Norms of human behavior in society. A set of norms of behavior

Detailed solution Paragraph § 14 on social studies for students in grade 11, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014

Question 1. Is it true that the activity of each person is controlled by society? Is it good or bad? Are there rules of conduct for everyone? What kind of person can become a criminal? Why are alcohol and drugs dangerous?

Yes, it's good that society helps a person not to stray from the right path, not to make mistakes.

Social norms are general rules and patterns of behavior that have developed in society as a result of long-term practical activities of people, during which optimal standards and models of correct behavior have been developed.

Social norms determine what a person should do, how he should do it, and finally, how he should be.

The personality of a criminal differs from the personality of a law-abiding person by social danger, it is characterized by criminal needs and motivation, emotional-volitional deformations and negative social interests.

Alcohol does not solve problems, but rather exacerbates them. In a state of intoxication, a person commits inappropriate actions, the normal functioning of many organs (including the brain) is disrupted, which leads to its gradual degradation, and relationships with other people are also destroyed. And if you do not stop in time, it leads, in the end, to death.

Questions and tasks for the document

Question 1. Give your own examples of universal, racial, class, group norms.

Universal: raising children, helping the sick and the elderly, well, biblical (do not kill, do not steal, do not commit adultery).

Racial: let's say that the Caucasoid race has general democratic values ​​(equality before the law, the election of the head of state, freedom and the value of the individual), while the Mongoloid race, as a rule, has the dictatorship of the head of state or the ruling party, the value is not personal, but collective benefit.

Class: Courchevel for the oligarchs, Turkey and Egypt for the middle class and a village for the poor.

Group: for students - study and, accordingly, everything connected with it, for athletes - training, for the military - exercises or military operations.

Question 2. To what level of generality can the norms be attributed: “do not steal”, “before the New Year we go to the bathhouse together”, “separate education for blacks and whites”, “solidarity of workers of all countries”?

1. Universal.

2. Intragroup.

3. International

4. Group.

Question 3. What does higher or lower standards mean? Why do the authors place natural human rights at the highest level?

A higher level of social norms are those norms that play the greatest role in society and the violation of which leads to significant negative consequences for the individual and society as a whole.

The lower level of social norms - the violation of which does not cause much harm to society and therefore informal social control is quite sufficient.

Question 4. Why is the most resolute action of the state necessary in case of violation of higher-level norms?

Because if high-level norms are violated, the consequences can be much more serious.

Question 5. How is social control manifested in case of violation of a lower level of social norms? Why?

It is expressed in the informal pressure of society on the violator. Public censure, ostracism and so on. Because the norms of the lower level, although not prescribed as a law, but the implementation of these norms as a whole is socially justified in the environment.

Question 6. How to explain that a more democratic society involves a shift in emphasis from external social control to internal self-control?

Self-control is the awareness and evaluation by the subject of his own actions. Self-control is closely intertwined with the concepts of conscience and morality. Internal self-control is characteristic of societies with a high moral component, i.e. with a conscience. A democratic society advocates the weakening of external control, relying on internal self-control, resulting in an increase in deviance (deviations about generally accepted norms) of the social environment.

SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS

Question 1. Give examples of each type of social norms.

The main types of social norms:

1. Rules of law are generally binding, formally defined rules of conduct that are established or sanctioned, and also protected by the state. (Laws of the Criminal Code, AC).

2. Norms of morality (morality) - the rules of conduct that have developed in society, express people's ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice, duty, honor, dignity. The action of these norms is ensured by internal conviction, public opinion, measures of public influence. (We must respect the elders, help the disabled).

3. The norms of customs are the rules of behavior that, having developed in society as a result of their repeated repetition, are fulfilled by force of habit.

4. The norms of public organizations (corporate norms) are the rules of conduct that are independently established by public organizations, enshrined in their charters (regulations, etc.), operate within them and are also protected from violations by them through certain measures of public influence.

Question 2. What is social control?

Social norms constitute one of the elements of the mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society, which is called social control. The purposeful influence of this system on the behavior of people in order to strengthen order and stability is provided by social control.

Any activity includes a variety of actions, and each person performs them repeatedly, entering into active interaction with the social environment (with society, social communities, public institutions and organizations, the state, other individuals). All these actions, individual actions, behavior of a person are under the control of the people around him, groups, society.

As long as these actions do not violate public order, existing social norms, this control is invisible, as if it does not exist. However, it is worth breaking the rules, deviating from the patterns of behavior accepted in society, and social control manifests itself.

The people who reacted to the violation of social norms reflected the attitudes of the public consciousness (or public opinion) that maintains the order protected by the norms. That is why a reaction of condemnation of these actions followed on their part. The expression of dissatisfaction, the announcement of a reprimand, the imposition of a fine, the punishment imposed by the court - all these are sanctions; along with social norms, they are the most important element of the mechanism of social control.

Sanctions mean either approval and encouragement, or disapproval and punishment aimed at maintaining social norms. In other words, sanctions are either positive, which are aimed at encouraging, or negative, aimed at stopping undesirable behavior.

Society (large and small groups, the state) evaluates the individual, but the individual also evaluates society, the state, and himself. Perceiving the assessments addressed to him by the people around him, groups, state institutions, a person accepts them not mechanically, but selectively, rethinks through his own experience, habits, previously learned social norms. And the attitude to the assessments of other people turns out to be purely individual for a person; it can be positive or sharply negative.

Thus, along with control by society, a group, the state, other people, internal control, or self-control, which is based on norms, customs, role expectations, assimilated by the individual, is of paramount importance.

Question 3. What is the meaning of self-control?

In the process of self-control, conscience plays an important role, that is, the feeling and knowledge of what is good and what is bad, what is fair and what is unfair, the subjective consciousness of the conformity or inconsistency of one's own behavior with moral standards. In a person who, in a state of excitement, by mistake or succumbing to the temptation of a bad deed, conscience causes a feeling of guilt, moral feelings, a desire to correct a mistake or atone for guilt.

The ability to exercise self-control is the most valuable quality of a person who independently regulates his behavior in accordance with generally accepted norms. Self-control is one of the most important conditions for self-realization of a person, his successful interaction with other people.

Question 4. What are the causes of deviant behavior?

Researchers have different points of view on this issue.

At the end of the XIX century. a biological explanation of deviations was put forward: the presence in some people of an innate predisposition to violations of social norms, which is associated with the physical characteristics of the individual, criminal temperament, etc.

Other scientists have looked for psychological explanations for the deviations. They came to the conclusion that the value-normative representations of the individual play an important role: understanding the world around, attitude to social norms, and most importantly, the general orientation of the interests of the individual. The researchers came to the conclusion that the basis of behavior that violates established norms is a different system of values ​​and rules than that enshrined in law.

For example, cruelty can be the result of a cold, indifferent attitude towards the child on the part of the parents, and often the cruelty of adults. Studies have shown that low self-esteem in adolescence is compensated later by deviant behavior, which can be used to attract attention and gain approval from those who will evaluate the violation of norms as a sign of a strong personality.

The sociological explanation of deviant behavior, the reasons for which the well-known sociologist E. Durkheim saw as depending on the crisis phenomena occurring in society, has received wide recognition. During crises, radical social changes, in conditions of disorganization of social life (unexpected economic ups and downs, business decline, inflation), a person's life experience ceases to correspond to the ideals embodied in social norms. Social norms break down, people become disoriented, and this contributes to the emergence of deviant behavior.

Some scholars have associated deviant behavior with the conflict between the dominant culture and the culture of a group (subculture) that denies generally accepted norms. In this case, criminal behavior, for example, may be the result of an individual's predominant communication with carriers of criminal norms. The criminal environment creates its own subculture, its own norms that oppose the norms recognized in society. The frequency of contacts with representatives of the criminal community affects the assimilation by a person (especially young people) of the norms of antisocial behavior.

Question 5. What is the social danger of crime?

The greatest danger to the individual, society, state is organized crime. In a broad sense, it refers to any group of persons organized on a permanent basis to extract funds in an illegal way.

The danger to the individual lies in the suppression of his rights and freedoms by acts of violence and other means. This is manifested in the destruction of small entrepreneurs who refuse to pay money to receive protection from criminals (racketeering); forcing women and teenagers into prostitution; extending influence and control over, for example, trade unions; an increase in the cost of goods and services; the possibility of complete suppression of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens through physical and moral terror.

The danger to society lies in the interception of the rights of ownership and disposal of the material values ​​of the whole society by organized criminal communities and corrupt groups of officials (especially in the areas of trade, extraction and distribution of strategic raw materials, precious metals, production and circulation of weapons); the ability to manipulate significant capital, infiltrate the realm of legitimate business, and bankrupt one's competitors through price controls; planting the ideology of the underworld, its romanticization, the cultivation of mafia and corrupt relations, violence, cruelty, aggressiveness, which creates the conditions for "social infection" of criminal customs and traditions.

The danger of organized crime for the state is manifested in the creation at the regional level of parallel illegal power structures, illegal armed formations; preparation, financing and organization of direct anti-constitutional actions in the form of incitement of national hatred, organization of riots, conspiracies with the aim of seizing power; encouraging such crimes as banditry and smuggling; penetration into political parties and the state apparatus of corruption; a desire to weaken federal power in order to facilitate the control of organized crime over entire regions.

Question 6. What are the consequences of drug addiction for the individual, family, society?

The consequences of drug addiction for the family are catastrophic, as in principle for the individual himself. The personality itself eventually becomes absolutely asocial. Social attitudes are completely erased - social statuses such as professional, father, son, comrade, etc. The existence of the subject is reduced only to finding doses and to use, as a rule, with longer use, there are no other needs in a person's life. The family constantly lives in stress, which in itself is called codependence, that is, the whole life of the family eventually becomes focused only on the life of a drug addict. As a rule, the family begins to experience serious financial difficulties, as well as a lot of serious diseases are recorded in co-dependent relatives of drug users.

TASKS

Question 1. How do you feel about the statement of the English historian G. T. Buckle (1821-1862): "Society prepares a crime, the criminal commits it"? Explain it with an example taken from newspapers.

I understand that any crime is due to social factors that shaped the personality of the offender, or created the situation that led to his commission. And the criminal, as it were, plays the role of a "performer", resolving this situation in a negative way.

Question 2. Do you agree with the statement of the French playwright J. Racine (1639-1699): “Large crimes are always preceded by small ones. No one has ever seen timid innocence suddenly turn into rampant debauchery”? Justify your answer.

I agree, the reason for this is a causal relationship. Many famous criminals started out with petty thefts and couldn't stop.

Question 3. There was a discussion about the fight against crime. One side argued: “We need to toughen the penalties. Look at Singapore. They caught you with drugs - capital punishment, with illegal weapons, even if you did not use them, - too. In some Muslim countries, according to the law, the hand is cut off for theft. And no one has been stealing there for a long time.” Another objected: “The cruelty of punishment will make crime more cruel. The main thing is the inevitability of punishment. If everyone knows that any crime will be solved, crime will drop dramatically.” And what do you think about this issue? Justify your answer.

Any court is not immune from error, while it must make decisions. With the highest measure of punishment, an innocent may suffer, and this cannot be corrected. The inevitability of punishment makes the chance of committing a crime minimal, because. the criminal is aware that he will be found and punished.

The world around us is constantly changing: entire epochs go into the past, scientific and technological progress develops, new professions appear and people themselves become different. This means that the rules of behavior in society also do not stand still. Today you can no longer meet the curtsy and bows that were relevant in the centuries preceding the 21st century. So how should one behave in modern society? Learn about it right now!

What are "rules of conduct in society" in general?

Often a person does not even think about the fact that this voluminous concept has a more compact version, which is used mainly in social science classes at school or by sociologists - these are “social norms”. Speaking in scientific language, the meaning of this term lies in the existence of common established patterns of individual behavior that have evolved over a long period of time in the course of the practical activities of society. It is this activity that develops standard models of correct, expected and socially approved behavior. This includes many different categories: customs and traditions, aesthetic, legal, religious, corporate, political and a number of other norms and, of course, the rules of behavior in society. The latter may differ depending on the country, age and even gender of a particular individual. Nevertheless, in general, there are universal rules and norms of behavior in society, following which, there is no doubt that success in communication and interaction is guaranteed!

First meeting and acquaintance

The rules of conduct established by society state that in the case of acquaintance, one should submit:

• man - woman;
• the youngest in age and position - the oldest in the same categories;
• those who came later - already present.

At the same time, the person they are introduced to is mentioned first in the appeal, for example: “Maria, get acquainted - Ivan!” or “Alexander Sergeevich, this is Artyom!”.

When people get to know each other, it is recommended to briefly describe them in order to start a conversation and specify who the “organizer” of the acquaintance is this person: “Elena, this is my brother Konstantin, he is a geologist.” Then the girl will have the opportunity to continue the conversation, for example, asking Konstantin about the features of his profession, asking in more detail about family matters, etc.

Greetings

The rules of conduct in society also regulate the manner in which people greet each other. So, men are the first to address women with a salutatory word, and those who are younger in position and / or age - to the elders.

However, it must be borne in mind that, regardless of social status and age, a person entering the room should always be the first to greet.

When two couples meet, the girls/women are the first to greet each other, then the men greet them, and only after that the gentlemen exchange greetings among themselves.

When shaking hands, the first to give the hand is the one to whom the stranger was introduced, but at the same time, the lady is always the man, the elder is the younger, the leader is the subordinate, even if the employee is a woman. The rules of conduct adopted in society indicate: if a seated person is given a hand to shake, he must stand up. A man should take off his glove, for ladies this condition is optional.

If at a meeting one of the couple or company greeted the person they met, then the rest are encouraged to greet him as well.

Politeness and tact

The rules of conduct in modern society also require a person to be tactful and relaxed in communication, which will allow him not to be considered unpleasant and unethical in certain circles.

So, it is highly recommended not to point a finger at a person. You should not interfere in the conversation of outsiders when they discuss personal topics and are not in the mood to accept another interlocutor. Attentive and intelligent people will not belittle the dignity of others in communication, interrupt a speaking interlocutor, raise incorrect and unrecommended topics in a conversation (for example, about political views, religion, painful moments of life, etc.). When communicating with an unfamiliar person, it is especially recommended to stick to neutral topics, such as sports, hobbies and hobbies, culinary passions, travel, attitudes towards cinema and music, and others - then all participants in the conversation will have a positive impression of communication.

Do not belittle the meaning of the existing so-called magic words, namely, “sorry”, “please”, “thank you”, “goodbye”. The familiar appeal to “you” is not recommended to be used even by successful people who have successfully realized themselves in life, because this is a sign of a lack of elementary culture and education. The rules of human behavior in society are optimal models established for everyone, regardless of financial condition, social status, standard of living, etc.

Correct speech

The rules of behavior in society require a person to be able to correctly express their own thoughts, because, as you know, whoever thinks harmoniously speaks in exactly the same way.

You should speak at a moderate pace, calmly, not too loudly, because attracting too much attention to yourself by raising your tone is the wrong approach to business. The interlocutor should be captivated by his own erudition, breadth of views and knowledge of certain areas of life.

Unnecessarily complaining about your problems or “pulling out” the interlocutor for a frank conversation, when he demonstrates a clear unwillingness to share his innermost, is considered bad manners.

Mood

In addition, the norms and rules of people's behavior in society require for the period of interaction and conversation to put aside existing life difficulties, bad mood, pessimism and a negative attitude towards something. You can only say this to a very close person. Otherwise, there is a risk of being misunderstood by the interlocutor, leaving an unpleasant aftertaste from the conversation. It is also not recommended to talk about bad news, otherwise there is a great chance at a subconscious level to "attach" to your person an association with everything bad, bleak, unpleasant.

What tone should be set?

Of course, the conversation in the company is best given a light-hearted, half-joking, half-serious tone. You should not clow too much in the hope of winning the attention of others, otherwise you can forever get a reputation as a jester with narrow thinking and a look at things, which will later be difficult to get rid of.

How to behave in a cultural place, at an event or at a party?

It is considered offensive to laugh out loud, openly discuss others, stare at someone in a public place where people come to relax and unwind.

It is recommended to turn off the mobile phone in quiet places, such as cinemas, theaters, museums, speeches and lectures, etc., in advance.

When moving between rows of seated people, it is necessary to face them, and not vice versa. In this case, the man goes first, the woman behind him.

With the manifestation of feelings, such as kisses or hugs, it is better to wait and not demonstrate them in front of the public, because such open tenderness may be unpleasant for some.

At exhibitions, you should not take pictures where it is prohibited, as well as touch the exhibits.

If a person was invited to visit, he needs to take care to come as accurately as possible at the indicated hour. Being late or arriving too early means being tactless and disrespectful towards the owner of the house.

The optimal time frame for making a visit, which should not be like a snowball for the host, is considered to be from 12 noon to 20 pm. At the same time, it is impossible to stay up late when they are not asked about it, because in this way you can simply violate the plans of another person and his time schedule. An empty-handed visit, with another, uninvited, person, in a state of intoxication - all this can cause the host to no longer want to host such an unethical individual in the future.

As you can see, it is not difficult to follow the simplest social rules of behavior, the main thing is to start, and then they will become a habit and, as a result, will bring a lot of benefits!

In the course of their life, people constantly interact with each other. The diverse forms of interaction between individuals, as well as the connections that arise between different social groups (or within them), are commonly called generalrelations. A significant part of social relations is characterized by conflicting interests of their participants. The result of such contradictions are social conflicts that arise between members of society. One of the ways to harmonize the interests of people and smooth out the conflicts that arise between them and their associations is regulatory regulation, i.e. regulation of the behavior of individuals with the help of certain norms.

The word "norm" comes from lat. norma, which means "rule, pattern, standard". The norm indicates the boundaries within which an object retains its essence, remains itself. Norms can be different - natural, technical, social. Actions, deeds of people and social groups that are subjects of social relations, regulate social norms.

Social norms are understood as general rules and patterns, the behavior of people in society, due to social relations and resulting from the conscious activity of people. Social norms are formed historically, naturally. In the process of their formation, being refracted through the public consciousness, they are then fixed and reproduced in the relations and acts necessary for society. To some extent, social norms are binding on those to whom they are addressed, they have a certain procedural form of implementation and mechanisms for their implementation.

There are various classifications of social norms. The most important is the division of social norms depending on the characteristics of their emergence and implementation. On this basis, five varieties of social norms are distinguished: moral norms, customary norms, corporate norms, religious norms and legal norms.

Moral norms are rules of conduct that are derived from people's ideas about good and evil, about justice and injustice, about good and bad. The implementation of these norms is ensured by public opinion and the internal conviction of people.

The norms of customs are the rules of behavior that have become a habit as a result of their repeated repetition. The implementation of customary norms is ensured by the force of habit. The customs of moral content are called mores.

A variety of customs are traditions that express the desire of people to preserve certain ideas, values, useful forms of behavior. Another kind of customs are rituals that regulate the behavior of people in everyday, family and religious spheres.

Corporate norms are the rules of conduct established by public organizations. Their implementation is ensured by the inner conviction of the members of these organizations, as well as by the public associations themselves.

Religious norms are understood as the rules of conduct contained in various sacred books or established by the church. The implementation of this type of social norms is provided by the internal beliefs of people and the activities of the church.

Legal norms are rules of conduct established or sanctioned by the state, while church norms are rights established or sanctioned by the state, and sometimes directly by the people, the implementation of which is ensured by the authority and coercive power of the state.

Different types of social norms did not appear simultaneously, but one after another, as needed.

With the development of society, they became more and more complicated.

Scientists suggest that the first type of social norms that arose in primitive society were rituals. A ritual is a rule of conduct in which the most important thing is a strictly predetermined form of its execution. The content of the ritual itself is not so important - it is its form that matters most. Rituals accompanied many events in the life of primitive people. We know about the existence of rituals of seeing off fellow tribesmen for hunting, taking office as a leader, presenting gifts to leaders, etc. Somewhat later, rituals began to be distinguished in ritual actions. Rites were rules of conduct, consisting in the performance of certain symbolic actions. Unlike rituals, they pursued certain ideological (educational) goals and had a deeper impact on the human psyche.

The next social norms in time, which were an indicator of a new, higher stage in the development of mankind, were customs. Customs regulated almost all aspects of the life of primitive society.

Another type of social norms that arose in the era of primitiveness were religious norms. Primitive man, aware of his weakness before the forces of nature, attributed to the latter divine power. Initially, the object of religious admiration was a real-life object - a fetish. Then a person began to worship any animal or plant - a totem, seeing in the latter his ancestor and protector. Then totemism was replaced by animism (from the Latin "anima" - soul), i.e., belief in spirits, the soul, or the universal spirituality of nature. Many scientists believe that it was animism that became the basis for the emergence of modern religions: over time, among supernatural beings, people identified several special ones - gods. So the first polytheistic (pagan), and then monotheistic religions appeared.

In parallel with the emergence of norms of customs and religion, moral norms were also formed in primitive society. It is impossible to determine the time of their occurrence. We can only say that morality appears along with human society and is one of the most important social regulators.

During the emergence of the state, the first rules of law appear.

Finally, corporate norms emerge most recently.

All social norms have common features. They are rules of conduct of a general nature, that is, they are designed for repeated use, and operate continuously in time in relation to a personally indefinite circle of persons. In addition, social norms are characterized by such features as procedural and sanctioned. The procedural nature of social norms means the presence of a detailed regulated order (procedure) for their implementation. Sanctioning reflects the fact that each of the types of social norms has a certain mechanism for the implementation of their prescriptions.

Social norms define the boundaries of acceptable behavior of people in relation to the specific conditions of their life. As already mentioned above, compliance with these norms is usually ensured by the internal beliefs of people or by applying social rewards and social punishments to them in the form of so-called social sanctions.

Social sanction is usually understood as the reaction of society or a social group to the behavior of an individual in a socially significant situation. According to their content, sanctions can be positive (encouraging) and negative (punishing). There are also formal sanctions (coming from official organizations) and informal (coming from informal organizations). Social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control, rewarding members of society for the implementation of social norms or punishing for deviation from the latter, i.e. for deviance.

Deviant (deviant) is such behavior that does not meet the requirements of social norms. Sometimes such deviations can be positive and lead to positive consequences. Thus, the well-known sociologist E. Durkheim believed that deviation helps society gain a more complete picture of the diversity of social norms, leads to their improvement, promotes social change, revealing alternatives to already existing norms. However, in most cases, deviant behavior is spoken of as a negative social phenomenon that is harmful to society. Moreover, in a narrow sense, deviant behavior means such deviations that do not entail criminal punishment, are not crimes. The totality of the criminal actions of an individual has a special name in sociology - delinquent (literally - criminal) behavior.

Based on the goals and direction of deviant behavior, its destructive and asocial types are distinguished. The first type includes deviations that harm the individual himself (alcoholism, suicide, drug addiction, etc.), the second - behavior that harms people's communities (violation of the rules of conduct in public places, violation of labor discipline, etc.).

Investigating the causes of deviant behavior, social scientists drew attention to the fact that both deviant and delinquent behavior are widespread in societies undergoing a transformation of the social system. Moreover, in the conditions of the general crisis of society, such behavior can acquire a total character.

The opposite of deviant behavior is conformist behavior (from Latin conformis - similar, similar). Conformist is called social behavior that corresponds to the norms and values ​​​​accepted in society. Ultimately, the main task of normative regulation and social control is the reproduction in society of precisely the conformist type of behavior.

Student Code of Conduct

student behavior in

Municipal budgetary educational institution of the municipality of the city of Nyagan

"Secondary school No. 3".

The objectives of these Rules are to create a favorable environment for learning, safe conditions for staying at school and on its territory, fostering respect for the human person, and developing skills of cultural behavior in society.

School students behave honestly and with dignity, observe the norms of morality and ethics in relations with each other and with their elders.

Show respect for elders

help the younger ones when they need help;

handle school property, as well as your own and other people's belongings with care;

Comply with the requirements of teachers and other employees.

Students turn to teachers by name, patronymic and “You”, to unfamiliar adults - also to “You”.

Students must give way to adults; older students - skip forward younger students, boys - girls.

To clarify the attitude, students never use physical force and do not use rude expressions. The use of physical force offends the dignity of a person and is strictly prohibited at school.

leave the school and its territory during classes without the permission of the teacher or school leaders;

arbitrarily leave sports, cultural and extracurricular activities;

bring and use weapons, explosives and flammable substances, flammable liquids, pyrotechnics, gas cartridges, cigarettes, alcoholic beverages, drugs, intoxicants, as well as poisonous and toxic substances at school and on its territory;

use mobile phones during class.

climb on window sills, cabinets, room equipment, buildings;

ride on the railing, sit on the railing, push other students;

open and enter the school premises that are not intended for people to stay there;

Open electrical cabinets

Use sports and play structures in the school grounds that are not in accordance with their purpose.

2. Before school starts

Students come to school no later than 10 minutes before the start of classes, in clean clothes and in a neat appearance. Primary school students come to school no later than 10 minutes before the start of classes.

After entering the school, students take off their outerwear and shoes in the cloakroom, put on changeable shoes, put their clothes and hair in order, take their place in the classroom and prepare books, notebooks, pens and other accessories needed for the lesson for the lesson.

When the teacher enters the classroom, the students stand up. They sit down after the greeting and permission of the teacher. Students also greet any adult who enters the classroom during class. When a teacher or another adult leaves the classroom, students also stand up.

During the lesson, the teacher sets the rules of conduct in the lesson.

During the lesson, you must not be distracted yourself, distract your comrades from talking, playing games and other things that are not related to the lesson.

If a student wants to say something, ask, ask a question to the teacher or answer a question, he raises his hand and speaks only after the permission of the teacher.

The call (signal) about the end of the lesson is given to the teacher. He determines the exact time of the end of the lesson and announces to the students about its end.

If a student misses classes at school, then he must present a medical certificate or a note from the parents to the class teacher. It is not allowed to miss or be late for lessons and classes in the extended day group without good reason.

4. During breaks and after class

During breaks (changes), students are required to:

Tidy up your workplace

to leave the class;

Obey the requirements of on-duty teachers and school staff.

During recess, it is prohibited:

run up stairs, near window openings, glass showcases and in other places not suitable for games;

push each other, throw objects and use physical force;

Use obscene expressions and gestures, make noise, interfere with others, relax.

While in the cafeteria, students:

I show attention and caution when receiving and eating hot and liquid dishes;

consume food and drinks purchased in the dining room;

obey the requirements of teachers, as well as employees of the canteen;

keep a queue when getting food;

Clearing the table after eating.

5. Behavior on school grounds

The territory of the school is part of the school (school site). At the school site, students are required to:

be within its borders;

· comply with the general rules of conduct set forth in section 1 and the rules of conduct at breaks set forth in clause 4.2. of these Rules.

6. Final provisions

6.1. For violation of these Rules and the charter of the school, disciplinary and educational measures are applied to students, provided for by the charter of the school and the Rules on incentives and penalties. For gross and repeated violations of the requirements of the charter of the school and the prohibitions of these Rules, the student may be expelled from the school.

6.2. These Rules apply to all activities outside the school.

6.3. These Rules are posted at the school on the bulletin board for review.

www.86sch3-nyagan.edusite.ru

Sociology

• Norms of behavior and social control

  Any society for self-preservation establishes certain norms, rules of conduct and appropriate control over their implementation.

• There are three main forms of control:
  • insulation- excommunication from society of hardened criminals, up to the death penalty;
  • isolation- denial of contacts, incomplete isolation, for example, a colony, a mental hospital;
  • rehabilitation- preparing to return to normal life. Rehabilitation of alcoholics, drug addicts, juvenile delinquents.

Control can be formal or informal.
Informal control- this is the unofficial social pressure of others, the press. Possible punishment through criticism, ostracism; threat of physical harm.
System formal control- organizations created to protect order. We call them law enforcement. They have varying degrees of rigidity: the tax inspectorate and the tax police, the police and OMON, courts, prisons, correctional labor colonies. Any society creates norms, rules, laws. For example, biblical commandments, traffic rules, criminal law, etc.
Any society cannot function normally without a developed system norms, And rules which prescribe the fulfillment by each person of the requirements and duties necessary for society. People in almost any society are controlled primarily by socialization in such a way that they fulfill most of their social roles unconsciously, naturally, due to habits, customs, traditions and preferences.
How can you force a modern woman to take on a thankless household chore? Only by raising her, socializing her in such a way that she would want and strive to have children, a husband, her hearth and feel unhappy without them. How to force a person with free will to obey the laws and moral norms that limit his freedom? Only by cultivating, educating in him from childhood those feelings and aspirations that lead him to the desire to streamline his life and obey the laws of society. People perform most of their social roles not entirely successfully, not because they are not capable, but because they either do not accept the content of these roles or do not want to fulfill them.
But in this case it is more about the internal social control. There is also an external group social control over human behavior. Each person is included in a variety of social groups: family, educational or production team, neighborhood community, circle of friends and comrades in common hobbies, etc. A necessary condition for the inclusion of an individual in a particular social group is that a person observes certain cultural norms adopted by this group, constituting a kind of code of conduct. Depending on the importance of the violated norm, various sanctions to the offender, up to expulsion from the group.
In modern society, of course, the rules and norms established at the level of primary social groups are not enough for social control. On the scale of the whole society, a system of laws and punishments for violation of established requirements and rules of conduct is formed, group social control is applied on behalf of the whole society by state authorities. When an individual is unwilling to follow the requirements of the laws, society resorts to coercion.
The rules vary in severity, and any violation of them entails different penalties. There are norms-rules and norms-expectations. Casual sexual intercourse violates norms-expectations and is not approved by public opinion (lovelace, don Juan - social ostracism, rape - severe criminal punishment). norms-expectations governed by public opinion, morality, norms-rules- laws, law enforcement agencies. Hence the corresponding punishments. The norm-expectation can turn into the norm-rule, and vice versa.
At the same time, it should be borne in mind that a crime to a certain extent serves as an indicator of the imperfection of norms and often prepares the ground for the formation of new norms of morality and law. Thus, in sociology, deviance appears as a social phenomenon that is studied using special sociological methods.

socialworkstudio.ru

Norms of social behavior

Psychology. AND I. Dictionary-reference book / Per. from English. K. S. Tkachenko. - M.: FAIR-PRESS. Mike Cordwell. 2000 .

See what the "Norms of Public Behavior" is in other dictionaries:

Cultural norms- These are certain patterns, rules of behavior or actions. They take shape and are already established in the ordinary consciousness of society. At this level, traditional and even subconscious moments play a big role in the emergence of cultural norms. Customs and ... ... Man and Society: Culturology. Dictionary-reference

NORMS SOCIAL- historically established or established c.l. way standards of activity, observance to ryh acts for the individual and the group as a necessary condition for their subordination determined. the social whole; in N.'s system with. defined are fixed. criteria ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Public opinion psychology in criminal proceedings- The state of mass consciousness, which includes an attitude (hidden or explicit) to the events of the trial, the activities of individual participants in the trial; expresses a position of approval or condemnation for one or another legally ... ... Encyclopedia of Modern Legal Psychology

Social norm (social norms)- officially established or developed under the influence of social practice, the norm and rules of social behavior and manifestations of a person in the specific historical conditions of society. They define the prevailing or established ... ... Dictionary of terms in general and social pedagogy

Legal regulations- rules that determine the order of behavior of people living in society; in their entirety, having application in a given society, they are called the objective law of this society, in contrast to the subjective right. There are two groups of norms: ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

CODE OF CONDUCT FOR ACCOUNTANTS- CODE OF CONDUCT OF ACCOUNTANTSCode of professional conduct for accountants adopted by Amer. Society of Chartered Accountants (AODB) in 1988, consists of two parts: 1) principles that provide the basis for professional conduct; 2) rules ... Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance

Behavior imperative- (lat. - imperative) - a behavioral model that includes norms of behavior that are unconditionally observed as an internal self-order by people of the same community (ethnos, public organization, institution, country as a whole). This is a kind of norm ... ... Fundamentals of spiritual culture (teacher's encyclopedic dictionary)

Psychology of the staff of the service for ensuring the protection of public order and security of VET- In legal psychology, one of the main tasks is the development of the psychological potential of the team of employees of departments and services. The psychological potential of the team is a set of socio-psychological phenomena that determine ... ... Encyclopedia of modern legal psychology

moral standards- rules of conduct that are established in society in accordance with the moral ideas of people about good and evil, justice and injustice, duty, honor, dignity and are protected by the power of public opinion or inner conviction; ... Theory of state and law in schemes and definitions

Right- a set of generally binding rules of conduct (norms) established or sanctioned by the state, compliance with which is ensured by measures of state influence. With the help of P., the class or classes holding the state in their hands ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

psychology.academic.ru

Rules of conduct in society: what distinguishes a well-mannered person?

Unfortunately, we are not always taught this in school. But many people are interested in the rules of behavior among friends and in a society of unfamiliar people. How to make the culture of etiquette a part of your life and become a welcome member of any company?

The norms and rules of behavior in society apply to all forms of human interaction with the outside world. Educated behavior implies that a person reacts correctly to any events and does not respond with outbursts of anger to negativity.

The formation of personality begins in childhood, so most of the responsibility for education lies with the parents. It is adults who should instill in the child love for loved ones, respect for others and, of course, good manners. And you need to do this not only with words, but also with your own example.

The next stage of personal development is self-education. Persistent and purposeful movement along this path forms character, allows you to consciously develop the most valuable human qualities in yourself and learn the rules of behavior accepted in society. There should be no excuses here, because today there are all the necessary resources for self-education - a wide network of libraries, theaters, television, the Internet. The main thing is not to absorb the entire flow of information, but to learn how to select the most valuable grains of truth.

To develop a culture of behavior, focus on aesthetic self-education. It develops a sense of beauty, teaches you to correctly understand and perceive the beauty of nature and art, to enjoy communication in a positive way. But it is worth making a reservation: it is not enough just to know and apply the rules of conduct adopted in our society. Lies and pretense are unacceptable here - in the heart of a truly educated person there is only a place for natural politeness, sensitivity and tact.



Basic norms and rules of behavior in society

Kindness and attention to others are the most important rules of social behavior. But the list of good manners is quite extensive. Let's consider the main ones:

1. Think not of yourself, but of others. Surrounding people prioritize sensitivity, not selfishness.
2. Show hospitality and friendliness. If you invite guests, treat them like your closest people.
3. Be polite in communication. Always say welcome and farewell words, thank for the gifts and services rendered, not only in word, but also in deed.
4. Avoid boasting. Let others judge you by your actions.
5. Listen first, then speak. Do not interrupt the interlocutor - you will have time to express your point of view later.
6. Don't point your finger at people and don't stare piercingly. This confuses them, especially the disabled.
7. Avoid criticism and complaints. A person with good manners tries not to offend people with negative statements and does not complain about fate.
8. Remain calm in all situations. Anger not only leads to unnecessary conflicts with others, but also brings dissonance into one's own inner world.
9. Be punctual. Being late shows that you don't know how to plan your day and don't value other people's time.
10. Keep your word. An unfulfilled promise can lead to real tragedy in the life of the person you hope for.
11. Pay back your debts promptly. Failure to comply with this rule often causes not only the termination of friendship and good relationships, but also serious enmity.

In business, it’s not enough to just be a well-mannered person, but by following the rules of business etiquette, you will achieve success much faster.

Proper behavior in business society

In the business environment, as well as in social life, there is a certain etiquette. It largely repeats the basic rules of human behavior in society, but it also has its own nuances. Knowing the rules of business etiquette, you will gain recognition in the world of successful people, you will be able to quickly build a career or promote your own company to a leading market position. Of course, in business it’s not enough to just be a well-mannered person, but by following the rules of business etiquette, you will achieve success much faster.

Punctuality. One of the fundamental postulates of the business world is “time is money”. You can perfectly negotiate, charismatically present presentations, professionally manage staff, but ... "theft" of someone else's time through eternal delays negates the entire effect of positive qualities. A non-punctual person does not inspire trust and respect and is unlikely to find permanent partners among successful large companies. Correct behavior in a society of business people requires a clear planning of the working day and complete control over the course of events.

Dress code. Appearance is a visiting card of a person, which tells about his character and inner world more than any words. A provocative appearance shows a protest against the laws and foundations of society, and this is not accepted in the business world. But a strict business suit, a neat hairstyle and harmoniously selected accessories indicate that a person is ready to obey the universal rules and work in a single team.

Grammatically correct speech. Muttering under your breath or slang words will negate even the most correct appearance. If you do not have an innate gift for expressing thoughts clearly, work in this direction. Speech to the point, without unnecessary lyrical digressions, will help you find a common language with colleagues and clients and will be a good help for moving up the career ladder.

Compliance with trade secrets. In life they do not like talkers and gossips, and in the business world they do not like disloyal employees. Disclosure of company secrets can not only cause dismissal, but also cause difficulties with subsequent employment - the spy immediately falls into the unofficial "black list" of unreliable employees.

• Respect. A professional always shows courtesy to his partners, clients and colleagues. The ability to listen to other people's arguments without argument or criticism and to discuss disagreements in a constructive and positive way is an invaluable quality of a business person.
• Mutual assistance. You need to help colleagues in word and deed, especially those who have recently worked with you. In most cases, good returns to us a hundredfold.
• Responsibility. Everyone knows that work has to be done. However, many employees spend working hours chatting and doing personal things. This is a direct irresponsibility in relation to the common cause. Half the trouble if it affects only the loafers themselves. But the failure of an important project can leave the company without profit, and employees without salaries.
• Telephone etiquette. Business negotiations on the phone require a special approach, because at a distance with the interlocutor it is impossible to establish visual and emotional contact. To leave a positive opinion about yourself, do not interrupt the interlocutor, speak clearly and clearly, ask questions only on the case. Speaking of telephone etiquette within the company, then try to avoid personal calls during working hours - they distract the attention of other employees and position you as a frivolous chatty person.

It is perhaps impossible to list all the rules and norms of human behavior in society and at work. To pass for a well-mannered person, do not forget the basics of the culture of etiquette and show people the attitude that you wish yourself.

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Every day we are among people, we perform some actions in accordance with this or that situation. We have to communicate with each other, using generally accepted norms. Together, all of this is our behavior. Let's try to go deeper

Behavior as a moral category

Behavior is a complex of human actions that an individual performs over a long period of time under given conditions. These are all actions, not individual ones. Whether actions are performed consciously or unintentionally, they are subject to moral evaluation. It is worth noting that behavior can reflect both the actions of one person and the whole team. At the same time, both personal characteristics of character and the specificity of interpersonal relationships have an influence. By his behavior, a person reflects his attitude to society, to specific people, to the objects surrounding him.

The concept of a line of conduct

The concept of behavior includes the definition of a line of conduct, which implies the presence of a certain system and consistency in the repetitive actions of an individual or the characteristics of the actions of a group of people over a long period of time. Behavior is perhaps the only indicator that objectively characterizes the moral qualities and driving motives of a person.

The concept of rules of conduct, etiquette

Etiquette is a set of norms and rules that regulate the relationship of a person with others. It is an integral part of social culture (culture of behavior). It is expressed in a complex system of relationships between people. This includes concepts such as:

• polite, courteous and patronizing treatment of the fair sex;
• a sense of respect and manifestation of deep respect for the older generation;
• correct forms of everyday communication with others;
• norms and rules of dialogue;
• being at the dinner table;
• treatment of guests;
• compliance with the requirements for human clothing (dress code).

All these laws of decency embody the general ideas of human dignity, the simple requirements of convenience and ease in human relationships. In general, they coincide with the general requirements of courtesy. However, there are also strictly established ethical standards that have an unchanging character.

• Respectful treatment of students and teachers.
  • Observance of subordination in relation to subordinates to their leadership.
  • Standards of conduct in public places, during seminars and conferences.

Psychology as a science of behavior

Psychology is a science that studies the characteristics of human behavior and motives. This area of ​​knowledge studies how mental and behavioral processes proceed, specific personality traits, mechanisms that exist in the human mind and explain the deep subjective reasons for one or another of his actions. It also considers the distinctive features of a person's character, taking into account those significant factors that determine them (stereotypes, habits, inclinations, feelings, needs), which may be partly innate, and partly acquired, brought up in appropriate social conditions. Thus, the science of psychology helps us understand, as it reveals its mental nature and the moral conditions of its formation.

Behavior as a reflection of human actions

Depending on the nature of a person's actions, various ones can be defined.

• A person by his actions may try to attract the attention of others. Such behavior is called demonstrative.
• If a person assumes any obligations and fulfills them in good faith, then his behavior is called responsible.
• Behavior that determines the actions of a person aimed at the benefit of others, and for which he does not require any reward, is called helping.
• There is also internal behavior, which is characterized by the fact that a person decides for himself what to believe in, what to value.

There are others that are more complex.

• Deviant behavior. It represents a negative deviation from the norms and patterns of behavior. As a rule, it entails the application of various types of punishment to the offender.
• If a person demonstrates complete indifference to the environment, unwillingness to make decisions independently, mindlessly follows others in his actions, then his behavior is considered conformal.

Behavior characteristic

The behavior of an individual can be characterized by various categories.

• Innate behavior - as a rule, these are instincts.
• Acquired behavior is the actions performed by a person in accordance with his upbringing.
• Intentional behavior - actions carried out by a person consciously.
• Unintentional behavior is actions that occur spontaneously.
• Behavior can also be conscious or unconscious.

Code of Conduct

Close attention is paid to the norms of human behavior in society. A norm is a primitive form of requirement regarding morality. On the one hand, it is a form of relationship, and on the other hand, it is a specific form of consciousness and thinking of an individual. The norm of behavior is constantly reproducible actions of the same type of many people, obligatory for each person individually. Society needs people to act according to a certain scenario in given situations, which is designed to maintain social balance. The binding force of the norms of behavior for each individual is based on examples from society, mentors and the immediate environment. In addition, habit plays an important role, as well as collective or individual coercion. At the same time, the norms of behavior should proceed from general, abstract ideas about morality and ethics (the definition of good, evil, and so on). One of the tasks of the correct education of a person in society is to ensure that the simplest norms of behavior become an internal need of a person, acquire the form of a habit and be carried out without external and internal coercion.

Raising the next generation

One of the most crucial moments in the upbringing of the younger generation are. The purpose of such conversations should be to expand the knowledge of schoolchildren about the culture of behavior, explain to them the moral meaning of this concept, as well as educate them in the skills of correct behavior in society. First of all, the teacher should explain to the students that it is inextricably linked with the people around them, that it depends on how the teenager behaves, how easy and pleasant it will be for these people to live next to him. Teachers should also bring up positive character traits in children using the examples of books by various writers and poets. Students should also be taught the following rules:

• how to behave at school;
• how to behave on the street;
• how to behave in a company;
• how to behave in public transport;
• how to behave when visiting.

It is important to pay special attention, especially in high school, to such an issue, both in the society of classmates, as well as in the society of guys outside of school.

Public opinion as a reaction to human behavior

Public opinion is a mechanism by which society regulates the behavior of each particular individual. Any form of social discipline falls under this category, including traditions and customs, because for a society it is something like a legislative norm of behavior that the vast majority of people follow. Moreover, such traditions form public opinion, which acts as a powerful mechanism for regulating behavior and human relationships in various spheres of life. From an ethical point of view, the defining moment in regulating the behavior of an individual is not his personal discretion, but public opinion, which is based on certain generally recognized moral principles and criteria. It must be admitted that an individual has the right to independently decide how to behave in a given situation, despite the fact that the norms adopted in society, as well as collective opinion, have a tremendous influence on the formation of self-consciousness. Under the influence of approval or censure, the character of a person can change dramatically.

Assessment of human behavior

Considering the question, one should not forget about such a concept as an assessment of the behavior of an individual. This assessment consists in the approval or condemnation by society of a particular act, as well as the behavior of the individual as a whole. People can express their positive or negative attitude towards the subject being evaluated in the form of praise or blame, agreement or criticism, manifestations of sympathy or dislike, that is, through various external actions and emotions. Unlike requirements expressed in the form of norms, which in the form of general rules prescribe how a person should act in a given situation, assessment compares these requirements with those specific phenomena and events that already take place in reality, establishing their compliance or non-compliance. existing codes of conduct.

golden rule of conduct

In addition to what we all know generally accepted, there is a golden rule. It originated in ancient times, when the first essential requirements for human morality were formed. Its essence is to treat others in the way you would like to see this attitude towards yourself. Similar ideas were found in such ancient works as the teachings of Confucius, the Bible, Homer's Iliad, and so on. It is worth noting that this is one of the few beliefs that has survived to our time in almost unchanged form and has not lost its relevance. The positive moral significance of the golden rule is determined by the fact that it practically orients the individual towards the development of an important element in the mechanism of moral behavior - the ability to put oneself in the place of others and emotionally experience their condition. In modern morality, the golden rule of behavior is an elementary universal prerequisite for relationships between people, expressing a successive connection with the moral experience of the past.

Since the norms are designed to streamline social relations and coordinate the interests of people, the requirements of the norms are protected by the power of public opinion, and, if necessary, by state power coercion.

Thus, social norms - these are general rules of conduct, continuously operating over time in relation to an indefinite circle of persons and an unlimited number of cases.

Types of social norms

All existing social norms can be classified on three grounds:

1. By area of ​​regulation social relations social norms are divided into:

o law- obligatory rules of human behavior established and protected by the state;

o moral standards- rules of conduct that are established in society in accordance with the moral ideas of people about good and evil, justice and injustice, duty, honor, dignity. They are protected by the power of public opinion and (or) the inner convictions of a person;

o norms of custom- these are the rules of behavior that have developed as a result of a long repetition by people of certain actions, fixed as stable norms;

A special role in primitive society belonged to such a variety of customs as rituals. A ritual is a rule of conduct in which the most important thing is a strictly predetermined form of its execution. The content of the ritual itself is not so important - it is its form that matters most. Rituals accompanied many events in the life of primitive people. We know about the existence of rituals of seeing off fellow tribesmen for hunting, taking office as a leader, presenting gifts to leaders, etc.

Somewhat later, in ritual actions, they began to distinguish rites. Rites were rules of conduct, consisting in the performance of certain symbolic actions. Unlike rituals, they pursued certain ideological (educational) goals and had a more serious impact on the human psyche.

o norms of traditions- these are historically developed and transmitted from generation to generation generalized rules related to the maintenance of family, national and other foundations;

o political norms- these are general rules of conduct that regulate relations between classes, social groups related to the exercise of state power, the way the state is organized and operates.

o economic norms- are the rules of conduct that regulate social relations associated with the production, distribution and consumption of material goods.

o norms of public organizations(corporate norms) are the rules of conduct that regulate social relations within various public organizations between their members. These norms are established by the public organizations themselves and are protected by means of the measures provided for by the charters of these organizations.

o religious norms as a type of social norms arise in the era of primitiveness. Primitive man, aware of his weakness before the forces of nature, attributed to the latter divine power. Initially, the object of religious admiration was a real-life object - a fetish. Then a person began to worship any animal or plant - a totem, seeing in the latter his ancestor and protector. Then totemism was replaced by animism (from lat. "anima" - soul), i.e., faith in spirits, the soul, or the universal spirituality of nature. Many scientists believe that it was animism that became the basis for the emergence of modern religions: over time, among supernatural beings, people identified several special ones - gods. This is how the first polytheistic (pagan) and then monotheistic religions appeared;

2. By way of education social norms are divided into spontaneously educated (norms of rituals, traditions, morals) and norms, formed as a result of conscious people's activities(rules of law).

3. According to the method of fastening social rules of conduct are divided into written and oral. Moral norms, customs, traditions, as a rule orally are passed down from generation to generation. In contrast, legal norms acquire a binding character and state protection only after they have been written confirmation and publication in special acts (laws, resolutions, decrees, etc.).

In modern society, there are two main types of social norms (rules of conduct): socio-technical And proper social. Rules are used to regulate human behavior in its relationship with nature, technology, or in the sphere of social relations. The diversity of human activity in society leads to a variety of rules of conduct, the totality of which ensures the regulation of relations.

Social norms can develop spontaneously or be created; consolidated and expressed orally or in writing.

32. Legal status of personality: concept, structure and types.

The legal status of the individual called the system of rights, freedoms and duties of the individual, assigned to him by the state in the legislation. At its core, the legal status is a system of standards, models of people's behavior, encouraged by the state and, as a rule, approved by society.

The structure of the legal status includes citizenship, legal personality and some other elements. The ability to exercise some rights gives only the possession of a certain legal status. Allocate legal statuses: a) citizens; b) foreigners; c) stateless persons; d) persons who have been granted asylum.

In addition, distinguish general legal status of a person as a citizen of the state or a member of society: branch(determined by the norms of a particular industry); intersectoral(complex) and special legal status associated with certain legal restrictions and the implementation of liability measures.

The structure of the legal status includes legal rights, freedoms and obligations.

Constitutional rights and freedoms are a permissible part of the foundations of the legal status of an individual, enshrined in the Constitution. Rights and freedoms are only part of the constitutional and legal status of the individual (the other part is constitutional duties).

Human rights - these are the possibilities (authorities) of an individual established and guaranteed by the state in the legal norm to perform certain actions in the sphere of life of society specified in the law. A person can either use the right granted to him, realize it, or not. All rights can be divided into personal, economic, social and cultural.

human freedoms they name those areas, areas of his activity in which the state should not interfere and in which the individual can act at his own discretion in accordance with his interests and goals, without going beyond the limits established by law, of course. If human rights determine his specific actions (for example, the right to move freely, choose places of stay and residence), then freedoms secure the possibility for an individual to independently choose a variant of his behavior, without delineating its specific result.

A necessary condition for the realization of human rights and freedoms is the fulfillment of their legal obligations.

Legal obligations - These are the requirements for human behavior established and guaranteed by the state, mandatory for execution.

As elements of the legal status of the individual, the rights, freedoms and obligations of the individual are interconnected and interdependent. The rights and freedoms of one individual end where the rights and freedoms of another begin.

Types of human rights

By time of occurrence There are three so-called generations of human rights. TO first generation include civil and political rights (sometimes they are called negative, because the state does not need to take active steps to comply with them). Rights second generation include social and economic rights, the consolidation of which in the constitutions and laws of the most developed countries dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. Sometimes they are called imaginary, because in their implementation it is necessary to infringe on the rights of the first generation (for example, the right of citizens to rest restricts the freedom of entrepreneurship). To rights third generation include the rights of peoples: the right of the people to self-determination up to secession and the formation of an independent state, the right to a worthy existence and the right to the development of the people. The idea of ​​them is established in legal science and international legal practice in the second half of the 20th century, to a greater extent after the Second World War. This is primarily due to the intensification of the struggle of peoples for their independence and the collapse of the world colonial system.

According to the mode of existence and reflection distinguish natural rights that belong to a person from birth, and positive(artificial) rights established by the state.

According to the circle of subjects of law, they are divided into individual (belonging to individuals) and collective (belonging to and implemented by a group of persons existing as a community: disabled people, consumers, minors, refugees).

depending from the sphere of public relations in which the individual realizes his rights and freedoms, there are personal (civil), political, economic, social and cultural rights of a little man.

Civil (personal) rights - these are the rights that belong to man as a biosocial being. They are designed to ensure the freedom and autonomy of the individual as a member of society, to protect him from any illegal external interference in his private life.

This group of rights includes: the right to life, to freedom and personal integrity, to honor and dignity and their protection, the right to personal and family secrets, to citizenship (hence, to the protection of the state), equality before the law and court, the presumption of innocence, freedom to choose a place of residence, inviolability of home and private life, the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal and other messages, freedom of conscience and other rights (Articles 20-28 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

TOpolitical rights include rights that enable citizens to participate in the political life of the country and the exercise of state power. Political rights are recognized only for citizens of the state, since an indispensable condition for their possession is the presence of citizenship.

This group of rights includes: voting rights, i.e. the right to elect and be elected to bodies of state power and local self-government, freedom of speech, thought, conscience, peaceful assembly, creation of unions and associations, as well as the right to send personal and collective appeals ( petitions) to public authorities (Article 33 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

social rights implemented in the field of public relations. The volume and degree of realization of these rights largely depend on the state of the state economy. These are the rights to well-being and a decent standard of living: the right to social security in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children; the right to housing; the right to medical care (free of charge in state healthcare institutions); the right to protection of motherhood and childhood; the right to a healthy environment.

Cultural rights a person is ensured by the spiritual development and self-realization of the individual: the right to education, the right to participate in cultural life, access to cultural values, freedom of creativity, the right to cultural identity (use of one's native language, national customs, traditions, etc.), the right to enjoyment of the results of scientific progress and their practical application and other rights.

Economic rights relate to the sphere of material goods. This is, first of all, the right of private property, the possibility of entrepreneurial activity.

Responsibilities

All duties of Russian citizens, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, can be divided into are common And special(specific).

TO general include those duties that apply to all citizens of the country without exception, namely:

a] the obligation to comply with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation;

b] the obligation to preserve nature and the environment, to treat natural resources with care;

c] the obligation to take care of the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, to protect monuments of history, culture, nature.

Special (specific) Responsibilities are assigned to certain categories of persons:

a] for parents - the obligation to take care of the upbringing of children and ensure that children receive basic general education;

b] for able-bodied children who have reached the age of 18 - the obligation to take care of disabled parents;

c] for taxpayers - the obligation to pay legally established taxes and fees;

d] for military personnel - the duty to defend the Fatherland, etc.

Guarantees of the legal status of the individual

Guarantees of the foundations of personality status can be divided into three types:

political (determine the focus of state policy on the protection of the individual, the possibility of control of power by society);

socio-economic (the material basis of these rights, such as statutory state pensions and social benefits);

legal (proclamation of the principles of the rule of law, the presumption of innocence, the inadmissibility of repeated liability for the same offense, etc.). Article 55 specifically stipulates that the enumeration in the Constitution of fundamental rights and freedoms should not be interpreted as a denial or derogation of other universally recognized rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Citizenship

The legal status of an individual located in the territory of a particular state differs depending on whether he is a citizen of this state, a foreign citizen or a stateless person (stateless person).

citizenship called a stable legal relationship between a person and the state, expressed in the totality of their mutual rights, duties and responsibilities, based on the recognition and respect for the dignity, rights and freedoms of the individual.

The fact that an individual has the citizenship of a state is a legal prerequisite for the possibility of enjoying the rights and freedoms that this state provides to its citizens, as well as to bear the obligations established by its law.

It is necessary to distinguish between citizens and individuals residing in the territory of the country. It cannot be said that any person within the borders of the Russian Federation is its citizen, therefore the set of rights and obligations that characterize his status will differ from the status of a citizen of the Russian Federation.

Citizenship should be distinguished from citizenship, which is used to denote the legal ties between a person and the state under a monarchy (where there is an emperor, tsar, king, emir, there are also their subjects).

Citizenship principles

Equality rights and obligations of various ways of acquiring citizenship,

Unity - residence of a citizen on the territory of Russia automatically means citizenship of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, citizenship of Russia, as it were, embraces, “absorbs” legal ties with the republics in its composition, therefore, any additional registration for acquiring the status of a citizen of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is not required.

Open and free nature of citizenship makes it possible to acquire it on fairly preferential terms (for example, a child born on the territory of the Russian Federation from stateless persons becomes a Russian citizen). At the same time, the state gives the right to terminate or acquire dual citizenship.

Voluntary decision of citizenship issues. A person, on his own initiative, applies to the relevant authorities in order to acquire citizenship. On the other hand, no one can be forcibly deprived of Russian citizenship. Even the loss of territorial connection with the state due to a change of residence does not mean the loss of the legal bonds of citizenship.

Types of grounds for acquiring citizenship

Russian legislation establishes several grounds acquisition of citizenship:

1 . Confession. In connection with the collapse of the USSR, citizenship was recognized for all citizens of the former Soviet Union who permanently resided on the territory of the Russian Federation and during the year did not express a desire to dissociate themselves from their legal connection with Russia. The stamp of registration on the territory of the RSFSR in the passport meant the automatic acquisition of Russian citizenship by recognition.