogen-fertilizer plants, processing plants for lead, zinc, nickel ores, etc., which contain acids, alkalis, heavy metal ions, etc. Wastewater from this group mainly changes the physical water properties.

Wastewater of the second group is discharged by oil refineries, petrochemical plants, organic synthesis enterprises, coke-chemical plants, etc. The wastewater contains various petroleum products, ammonia, aldehydes, resins, phenols and other harmful substances. The harmful effect of wastewater of this group lies mainly in oxidative processes, as a result of which the oxygen content in water decreases, the biochemical demand for it increases, and the organoleptic indicators of water deteriorate.

Oil and oil products at the present stage are the main pollutants of inland waters, waters and seas, the World Ocean. Getting into water bodies, they create various forms of pollution: an oil film floating on the water, oil products dissolved or emulsified in water, heavy fractions that have settled to the bottom, etc. At the same time, the smell, taste, color, surface tension, viscosity of water change, the amount of oxygen decreases, harmful organic substances appear, water acquires toxic properties and poses a threat not only to humans. 12 g of oil makes a ton of water unfit for consumption.

Phenol is a rather harmful pollutant of industrial waters. It is found in the wastewater of many petrochemical plants. At the same time, the biological processes of reservoirs, the process of their self-purification, are sharply reduced, the water acquires a specific smell of carbolic acid.

The life of the population of reservoirs is adversely affected by wastewater from the pulp and paper industry. Oxidation of wood pulp is accompanied by the absorption of a significant amount of oxygen, which leads to the death of eggs, fry and adult fish. Fibers and other insoluble substances clog water and impair its physical and chemical properties. Mole alloys adversely affect fish and their food - invertebrates. From rotting wood and bark, various tannins are released into the water. Resin and other extractive products decompose and absorb a lot of oxygen, causing the death of fish, especially juveniles and eggs. In addition, mole alloys heavily clog rivers, and driftwood often completely clogs their bottom, depriving fish of spawning grounds and food places.

Nuclear power plants pollute rivers with radioactive waste. Radioactive substances are concentrated by the smallest planktonic microorganisms and fish, then they are transferred along the food chain to other animals. It has been established that the radioactivity of planktonic inhabitants is thousands of times higher than the water in which they live.

Wastewater with increased radioactivity (100 curies per 1 liter or more) is subject to disposal in underground drainless pools and special tanks.

Population growth, the expansion of old and the emergence of new cities have significantly increased the flow of domestic wastewater into inland waters. These effluents have become a source of pollution of rivers and lakes with pathogenic bacteria and helminths. Synthetic detergents widely used in everyday life pollute water bodies to an even greater extent. They are also widely used in industry and agriculture. The chemicals contained in them, entering rivers and lakes with sewage, have a significant impact on the biological and physical regime of water bodies. As a result, the ability of water to saturate with oxygen decreases, and the activity of bacteria that mineralize organic substances is paralyzed.

The pollution of water bodies with pesticides and mineral fertilizers, which come from the fields along with jets of rain and melt water, causes serious concern. As a result of research, for example, it has been proven that insecticides contained in water in the form of suspensions dissolve in oil products that pollute rivers and lakes. This interaction leads to a significant weakening of the oxidative functions of aquatic plants. Getting into water bodies, pesticides accumulate in plankton, benthos, fish, and through the food chain they enter the human body, affecting both individual organs and the body as a whole.

Pollution with mineral compounds is usually presented in the form of sand, clay particles, ore, slag, mineral salts, solutions of acids, alkalis and other substances. Organic pollution is divided into vegetable and animal origin. Plant organic compounds are the remains of plants, fruits, vegetables, cereals, paper, etc. Contamination of animal origin can be physiological excretions of people and animals, the remains of dead animals, adhesive substances. Biological contamination refers to contamination by various micro-organisms such as fungi, small algae and bacteria. This pollution enters the reservoir mainly with domestic wastewater and with effluents from industrial enterprises such as slaughterhouses, tanneries, primary wool processing factories, fur, microbiological industries. In addition, floating substances may appear on the surface of the reservoir. Pollution entering the reservoir causes a change in the physical and organoleptic properties of water: transparency, color, odor and taste. The chemical composition of water also changes, as substances appear in it that change the active reaction of water and increase the content of organic and inorganic compounds. Pollution of organic origin requires a large amount of oxygen for its oxidation, which, in turn, reduces the content of oxygen dissolved in water. The number and types of microorganisms change, and sometimes pathogenic ones appear. Wastes from municipal enterprises, fecal and household wastewater, atmospheric precipitation and various pollutants washed off by them are discharged into water bodies. Pollution in this way of open reservoirs, underground and ground waters has acquired especially large proportions in the capitalist countries, where many rivers have turned into sewers. Kitchen waste, mud and laundry water, hospital waste, metals and acids, oil products from gas stations and airports, pesticides and mineral fertilizers from agricultural areas, etc. are fused into inland water bodies and into the world ocean. This leads to the death of representatives of the river fauna and depletes the oxygen in the water. Pollution of water bodies worsens their sanitary condition, which, in turn, makes it difficult to use water bodies for household purposes and irrigation, causes great damage to fisheries, and forces the development of additional measures to protect water from pollution.

Biological pollutants enter water bodies with domestic and industrial effluents, mainly from food, biomedical, pulp and paper industries. This type of pollution is estimated by the biochemical consumption of oxygen, which is consumed in 5 days by microorganisms that are destructors for the complete mineralization of organic substances contained in 1 liter of water.

Chemical pollution enters water bodies with industrial, surface and

merchandise stocks. These include: petroleum products, heavy metals and their compounds, mineral fertilizers, detergents. The most dangerous of them: lead, mercury, cadmium.

Physical pollution enters water bodies with industrial effluents, discharges from mine workings, quarries, washouts from industrial zones, cities, highways, due to the deposition of atmospheric dust.

The level of water pollution according to individual indicators exceeds the maximum permissible norms by dozens of times. The highest level of water pollution is observed in the river basins: Dniester, Pechora, Ob, Yenisei, Amur, Northern Dvina, Volga and Ural, i.e. rivers located directly in the industrial and agricultural zones.

Anthropogenic impact on the hydrosphere leads to a decrease in drinking water reserves; changes in the state and development of the flora and fauna of water bodies; disruption of the circulation of many substances in the biosphere; decrease in the biomass of the planet and, as a result, to the reproduction of oxygen.

It turns out that 75 g of dry weight in solid form per person per day end up in the ocean

Thus, the consequences of drinking contaminated water for humans are various intestinal and infectious diseases - cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery, gastroenteritis. In addition, water pollution leads to deterioration of the skin condition, adversely affects the condition of the hair, leads to damage to the teeth. The kidneys and liver are the risk area for which the use of contaminated water has the most detrimental consequences.

Negative effects of water pollution, namely, the high content of lead, cadmium, chromium, benzopyrene in it for a person is expressed in a rapid deterioration in health. The critical accumulation of these harmful elements in the body often causes oncological diseases, as well as disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems. E. coli, enteroviruses are harmful microorganisms that have a negative effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract

Cleaning of drains

The concept of waste water should be understood as water (drainage) that is polluted with various kinds of waste and garbage. Depending on the origin and composition, wastewater is usually classified into: domestic, industrial (industrial) and atmospheric. Domestic waste water, the result of human activity, the main pollution of which are household and physiological waste. Industrial or production effluents are formed as a result of the activities of enterprises, their main pollution is industrial waste (there are: polluted and slightly polluted, i.e. not requiring pre-treatment). Storm water, these are surface, storm drains, which include melt and rainwater, as well as water from irrigation. Deep wastewater treatment, a major environmental problem requiring the adoption of targeted and urgent measures. Activities for wastewater treatment, allow to prevent pollution of the environment by industrial and domestic wastewater, and the use and application of the latest technologies is an urgent need to solve the problem of pollution.

Cleaning of drains- a complex process for the treatment of wastewater in order to remove pollutants from them, at the end of the process, purified water and highly concentrated solid waste (completely ready for disposal) are formed. Since the wastewater treatment process is multi-stage, it has several stages of treatment and treatment methods.

Among the main wastewater treatment methods, distinguish the following:

mechanical wastewater treatment- the first stage of purification, which removes solid impurities and coarse substances;

chemical wastewater treatment- adding reagents to wastewater in order to neutralize and disinfect them;

physical and chemical wastewater treatment– removes small and finely dispersed particles, as well as dissolved inorganic substances and organic compounds;

biological wastewater treatment- purification of wastewater by aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, the result is oxidation and a decrease in the organic component of wastewater.

After applying one or the other wastewater treatment method, it is most expedient to carry out disinfection of sewage. The most common method of disinfection is chlorination of clarified wastewater. In addition to chlorination, there are other methods of wastewater disinfection, such as ozonation and treatment with electrolysis and germicidal rays.

It must be understood that each wastewater treatment method has its advantages and disadvantages, therefore, in order to obtain the best, effective and stable result, it is customary to use a combination or alternation of the above wastewater treatment methods. The combination of wastewater treatment methods is a multi-stage treatment and disposal of waste. In general, the choice of purification method is determined by the nature of contaminants, the concentration of harmful impurities, as well as the requirements that apply to purified water. A prerequisite for the applied treatment methods is the minimum discharge of wastewater into the environment.

21.3. Water pollution, wastewater treatment methods

With sewage, with surface runoff, runoff from agricultural land, from the atmosphere, various pollution enters water bodies. Water pollution is understood as any change in the physical, chemical and biological properties of water in reservoirs due to the discharge of liquid, solid and gaseous substances into them, making the water of these reservoirs dangerous for use, causing damage to the national economy, health and safety of the population.

Pollution of surface and ground waters can be divided into the following types: mechanical - increase in the content of mechanical impurities, characteristic mainly of surface types of pollution; chemical - the presence in water of organic and inorganic substances of toxic and non-toxic action; bacterial and biological the presence in the water of a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, fungi and algae; radioactive - the presence of radioactive substances in surface or ground waters; thermal - release of heated water from thermal and nuclear power plants into reservoirs.

The main sources of pollution of water bodies are insufficiently treated wastewater from industrial and municipal enterprises (Figure 21.4), large livestock complexes, production waste from the development of ore minerals; processing and rafting of timber; water mines, mines; discharges from water and rail transport. Pollutants, getting into natural water bodies, lead to qualitative changes in water, which are mainly manifested in a change in the physical properties of water, in particular, the appearance of unpleasant odors and tastes; in a change in the chemical composition of water, the appearance of hazardous substances in it, the presence of floating substances on the surface and their deposition at the bottom of reservoirs.

Figure 21.4 - Scheme of pollution sources for groundwater and reservoirs:

I - groundwater, II - pressure fresh water, III - pressure salt water,

1 - pipelines, 2 - tailings, 3 - smoke and gas emissions,

4 - underground burials of industrial wastes, 5 - mine waters, 6 - waste heaps,

10 - water intake, pulling up salt water, 11 - livestock facilities,

12 - application of fertilizers and pesticides.

Industrial wastewater is polluted mainly by waste and industrial discharges. Their quantitative and qualitative composition is diverse and depends on the industry, its technological processes. Industrial effluents contain petroleum products, ammonia, aldehydes, resins, phenols and other substances.

Serious consequences in aquatic organisms occur with an increased content of heavy metals in water.

The primary and by-products of industry are persistent organic pollutants (POPs). POPs are low-volatile chemically stable compounds that can remain in the environment for a long time without being degraded. Due to the very slow destruction of POPs, they accumulate in the external environment and are transported over long distances by streams of water, as well as air, by mobile organisms. They accumulate in high concentrations in water and staple foods, particularly fish. At the same time, even small concentrations of some persistent organic pollutants lead to the development of diseases of the immune and reproductive systems, birth defects, malformations, and oncological diseases. Under the influence of POPs, there was a sharp decrease in the populations of such marine mammals as seals, dolphins, beluga. According to the Stockholm Convention (the first international agreement aimed at stopping the production and use of some of the most toxic substances in the world, entered into force on May 17, 2004), 12 substances are classified as POPs: toxaphene, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, mirex, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) , chlordane, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated furans (PCDF), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Of the noted substances, the first group (8) are obsolete and banned pesticides. All of them, except for DDT, have not only long been banned for production, but also for use. DDT is still used against dangerous insects, carriers of pathogens of serious diseases, such as malaria, tick-borne encephalitis. The second group includes industrial products that are currently in use. These include polychlorinated biphenyls. PCBs are stable, toxic, and bioaccumulative. They can accumulate in the fatty tissues of animals and humans and exist there for a long time. PCBs are ubiquitous and are found even in the tissues of animals living in wild landscapes. Hexochlorobenzene (also the second group) can be found in industrial waste at industrial enterprises of woodworking plants, they are formed when waste is burned. HCB is toxic to aquatic flora and fauna, as well as to terrestrial plants and animals, and to humans. The third group of substances - PCDD and PCDF (commonly referred to as dioxins and furans) has an extremely high toxicity and the strongest effect on the human immune system. Their allowable daily intake (ADD) is calculated in pictograms - a million million times less than a gram. However, recently dioxins have become widespread throughout the world and are found in the tissues of humans and animals. In Belarus, after its accession to the Stockholm Convention, measures are being taken to reduce and eliminate emissions of persistent organic pollutants (data are given from the work of E. A. Lobanov and M. V. Korovai “Problems of handling persistent organic pollutants in the Republic of Belarus. - Minsk: UP "Nut", 2005 - 24 p.).

Recently, much attention has been drawn to such components contained in water as ammonium, nitrite, nitrate nitrogen, which enter water bodies and watercourses in different ways. The detection of nitrogen in water is largely associated with the decomposition of protein-containing organic compounds entering water bodies, watercourses with waste domestic and industrial waters. In addition to this route, nitrogen can enter water sources with precipitation, surface runoff, and recreational use of reservoirs and streams. Livestock breeding complexes are a significant source of nitrogen entering water bodies. A great danger to water bodies is surface runoff from agricultural land where chemical fertilizers are used, since they often contain nitrogen. One of the sources of its entry into water bodies is lands subjected to drainage reclamation. The ever-increasing use of nitrogen fertilizers, environmental pollution with nitrogen-containing industrial and household waste leads to an increase in the content of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate nitrogen in water, to water pollution by them.

However, it has been established that they can have a negative effect on humans and animals. The great danger lies in the fact that nitrites and nitrates are able to partially turn into highly carcinogenic (cancer-causing) nitroso compounds in the human body. The latter also have mutagenic and embryotoxic properties. Nitrites cause the destruction of vitamin A in the body of animals, reduce the activity of digestive enzymes, and cause upset of the gastrointestinal tract. In good quality water, nitrites should not be present or only traces of them may be contained. Very high concentrations of nitrates in water are toxic to animals, causing damage to the nervous system. When drinking water containing 50-100 mg / dm 3 nitrates, the level of methemoglobin in the blood rises and the disease methemoglobinemia occurs. The resulting methemoglobin is not able to carry oxygen, therefore, with a significant content of it in the blood, oxygen starvation occurs when the supply of oxygen to the tissues (with a decrease in its content in the blood) or the ability of tissues to use oxygen is lower than their need for it. As a result, irreversible changes develop in vital organs. The most sensitive to oxygen deficiency are the central nervous system, the heart muscle, the tissues of the kidneys, and the liver. The severity of methemoglobinemia when nitrates enter the internal environment of the body depends on the age and dose of nitrates, on the individual characteristics of the organisms. The level of methemoglobin at the same doses of nitrates is the higher, the lower the age of the body. Species sensitivity to the methemoglobin-forming action of nitrates has also been established. Human sensitivity to nitrates exceeds that of some animals.

In general, a large amount of pollutants enter water bodies. The list of the main ones includes 12 (cited according to the publication of V. L. Gurevich, V. V. Levkovich, L. M. Skorina, N. V. Stanilevich. “Review of WHO and EU documents on ensuring the quality of drinking water”, 2008) :

– organohalogen compounds and substances that can form such compounds in the aquatic environment;

– organophosphorus compounds;

– organotin compounds;

- substances, preparations or degradation products of what has been proven to have carcinogenic or mutagenic properties, as well as properties that, through the aquatic environment, can affect the reproductive function of the body, thyroid function or other functions associated with the endocrine system;

– persistent hydrocarbons, persistent and bioaccumulative organic toxic substances;

– cyanides;

– metals and their compounds;

– arsenic and its compounds;

– biocides and plant protection products;

- weigh;

- substances that contribute to eutrophication (in particular, nitrates and phosphates);

- substances that adversely affect the oxygen balance.

Assessment of the current state of water quality in Belarus, the Dnieper basin indicates the presence of chemical and other types of pollution. Thus, various chemical ingredients are dumped into the rivers of the Belarusian Polissya, 12 of them are observed almost regularly - suspended solids, sulfates, chlorides, phosphates, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate, surfactants (synthetic surfactants), copper, zinc, nickel, chromium .

In connection with the danger posed by pollutants that enter the environment, including water bodies, environmental regulation is carried out in different countries and in Belarus. The regulatory and technical support system includes MPC and MPD (maximum permissible discharges) standards. MPC (maximum permissible concentration) is the amount of a harmful substance in the environment with constant contact or exposure over a certain period of time, which practically does not affect human health and does not cause adverse effects in its offspring. The threshold values of a substance at which no irreversible pathological changes can yet occur in the body are taken as MPC. The MPC value is set by the health authorities. There are MPCs for many harmful, hazardous substances. For such substances, the upper limit must not be exceeded under any circumstances. The main means for compliance with MPCs is the establishment of MPEs (maximum allowable emissions). They are a scientific and technical standard established for each source of pollution, based on the condition that pollutant discharges will not create concentrations that exceed the established standards.

On the territory of the Republic of Belarus there are sanitary norms, rules and hygienic standards, reflected in a number of documents:

1 Collection of hygienic standards for the section of communal hygiene. Republican sanitary rules, norms and hygienic standards. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus. - Mn., 2004. - 96 p.

2 13.060.10 Water from natural sources. SanPin 2.1.2.12–33–2005. Hygienic requirements for the protection of surface waters from pollution.

3 13.060.20 Drinking water. SanPin. Hygienic requirements for drinking water packaged in containers (Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus dated June 29, 2007 No. 59).

4 SanPin 2.1.4.12–23–2006. Sanitary protection and hygienic requirements for the quality of water from sources of centralized drinking water supply for the population (Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Republic of Belarus dated November 22, 2006 No. 141).

5 13.060.50 Water tests to determine the content of chemicals. GN 2.1.5.10–20–2003. Approximate permissible levels (TAC) of chemicals in the water of water bodies for drinking and domestic water use.

6 GN 2.1.5.10–21–2003. Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of chemicals in the water of water bodies for drinking and domestic water use.

7 SP 2.1.4.12–3–2005. Sanitary rules for household and drinking water pipelines.

The above list of documents is reflected in the SanPin Catalog as of 01.05. 2008 (NP RUE "Belarusian State Institute for Standardization and Certification - BelGISS, Minsk, 2008).

MPC values of 16 indicators adopted in the countries of the Dnieper basin (RB, RF, Ukraine), EU, USA, WHO are given in the book “Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the Dnieper River Basin. The program of ecological improvement of the Dnieper river basin. - Mn., 2003. - 217 p. ".

MPCs of some indicators available in this work for water bodies for household and cultural purposes are as follows: pH - 6–9 (RB and RF), 6.5–8.5 (Ukraine), oxygen, mg / dm 3 (the concentration of other indicators is given in the same units) - 4 (RB, RF, Ukraine), BOD 5 (BOD - biochemical oxygen demand, expressed as oxygen concentration in mg / dm 3, BOD 5 - oxygen loss in a 5-day sample, gives an idea of the amount of dissolved and suspended substances in water) - 6.0 (RB), 2.0–4.0 (RF), 4.0 (Ukraine), ammonium nitrogen-N - 1.0 (RB), 2 .0 (RF, Ukraine), nitrite nitrogen-N - 0.99 (RB), 0.91 (RF) and 1.0 (Ukraine), nitrate nitrogen-N - 10.2 (RB, RF, Ukraine), RO 4 -R - 0.2 (RB), 1.14 (RF, Ukraine), oil products - 0.3 (RB, RF, Ukraine), phenols - 0.001 (RB, RF, Ukraine), synthetic surfactants - 0.5 (RB, RF). Norms for drinking water sources: pH - 6.5–8.5 (EC), ammonium nitrogen-N - 0.39 (EC), 1.5 (WHO), nitrite nitrogen-N - 0.91 (WHO), nitrate nitrogen -N - 11.3 (EU, WHO), RO 4 -P - 0.15 (EU).

In reservoirs and streams there is a natural process of self-purification of water. While industrial and household discharges were small, reservoirs and watercourses themselves coped with them. In our industrial age, due to a sharp increase in the amount of waste, there is a violation of self-purification processes. There is a need to neutralize and purify wastewater.

Wastewater treatment is the treatment of wastewater to destroy or remove harmful substances from it. The release of wastewater from pollution is a complex production. It, like in any other production, has raw materials (waste water) and finished products (purified water). The wastewater treatment scheme is given in Figure 21.5.

Figure 21.5 - Block diagram of sewage treatment facilities

(according to A. S. Stepanovskikh, 2003)

1 - waste liquid; 2 - mechanical cleaning unit; 3 - biological treatment unit; 4 - disinfection unit; 5 – sludge treatment unit; 6 - purified water;

7 - treated sediment. The solid line shows the movement of the liquid, the dotted line shows the movement of the sediment.

Wastewater treatment methods can be divided into mechanical, chemical, physicochemical and biological, but when they are used together, the method of wastewater treatment and disposal is called combined. The use of a particular method in each specific case is determined by the nature of the pollution and the degree of harmfulness of impurities.

Water pollution index. The calculation of WPI is based on the calculation of the average annual concentrations of six ingredients, two of which are mandatory: dissolved oxygen and BOD 5, the remaining four are selected based on the priority of exceeding the MPC.

, (38)

Where WITHi– concentration i-th indicator in water, mg / dm 3;

MPC i- the maximum allowable i-mu indicator, mg / dm 3.

The quality class and the degree of water pollution are determined from Table 21.3.

Table 21.3 - Classification of surface water quality by WPI value

WPI value	Degree of pollution	Water quality class
Less than or equal to 0.3	Pure
More than 0.3 to 1	Relatively clean
	Moderately polluted
	polluted

	Very dirty
	Extremely dirty

Waste water is fresh water that has changed its physical and chemical properties after being used in human household and industrial activities. Wastewater also includes precipitation water, water from watering streets, washing cars and vehicles. The pollutants contained in wastewater vary in their chemical composition and physical state.

Classification of wastewater pollution

According to their composition, wastewater pollution is divided into: organic, mineral and biological. Organic contaminants are impurities of animal and vegetable origin. Mineral pollution is quartz sand, clay, alkalis, mineral acids and their salts, mineral oils. Biological contaminants are various microorganisms: yeast and mold fungi, small algae and bacteria, including pathogens - causative agents of typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, etc. All impurities, regardless of their origin, are divided into 4 groups depending on particle size:

The first group includes coarsely dispersed impurities insoluble in water. These can be impurities of an organic or inorganic nature. This group includes microorganisms (protozoa, algae, fungi), bacteria and helminth eggs. Under certain conditions, these impurities can precipitate or float. A significant part of these impurities can be isolated as a result of precipitation.

The second group of impurities consists of substances of colloidal degree of dispersion with a particle size of less than 10 -6 cm. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic colloidal impurities form systems with special molecular-kinetic properties with water. This group includes macromolecular compounds. Depending on the physical conditions, impurities of this group are able to change their state of aggregation. The small particle size makes it difficult to sediment. When stability is destroyed, impurities precipitate out.

The third group includes impurities with a particle size of less than 10 -7 cm. They have a molecular degree of dispersion. When they interact with water, solutions are formed. Biological and physico-chemical methods are used to treat wastewater of this group.

The impurities of the fourth group have a particle size of less than 10 -8 cm. They have an ionic degree of dispersion. These are solutions of acids, salts and bases. Some of them are removed from the water during biological treatment. To reduce the concentration of salts, physical and chemical cleaning methods are also used: ion exchange, electrodialysis, etc.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Ussuri State Pedagogical Institute

Faculty of Biology and Chemistry

Course work

sewage pollution

Completed by: 2nd year student of 521 groups

Yastrebkova S.Yu._________

Scientific adviser:

______________________________

Ussuriysk, 2001

Introduction……………………………………………………………………..…3

I.1. Sources of pollution of inland waters…………………4

I.2. Discharge of sewage into reservoirs………………………………………..7

II.1. Wastewater treatment methods…………………………………….….…9

Conclusion………………………………………………………………….11

Application……………………………………………………………………13
References……………………………………………………..22

Introduction

The demand for water is enormous and is increasing every year. The annual consumption of water on the globe for all types of water supply is 3300-3500 km3.
At the same time, 70% of all water consumption is used in agriculture.

I.1. Sources of pollution of inland waters

Pollution of surface and groundwater can be divided into the following types: mechanical - an increase in the content of mechanical impurities, which is mainly characteristic of surface types of pollution; chemical - the presence in water of organic and inorganic substances of toxic and non-toxic action; bacterial and biological - the presence in the water of a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, fungi and small algae; radioactive - the presence of radioactive substances in surface or ground waters; thermal - release of heated waters of thermal and nuclear power plants into reservoirs.

Wastewater is divided into three groups: fan, or fecal; household, including drains from the galley, showers, laundries, etc.; subsoil, or oil-containing. Fan wastewater is characterized by high bacterial pollution, as well as organic pollution (chemical oxygen demand reaches 1500-2000 mg/l.). the volume of these waters is relatively small. - Household wastewater is characterized by low organic pollution. This wastewater is usually discharged overboard as it is generated. Dumping them is prohibited only in the zone of sanitary protection. Podslanye waters are formed in the engine rooms of ships. They are high in oil content.(6)

The first group includes wastewater from soda, sulfate, nitrogen-fertilizer plants, processing plants for lead, zinc, nickel ores, etc., which contain acids, alkalis, heavy metal ions, etc.
Wastewater of this group mainly changes the physical properties of water.

The life of the population of water bodies is adversely affected by wastewater from the pulp and paper industry. Oxidation of wood pulp is accompanied by the absorption of a significant amount of oxygen, which leads to the death of eggs, fry and adult fish. Fibers and other insoluble substances clog water and impair its physical and chemical properties. Mole alloys adversely affect fish and their food - invertebrates. From rotting wood and bark, various tannins are released into the water. Resin and other extractive products decompose and absorb a lot of oxygen, causing the death of fish, especially juveniles and eggs. In addition, mole alloys heavily clog rivers, and driftwood often completely clogs their bottom, depriving fish of spawning grounds and food places.

Nuclear power plants pollute rivers with radioactive waste.
Radioactive substances are concentrated by the smallest planktonic microorganisms and fish, then they are transferred along the food chain to other animals.
It has been established that the radioactivity of planktonic inhabitants is thousands of times higher than the water in which they live.

Wastewater with increased radioactivity (100 curies per 1 liter or more) is subject to disposal in underground drainless pools and special tanks.

The pollution of water bodies with pesticides and mineral fertilizers, which come from the fields along with jets of rain and melt water, causes serious concern. As a result of research, for example, it has been proven that insecticides contained in water in the form of suspensions dissolve in oil products that pollute rivers and lakes. This interaction leads to a significant weakening of the oxidative functions of aquatic plants.
Getting into water bodies, pesticides accumulate in plankton, benthos, fish, and through the food chain they enter the human body, affecting both individual organs and the body as a whole.

In connection with the intensification of animal husbandry, the effluents of enterprises in this branch of agriculture are increasingly making themselves felt.

Wastewater containing vegetable fibers, animal and vegetable fats, fecal matter, fruit and vegetable residues, waste from the leather and pulp and paper industries, sugar and breweries, meat and dairy, canning and confectionery industries are the cause of organic pollution of water bodies.

In wastewater, there are usually about 60% of substances of organic origin, biological (bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae) pollution in municipal, medical and sanitary waters and waste from leather and wool washing enterprises belong to the same organic category.

Heated wastewater from thermal power plants and other industries cause
“thermal pollution”, which threatens with rather serious consequences: there is less oxygen in heated water, the thermal regime changes dramatically, which negatively affects the flora and fauna of water bodies, while favorable conditions arise for the mass development of blue-green algae in reservoirs - the so-called “bloom water". Rivers are also polluted during rafting, during hydropower construction, and with the beginning of the navigation period, pollution by ships of the river fleet increases.

I.2. Discharge of wastewater into water bodies

The amount of wastewater released into wastewater facilities is determined using the maximum allowable discharge (MPD). MPD is understood as the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum allowable for discharge with the established regime at a given point of a water body per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at the control point. MPD is calculated based on the highest average hourly wastewater flow rate q (in m3/h) of the actual period of wastewater discharge. Contaminant concentration S'st is expressed in mg/l (g/m3), and MPD - in g/h. MPD, taking into account the requirements for the composition and properties of water in water bodies, is determined for all categories of water use as the product of:

Reservoirs are polluted mainly as a result of the discharge of sewage into them from industrial enterprises and settlements. As a result of wastewater discharge, the physical properties of water change (temperature rises, transparency decreases, color, tastes, odors appear); floating substances appear on the surface of the reservoir, and sediment forms at the bottom; the chemical composition of water changes (the content of organic and inorganic substances increases, toxic substances appear, the oxygen content decreases, the active reaction of the environment changes, etc.); the qualitative and quantitative bacterial composition changes, pathogenic bacteria appear. Polluted reservoirs become unsuitable for drinking, and often for technical water supply; lose their fishery importance, etc.

The general conditions for the release of wastewater of any category into surface water bodies are determined by their national economic significance and the nature of water use. After the release of wastewater, some deterioration in the quality of water in reservoirs is allowed, but this should not noticeably affect his life and the possibility of further use of the reservoir as a source of water supply, for cultural and sports events, and fisheries.

Supervision over the fulfillment of the conditions for the discharge of industrial wastewater into water bodies is carried out by sanitary and epidemiological stations and basin departments.

The water quality standards for reservoirs for domestic and domestic water use establish the quality of water for reservoirs for two types of water use: the first type includes sections of reservoirs used as a source for centralized or non-centralized domestic and drinking water supply, as well as for water supply to food industry enterprises; to the second type - sections of reservoirs used for swimming, sports and recreation of the population, as well as those located within the boundaries of settlements.

The assignment of water bodies to one or another type of water use is carried out by the bodies of the State Sanitary Supervision, taking into account the prospects for the use of water bodies.

The water quality standards for reservoirs given in the rules apply to sites located on flowing reservoirs 1 km upstream of the nearest water use point, and on stagnant reservoirs and reservoirs 1 km on both sides of the water use point.

Much attention is paid to the prevention and elimination of pollution of the coastal areas of the seas. Sea water quality standards, which must be ensured when discharging wastewater, refer to the water use area within the allotted boundaries and to sites at a distance of 300 m away from these boundaries. When using the coastal areas of the seas as a receiver of industrial wastewater, the content of harmful substances in the sea should not exceed the MPC established for sanitary-toxicological, general sanitary and organoleptic limiting indicators of harmfulness. At the same time, the requirements for the discharge of wastewater are differentiated in relation to the nature of water use. The sea is considered not as a source of water supply, but as a medical, health-improving, cultural and household factor.

Pollutants entering rivers, lakes, reservoirs and seas make significant changes to the established regime and disrupt the equilibrium state of aquatic ecological systems. As a result of the processes of transformation of substances polluting water bodies, occurring under the influence of natural factors, in water sources there is a complete or partial restoration of their original properties. In this case, secondary decomposition products of pollution can be formed that have a negative impact on water quality.

Self-purification of water in reservoirs is a set of interrelated hydrodynamic, physicochemical, microbiological and hydrobiological processes leading to the restoration of the original state of a water body. Due to the fact that wastewater from industrial enterprises may contain specific contaminants, their discharge into the city drainage network is limited by a number of requirements. Industrial wastewater released into the drainage network should not: disrupt the operation of networks and structures; have a destructive effect on the material of pipes and elements of treatment facilities; contain more than 500 mg/l of suspended and floating substances; contain substances that can clog networks or deposit on pipe walls; contain combustible impurities and dissolved gaseous substances capable of forming explosive mixtures; contain harmful substances that prevent biological wastewater treatment or discharge into a reservoir; have a temperature above 40 C. Industrial wastewater that does not meet these requirements must be pre-treated and only then discharged into the city drainage network.

II.1. Wastewater Treatment Methods

In rivers and other bodies of water, a natural process of self-purification of water occurs. However, it runs slowly. While industrial and domestic discharges were small, the rivers themselves coped with them. In our industrial age, due to a sharp increase in waste, water bodies can no longer cope with such significant pollution. There was a need to neutralize, purify wastewater and dispose of them.

Waste water treatment is the treatment of waste water to destroy or remove harmful substances from it. The release of wastewater from pollution is a complex production. It, like in any other production, has raw materials (waste water) and finished products (purified water).

The essence of the mechanical method is that mechanical impurities are removed from wastewater by settling and filtration. Coarse particles, depending on the size, are captured by gratings, sieves, sand traps, septic tanks, manure traps of various designs, and surface contaminants - by oil traps, oil traps, settling tanks, etc. Mechanical treatment allows you to isolate up to 60-75% of insoluble impurities from domestic wastewater, and from industrial up to 95%, many of which are used as valuable impurities in production.

The chemical method consists in the fact that various chemical reagents are added to the wastewater, which react with pollutants and precipitate them in the form of insoluble precipitates. Chemical cleaning achieves a reduction of insoluble impurities up to 95% and soluble impurities up to 25%

In the physicochemical method of treatment, finely dispersed and dissolved inorganic impurities are removed from wastewater and organic and poorly oxidized substances are destroyed, most often coagulation, oxidation, sorption, extraction, etc. are used from physicochemical methods. Electrolysis is also widely used. It consists in the destruction of organic substances in wastewater and the extraction of metals, acids and other inorganic substances. Electrolytic purification is carried out in special facilities - electrolyzers. Wastewater treatment using electrolysis is effective in lead and copper plants, paint and varnish and some other industries.

Contaminated wastewater is also treated using ultrasound, ozone, ion exchange resins and high pressure, and chlorination has proven itself well.

Among the wastewater treatment methods, the biological method plays an important role, based on the use of the laws of biochemical and physiological self-purification of rivers and other water bodies. There are several types of biological wastewater treatment devices: biofilters, biological ponds and aeration tanks.

In biofilters, wastewater is passed through a layer of coarse-grained material covered with a thin bacterial film. Thanks to this film, the processes of biological oxidation proceed intensively. It is she who serves as the active principle in biofilters.

In biological ponds, all organisms inhabiting the reservoir take part in wastewater treatment.

Aerotanks are huge reinforced concrete tanks. Here, the purifying principle is activated sludge from bacteria and microscopic animals. All these living creatures are rapidly developing in aerotanks, which is facilitated by the organic matter of sewage and the excess of oxygen entering the structure by the flow of supplied air. Bacteria stick together into flakes and secrete enzymes that mineralize organic pollution. Silt with flakes quickly settles, separating from the purified water. Infusoria, flagellates, amoebae, rotifers and other smallest animals, devouring bacteria that do not coalesce into flakes, rejuvenate the bacterial mass of sludge.

Wastewater is subjected to mechanical treatment before biological treatment, and after it, to remove pathogenic bacteria and chemical treatment, chlorination with liquid chlorine or bleach. For disinfection, other physical and chemical methods are also used (ultrasound, electrolysis, ozonation, etc.)
The biological method gives great results in the treatment of municipal wastewater. It is also used in the treatment of waste from oil refineries, the pulp and paper industry, and the production of artificial fiber._________________________________

Conclusion

Protection of water resources from depletion and pollution and their rational use for the needs of the national economy is one of the most important problems requiring urgent solutions. In Russia, measures are widely taken to protect the environment, in particular, to treat industrial wastewater.

In the chemical industry, a wider introduction of low-waste and non-waste technological processes, which give the greatest environmental effect, is planned. Much attention is paid to improving the efficiency of industrial wastewater treatment.

It is possible to significantly reduce the pollution of water discharged by an enterprise by separating valuable impurities from wastewater; the complexity of solving these problems at chemical industry enterprises lies in the variety of technological processes and products obtained. It should also be noted that the main amount of water in the industry is spent on cooling. The transition from water cooling to air cooling will reduce water consumption by 70-90% in various industries. In this regard, the development and implementation of the latest equipment that uses the minimum amount of water for cooling is extremely important.

The introduction of highly efficient wastewater treatment methods, in particular physical and chemical ones, of which one of the most effective is the use of reagents, can have a significant impact on increasing water circulation. The use of the reagent method for industrial wastewater treatment does not depend on the toxicity of the impurities present, which is essential compared to the biochemical treatment method.
The wider introduction of this method, both in combination with biochemical treatment, and separately, can, to a certain extent, solve a number of problems associated with the treatment of industrial wastewater.

In the near future, it is planned to introduce membrane methods for wastewater treatment.

For the implementation of a set of measures to protect water resources from pollution and depletion in all developed countries, allocations are allocated, reaching 2-4
% of national income, tentatively, using the example of the United States, the relative costs are (in%): atmospheric protection 35.2%, water protection - 48.0, solid waste disposal - 15.0, noise reduction -0.7, others 1.1 . As can be seen from the example, most of the costs are the costs of protecting water bodies.
The costs associated with the production of coagulants and flocculants can be partially reduced due to the wider use for these purposes of production waste from various industries, as well as sludge generated during wastewater treatment, especially excess activated sludge, which can be used as a flocculant, More specifically, a bioflocculant.
Thus, the protection and rational use of water resources is one of the links in the complex world problem of nature conservation.

APPLICATION

Article 250 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Water pollution

1. Pollution, littering, depletion of surface or underground waters, sources of drinking water supply, or any other change in their natural properties, if these acts have caused significant harm to the animal or plant world, fish stocks, forestry or agriculture, - two hundred minimum wages or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of one to two months, or by deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to five years, or by corrective labor for a term of up to one year, or by arrest for up to three months.

2. The same acts that caused harm to human health or mass death of animals, as well as those committed on the territory of a reserve or sanctuary, or in a zone of ecological disaster or in a zone of ecological emergency, are punishable by a fine in the amount of from two hundred to five hundred times the minimum wage, or in the amount of the wage or other income of the convicted person for a period of two to five months, or by corrective labor for a term of one to two years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years.

3. Acts provided for by paragraphs 1 or 2 of this Article, which negligently caused the death of a person, are punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of two to five years.

1. The object of the crime under consideration is public relations in the field of water protection and environmental safety. The subject of the crime is surface water, including surface watercourses and reservoirs on them, surface water bodies, glaciers and snowflakes, groundwater (aquifer, pools, deposits and natural groundwater outlet).

Internal sea waters, territorial sea of the Russian Federation, open waters

The oceans do not belong to the subject of this crime.

2. The objective side of the crime is pollution, clogging, depletion or other change in the natural properties of the above components of the hydrosphere with untreated and non-neutralized sewage, waste and garbage or toxic or aggressive in relation to the quality of the environment with industrial products (oil, oil products, chemicals) , agricultural, municipal and other enterprises and organizations.
In accordance with Art. 1 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation adopted by the State Duma
October 18, 1995, clogging of water bodies - discharge or otherwise entering water bodies, as well as the formation of harmful substances in them that worsen the quality of surface and ground waters, limit the use or negatively affect the state of the bottom and shores of such objects.
Clogging of water bodies is the discharge or otherwise entry into water bodies of objects or suspended particles that worsen the condition and impede the use of such objects.
Water depletion is a steady reduction in reserves and deterioration in the quality of surface and groundwater.
The quality of the environment and its main objects, including water, is determined using special standards - the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances (MPC). Discharges of untreated sewage, industrial and agricultural waste into rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and other inland water bodies sharply increase the MPC in water sources and thereby significantly reduce their quality. Discharge - the entry of harmful substances in wastewater into a water body is determined by GOST.

Total discharge into surface water bodies in 2000 in the Ussuriysk region

Vozdvizhenskaya KECh with. Novonikolskoe

MPZhKH Ussuriysky district

Table No. 1
| ALLOWED WASTE WATER: | |
| TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters) | 1071.96 |
| including: | |
| Contaminated without cleaning (thousand cubic meters) | |
|825,86 |
| Insufficiently cleaned (thousand cubic meters) | 246.10 |

| Regulatory cleared: | |

| BOD full (in tons) | 48,730 |
| Petroleum products (in tons) | 0.2694 |
| Suspended solids (in tons) | 36,870 |
| Dry residue (in tons) | 0,000 |
| Ammonium nitrogen (in kg) | 33657.180 |
| Nitrates (in kg) | 820,160 |
| Nitrites (in kg) | 158,740 |
| SAW (in kg) | 1252.170 | |
| Phenols (in kg) | 45,598 |
| Phosphorus total (in kg) | 3376,660 |

Total discharge to the relief in the Ussuriysk region in 2000.

Ussuriysky district with. Vozdvizhenka - 2 322 ARZ

Table number 2

| ALLOWED WASTE WATER: | |
| TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters) | 0.70 |
| including: | |
| Polluted without cleaning (thousand cubic meters) | 0.70 |
| Insufficiently cleaned (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |

| Regulatory cleared: | |

| BOD full (in tons) | 0.017 |
| Petroleum products (in tons) | 0.0003 |
| Suspended solids (in tons) | 0.009 |
| Aluminum (in kg) | 0.313 |
| Ammonium nitrogen (in kg) | 1,170 |
| Iron (in kg) | 0.771 |
| Copper (in kg) | 0/015 |
| SAW (in kg) | 0.110 |
| Phenols (in kg) | 0.007 |
| Phosphorus total (in kg) | 0.082 |
| Chromium (in kg) | 0.03 |
| Zinc (in kg) | 0.025 |

Total discharge to the terrain in Ussuriysk in 2000.

Ussuriysk
JSC "Dalenergo - Central Electric Grids"
Ussuriysk distance of water supply and STU
OJSC "Primornefteprodukt"
JSC "Primagroremmash"
Ussuriysk KECH
State farm "Jubilee"

Table No. 3

| ALLOWED WASTE WATER: | |
| TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters) | 98.80 |
| including: | |
| Contaminated without cleaning (thousand cubic meters) | 82.21 |
| Insufficiently cleaned (thousand cubic meters) | 16.59 |
| Regulatory clean (without cleaning) (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| Regulatory cleared: | |
| biologically (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| physical and chemical (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| Mechanically (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| CONTENT OF POLLUTANTS |
| BOD full (in tons) | 2,087 |
| Petroleum products (in tons) | 0.0301 |
| Suspended solids (in tons) | 5,654 |
| Dry residue (in tons) | 3,500 |
| Aluminum (in kg) | 42,560 |
| Ammonium nitrogen (in kg) | 486,580 |
| Iron (in kg) | 832,560 |
| Copper (in kg) | 0.418 |
| Nitrates (in kg) | 45,180 |
| Nitrite (in kg) | 5,530 |
| synthetic surfactants (in kg) | 29,080 |
| Tetraethyl lead (in kg) | 0.132 |
| Phenols (in kg) | 3,681 |
| Phosphorus total (in kg) | 48,620 |
| Chlorides (in tons) | 0.720 |
| Zinc (in kg) | 1,650 |

Total discharge into surface water bodies in Ussuriysk in 2000

Ussuriysk
Novonikolskoye REC (branch of Ussuriysky Raipo)
OJSC "Primorsky Sugar"

Ussuriysk KECH
CJSC UMZhK "Primorskaya soy"

JSC "Primorskavtorans" convoy 1273

Table No. 4

| ALLOWED WASTE WATER: | |
| TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters) | 17805.35 |
| including: | |
| Polluted without cleaning (thousand cubic meters) | 5235.50 |
| Insufficiently cleaned (thousand cubic meters) | 12569.85 | |
| Regulatory clean (without cleaning) (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| Regulatory cleared: | |
| biologically (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| physical and chemical (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |

| CONTENT OF POLLUTANTS |
| BOD full (in tons) | 207,975 |
| Petroleum products (in tons) | 8.6101 |
| Suspended solids (in tons) | 346,216 |
| Dry residue (in tons) | 3,000 |
| Aluminum (in kg) | 1665,310 |
| Ammonium nitrogen (in kg) | 58894.770 |
| Boron (in kg) | 892,000 |
| Iron (in kg) | 10009,630 |
| Fats, oils (in kg) | 5562,000 |
| Copper (in kg) | 218,920 |
| Nitrates (in kg) | 89948,570 |
| Nitrites (in kg) | 1049,830 |
| SAW (in kg) | 1687.770 | |
| Hydrogen sulfide (in kg) | 409,600 |
| Sulphates (in tons) | 0.300 |
| Tetraethyl lead (in kg) | 0.049 |
| Tannin (in kg) | 43,500 |
| Titanium (in kg) | 1411,000 |
| Phenols (in kg) | 131,206 |
| Phosphorus total (in kg) | 10384,760 |
| Chlorides (in tons) | 596,390 |
|Chromium (in kg) |21,900 |
| Zinc (in kg) | 222,810 |

Total discharge into surface water bodies in 1999 in the Ussuriysk region
Ussuriysky district with. Vozdvizhenka
Vozdvizhenskaya KECh with. Novonikolskoe
MPZhKH Ussuriysky district

Table No. 5

| ALLOWED WASTE WATER: | |
| TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters) | 1060.30 |
| including: | |
| Contaminated without cleaning (thousand cubic meters) | 836.70 |
| Insufficiently cleaned (thousand cubic meters) | 223.60 |
| Regulatory clean (without cleaning) (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| Regulatory cleared: | |
| biologically (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| physical and chemical (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| Mechanical (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| CONTENT OF POLLUTANTS: |
| BOD full (in tons) | 32,070 |
| Petroleum products (in tons) | 0.0670 |
| Suspended solids (in tons) | 27,400 |
| Ammonium nitrogen (in kg) | 13201,580 |
| Nitrates (in kg) | 2413,250 |
| Nitrites (in kg) | 151,560 |
| SAW (in kg) | 459,230 | |
| Phenols (in kg) | 8,420 |
| Phosphorus total (in kg) | 905,020 |

Total discharge into surface water bodies in Ussuriysk in 1999

Ussuriysk
Ussuriysk Raykoopzagotprom
JSC Primorsky Sugar
Ussuriysk water utility
Ussuriysk Tank Repair Plant (military unit 96576)
Ussuri cardboard plant
Ussuriysk KECH
JSC "Dalsoy"
Ussuriysk Refrigerated Car Depot (VChD-7)
Motorcade 1273
Tank farm in Ussuriysk

Table No. 6
| ALLOWED WASTE WATER: | |
| TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters) | 17240.90 |
| including: | |
| Contaminated without cleaning (thousand cubic meters) | 5283.50 |
| Insufficiently cleaned (thousand cubic meters) | 11950.40 |
| Regulatory clean (without cleaning) (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| Regulatory cleared: | |
| biologically (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| physical and chemical (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| Mechanically (thousand cubic meters) | 0.00 |
| CONTENT OF POLLUTANTS: |
| BOD full (in tons) | 381,530 |
| Petroleum products (in tons) | 5.7491 |
| Suspended solids (in tons) | 317,424 |
| Dry residue (in tons) | 2,700 |
| Aluminum (in kg) | 671,270 |
| Ammonium nitrogen (in kg) | 79461,480 |
| Boron (in kg) | 1486,000 |
| Iron (in kg) | 11573,100 |
| Fats, oils (in kg) | 615,000 |
| Copper (in kg) | 264,850 |
| Nitrates (in kg) | 32 ^ 965,000 |
| Nitrites (in kg) | 8702,800 |
| SAW (in kg) | 1738.260 | |
| Hydrogen sulfide (in kg) | 8,000 |
| Sulfates (in tons) | 271,900 |
| Tannin (in kg) | 5332.100 |
| Titanium (in kg) | 1459,000 |
| Phenols (in kg) | 151,402 |
| Phosphorus total (in kg) | 14477,740 |
| Chlorides (in tons) | 628,310 |
|Chromium (in kg) |150,000 |
| Zinc (in kg) | 162,637 |

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Karyukhina T.A., Churbanova I.N. "Water quality control" M: Stroyizdat,

2. Karyukhina T.A., Churbanova I.N. "Chemistry of water and microbiology" M:

Stroyizdat, 1983

3. Protection of industrial wastewater and disposal of sludge Edited by

V.N. Sokolova M: Stroyizdat, 1992

4. Turovsky I.S. "Sewage sludge treatment" M: Stroyizdat, 1984

5. E. M. Sergeev, Koff. GL "Rational use and environmental protection of cities." -M.: Higher school, 1995.

6. Novikov Yu.V. "Environmental Protection" M .: Higher School, 1987.
-----------------------

waste water

Reagent Methods

Ionic flotation

Chlorination

Distillation

Ion exchange

Centrifugal Methods

Reverse osmosis, ultrafitration

Rectification

Extraction

Regenerative methods

Purification from organic impurities

Cleaning from mineral impurities

Purification from dissolved impurities

Purification of suspended and emulsified impurities

Elimination or destruction

Gas purification

Ozonation

Destructive Methods

biological oxidation

Liquid phase oxidation

Vapor phase oxidation

Adsorption

Freezing

Clarification in suspended sediment layer

Filtration

Flotation

Coagulation

Purification from fine and colloidal impurities

Mechanical cleaning from coarse impurities

settling

flocculation

Electrical Methods

Reagent Methods

Radiation oxidation

electrochemical oxidation

elimination

Well injection

Injection into the depths of the seas

Thermal destruction