Proper names in proverbs and sayings. Proper names in proverbs and sayings Anthroponyms in Russian proverbs and sayings
And indeed, not one of the proverbs is devoid of an all-consuming passionate interest in everything that concerns. Behind each of them you see those who judge, row, argue, joke, mock, joke, grieve, mourn, rejoice, scold - represents the multiplicity of cases and life scenes. Folk art has not bypassed its attention and the "nominal" theme. Proverbs, sayings and even. Here's what you can collect:
Russian proverbs and sayings
Arinushka Marinushka is no worse.
Good daughter Annushka, if mother and grandmother praise.
What is Aksinya, such is botvinya.
Each Alenka praises her cow.
Our Andrey is not a villain to anyone.
Our Afonya in one hoodie and in a feast, and in the world, and in the window sill.
What is Ananya, such is his Malanya.
Neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selivan.
Varlam breaks in half, and Denis shared with everyone.
Our Varvara does not like fish soup without fat.
Every Grishka has his own business.
Do not be proud, Gordey, you are not better than people.
What is Dema, such is his home.
Two Demids, but both do not see.
Dmitry and Boris fought for the garden
Our Marya is your cousin Paraskovia to your Daria.
Orobey Yeremey - the sparrow will offend.
Yegor said from the mountain, but everything is out of time.
Every Egor has a saying.
Understand each Jeremey to yourself.
Ephraim loves horseradish, and Fedka loves radish.
Every kind of wood chip hits poor Zakhar.
In people, Ilya, and at home - a pig.
Our Ivan has no talent anywhere: he came to mass - mass departed, he came to dinner - they dined.
Our Vanyukha is bumpy on the stove.
When Ivashka has a white shirt, then Ivashka has a holiday.
The filly is running, and Ivashka is lying.
Ivan was in the Horde, and Marya tells the news.
Ivan plays the dudu, and Marya is dying of hunger.
Glory to Ivan, but Savva is to blame.
Ipat made shovels, and Fedos carried the sale.
Katerina wanders to her featherbed.
Princess - princess, cat - cat, and Katerina - her child (cuter)
Rejoice Kiryushka, grandmother will have a feast.
Before, Kuzma dug gardens, and now Kuzma has ended up in the governors.
Klim smears the cart, goes to the Crimea for turnips.
Martin does not wait for someone else's fifty, Martin stands for his own altyn.
What is Martin, such is his altyn.
You can't get through our Mina even in three clubs.
Our Mishka does not take a surplus.
Bow to Makar, and Makar to seven sides.
For each Makar there is a Khavronya.
Lazy Mikishka is not up to the book.
What is Malanya, such are her pancakes.
Grandfather Mosey loves fish without bones.
Maxim was warming himself near the aspens.
Don't brag, Nastya: you strained a little, and even then you lost it.
Not every Naum will lead to mind.
Our Naum is on his mind: to listen - he listens, but you know, he slurps.
Husband Nesterka, yes, six children, we are afraid to steal, we are lazy to work - how do you order to live here?
People from the bazaar, and Nazar to the bazaar.
Each Nikitka is busy with his belongings.
Our Obrosim was thrown into God knows where.
And our Olena became neither a peahen nor a crow.
Navarila, baked Okulina about Peter.
Every Paul has his own truth.
Such-and-such Pantelei, but the two of them are more fun.
Not all Potap on the paw.
Our Pahom is familiar with Moscow.
What Pahom, such is the hat on it.
Hood Roman when your pocket is empty.
Savva ate the fat, wiped himself off, locked himself in, said: he didn’t see it.
What Savva is, such is his glory.
Like Senyushka has two money, so Semyon and Semyon, and Senyushka has no money - nothing - Semyon.
Every Semyon is smart about himself.
According to Senka - and a hat, according to Eremka - a cap, and according to Ivashka - and shirts.
And in the face you can see that Sazon is called.
One speaks about Taras, and the other: one and a half hundred devils.
Not every Taras sings along much.
Our Taras is no worse than you.
Ulyana woke up not late, not early - everyone was coming home from work, and she was right there.
Lakoma Ustinha to botvinia.
Fedyushka was given money, and he asks for Altyn.
They sent Philip along the lindens, and he drags the alder.
And Philip is glad that the pie is great.
Fedot plows with his mouth open, but not to the point of a needle.
Neither from a stone to honey, nor from Fofan offspring.
Our Thaddeus - neither on himself, nor on people.
Our Filat is never to blame.
Thekla prayed that God did not put in the glass.
He loved to joke about Thomas, so love yourself too.
People are like people, and Thomas is like a demon.
As they attack Foma, so Foma and the people will leave.
Do not beat Foma for Eremin's guilt.
As soon as the unarguable comes to Flora, Floriha will come to a dash.
Khariton came running from Moscow with news
Yakov is glad that the pie with poppy seeds.
Ukrainian proverbs and sayings
On you, Gavrilo, I don’t like it.
What Ivas cannot learn, that Ivan will not know.
Pan with pan, and Ivan with Ivan.
Your Katerina, our Orina, cousin of Odarka
Zbagativ Kindrat - forget, de yoga brother.
A couple - Martin and Odarochka!
Yak Mikita will maw, then Mikita i kumuvav.
Kazav Naum: mind you!
Rozumna Parasya gave herself up to everything.
Vlitka and a laundress, but in winter, Teresa is not to be taken.
Ti yomu about Taras, and vin - pіtorasta.
For our Fedot, the robot is not afraid.
Hold on, Homa, winter is coming!
Who is about Khoma, and who is about Yarema.
Yakby Homі pennies, boov bi y vin is good, but dumb - every mine.
Rest in peace, Khvedka, then horseradish, then radish.
Scientific and practical conference
for 6th graders
humanitarian section
nomination literary criticism
"Proper names in proverbs and sayings"
Completed by: student 6 "B" class MBOU Lyceum No. 21
Podymov Egor Sergeevich
Head: Vildanova Svetlana Grigorievna
Subject: Proper names in proverbs and sayings
Introduction
Chapter 1
The role of the name in human life
Chapter 2 Names in Russian proverbs and sayings
2.1. Proverbial name as a means of rhyming in the structure of a stable saying.
2.2. Proverbial name as a generalization of the characteristic properties of a person
Chapter 3
Anthroponyms in Russian proverbs and sayings
3.1. Anthroponyms, their functions in Russian proverbs and sayings.
3.2. Studies of proverbs containing anthroponyms, their classification.
Conclusion
Introduction
The creativity of the people is rooted in ancient times. Suffice it to recall the rock paintings and stone idols of primitive people. The need for creativity arises in people from the desire to decorate their life (painting, carving, weaving, embroidery). To no lesser extent, this applies to spiritual life (dancing, singing, playing musical instruments). Speech occupies a special place in people's lives. Through language, people communicate with each other. They convey to others their worldly experience, their knowledge, sorrows and hopes, their mood. Oral folk art is diverse: epics, songs, fairy tales, sayings and proverbs. Proverbs occupy a special place in creativity.
Proverbs and sayings are common and viable genres of oral folk art. They have the closest, direct connection with the language, being figurative speech expressions used in oral and written speech.
The earliest information about the creation and use of some proverbs and sayings are found in the annals.
In the year 6370 (862): "Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order in it." (from The Tale of Bygone Years)
In the year 6453 (945): “The Drevlyans, having heard that he was coming again, held a council with their prince Mal: “If a wolf gets into the habit of sheep; then he will endure the whole herd until they kill him. ”(from“ The Tale of Bygone Years ”)
Undoubtedly, that part of the folk sayings, which reflected pagan beliefs and mythological ideas, belongs to the ancients: Mother earth is impossible to speak (belief in the mysterious forces of the “living” earth); A prophetic dream will not deceive; Screams like a goblin; A werewolf rushes across the road.
In some proverbs and sayings, the norms of serfdom are captured: A man is not a cuff - he knows when Yuryev lives for a day.
On St. George's Day (autumn, November 26, O.S.), peasants were allowed to move from one landowner to another. In 1581, Tsar Ivan IV temporarily banned the crossing, and Boris Godunov completely banned it - the peasants were enslaved. All this is reflected in the proverb: Here you are, grandmother, and St. George's Day!
Proverbs arose among the people, in which the events of the liberation struggle against external invaders were captured: Empty, as if Mamai had passed; The Cossacks came from the Don and drove the Poles home (the liberation of Moscow from the Poles in 1612); He died (disappeared) as a Swede near Poltava (1709). Especially many proverbs arose about the Patriotic War of 1812: A goose flies to Holy Rus' (about Napoleon); Kutuzov came to beat the French; A hungry Frenchman is glad to a crow; On a Frenchman and a pitchfork - a gun; Disappeared (disappeared) like a Frenchman in Moscow.
Courage, courage and heroism of the Russian people are captured in proverbs and sayings: The Russian does not joke with a sword or a roll; Cheek brings success; Happiness helps the brave; To be afraid of wolves, and not to go into the forest.
In folk sayings, labor, the industriousness of a person are glorified and laziness is scourged: Without labor there is no fruit; Work feeds, and laziness spoils.
Proverbs and sayings arose in which social and material inequality was reflected (One with a bipod, and seven with a spoon; The rich - as they want, and the poor - as they can; bribery of judges and officials (Every clerk loves hot kalach; greed of the clergy (Ass for what a sheaf, that a haystack is all one (everything is small);
Proverbs and sayings condemn flattery, sycophancy, savagery, hypocrisy. They express hope for the triumph of truth and justice: Truth will purify itself; The truth will take its toll.
Even in conditions of material and social inequality, the working people did not leave a high sense of honor: Goal, but not a thief; Not a penny, but fame is good; Poor, but honest.
Thus, proverbs and sayings, which arose as a genre of folk poetry in ancient times, live an active life for many centuries: some - without changes, others - gradually changing and rethinking; obsolete ones are forgotten, their place is taken by newly created ones.
Proverbs and sayings - this is an encyclopedia of folk knowledge, as well as the "moral code" of the people, who put together proverbs about the proverbs themselves: A good proverb is not in the eyebrow, but right in the eye; A stump is not a suburb, and stupid speech is not a proverb;
Our special attention was drawn to proverbs in which proper names occur. For what purpose are they used in proverbs?
Hypothesis: names in proverbs are used for rhyme and consonance, while receiving a generalizing, typical, common noun, or a proverbial characteristic is inextricably linked with specific personal names.
Target: to analyze Russian proverbs and sayings that reflect the evaluative behavior of a person bearing a specific personal name, the features of his character.
Tasks:
1) study Russian folklore deeper
3) analyze the thematic group of proverbs and sayings that include personal names in their structure,
4) classify proverbs containing anthroponyms;
5) find out what character traits of a person are reflected in these language units
Object of study: dictionary of V.I.Dal "Proverbs of the Russian people";
Subject of study: proverbs and sayings that include personal names in their structure.
M research methods:
study of scientific and reference literature on Russian folklore, Internet resources
analysis of the collected material,
classification of proverbs and sayings containing anthroponyms.
questioning
Chapter 1
“The fate of a person can change
for us the sound and meaning of the name "
L.V. Uspensky
The role of the name in human life
It is known that every person has a name. The trinomial naming of people - first name, patronymic, last name - came into the feature of the Russian language back in the Petrine era.
What is a name? Looking into the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov, we learned one of its meanings, that the name is “the personal name of a person given at birth, often in general the personal name of a living being”
Linguists call personal names of people anthroponyms. The section that studies anthroponyms is called anthroponymy
Names, as a rule, are not invented, but are formed from common nouns or borrowed from other languages. At the sound of a familiar name, we do not think about its meaning and origin, we imagine the person we are talking about or addressing. The people very correctly evaluate the name of a person, as such. “A person does not recognize himself in person, but he knows his own name,” says one of the Russian proverbs (p. 442). However, we must study the history of our name, its origin, meaning and meaning in the same way as we must know the ancestral roots of our family and country. Our name is both the history of the Russian people and an integral part of the Russian language.
How the world changes and how I change myself
I have been called by only one name all my life.
The role of a name in a person's life is very great. Everyone can be called only by name, so all his good or bad deeds are made public through the name. Hence the possibility of a figurative use of the word name. They say: "The dashing is called dashing, but the good is remembered as good"
It is impossible to imagine the vocabulary of any language without proper names. Proper names can be social signs, some names were common only in certain social strata. So, in Russia of the 19th century, the names Agafya, Thekla, Efrosinya, Porfiry, were found only among the peasantry and merchants, and in Pushkin's time, even Tatyana was considered common people. Personal names may be fashionable or, conversely, not accepted by society. Nowadays, many parents choose simple, folk names for their children: Ivan, Ignat, Yegor, Maria, Daria and the like. But beautiful names - Rosalind, Evelina, Romuald and others - are not popular.
Interest in names, knowledge of their origin and meaning instill feelings of patriotic involvement, love for the motherland, for the people, their language and culture of communication.
Chapter 2
Names in Russian proverbs
2.1. Proverbial name as a means of rhyming in the structure of a stable saying.
Poetic creativity, represented by proverbs and sayings, truly reflects the original, rich mind of the Russian people, their experience, views on life, nature, and society. In oral linguistic creativity, the people captured their customs and customs, aspirations and hopes, high moral qualities, national history and culture.
Personal names should be attributed to the outer clothing of proverbs. V. I. Dal believed that they were mostly taken at random, or for rhyme, consonance, measure: such, for example, are proverbs in which they are mentioned: Martyn and Altyn, Ivan and blockhead, Grigory and grief. [p. 14]
So proverbs emphasize the "accident" of the name. One name could be replaced by another or chosen in most cases "to rhyme".
But did the name create its own generalized image of a person? In Russian folklore, stable sayings with a proper name are widely used, which contain evaluative behavior of a person, features of his character. Often the names came from fairy tales, stories, where people of known properties usually have the same name, behind which the same meaning remained in proverbs: Ivanushka and Emelya are fools; Fomka and Sergey are thieves, rogues; Kuzka miserable. From these concepts, expressions were formed: to embrace - to deceive, to fool, to seduce - to hook deftly, cunningly; crowbar, in the language of swindlers, is called a large chisel or one-handed crowbar for breaking locks; to trick someone, to deceive, to offend.
2.2. A proverbial name as a generalization of the characteristic properties of a person.
The meaning of a personal name in the structure of a proverb and saying is different from the name in everyday communication. There is no habitual connection of a name with an individual person. The proverb is applied in life to a specific situation and to a specific person who has his own name that does not match the name in the proverb. It is by this clash of two names - the real and the "unreal" - that generalization is achieved. The speech in the proverb, when it is used in life, is not about the proverbial Emelya, Phil, Foma, Yerema, Kiryukha, Erokha, etc., but about specific life characters who act as Emelya, Filya, Foma, Yerema do, Kiryukha, etc. The anthroponym acquires a generalized meaning, gravitating towards a common noun. The development of the figurative basis of the name, its rethinking occurs on the basis of random associations. In the future, these associations are fixed in the people's memory as a generalization of any human properties.
The social value of many names is deeply embedded in the language. Often, knowing this assessment helps to understand the proverb.
For example, the Greek name Philip, turned on Russian soil into Filya, Filka, Filyukha, the bars often called their servants. Remember Famusov's appeal to his Filka: "You, Filka, you are a straight block, You made a lazy grouse into doormen ..."? It is not surprising that the typed name of the servant joined the synonymous series with the meaning "stupid and lazy person." This was facilitated by the use of the name Filya in Russian proverbs, where its owner acts as a simpleton, a loser, a simpleton: “They drank and Filya at Fili’s and beaten”, “Philip got used to everything”, “Shove Filya in damn bast shoes (deceived)”, “Filka sleeps without bedding”, etc.
An equally profound contradiction lies in the name Sidor, which goes back to the ancient Egyptian goddess of agriculture, Isis. The Greek Isidore, which we have turned into Sidor, means “the gift of Isis,” that is, an abundant, generous gift. But in Russian proverbs and sayings, Sidor is usually a rich, but stingy and petty person. Maybe that's why, as the proverb says, "Not a single misfortune came to Sidor", because he has a penny in store for any hungry year. Knowing the social associations associated with the name Sidor, it is easy to understand the motivation for the expression “To fight like Sidor’s goat”: to the miser-owner, even a small grass seems to be a big disaster. The mischievous nature of the goat constantly pulls her into the garden. The stubborn desire of the owner to wean her from this habit has become proverbial. However, another interpretation of this expression is also known: perhaps it “affected the desire for revenge on Sidor, if he himself is inaccessible, then at least his goat will get it thoroughly.”
For the bad character of Sidor, his goat is puffed out. Poor Makar, as a rule, has to be the "scapegoat" himself. Russian proverbs give a detailed unflattering description of this unfortunate. He is poor (“Makar only warms up (i.e. snot.) a couple”, “Makaru does not have kalachi”) and homeless (“Makar is coming to vespers from the dogs to the tavern”), unknown (“Not the hand of Makar with the boyars know"), obedient and respectful ("Makar bow, and Makar on seven sides"), and most importantly unrequited ("Poor Makar all the bumps fall"). The proverbs emphasize that he is usually engaged in hard peasant labor: "Until now, Makar dug ridges, and now Makar has ended up in governors." Thus, the image of the poor simpleton and incompetence Makar gradually took shape.
Approximately the same qualitative associations are characteristic of the name Kuzma in Russian proverbs. Kuzma is angry and pugnacious: “Our Kuzma still beats evil”, “Do not threaten, Kuzma, the tavern does not tremble.” He is poor, so he gets all the worst and most worthless "What is lame, what is blind, then Kozma" (we are talking about poultry sacrificed on the day of Kozma). He is slow-witted: "This proverb is not for Kuzma Petrovich." He is of the same low and poor origin as Makar: “Before, Kuzma dug gardens, but now Kuzma has ended up in governors”, “Bitter Kuzenka is a bitter song.” Being the son of a pugnacious and poor loser is not particularly pleasant. Unless extreme need will force you to recognize such a relationship: "You will live - and you will call Kuzma father." Apparently, the expression “Show Kuzka’s mother” generalizes an unflattering idea about the parents and relatives of the loser Kuzma.
Thus, we see that the proverbial name is a generalization of the characteristic properties of a person with such a name. Unfortunately, I noted that mostly proverbs with personal names captured the negative traits of a person. The same name often reflects the same characteristic. For example, Avdey in Russian dialects is a kind, humble person, all the proverbs that include this anthroponym testify to this: “Our Avdey is not a villain to anyone”, “Avdey disappeared from evil people”, “Stupid Avdey was stabbed in the neck”. The characteristic of the dreamy good-natured Andrei is confirmed by the sayings: “Our Andrei is not a villain to anyone”, “Andrey is a mouth-waterer”, “Our Andryushka has not a penny”, “A friend of a friend - everything is for Andryushka”. The merry fellow and joker Taras retains his disposition in the following statements: “Our Taras is much better at harping (jokes),” “Bald Taras is a slow-tempered man,” “Our Taras is ready for everything: drink vodka and thresh barn,” “Taras got married, without asking”, etc.
Chapter 3
Anthroponyms in Russian proverbs and sayings
3.1. Anthroponyms, their functions in Russian proverbs and sayings.
Anthroponym (ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος - person and ὄνομα - name) - a single proper name or a set of proper names that identify a person. In a broader sense, this is the name of any person: fictional or real, which is officially assigned to an individual as his identification mark.
By their original meaning and origin, anthroponyms, for the most part, are everyday words. Some of them still retain their meaning in the native language (for example, Faith, Hope, Love),
Anthroponyms contain the following features:
An indication that the bearer of the anthroponym is a person, for example: Maria, Mikhail.
An indication of belonging to a national - linguistic community, for example: Vladimir, Jean.
An indication of the gender of a person, for example - Peter, unlike Anastasia.
Even if the speaker is trying to generalize what is happening, which can be indicated by the definitive pronoun everyone in conjunction with the anthroponym, it can be assumed that in speech the proverb characterizes the actions of a particular person. For example: Every Fedorka has his own excuses; Every Egor has a saying; Each Moses has his own idea; Every Filatka has his own tricks.
Personal names are used in proverbs and sayings in a generalized sense:
of any person: Every Paul has his own truth.
young man: There was money - the girls loved Senya.
husband: I had a husband Ivan, God forbid you too.
Personal names, in proverbs and sayings, call a person who characterizes him by signs:
appearance: height (Great Fedor, yes at an angle of support), face (Parashka has eyes like a lamb) ...
intellectual abilities: mind / stupidity (Ivan is not a blockhead)
attitude to work: industriousness / laziness (Girl Gagula sat down to spin and fell asleep ...
interpersonal relationships: (Foma was beaten for Yeremin's fault), etc.
Proverbs are a genre of folklore, which most clearly reflects the features of the mentality of a particular people, its cultural and religious traditions, and features of life. For the reconstruction of the views of a person of the past and present, the proper names contained in the folklore text are of particular value. They are the most specific element of folklore, with the help of which a model of behavior of a representative of a certain people in various life situations is created. In this regard, the purpose of my research is an attempt to characterize the views of the Russian people, reflected in proverbs containing proper names.
In the course of the study, we analyzed proverbs and sayings, which can be divided into three groups:
1) denouncing human vices;
2) depicting the life of the Russian people;
3) the characterization of the character is due exclusively to random associations of his name under the influence of rhyme.
The most numerous group is made up of proverbs that tell about human vices, namely:
stupidity and stubbornness (“Fedora is great, but a fool (yes, under a backwater angle)”, “Yerema into the water, Thomas to the bottom: both are stubborn, they have not been from the bottom”, “Grandma Varvara was angry at the world for three years; with that she died, that the world did not recognize”, “Danilo with a reel, but not with an awl”, “Ipata hunchback will fix the coffin”; “You tell him about the priest, and he talks about Emelya the Fool”);
ingratitude and ignorance (“They gave pancakes to hungry Malanya, and she says: they were baked wrong”, “Ilya is in people, but a pig is at home”; “Every Yakov blathers to himself”; “Every Yakov has a share of evil, if he doesn’t go anywhere”);
friendship out of self-interest and treason (“Filya was in strength - all the others fell to him, but trouble came - everyone left the yard”; “Like Senyushka has two money - so Semyon da Semyon, and Senyushka has no money - nothing Semyon "; "There were money - the girls loved Senya, but there was no money - the girls forgot Senya"; "As they attack Foma, so Foma and the people will leave");
laziness and negligence in work (“Girl Gagula sat down to spin and fell asleep”; “Live, Ustya, sleeves later”; “Husband Nesterka, and six children: we are lazy to work, but we are afraid to steal, how can you live here?”);
drunkenness (“There was Ivan, but he became a blockhead, and all the wine is to blame”; “Tatyana wanders unkindly drunk”, “Tatyana gasped, having drunk her husband drunk”);
adultery (“You can see by Thomas that he is grieving for a godfather”);
vanity and pride (“And our Olena became neither a peahen nor a raven”);
enmity with neighbors, scandals, curses, insolence (“Dmitry and Boris fought for the garden”);
slander, condemnation, slander (“I cooked, baked Akulina about Peter”);
mismanagement (“Good came to Thomas, but went between the hands”);
doing good deeds for show (“Uncle Filat gave a pair of ducklings: out, he says, they are flying”).
A number of proverbs contain the idea that everyone has what he deserves (“What is Ananya, such is his and Malanya”; “What is Dema, such is his home”; “What is Martin, such is his altyn”; “ What is Pakhom, such is the hat on him ”; “What is Savva, such is his glory”; “What is Aksinya, such is the botvinya”; “What is on Thomas, such is himself”).
It is especially noteworthy that there are much fewer proverbs praising a person for any positive qualities: “Business Melania comes to mass with a spinning wheel.”
The proverbs included in the second group paint pictures of the difficult life of the Russian people: “Yermoshka is rich: there is a goat and a cat (brought a cat and a cat)”, “Hungry Fedot and empty cabbage soup in the hunt (and radish with kvass for honey)”, “Makar hitherto he dug gardens (ridges), and now Makar has ended up in governors”, “When Ivashka has a white shirt, then Ivashka has a holiday.”
The third group includes proverbs that evaluate the personal qualities of a character, based on random associations of his name under the influence of rhyme: “If only a fool, yes Ivan”, “Thomas of a great mind”, “In people Ananya, houses of a rascal”, “Dema, Dema , you would sit at home "," There was kvass, but Vlas drank.
Analyzing the above, we can draw the following conclusions: most proverbs containing proper names condemn human vices and shortcomings (51% of proverbs), stupidity and stubbornness, ingratitude and ignorance, as well as drunkenness are most zealously exposed; proverbs depicting the life of the Russian people make up 27% of the total number of paremias under consideration, this group of proverbs tells about poverty, hopelessness and difficult working conditions of ordinary people; the smallest group is made up of proverbs that characterize characters on the basis of random associations of their names under the influence of rhyme (22% of proverbs); the proper names found in the last group of proverbs, whose carriers are the “lower classes”, represent their owner as a stupid person, a simpleton and a loser.
Questionnaire
I conducted a study by questioning my classmates. The survey was built in the form of a discussion on the topic "Proper names in Russian proverbs and sayings." For this, I have selected several proverbs with traditionally used Russian proper names, as anthroponyms of Russian proverbs and sayings.
Questions
1 What associations did these proverbs evoke in you?
2 What properties do you think the hero has.
3 The property of the hero in different proverbs is similar or different in your opinion.
| Name | Meaning | Researched proverbs | Survey analysis |
| Egor | Yegor (from Greek farmer) in Russian dialects - ‘rogue, a person of dubious behavior. | “Fyodor does not go for Yegor; but Fyodor goes, but Yegor doesn’t take it ”; “Every Egor has a saying”; “Not every saying is for our Yegorka” “Yegor said from the mountain, but everything is out of time.” | 13% consider it positive 46% consider it negative 41% consider him a person of questionable behavior 27% think that proverbs are similar 73% think that proverbs are different |
| Phillip | Acts as a simpleton, a loser, a simpleton. | “At Fili they drank and Fil and beaten” "Philip is used to everything" “Shove Filya in damn bast shoes (deceived)” "Filka sleeps without bedding" | 18% consider it positive 56% consider him a dupe 27% consider him a loser 96% think the proverbs are similar 4% believe that proverbs are different |
| Makar | Makar has to be a "scapegoat". He is poor and homeless, obscure, obedient and respectful, and most importantly unrequited ("Poor Makar is in trouble. | “At Makar, just warm up (i.e., snot.) A couple” "Makar is coming to Vespers from the dogs to the tavern" “All the bumps fall on poor Makar” | 4% consider it positive 24% consider it negative 17% consider him a scapegoat 55% consider him poor 72% think that proverbs are similar 28% believe that proverbs are different |
Conclusion: In the situation with the names Philip and Makar, the meaning of a personal name in the structure of a proverb and saying is different from the name in everyday communication. There is no habitual connection of a name with an individual person. The proverb is applied in life to a specific situation and to a specific person who has his own name that does not match the name in the proverb. The anthroponym acquires a generalized meaning, gravitating toward a common noun. The development of the figurative basis of the name, its rethinking occurs on the basis of random associations.
Conclusion
After analyzing the thematic group of proverbs and sayings that include personal names in their structure, we can draw the following conclusions:
Proverbs in folk life play an important role: they serve as guiding principles of activity; they are referred to to justify their actions and actions, they are used to accuse or denounce others.
Personal names in proverbs are important, as they concretize a certain quality, help to compare different people and indicate the advantages and disadvantages of a person.
Most of the names used in oral folk art are not originally Russian, they are borrowed mainly from Greek, Hebrew, Latin.
The most common names in proverbs and sayings are the names Ivan, Foma, Yerema, Makar and Malanya, which have a common meaning and create the image of a stupid, lazy person, a simpleton and a jester.
In Russian folklore, stable sayings with a proper name are widely used, in which personal names are used for rhyme and consonance of measure: these are, for example, proverbs in which Andrei is mentioned: pocket, Savva - glory, Fedora - a fool, etc.
In all proverbial sayings, people of known properties usually have the same name, which has one meaning: Andrey is a rotozey, Ivanushka and Emelya are fools, Fomka and Sergey are thieves, rogues, Kuzka is a miserable person, Petrak is a laborer, etc.
Bibliography:
Dal V.I. Proverbs of the Russian people. M.: Drofa, 2007. 814 p.
Kondratieva T.N. Metamorphoses of own name. Kazan, Linguistics, 1983. 238 p.
Lazutin S. G. Poetics of Russian folklore. M.: Higher school, 1989. 345 p.
Mokienko V.M. Deep into the conversation. Moscow: Enlightenment, 1995. 256s.
Parfenova N.N. Personal names in small folklore genres in the aspect of linguoculturology. Moscow: Education, 1995. 295 p.
Dictionary of Russian folk dialects / Ch. ed. Filin F.P. - 3rd ed. L.: Nauka, 1998. 1047 p.
Uspensky L.V. You and your name L.: Children's literature, 1972. 264 p.
Now we are proceeding to Russian proverbs, which would also not hurt each of us to know.
Russian proverbs and sayings, as everyone knows, this is folk wisdom that came to us from life experience. And now let's see the most commonly used among them among the people, as well as their interpretations as well. For convenience, Russian proverbs and sayings are presented alphabetically.
Russian proverbs and sayings and their meaning
Appetite comes with eating.
The deeper you delve into something, the more you understand and learn about it.
A woman with a cart is easier for a mare.
About the departure of an unnecessary person, not so useful to anything.
The trouble does not go through the forest, but through people.
Misfortunes with people are the real trouble, and not with what surrounds them.
Misfortunes never come alone.
She will definitely take at least one more.
Poverty is not a vice.
It is not necessary to condemn people for poverty, because it is not their negative quality.
You can't even catch a fish from a pond without effort.
Nothing can be achieved without perseverance and effort.
Take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age.
About the norms of behavior in society, etc. And if something is lost or torn, it will not be possible to restore it.
God saves man, who save himself.
It is easier for a person who is prudent, cautious in his decisions and actions to avoid dangers, unjustified risks.
Free cheese only happens in a mousetrap.
Rarely is something free given to us without pitfalls, without a catch.
God marks the rogue.
Evil deeds and other negative qualities do not go unpunished.
Big ship - big voyage.
A person with great abilities gets great opportunities.
You will suffer for a long time - something will work out.
Really trying in a difficult matter, you can achieve at least something.
Paper will endure everything.
Paper, unlike people, will endure any lie, any mistake written on it.
Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.
Home comfort, created with your own hands or the hands of a loved one, cannot be replaced by any trip to visit.
In a healthy body healthy mind.
Keeping the body healthy, a person preserves his spiritual well-being.
Every family has its black sheep.
In any family or team there will always be a person with negative qualities.
In crowded but not mad.
A little inconvenience for everyone is better than a bigger problem for just one.
Still waters run deep.
Quiet and calm-looking people often hide a complex nature.
They don’t go to a foreign monastery with their own charter.
In a strange team, you should not behave only according to your own rules and procedures.
We see a mote in someone else's eye, but we do not notice a log in our own.
The mistakes and shortcomings of those around you are more noticeable than your own.
Live a century, learn a century, and you will die a fool.
About the impossibility of knowing everything, even with a constant and persistent set of knowledge.
He took up the tug - do not say that it is not hefty.
Having taken up the task, bring it to the end, despite the difficulties.
The bird is visible in flight.
About people who, by their deeds, by their appearance, show others their nature.
Water wears away the stone.
Even little work, manifested long and hard, gives good results.
Crush water in a mortar - and there will be water.
About doing a stupid thing that does not bring anything useful.
Feet feed the wolf.
To earn a living, you need to move, be active, and not sit still.
To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest.
If you are afraid of difficulties or dangerous consequences, then you should not start any business.
All diseases are from the nerves.
Anger, resentment and indignation weaken the immune system, which leads to the formation of diseases. Avoid anything that makes you nervous. Gain patience.
Everything will grind - there will be flour.
Any problem sooner or later turns into a good result.
All is well that ends well.
If the ending is good, then there is nothing to worry about.
Everything has its time.
Everything happens at the appointed time, not earlier and not later.
Everyone goes crazy in their own way.
Each person has their own advantages and disadvantages.
Every cricket know your hearth.
Everyone should know their place and not climb into someone else's.
Any bast in a line.
Everything can be useful, everything can be used; any mistake is blamed.
Where there is anger, there is mercy.
Not everything is managed only by anger alone, with time comes pardon.
Where firewood is chopped, chips fly there.
In any business, there are always losses, costs ...
Needed where was born.
About a place of birth that should not be left forever.
Where it is thin, it breaks there.
What is strong always remains strong, and the weak link always gives a crack.
The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing.
It's scary to take on a task until you do it.
Need for inventions is cunning.
Need, poverty of a person make him smarter and more inventive.
Mountain does not converge with mountain, but man will converge with man.
About people, in spite of the mountains, who by their nature are able to understand, to go forward.
One grave will fix a humpbacked one, but a club will fix a stubborn one.
It is hard for a person, and sometimes it is impossible to get rid of his bad habits.
Prepare the sleigh in summer and the cart in winter.
Before you start any business, you must first prepare.
They do not look at a given horse's teeth.
For any gift it is necessary to thank and rejoice in it, they say, take what they give.
Two bears do not live in the same den.
About two rivals claiming leadership. There is no place for two owners in one house.
The work of the master is afraid.
The work carried out by the master is carried out efficiently and quickly.
Business time, fun hour.
Most of the time should be spent on study and work, and only partly on entertainment.
For a sweet friend and an earring from an ear.
For a good friend or loved one, even the most valuable is not a pity.
Debt good turn deserves another.
A good attitude towards people will definitely return the same.
Expensive egg for Easter day.
It's always nice to get what you expect at the right time, in the right place.
Friendship is friendship, and service is service.
Friendly relations should not affect official ones, however, as well as vice versa.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
Only a friend will do everything possible for you for the sake of salvation in a difficult situation.
The law is not written for fools.
Only a smart person succumbs to the rules, fools still have no time for them.
A bad example is contagious.
About imitating a bad example, a bad deed of another person.
To live life is not a field to cross.
Life is complicated, living it is not so easy.
If you chase two hares, you won't catch one.
It is impossible to achieve two goals at the same time, everything must be done sequentially.
You can't see the forest for the trees.
Going in cycles in trifles or on the same thing, it is impossible to see the main thing.
The Forbidden fruit is sweet.
Taking someone else's or forbidden is much more pleasant than taking your own.
Make a fool pray to God - he will hurt his forehead.
An excessively zealous person can harm the cause.
It is not worth it.
The money spent on something is not justified by the results obtained.
You can't take a word out of a song.
It is impossible to change or hide something with words without distorting reality.
If he knew where to fall, he would have spread straws.
About caution, foresight, so that there is no trouble.
Each sandpiper praises his swamp.
Every person praises the place in which he lives, and everything else is alien, unusual.
Everyone judges for himself.
As a person is himself, those around him seem the same.
As it comes around, so it will respond.
Any actions towards people around you, good or bad, eventually turn into the same.
As you call the ship, so it will sail.
What you tune in is what you get.
You won't spoil the porridge with oil.
Useful, pleasant cannot do harm, even if there is too much of it.
Fight fire with fire.
Eliminate the results of any action, therefore, by the same means that caused this action.
The end is the crown of the whole thing.
Any business is important to complete.
Finished the job - walk boldly.
After finishing work, you can relax calmly, without thinking about it.
A horse with four legs - and then stumbles.
Even the most intelligent, dexterous and skillful people can sometimes make mistakes.
A penny saves a ruble.
To accumulate a lot, we must not neglect the small.
The hut is red not with corners, but with pies.
The owner of the house is valued not by wealth, but by hospitality.
Who seeks will always find.
When a person really tries to seek, he really finds.
Who gets up early, God gives him.
Whoever gets up early is not lazy, and the day is longer and the harvest is richer.
Where the needle goes, there goes the thread.
About a person dependent on someone or about a tight attachment to each other.
Strike while the iron is hot.
While the opportunity allows, it is better to act, and then later it may not be.
The hen pecks at the grain, but it happens to be full.
By doing something regularly, even if little by little, you can achieve results.
You can't break through the wall with your forehead.
It is impossible to go against the authorities.
The recumbent is not beaten.
It is not customary to finish off the injured or in trouble.
A fly in the ointment in a barrel of honey.
When everything is good, any, even a minor dirty trick can ruin everything.
Better a bitter truth than a sweet lie.
You can’t go far on a lie, unlike the truth, be it what it is.
Better to see once than hear a hundred times.
Do not believe the words, you should only look at the actions.
Better late than never.
It's better to do something at least sometime than not to do it at all.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
It is better to have something small and easily accessible than something large and difficult to achieve.
Love for all ages.
A person has the ability to fall in love at absolutely any age.
If you like to ride - love to carry sleds.
To achieve something in your life - make an effort.
The less you know the better you sleep.
The more you know, the more worries, experiences.
The world is not without good people.
There will always be generous people with a desire to help in someone else's trouble.
Young is green.
Young people, unlike adults, are not mature enough in their knowledge.
Silent means consent.
Silence - as a suggestion of an affirmative answer.
Moscow was not built in a day.
Everything complex and perfect is never given immediately, only with a set of experience.
On lack of fish and cancer - fish.
In the absence of a better one, something worse may come in handy.
Trust in God, but don't make a mistake yourself.
Don't rely solely on God to do anything. Do everything yourself, and God only supports.
Every man to his own taste.
The tastes and preferences of different people may differ from each other.
You can't please everyone.
You can't please everyone no matter what you do. Even if you are an angel, someone may not like the rustle of your wings.
Enough simplicity for every sage.
No matter how wise and perspicacious a person is, he can be deceived.
On the catcher and the beast runs.
Bold, persistent, stubborn, it is easier to achieve something desired.
No, there is no judgment.
About the humble acceptance of the absence of something or the refusal of a request.
They carry water on the offended.
Man has to be able to forgive. And the offended person looks uninteresting to anyone.
Hope dies last.
Even with disappointment or complete failure, there is hope for the best.
Gruzdev called himself get in the body.
Boasted or promised to do something - do it.
You won't be forced to be nice.
No one can be forced to love against his will.
God does not burn pots.
Each person is doomed to cope with his tasks himself, and not rely only on God alone.
Do not sit in your sleigh.
Equivalent to "Mind your own business."
Not everything is Shrovetide for a cat, there is also a great post.
Life is not always a holiday. She walks in shifting lanes.
Not all that glitters is gold.
Any thing or entity, no matter how beautiful it looks, is not defined only by external signs. More important signs are internal.
Not knowing the ford, do not poke your head into the water.
Before you do something, you should know how it is done.
Do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends.
Money disappears at the first trip to the store, but friends remain forever.
It is not the place that makes the man, but the man the place.
A person in a bad position can be an excellent worker, and in a good position, vice versa.
Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today.
While there is an opportunity, it is better to carry out the plan immediately, in order to avoid acquiring laziness and regret.
Do not spit in the well - you will need some water to drink.
Do not spoil the relationship with a person, whatever he may be. But in the future it can be very useful, and even save a life.
Not caught - not a thief, not convicted - not a gulen.
A person is not guilty of his deed until guilt is proven.
Do not dig a hole for someone else - you yourself will fall into it.
A person who does bad things to another person suffers himself, having run into the consequences of his own actions.
Don't cut the branch you're sitting on.
Do not do stupid things and evil, because you yourself can choke on the same.
The devil is not as scary as he is painted.
About an indication of the exaggeration of the significance of any negative phenomenon.
Man does not live by bread alone.
Man possesses not only material qualities, but also spiritual ones.
There is no smoke without fire.
Nothing just happens, for example, there is no gossip without reason.
There is no bad without good.
In any difficult situation, you can always extract something pleasant, useful.
Burnt in milk - blowing on the water.
Having made a mistake once, in the future you become more cautious, prudent.
There is safety in numbers.
Alone, it is more difficult to withstand something, to win the fight, than with someone together.
One head is good, but two is even better.
Two people will be able to solve any problem better and faster, unlike one.
One swallow does not make spring.
The very first and only sign of a phenomenon is not yet the phenomenon itself.
From love to hate one step.
It will not be difficult to anger a person and make him hate.
No one is immune from the event.
No matter how hard you try to prevent disaster, it can still happen.
Double-edged sword.
For every desired action, there is a reaction.
The first pancake is lumpy.
Any business does not always turn out really well the first time.
Stretch your legs along the clothes.
About living within your means, income, in accordance with your capabilities.
They are greeted by clothes, escorted by mind.
A meeting with a person is valued according to external signs, and parting - according to internal, mental ones.
A guilty head and a sword does not flog.
Voluntarily admitting his guilt should not be punished seriously.
Repetition is the mother of learning.
The more you repeat, the better you know.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
If you do nothing, nothing will come of it.
Until the thunder breaks out, the peasant will not cross himself.
A person will drag out his illness, or other problem, to the last, until it finally develops.
Trying is not torture, and demand is not a problem.
Nothing prevents at least trying to do something than not doing at all.
They don't wave their fists after a fight.
It is unacceptable to change anything when it is already too late.
Hurry up and make people laugh.
Any business should be done calmly, slowly, in order to avoid a ridiculous situation.
Forewarned is forearmed.
What you are warned about, you are ready for.
Trouble has come - open the gate.
Misfortune never comes alone. Therefore, you need to be more careful and ready for anything.
A frightened crow is afraid of a bush.
If a person is really scared, he will be afraid of everything that surrounds him.
The drunken sea is knee-deep, and the puddle is up to the ears.
A drunk person is drawn to actions that, being sober, he would never have dared to do.
Once a year and the stick shoots.
Very rarely, but still the impossible may well become possible.
One who is born to crawl cannot fly.
If a person is born a fool, then he will die a fool.
The fish is looking for where it is deeper, and the person is looking for where it is better.
About people wanting the best gadgets of their lives.
The fish goes out from the head.
If the government is bad, so will its subordinates.
Birds of a feather flock together.
Close people easily find a common language.
To live with wolves is to howl like a wolf.
When joining a community, life according to their principles is not excluded.
Out of sight, out of mind.
The principle of a person is to forget the one with whom he does not see and does not communicate.
With whom you lead, from that you will type.
With whom you communicate, make friends, from that you adopt his views, habits, and so on.
With a loved one and in a hut paradise.
With a loved one is good in any place and under any conditions.
The world did not converge like a wedge.
If everything is good on some object, you should not manage only with it.
Our people - let's count.
Close people are doomed to help each other without asking for anything in return.
It does not carry its own burden.
What you personally inherited is easier to bear, in contrast to the portability of someone else.
Your shirt is closer to your body.
Your own interests are more important than the interests of other people.
A holy place is never empty.
If a good place is empty, someone else immediately takes it.
Seven do not wait for one.
They won’t wait for one latecomer when everyone has already gathered and is ready for business.
Seven times measure cut once.
Before you do something, you must first think carefully, foresee everything, in order to avoid an accident.
Lawless Heart.
About not being able to control your feelings.
No matter how much you feed a wolf, he still looks into the forest.
It is impossible to change the natural instincts and inclinations of another person.
Soon the fairy tale tells, but not soon the deed is done.
About the foreshadowing of any business, as in a fairy tale - quickly and easily, but in reality everything is more difficult.
Miser pays twice.
Unlike buying a cheap thing, and then an expensive one, due to the imminent breakdown of a cheap one, it is better to buy an expensive and high-quality thing right away for a long time.
Tears of sorrow will not help.
Do not be discouraged if you can get rid of grief. And if the problem is inevitable, shedding tears is pointless.
The word is not a sparrow, it will fly out - you will not catch it.
Once in an awkward situation, uttering a bad word, it is impossible to go back.
Word is silver, silence is gold.
To say something useful is a matter of honor, but it is better to remain silent about useless and empty chatter.
The earth is full of hearing.
A person knows secret information through rumors.
A dog is biting from the life of a dog.
An unkind, aggressive person often becomes so from the conditions of his life: from a lack of love, care from people around him, frequent misfortunes, etc.
He ate the dog and choked on his tail.
You can't do anything big without tripping over something.
There are no boundaries for perfection.
No matter how hard you try to improve things, you can always do better.
Nightingales are not fed with fables.
Talking will not feed those who want to eat. He should be offered food.
An old bird is not caught with chaff.
An experienced person is difficult to outwit, lead to a dead end.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
The old, proven, long-familiar, predictable is much more reliable, in contrast to the new, unfamiliar, not yet tested by everyday situations.
The well-fed does not understand the hungry.
The difficulty of one is incomprehensible to another until he sinks to this difficulty himself.
Patience and a little effort.
Patience and perseverance in work will overcome all obstacles.
Be patient, Cossack - you will become an ataman!
The urge to become a patient person when any difficulty is unbearable.
Three doctors are no better than one.
Similar to the proverb Too many cooks spoil the broth.
Too many cooks spoil the broth.
The more people take on one thing, the less attention is paid to it.
Fear has big eyes.
About fearful people who perceive everything small and insignificant as large and terrible.
An agreement (agreement) is more valuable than money.
A respectful contract, unlike money, can be lost forever. You must strictly adhere to its terms.
Drowning and clutching at straws.
A person in trouble is ready to do anything for the sake of salvation. Even if the method does not give special results.
The morning is wiser than the evening.
In the morning, decisions are made more effectively than in a tired evening.
Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.
Teaching is the path to knowledge, achievements, success. And ignorance is the cause of backwardness in development and lack of culture.
Well, where we do not.
Often a person underestimates where he is now, and overestimates the features of the place where he has not yet been.
Thin (bad) grass out of the field.
Harmful, something unnecessary should be disposed of so that things go faster.
Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
One can speak about the success of any business only with its visible result.
Man is the architect of his own happiness.
For happiness, you need to do something, and not wait until it comes by itself.
Man proposes, but God disposes.
You should not be one hundred percent sure of the success of an action or enterprise that has not yet taken place.
What you boast about, without that you will remain.
A person who talks a lot about his happiness is left without it.
What the hell is not joking (while God sleeps).
Anything can happen, anything can happen.
What we have, we do not store, but when we lose it, we cry.
The true value of something or someone is seen when we lose it.
What is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an axe.
What is written and known cannot be changed.
What you sow, you will reap.
The good or evil done by someone eventually returns.
To recognize a person, you need to eat a pound of salt with him.
To get to know a person well, you need to live with him for a long time, having overcome various difficulties of life with him.
Alien soul - darkness.
No matter how well we know a person, his thoughts will always be a mystery. And the appearance of a person is not always a reflection of his soul.
I’ll sort out someone else’s misfortune with my hands, but I won’t apply my mind to my own.
Other people's troubles seem more solvable, easier, unlike their own.
Murder will out.
The secret always becomes clear. And the lies will eventually come out.
Shchi and porridge are our food.
About the habit of eating simple food.
The apple never falls far from the tree.
What parents, the same mentality and their children.
Language will bring to Kyiv.
By asking people, you can get anywhere.
Teach your grandmother to suck eggs.
An inexperienced person can teach little to an experienced person.
Introduction
Main part
1.1 Proverbs and sayings: the history of similarities and differences.
1.2 The role of the name in human life and in Russian folklore.
2.1 Male and female names in proverbs and sayings.
3.1 Names of cities in proverbs.
4.1 Names of rivers in proverbs and sayings.
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
At the lessons of literature, we studied the section "Oral Folk Art". Ever since elementary school, I was interested in the genre of proverbs and sayings. The name is one of the important components of a person's life path. That is why I decided to take the topic “Proper names in Russian proverbs and sayings” for research.
And why do we need proper names in proverbs? Let's take as an example the proverb: "Fedot is not the same." Is that what they say about a person who can't do anything? Or about a person who lies a lot? Is the name Fedot used for rhyming? (Fedot is not the one).
The purpose of the study is to find out what is the role of proper names in Russian proverbs and sayings.
Research objectives:
Define the terms "proverb" and "saying".
From a huge number of Russian proverbs and sayings, make a selection with the proper names found in them.
Find out why we need male and female names in proverbs and sayings.
Analyze proper names denoting the names of cities and rivers.
The object of the study is Russian proverbs and sayings
The subject of the study is proper names (male and female names, names of rivers and cities).
Research methods - reading educational, popular science and reference literature; search for information in global computer networks; analysis; etymological analysis; generalization and systematization.
Main part
Proverbs and sayings: history of occurrence, similarities and differences.
Oral folk art, or folklore, was born in ancient times, in the pre-literate era. In countless creations of nameless authors, who for centuries have composed and retold epics and legends, fairy tales and parables, lullabies and laments, nursery rhymes and carols and many other works of various genres, amazing talent, real wisdom, humanity and beauty, mischief and good humor of the people are forever imprinted . No wonder the living roots of folklore nourished the work of such masters of the word as Pushkin and Lermontov, Nekrasov and Tolstoy, and continue to pour a living stream into the language of modern writers.
Proverbs and sayings are considered to be one of the most popular small genres of folklore. Usually they are placed side by side, although there are clear differences between them.
Proverbs are short folk sayings applied to various phenomena of life. They arose during the primitive communal system, long before the appearance of the first literary monuments. Since they were passed from mouth to mouth, their main feature was the accuracy and conciseness of the content. To convey the necessary information, the authors of proverbs had to be extremely careful in choosing certain words.
Usually a proverb consists of two or three parts. The first part contains an accurate description of the phenomenon or object, and the second part contains its expressive assessment. Most often, the proverb has a double meaning: direct and figurative. The direct meaning is associated with a specific observation and its assessment, the hidden one reflects the centuries-old experience of the people, therefore, in some cases, the proverb must be solved in the same way as the riddle: “Know your hearth cricket.”
The source of proverbs can be not only everyday colloquial speech, but also literary works. So, in the comedy of A.S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”, according to the comments of researchers, there are about 60 expressions that have become proverbs.
The first proverbs appeared a very long time ago. They were formed by the simple Russian people. Many of the proverbs were used in ancient chronicles and works. One of the first collections of proverbs was compiled by Aristotle. In Russia, collections of proverbs appear at the end of the 17th century and begin to be published almost immediately. The most famous collection of "Proverbs of the Russian people", containing more than 25,000 texts, was compiled by V.I.Dal.
A proverb is a phrase that reflects a phenomenon of life, often has a humorous character. A distinctive feature is the combination of brevity and brightness of the assessment or description. Unlike a proverb, it does not contain a generalizing instructive meaning and is not a complete sentence. A saying can usually replace a word. For example: “He doesn’t knit Lyka” instead of “drunk”, “I didn’t invent gunpowder” instead of “fool”.
Unlike proverbs, many sayings came into everyday speech from literary works and began an independent life as a folklore genre.
Sometimes they completely lose touch with the works from which they came. Here, for example, the expression "from the ship to the ball." All reference books indicate that its source is a novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Meanwhile, it was known in Russian as early as the 18th century, since it appeared in the reign of Peter I and had already become a proverb. It was in this sense that A.S. Griboedov used it in the comedy "Woe from Wit".
Some proverbs and sayings appeared in connection with historical events. So, the times of the period of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, the events of the Russian-Swedish war of the beginning of the 18th century, the Patriotic War with Napoleon, the civil war of the beginning of the 20th century, the Great Patriotic War with Nazi Germany were reflected in folk sayings.
Some of the proverbs and sayings came from the works of Russian folklore - songs, fairy tales, riddles, legends, anecdotes. For example, proverbs and sayings came out of fairy tales: “The beaten unbeaten one is lucky”, “Soon the fairy tale affects, but the deed is not done soon.” Some proverbs originated from church books. For example, the saying from the Bible "God gave, Lord and father" was translated into Russian: "God gave, God took."
What is the main difference between a proverb and a saying?
So, a proverb is a whole sentence, and a saying is just a phrase or phrase. This is the main feature that distinguishes proverbs from sayings.
The proverb contains morality, morality, instruction. A saying is just an eloquent expression that can be easily replaced by other words.
For example:
"Small spool but precious". (Proverb) "Small, but daring." (Proverb)
“Not knowing the ford, do not poke your head into the water” (Proverb) “Stay with your nose” (Proverb)
In the process of research, we noticed that proverbs and sayings are often confused. The title says: "Proverbs and sayings", and in the text itself there are only proverbs. In order not to confuse them, you need to know the definition of these terms.
1.2. The role of the name in human life and in Russian folklore.
Proverbs and sayings are perhaps the first brilliant manifestation of the creativity of the people. The omnipresence of proverbs is striking - they relate to all objects, invade all areas of human existence. Folk art has not bypassed its attention and the "nominal" theme.
Our name is both the history of the Russian people and an integral part of the Russian language. The role of a name in a person's life is very great. Everyone can be called only by name, so all his good or bad deeds are made public through the name. Names have played a significant role in the communication of people in all eras. Personal proper names of people are a part of history and universal culture, as they reflect the way of life, aspirations, fantasy and artistic creativity of peoples.
Poetic creativity, represented by proverbs and sayings, truly reflects the original, rich mind of the Russian people, their experience, views on life, nature, and society. In oral linguistic creativity, the people captured their customs and customs, hopes, high moral qualities, national history and culture. So, rhyming sayings with names that have become a constant characteristic are very popular: Alekha is not a catch; Andrey-rotosey; Afonka-quietly, Fedul pouted his lips; Filat is not guilty, etc. Proverbs and sayings are applied in life to a specific situation and to a specific person who has his own name that does not match the name in the proverb. It is by this clash of two names - the real and the "unreal" - that generalization is achieved. Thus, the proverbial name is a generalization of the characteristic properties of a person.
2.1. Male and female names in proverbs and sayings.
We have studied 220 proverbs and sayings with proper names. They can be divided into 3 groups:
1) Personal male and female names.
2) City names
3) The names of the rivers.
The first group includes 170 proverbs and sayings with male and female names. Of the 170 proverbs, there were 129 with male names. The most common name was Thomas. It has been used 15 times.
In proverbs and sayings, the name Thomas was given to indicate such character traits as stupidity (They talk about Thomas, and he talks about Yerema.), stubbornness (Yerema into the water, Thomas to the bottom: both are stubborn, they haven’t been from the bottom.), inattention ( I went to Foma, but drove to my godfather.), irresponsibility (They beat Foma for Eremin’s guilt), absent-mindedness (Goodness came to Foma, but went between his hands), laziness (Who cares what, and Foma sucks), inadequacy (People are like people , and Thomas is like a demon), self-criticism (He loved to joke about Thomas, so love yourself too.) And a person with a memorable appearance (They know Thomas in the matting row).
This name was very popular in the 19th - early 20th centuries, especially in the provinces and in the countryside. Now the name is almost never used, probably because its sound energy is completely preserved in the Russian sound and amazingly accurately conveys the character of the Apostle Thomas, nicknamed the unbeliever.
Thomas -
holy apostle, 19 (6) October. Saint Thomas was a Galilean fisherman who followed the Lord Jesus Christ and became his disciple and apostle. According to Holy Scripture, the Apostle Thomas did not believe the stories of other disciples about the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. On the eighth day after the Resurrection, the Lord appeared to the Apostle Thomas and showed his wounds, after which, convinced of the truth of the Bright Resurrection of Christ, the apostle exclaimed: "My Lord and my God." According to church tradition, Saint Thomas preached the Christian
faith in Palestine, Mesopotamia, Parthia, Ethiopia and India. For the conversion to Christ of the son and wife of the ruler of the Indian city of Meliapor (Melipura), the holy apostle was imprisoned, endured torture, and died, pierced with five spears.
In proverbs, the Russian people represent Thomas as a simpleton, a stupid and lazy person.
In second place is the name Yeremey, used 13 times. In the text, the name was used in an abbreviated form: Yerema, Yermoshka.
The name Eremey has Hebrew roots, in translation it means "exalted by God." The name was borrowed with the adoption of Christianity, it was adapted to the peculiarities of the phonetics of the Old Russian language. In a vast layer of proverbs, the name Yeremey appears together with the name Thomas; these proverbs are reinterpretations of the folklore Tale of Thomas and Yeryom, a literary work of the 17th century.
Yerema is the hero of a literary work, who tries his hand at various activities, tries to take on everything at once, but nothing comes of it. This is shown in proverbs. "Yerema, Yerema, you should sit at home and sharpen the spindles." "Yerema, stay at home - the weather is bad." “Every Jeremey understands to himself: when to sow, when to reap, when to throw into stacks.” These proverbs speak of the need for the timeliness of certain actions.
And in this proverb Yerema is an envious person. "Eremeev's tears are shed over someone else's beer."
Characters with the name Yeremey in proverbs make up a portrait of a loser.
The third most popular name is Makar. The name is male, of Greek origin, translated "blessed" "happy."
In the Christian nomenclature, the name Macarius is associated with several early Christian saints, among whom the most famous Macarius the Great (IV century) is a hermit, the author of several spiritual works. Macarius of Alexandria, who was his contemporary and friend, is also revered as a saint. Macarius of Antioch was tortured and exiled during the reign of Julian the Apostate (361-363). Also known is the martyr Macarius, who was executed for professing Christianity in 311 under the emperor Galerius.
In proverbs and sayings, the name Makar met 9 times and was used to show such character traits:
Luck. “Yesterday Makar dug the ridges, and now Makar got into the governors.” I believe that the proverb is related to the meaning of the name itself.
Makar is associated not only with luck, but also with misfortune. "All the bumps fall on poor Makar - both from pines and from fir-trees." It looks like the story of the martyr Macarius.
"They will drive them to places where Makar did not drive calves." Previously, cows and calves were grazed far in the meadows or fields. That is, very far away, where the calves were not driven.
It looks like the story of Macarius of Antioch, who was sent into exile.
"Makar bow, and Makar on seven sides." Here is described the case when a person becomes conceited.
There are also proverbs that have the same meaning, but they use different names. Yermoshka is rich: there is a goat and a cat. "In Makar's house there is a cat, a mosquito and a midge." Proverbs point to the poverty of the characters.
We considered 43 more male names: Vavila, Nikita, Ivan, Vlas, Philip, Peter, Pavel, Arseniy, Ilya, Kuzma, Fedot, Isai, Gerasim, Danilo, Aksen, Demid, Klim, Filat, Moses, Yakov, Avdey, Grigory , Maxim, Boris, Martyn, Savely, Andrey, Trifon, Nikola, Afonya, Anton, Pahom, Taras, Kirilo, Avoska, Nesterka, Yegor, Sidor, Nazar, Styopa, Foka, Emelya, Sema, Fadey, Ipat and Trofim.
These male names were found in proverbs and sayings from one to five times.
In the process of research, we studied 41 proverbs and sayings with female names. Among them were such as Agrippina, Akulina, Antipas, Varvara, Mina, Katerina, Fedora, Julitta, Malanya, Gagula, Masha, Olena, Alena, Aksinya, Ustinya, Pelageya, Fekla. Some names are practically not used in our time.
The name Malanya full Malania is the most common in proverbs and sayings with female personal names. Used 6 times. Translated from Greek, Malania means "dark, black."
The origin of the name is connected with Ancient Greece, it is very common in English-speaking countries. On the territory of the Slavic states, it became widespread in the early Christian period.
Often, with age, admiration for talent and indulgence in whims, which took place in childhood, contributes to the development of not the best qualities in the character of an adult Malania. She grows into a self-satisfied and self-centered woman, intolerant of the shortcomings of others. Malania's narcissism reaches the ridiculous and sometimes perplexes friends and acquaintances. She still plays for the audience, likes to laugh out loud, show emotions violently and draw attention to herself. I must say that Malania does it quite well.
These qualities of character are used in proverbs and sayings. For example: "Dress up like Malanya for a wedding." “They gave pancakes to hungry Malanya, and she says: they were baked wrong.”
Malanya is proverbially a finicky and selfish girl.
The second most frequently used name is Akulina. It is also used in abbreviated form: Akulya and Akulka.
Akulina has straightness and hardness. Usually such a woman is very purposeful, energetic, she knows how to stand up for herself. He does not like to cry and complain about life.
I think that this description is more suitable for a man. This can be seen in the proverb. "If I hadn't been a good fellow, Akulka would have been called."
Despite such tough character traits, they felt pity for her.
“It’s a pity for Akulina, but send raspberries each.” Because raspberries were collected in the forest, and they were very prickly.
The rest of the female names were used once, except for five names: Antipa, Varvara, Mina, Katerina and Fyodor, who met us twice.
3.1. Names of cities in proverbs.
The second group includes 43 proverbs and sayings with city names. In the process of research, we came across sayings and proverbs with the mention of such cities as Moscow, Kyiv. Peter, Kazan, Ryazan, Tula, Rostov, Tver, Yaroslavl.
The most common proper name was the capital of Russia - Moscow. This name appeared 25 times.
“In Moscow you will find everything, except for father and mother”
"In Moscow, save money - do not guard yourself"
“You don’t bow to everyone in Moscow”
"And put on a new scarf, but half of Moscow will not visit."
"Moscow does not believe in tears, give her a case."
“For thanks to my godfather, I went to Moscow on foot.”
"For the proverb, a man walked to Moscow on foot."
"Moscow is a mile away, but close to the heart"
In proverbs, Moscow is represented by a large, majestic city. She is far away, but people still remember and respect her. No wonder they say: "Moscow is the mother of all cities." This is probably why Moscow was cited in proverbs with other cities.
"Kazan-town - Moscow corner"
"Yaroslavl - a town - a corner of Moscow."
"Moscow hits from the toe, and Peter wiped his sides."
Often the name of the city serves to show the advantages of each region:
“They don’t go to Tula with their own samovar”
"Kazan - sturgeons, Siberia boasts of sables"
“Kashira sheathed all the matting, and Tula shod in bast shoes.”
Names of rivers in proverbs and sayings
In the third group, 7 proverbs with such proper names as the names of rivers were studied. In most cases, the Volga River was encountered.
"Each country has its own national river. Russia has the Volga - the largest river in Europe, the queen of our rivers - and I hastened to bow to Her Majesty the Volga River!" - Alexander Dumas wrote about the great Russian river. The main breadwinner and drinker of European Russia, including Moscow. One of the truly Russian natural wonders is the great Volga River. One of the largest and most beautiful rivers in Europe, it is especially loved by the Russian people. Mother Volga - so affectionately it is called not only in Russia.
More than half of Russia's industrial enterprises are concentrated in the Volga basin. And on the Volga land, almost half of the food products needed by our population are produced.
And she really is the queen of the rivers. The power and grandeur, the fabulous beauty of the surrounding nature and the richest history glorified the Volga to the whole world even in the most ancient times.
Probably, because of its great glorification, the Volga River was most often used by the people in proverbs and sayings.
"Volga - mother river to all"
"There is a lot of water on the Volga, a lot of trouble"
“What is not in the Volga, then everything is for the Volga”
"When the Volga flows up"
“When there is nothing to pay the debt, he will go to the Volga”
“Mother Volga oppresses her back, but gives money”
The last two proverbs say that working on the river makes it possible to earn money, the Volga-nurse will not let you die of hunger.
Also, the name Volga is used to compare with the Danube River.
"Volga - to sail for a long time, and the Danube - wide." This proverb speaks of the length of the Volga and the breadth of the Danube.
Conclusion
After analyzing the groups of proverbs and sayings that include proper names, we can draw conclusions:
All the analyzed names used in proverbs and sayings had Hebrew, Greek or Latin roots and were subjected to adaptation of the phonetics of the Old Russian language.
The proverbs and sayings reflect the life of the people and historical events: “I went to Thomas, but drove to my godfather”, “Seven will go - they will take Siberia”.
Each name in a proverb or saying denotes its own character and is used to ridicule shortcomings, compare various qualities of character, or indicate the dignity of a person.
Male names are used to ridicule shortcomings: “Stupid Avdey was stabbed in the neck”, “Good came to Thomas, but went between the hands”; to show pity: “Filya was in power - all the others fell to him, and trouble came - everyone was away from the yard”, “All the cones fall on poor Makar - both from pines and fir trees”; to indicate the positive qualities of character: "Good and glory to the good Savva."
In proverbs and sayings with female names, people most often make fun of the heroines: “And our Olena became neither a peahen nor a crow”, “Grandma Varvara was angry at the world for three years; with that she died that the world did not recognize.
The most common male names were Foma: “To whom what, and Foma to the tune”; Yeremey: "Each Yeremey understand yourself"; Makar: “Makar went to the kut, where the calves are grazing”; female names: Akulina: "It's a pity for Akulina, but send raspberries"; Malania: "Dress up like Malanya for a wedding."
In proverbs and sayings, the paired use of proper names is often found: “Lambs for Malashka, and two bags for Foma”, “Vlady, Fadey, crooked Natalya”.
Proper names can be used in proverbs and sayings for rhyme: "Ananya da Malanya, Foma da godfather and took their place." (Ananya - Malanya, Foma - Kuma); “Let’s take it and paint it, and Gerasim will come out” (we’ll paint it - Gerasim).
The names of cities are used to indicate any shortcomings of the city: "To go to Moscow - to carry the last penny." But most often the merits are emphasized: “Kashira sheathed all the matting, and Tula shod in bast shoes”, “Kiev is the mother of Russian cities”, “Mother Moscow is white stone, golden-domed, hospitable, Orthodox, talkative”; or for comparison: "Moscow beats from the toe, and Peter wiped his sides", "Kazan - with sturgeons, Siberia boasts of sables."
The most common name of the city is Moscow - 28 times. The proverbs emphasize the size of Moscow: “You don’t bow to everyone in Moscow”, “Our town is a corner of Moscow”, “Yaroslavl is a town - a corner of Moscow”.
In proverbs with the names of rivers, the name Volga was encountered the most times - 7 times.
- Bibliography
- Anikin V., Selivanov F., Kirdan B. Russian proverbs and sayings. - M.: "Fiction", 1988.- 431 p.
- Zarakhovich I., Tubelskaya G., Novikova E., Lebedeva A. 500 riddles, sayings, counting rhymes, nursery rhymes. - M.: "Malysh", 2013.- 415 p.
- Zimin V., Ashurova S., Shansky V., Shatalova Z. Russian proverbs and sayings: educational dictionary. - M .: School - Press, 1994. - 320 p.
- Kovaleva S. 7000 golden proverbs and sayings. - M .: AST Publishing House LLC, 2003. - 479 p.
- Roze T. A large explanatory dictionary of proverbs and sayings of the Russian language for children. 2nd revised edition. - M.: OLMA Media Group, 2013. -224 p.
List of Internet resources
- http://riddle- middle.ru/pogovorki_i_poslovicy/
- http://value-
To the question Give proverbs and sayings with proper names. a) Grishka b) Zakhar c) Semyon given by the author European the best answer is Stupid Avdey's neck was stabbed.
The owner of the house is like Adam in paradise.
There was kvass, but Vlas drank, he will get to the one who cooked it.
Our Grishka doesn't burp.
Indeed, Danilo was pecking, but it was pecking at random.
Every Demid strives for himself.
Every Demid strives to himself.
Dmitry and Boris fought over the garden.
Every Egor has a saying.
Emelya went, still waiting for him a week.
Yermoshka is rich: there is a goat and a cat.
Yermoshka is rich: he got a cat and a cat.
There was Ivan, but he became a blockhead, and all the wine is to blame.
Ivan plays the dudu, and Marya tells the news.
They didn’t know yet - they called Ivan, but they found out - they called a blockhead.
With a name - Ivan, and without a name - a blockhead.
In people Ilya, and at home a pig.
I went to Kirilo's feast, but I was presented there in the snout.
Klim thinks - he wants to hew a wedge.
In Makar's house there is a cat, a mosquito and a midge.
Yesterday Makar was digging the ridges, and now Makar has become a governor.
Where Makar does not drive calves.
Maxim was warming a circle of aspens.
Good Martyn, if there is an Altyn.
Martin rushed to the soap.
Thin Matvey, when he does not know how to treat guests.
Our Mishka does not take a surplus.
God is not Nikitka, he will break out the sticks.
Each Nikitka is busy with his belongings.
The truth went to Peter and Paul, but falsehood spread across the earth.
Hood Roman when your pocket is empty.
There was Savva, there was glory.
Good Savva, good and glory.
There were money - the girls loved Senya, but there were no money - the girls forgot Senya.
Every Semyon is smart about himself.
Our Sergunko is not squeamish - he eats gingerbread and not written ones.
Deftly Styopka folded the stove: the chimney was high, and the smoke was pulling into the doorway.
Our Taras is no worse than you.
Not every Taras sings along much.
Hungry Fedot and empty cabbage soup in the hunt.
Hungry Fedot and turnip hunting.
Fedot, but not that one.
Filat Every Filat in his own way.
Uncle Filat gave a couple of ducklings: out, he says, they are flying.
Filya was in power - all the others felled to him, and trouble came - everyone was away from the yard.
Foma was beaten for Yeremin's guilt.
Thomas is smart, but he has a big bag.
Lie to someone who does not know Thomas, and I am his brother.
They talk about Foma, and he talks about Yerema.
Kindness came to Thomas, but went between the hands.
I am for Foma, and he is for Yerema.
Every Jacob blathers to himself.
Jacob, Jacob! Not all would you yakal.
Each Alenka praises her cow.
Do not brag, Nastya: you strained a little, and even then you lost it.
Nastya went through misfortunes.
Arinushka Marinushka is no worse.
Grandmother Varvara was angry at the world for three years; with that she died, that the world did not know.
I went to Varvara for reprisal.
To the prince - the princess, to the boyar - Marina, and to everyone - his own Katerina.
She didn’t grieve, she didn’t cry - Martha went for Jacob.
Ulyana Ulyana woke up not late, not early - everyone is coming home from work, and she is right there.
Great Fedora, but a fool.
Fedora is great, but at an angle of backwater.
