Where do most Russians live abroad. Modern resettlement and the number of the Russian people

Russian people and the 2010 census

Continued (PART 2)
See the beginning: “What is the Russian people?” (PART 1)
Ending: “What have we lived for and what can we expect” (PART 3)
About 127,000,000 ethnic Russians live on Earth

About 86% of Russians live in Russia.
The remaining 14% of Russians are in various countries of the world.
Most Russians outside of Russia are in Ukraine and Kazakhstan.
The number of Russians outside the homeland has recently been declining, as well as the number of Russians in Russia.
But the history of the Great Russians began with 5-6 million people.
In view of the sparsely populated North-Western Rus', this was enough to form a powerful state with its center in the city of Moscow.
The number of the Russian people, million people:

Changes in the number of Russians in Russia and in the world over the past 100 years:

According to various researchers, in the middle of the 16th century, from 6.5 to 14.5 million people lived in the Russian state, at the end of the 16th century - from 7 to 15 million, and in the 17th century - up to 10.5-12 million. person 1 .
Of course, there are no exact data on the number of Russians for those periods.

More definitely about the demographic state of the Russian state and the Russian people are the materials of the polling censuses of the eighteenth century.
The generalization of these data was made by V.M. Kabuzan in his book "Peoples of Russia in the 18th century: Number and ethnic composition" 2 . He cites the generalized data of the per capita censuses of the population of the Russian Empire in 1719-22 and 1795-96, already recalculated taking into account not only men, but also women.
These data are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Russian population of Russia in the 18th century:

The settlement regions indicated in Table 1 correspond to the borders of the provinces of the late 18th century:

1. Moscow. Vladimir, Kaluga, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Tver provinces.


2. Voronezh, Ryazan, Tambov. Orel, Kursk, Tula provinces.


3. Arkhangelsk, Vologda provinces.


4. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Olonets provinces.


5. Smolensk province.


6. Kazan, Penza, Simbirsk provinces.


7. Saratov, Astrakhan provinces.


8. Caucasian province.


9. Vyatka, Perm provinces.


10. Orenburg province.


11. Tobolsk, Yenisei, Tomsk, Irkutsk provinces, Yakutsk region, Kamchatka administration.

From the middle of the 18th century to the 80s of the 19th century, the European steppes (Novorossnya, the Lower Volga region, the Southern Urals) became new areas of settlement for Russians, partially until the beginning of the 20th century - the taiga places of the Northern Urals, some regions of the North Caucasus; the steppe continued to be developed in the south of Siberia, and from the second half of the 19th century - Central Asia and the Far East.
Part of the Russians in the XVIII century remained in the west, where the territory of the Russian state expanded, completely absorbing the fragments of the Commonwealth - Poland, Little Russia and Belarus.
From the end of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century, these lands became part of the Russian Empire, along with Finland, Bessarabia, and part of the mouth of the Danube.
Russians also lived there among various peoples.
But their number was small.

By the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, the main territory of Russian settlement was the Central Industrial, Central Agricultural Regions and the European North, where about 90% of the inhabitants were Russians.
During the 19th century The historical-ethnic territory of the Russians has condensed both due to natural population growth and due to internal movements during the development of new spaces.
In some regions of European Russia, the number of Russians was: in the Urals - up to 70% of the total population, in the Volga region - 63%, in the North Caucasus - more than 40%. In Siberia, by this time, Russians already made up three-quarters of the population (77.6%).
Only in the Far East and in Kazakhstan the number of Russians did not exceed the number of other peoples, and from the alien peoples they were inferior to the Ukrainians.
As a result of this placement, by the beginning of the 20th century. slightly more than 50% of the Russian people remained in the areas of their old habitation. 44.6% of Russians lived in Siberia, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, the Volga region, the Caucasus and the Urals, the remaining 5.4% lived outside of Russia 3 .

Placement of the entire Russian people, its growth throughout the 19th century. had their own characteristics.
Everywhere in European Russia, except for the southern outskirts, the main reason for the increase in population was natural growth. Only in Siberia and in the south of European Russia, its numbers at that time grew to a greater extent due to the migration influx. The increase in the Russian population was especially slow in the Central Industrial Region. For all its population over 138 years (from 1719 to 1857), its average annual growth here was 0.38%. This area was the main area of ​​serfdom with the largest number of landlord peasants (in 1817 - 63.73%, in 1857 - 56.51%) 4 .
The natural increase among serfs was significantly lower than among other categories of the population.
The population of the entire Central Industrial Region within the boundaries of seven provinces (Moscow, Vladimir, Kaluga, Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod) in the first half of the 19th century, ethnically mostly Russian, was equal to 3836960 male souls (i.e. of both sexes somewhere around 8 million people).
Somewhat more than in the Central Industrial Region, the population grew in the north of the European part of Russia. In the XVIII - the first half of the XIX century. the average annual growth here was 0.50%. The population of this region, who did not know serfdom, left their marginal lands for the southern expanses that were being developed, to Siberia and the Urals.
The entire population of the North (mostly Russian) in 1857 within the boundaries of two provinces (Arkhangelsk and Vologda) numbered 556,992 male souls. Here the outflow of the population exceeded the inflow (in 1826-1842 their balance was minus 0.35) 5 .
In the northwestern provinces (Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Olonets) in the first half of the 19th century. The population increased mainly due to a slight natural annual increase (0.58%). Serfs made up about half of the population. The large influx of people to St. Petersburg had already ended by this time, but due to the increase in the number of St. Petersburg residents, a higher average annual population growth rate was observed in the region compared to the indicators for the Central Industrial Region. By 1857, 1,238,026 male souls lived in the region, of which 81.21% were peasants. Thus, about 2,300,000 Russians lived in the Northwestern region at that time 6 .

In the western Russian provinces, the population grew somewhat faster than in these regions. So, in the Smolensk province, the average annual increase in the first half of the XIX century. was 0.61%.

In other regions of European Russia in the first half of the XIX century. there was an even higher natural increase in the population, which was associated with migration heading there.
The most significant increase in the population of the European provinces was in Novorossia (Ekaterinoslav, Kherson, Tauride provinces, the Don Army and the Black Sea Troops). In terms of population growth, Novorossia was second only to the southeastern and Siberian provinces. In the first half of the XIX century. 1769044 male souls lived in the region 7 . During this period, coastal cities grew - Odessa, Kherson, Nikolaev, Rostov, which became large shopping centers. But then their population was not significant - less than 60,000 people. in everyone. In addition to Russians, Ukrainians lived in this region, and Tatars, Armenians, Greeks, and others lived in the Crimea.

Slightly lower than in Novorossia was the population growth in the Lower Volga region and Ciscaucasia (Saratov, Astrakhan provinces. Caucasian (Stavropol) region), which were also intensively settled in the first half of the 19th century.
The highest percentage of immigrants at that time was observed in the Caucasus (Stavropol) region, where there were large land reserves, the development of which was just beginning.

Quite stable growth rates of the Russian population were noted in that period in the Middle Volga region, which included the Kazan and Simbirsk provinces. Its intensive settlement took place in the 18th century. The conditions for agriculture here were more favorable than in the center of Russia. Along with the Black Earth center, the region was the main supplier of marketable bread. Together with the Russians, the Finno-Ugric and Turkic peoples (Tatars, Udmurts, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Mordvins, Maris), Germans (in the Saratov province) and the descendants of "ascribed serving foreigners" - Reiters of the 17th century lived in the region. Poles, Lithuanians, Germans, Ukrainians.
In the first half of the XIX century. Russians also settled in the Southern Urals (Orenburg and Ufa provinces). The migrations here were of decisive importance in the 18th century, although they remained quite large-scale in the 19th century. There were surpluses of fertile lands inhabited by relatively small local peoples - the Bashkirs, Tatars, etc. The increase in the population occurred both due to high natural growth and due to immigrants. And here the overwhelming majority of the inhabitants were Russians.

There was a process of settlement in the Northern Urals (Vyatka, Perm provinces), but the number of inhabitants there increased primarily due to natural growth. The Northern Urals became a mining region; in the mines and factories worked landowners and ascribed peasants belonging to the category of state. Cities grew slowly, but workers' settlements arose near the factories, which later became cities (Ekaterinburg, Chusovoy, Perm, etc.). The Russians lived next door to the Udmurts, Komi-Permyaks, and partly to the Mansi.

Increased population growth in the first half of the XIX century. Siberia was different. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. continuous Russian settlement was observed in its western regions with centers in Verkhoturye, Tyumen, Tobolsk and in the Irkutsk province. In the north of Western and Eastern Siberia, only separate centers of Russian settlement developed. At the beginning of the XIX century. (1811) the population of Siberia (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Irkutsk provinces) totaled 682,597 male souls, among them Russians accounted for 68.93%, the rest were Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Tatars, Chuvashs, Mordovians and indigenous peoples. By the middle of the XIX century. Russians still prevailed in numbers over the rest of the population of Western Siberia (74.40%) 8 . In the regions of Eastern Siberia, Russians at the beginning of the 19th century. accounted for a smaller proportion, especially in the northeast: in Yakutia it was only a fifth of the population 9 . From the beginning of the XVIII to the middle of the XIX century. the population of Siberia increased from 241,000 to 1,356,000 souls (male), and the average annual increase was 1.25%. In 1811-1815. Siberia in terms of population growth came out on top in the state (6.26% per year, and in Russia as a whole - 0.79%). From the beginning of the 19th century, state regulation of migrations to Siberia was undertaken. From government resettlements from the end of the 18th to the first third of the 19th century. a large proportion was exile, for 1816-1834. 120,000 exiles arrived here, stationed in the south of Tomsk, Yenisei, Tobolsk, Irkutsk provinces and in Verkhne-Udinsky district. There were few women among them, which reduced the natural population growth, but on the whole it gave 3/4 of the total increase 10 .

Since the beginning of the XIX century. the steppes of northern Kazakhstan began to be populated. In 1858, 217,000 settlers came there. The population of the Siberian and Kazakh steppes by that time numbered 3 million people, in 1867 - 6,000,000, the non-Russian population of Siberia - 685,000 people, in Kazakhstan - 1,582,000 11 .

Thus, in the first half of the XIX century. Russians have mastered significant areas in the European and Asian parts of Russia, which expanded their ethnic territory. The number of people grew both in the old-populated areas and in the new lands, where this process was facilitated by an increased influx of Russian settlers from the main areas of its deployment. In the second half of the XIX century. the development of new territories continued in the south of the European part, in Central Asia, Siberia and the Far East. By the end of the XIX century. compared with 1858, the total population of Russia increased from 67800000 to 116000000 people, and by 1914 - up to 163000000 Russians, according to the 1897 census, amounted to 55400309 people, or 47.66% of the total population of the state. Most of them were in European Russia - 48063116 people. Together with Ukrainians and Byelorussians, they made up 71% of the population 12, and they included not only Russians by origin, but also those who considered Russian to be their native language. The 1897 census divided the population not by ethnicity, but by mother tongue. By the way, the second largest ethnic group after the Eastern Slavs in the Russian Empire were Western Slavs - Poles. Hence the reason for the growth of Pan-Slavism. In general, in Russia, according to the 1897 census, 47% of its inhabitants called Russian their native language, Ukrainian - 19%, Belarusian - 5%, other languages ​​- less than 5%. Together with Ukrainians and Belarusians, Russians made up 71% of Russia's population. In terms of its class composition, it looked like this: peasants of all ranks (including Cossacks) - 80%, urban estates - 10%, others - 5%.

The growth rate of the Russian people in the Soviet period somewhat decreased, but continued to remain high. The Russian people during the Soviet era, despite wars and repressions, grew by more than two-thirds: from 86,000,000 people. in 1914 to 145,000,000 in 1989. The first disappointing results of the imperialist and civil wars were reflected in the population census of 1926. The population that ended up on the territory of the Soviet Republic (RSFSR within the borders of 1926) for 1914-1926 increased from 94300000 people to 100858000 people (of which there were 48160700 men and 52697300 women - judging by the distortion of the proportion between the sexes in Russia, about 3000000 men died at that time. It is known that Russian military losses in the First World War amounted to 2300000 people. This means that the losses during the civil war were less significant than we think, or the women fought and more of them died than men).

The Great Patriotic War also caused significant damage to the population of Russia. According to rough estimates, in the period from 06/22/1941 to 05/09/1945, the Soviet Union lost killed and died from wounds, hunger and disease in the zones of military operations of the German Wehrmacht and its allies:

• more than 1.3 million children aged 0-4;


• about 1.3 million children aged 5-9;


• more than 300 thousand children aged 10-14;


• more than 1.4 million teenagers, boys and girls aged 15-19;


• more than 900 thousand women and about 3.5 million men aged 20-24;


• over 1.8 million women and over 5,700,000 men aged 25-34;


• about 6 million older women and men.

The losses of the Russian people in the Great Patriotic War were the most significant. According to the research cited in the book “Russia and the USSR in the Wars of the 20th Century. Losses of the armed forces. Statistical Research”, published under the general editorship of the candidate of military sciences, professor of AVN, Colonel-General G. F. Krivosheev, the irretrievable losses of servicemen of Russian nationality in the Great Patriotic War amounted to 5,750,000 people 13 .

Also, losses from the liberal-democratic reforms of the 90s are also calculated in millions. Even before the crisis in 2007, Rosstat published data on the natural decline in Russia's population since 1992. Then it was indicated that there was a reduction in the population, primarily Russian. During this period, a loss of 12,400,000 people was indicated. And according to the U. S. Census Bureau, International Data Base for the period 1992 - 2008. the natural decline in the population of Russia amounted to 13,300,000 people. This is more than, for example, the population of Belgium, Hungary, Greece, Sweden or Switzerland. True, the resettlement of 5,700,000 compatriots from neighboring countries to Russia partially compensated for this population decline.

1 Upper data - Kopanev A.I. "The population of the Russian state in the XVI century.", 1959. Pp. 233-235, 254; lower data - Vodarsky Ya.E., "Population of Russia for 400 years (XVI - early XX centuries)", M., 1973, Pp. 27. Vodarsky's calculations are more reasoned and seem more realistic.
2 Kabuzan V.M. "Peoples of Russia in the 18th century: Numbers and ethnic composition". M., 1990. Pp. 84-86, 225-230.
3 Ethnography of the Eastern Slavs. Page 12:56-57.
4 Kabuzan V.M. "Changes in the distribution of the population of Russia in the first half of the 19th century", M., 1971. Pp. 16; Kabuzan V.M., Troitsky S.M., “The size and composition of the population of Siberia in the first half of the 19th century. in the book: Russian population of Pomorie and Siberia”, M. 1973. Pp. 162.
5 Kabuzan V.M. "Changes in the distribution of the population of Russia in the first half of the 19th century", M., 1971. Pp. 18.43, 167-169; BES. T. 54. P. 106-115.
6 Kabuzan V.M., 1971. Pp. 18, 43,164-169; Vodarsky Ya.E., 1973. Pp. 90.
7 Kabuzan V.M., 1971. Pp. 28-30, 43-46, 175; Kabuzan V.M., Troitsky S. M. Str. 162
8 Kabuzan V.M., 1971, P. 99-102, 111-114, 123-126; Kabuzan V.M., 1979. Pp. 38
9 Aleksandrov V.A., 1973. Pp. 55; Gurvich. Page 192.
10 Kabuzan V.M., 1971. Pp. 33-34, 43-48, 52-55.
11 Vodarsky Ya.E., 1973. Pp. 100-101, 152.
12 AAN. F. 135. Op. 2. D. 390. l. 1

The status of one of the world (global) languages ​​has long been deserved by Russian. Now about 300 million people on the planet speak it, which automatically puts the Russian language in the honorable fifth place in terms of prevalence. More than half (160 million) of respondents consider this language to be their mother tongue. Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian was the official language of communication for all nationalities. Now he is a worker in the CIS and one of the six official ones - in the UN.

Number and territorial distribution of Russian speakers

Before the revolution in Russia, 150 million citizens spoke Russian. By 2000, their number had grown to 350 million. The number of Russian speakers who considered this language as their mother tongue was approximately 280 million. Slightly more than 70 million citizens knew it well and used it in everyday life. For 114 million Russian was the second language. Basically, they were residents of the Union republics.

Now there are many Russian speakers in Ukraine, Georgia and other countries that were once part of the Union. Native speakers live in Germany, the Balkans, Asia, Israel. A huge Russian diaspora exists in the US and Canada. Now Russian is in 2nd place after English in terms of prevalence in the global Internet.

Unfortunately, the growth trends in the number of Russian-speaking users do not inspire much hope. The states that separated from the USSR are doing their best to revive their national cultures. By 2005, the number of Russian-speaking citizens living in the former Soviet Union had dropped from 350 million to 278 million. In 2006, only 140 million people recognized it as their native language. Basically, these are citizens of the Russian Federation.

HOW MANY RUSSIANS LIVE IN RUSSIA AND ON THE EARTH?

I will give an analysis (not mine, but also good!) with an underestimate of the number of Russians in the world

Here only the ethnic composition is taken - purely Russian

and we will talk about Russian-speaking people another time (there are more than 220,000,000 of them in the world)

About 127,000,000 ethnic Russians live on Earth.

About 86% of Russians live in Russia.

The remaining 14% of Russians are in various countries of the world.

Most Russians outside of Russia are in Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

The number of Russians outside the homeland has been rapidly declining lately, as well as the number of Russians in Russia.

Although such a picture of a Russian family would be more honest - with one (maximum two) children ...

According to various researchers, in the middle of the 16th century, from 6.5 to 14.5 million people lived in the Russian state, at the end of the 16th century - from 7 to 15 million, and in the 17th century - up to 10.5-12 million. Human.

Of course, there are no exact data on the number of Russians for those periods.

From the middle of the 18th century to the 80s of the 19th century, the European steppes (Novorossnya, the Lower Volga region, the Southern Urals) became new areas of settlement for Russians, partially until the beginning of the 20th century - the taiga places of the Northern Urals, some regions of the North Caucasus; the steppe continued to be developed in the south of Siberia, and from the second half of the 19th century - Central Asia and the Far East.

Part of the Russians in the XVIII century remained in the west, where the territory of the Russian state expanded, completely absorbing the fragments of the Commonwealth - Poland, Little Russia and Belarus.

From the end of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century, these lands became part of the Russian Empire, along with Finland, Bessarabia, and part of the mouth of the Danube.

Russians also lived there among various peoples.

But their number was small.

By the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, the main territory of Russian settlement was the Central Industrial, Central Agricultural Regions and the European North, where about 90% of the inhabitants were Russians.

In some regions of European Russia, the number of Russians was: in the Urals - up to 70% of the total population, in the Volga region - 63%, in the North Caucasus - more than 40%. In Siberia, by this time, Russians already made up three-quarters of the population (77.6%).

Only in the Far East and in Kazakhstan the number of Russians did not exceed the number of other peoples, and from the alien peoples they were inferior to the Ukrainians.

Everywhere in European Russia, except for the southern outskirts, the main reason for the increase in population was natural growth.

The natural increase among serfs was significantly lower than among other categories of the population.

Serfs made up about half of the population (but the very concept of serfs was very vague - in Siberia and beyond the Urals there were none at all. From the word at all!). The exception is Stroganov's "urochniks".

The most significant increase in the population of the European provinces was in Novorossia (Ekaterinoslav, Kherson, Tauride provinces, the Don Army and the Black Sea Troops). In terms of population growth, Novorossia was second only to the southeastern and Siberian provinces.

Quite stable growth rates of the Russian population were noted in that period in the Middle Volga region, which included the Kazan and Simbirsk provinces. Its intensive settlement took place in the 18th century. The conditions for agriculture here were more favorable than in the center of Russia. Along with the Black Earth center, the region was the main supplier of marketable bread. Together with the Russians, Finno-Ugric and Turkic peoples (Tatars, Udmurts, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Mordovians, Maris), Germans (in the Saratov province) and the descendants of "ascribed serving foreigners" - Reiters of the 17th century lived in the region.

Increased population growth in the first half of the XIX century. Siberia was different, At the end of the XVIII - beginning of the XIX century. continuous Russian settlement was observed in its western regions with centers in Verkhoturye, Tyumen, Tobolsk and in the Irkutsk province. In the north of Western and Eastern Siberia, only separate centers of Russian settlement developed. At the beginning of the XIX century. (1811) the population of Siberia (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Irkutsk provinces) numbered 682,597 male souls, among them Russians accounted for 68.93%

By the way, the second largest ethnic group after the Eastern Slavs in the Russian Empire were Western Slavs - Poles. Hence the reason for the growth of Pan-Slavism. In general, in Russia, according to the 1897 census, 47% of its inhabitants called Russian their native language, Ukrainian - 19%, Belarusian - 5%, other languages ​​- less than 5%. Together with Ukrainians and Belarusians, Russians made up 71% of Russia's population.

In terms of its class composition, it looked like this: peasants of all categories (including Cossacks) - 80%, urban estates - 15%, others - 5%.

Soviet period.

The growth rate of the Russian people in the Soviet period somewhat decreased, but continued to remain high. The Russian people during the Soviet era, despite wars and repressions, grew by more than two-thirds: from 86,000,000 people. in 1914 to 145,000,000 in 1989.

And as a result, the so-called. Liberal democratic reforms of the 90s.

The losses from the liberal-democratic reforms of the 90s are also calculated in millions. Back in 2007, Rosstat published data on the natural decline in the population of Russia since 1992. Then it was indicated that there was a reduction in the population, primarily Russian.

During this period, a loss of 12,400,000 people was indicated.

And according to the U. S. Census Bureau, International Data Base for the period 1992 - 2008. the natural decline in the population of Russia amounted to 13,300,000 people.

This is more than, for example, the population of Belgium, Hungary, Greece, Sweden or Switzerland. True, the resettlement of 5,700,000 compatriots from neighboring countries to Russia partially compensated for this population decline. But the situation is catastrophic.

According to various estimates, the Russian-speaking diaspora in the world numbers from 25 to 30 million people. But it is extremely difficult to accurately calculate the number of Russians living in various countries, since the very definition of “Russian” is unclear.

When we talk about the Russian diaspora, we involuntarily return to the rhetorical question - who should be considered Russians: are they exclusively Russians, or are citizens of the former republics of the USSR joining them, or do they also include descendants of immigrants from the Russian Empire?

If only immigrants from the Russian Federation are counted as Russians abroad, then no less questions will arise, since representatives of numerous nationalities living in Russia will fall into their number.

Using the term "Russian" as an ethnonym, we are faced with the problem of national identity, on the one hand, and integration and assimilation, on the other hand. For example, today's descendant of immigrants from the Russian Empire living in France may feel Russian, and born in a family of immigrants in the 1980s, on the contrary, will call himself a full-fledged Frenchman.

Given the vagueness of the term "Russian diaspora" and the not yet well-established concept of "Russian diaspora", another phrase is often used - "Russian-speaking diaspora", which includes those for whom the Russian language is a unifying principle. However, this is not without controversy. For example, according to 2008 data, about 3 million US residents declared their Russian origin, but only 706,000 Americans speak Russian as their native language.

Germany

The Russian-speaking diaspora in Germany is considered the largest in Europe. Taking into account various data, on average it is 3.7 million people, most of which are Russian Germans. In families that arrived in Germany 15-20 years ago, Russian is still the native language, although some of the immigrants use a mixture of Russian and German, and only a few are fluent in German. It is curious that there are cases when settlers who have already begun to use the German language, again return to the more familiar Russian speech.
Now, in every major city in Germany, Russian shops, restaurants, travel agencies are open, there are even Russian-speaking law firms and medical institutions. The largest Russian communities are concentrated in Berlin, Hamburg, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Frankfurt am Main. However, the largest concentration of the Russian-speaking population is in Baden-Württemberg.

Argentina

The largest Russian diaspora in South America is located in Argentina. According to unofficial data, its number reaches 300 thousand people, of which about 100 thousand speak Russian to one degree or another.
Historians count 5 waves of emigration from Russia to Argentina. If the first was "Jewish", the second - "German", then the last three are called "Russian". The waves of "Russian emigration" coincided with the turning points in the history of Russia - the revolution of 1905, the civil war and perestroika.
At the beginning of the 20th century, many Cossacks and Old Believers left Russia for Argentina. Their compact settlements still exist. A large colony of Old Believers is located in Choele-Choele. Preserving the traditional way of life, Old Believer families still have an average of 8 children. The largest colony of Cossacks is located in the suburbs of Buenos Aires - Schwarzbald and consists of two settlements.
Russian Argentines carefully preserve the cultural connection with their historical homeland. Thus, the Institute of Russian Culture operates in the capital. There are also radio stations in Argentina that broadcast exclusively Russian music - Rachmaninoff, Tchaikovsky, Prokofiev.

USA

According to experts, Russian is the seventh most widely spoken language in the United States. The Russian-speaking population grew unevenly in the country: the last and most powerful wave of emigration to the United States swept the republics of the USSR at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s. If in 1990 the American authorities numbered about 750 thousand Russians, today their number exceeds 3 million people. Since 1990, a quota has been introduced for citizens of the USSR - no more than 60 thousand immigrants a year.
It should be noted that in the USA it is customary to call “Russians” all those who came here from the CIS countries and have different ethnic roots - Russian, Ukrainian, Jewish, Kazakh. Here, as nowhere else, the duality of the situation is manifested, when ethnic identification and native language do not mean the same thing.
Numerous Russian-speaking diaspora is located in Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Houston. But still, most immigrants prefer to settle in New York, where to a large extent the connection with Russian history, tradition and culture has been preserved.

Israel

It is not known how many representatives of the Russian-speaking diaspora would be in Israel now, if at the turn of the 1980-90s the US government had not convinced the Israeli authorities to accept the main flow of immigrants from the USSR. The Soviet leadership also contributed to this process by facilitating the repatriation of Jews to Israel.
In the first two years, about 200 thousand immigrants from the USSR arrived in Israel, but by the beginning of the 21st century, the number of emigrants from Russia had decreased to 20 thousand people a year.
Today, the Russian-speaking diaspora in Israel numbers about 1.1 million people - approximately 15% of the country's population. This is the second national minority after the Arabs. The diaspora is predominantly represented by Jews - there are no more than 70 thousand ethnic Russians in it.

Latvia

Latvia can be called a country where Russians are the most per capita - 620 thousand people, which is approximately 35% of the total number of inhabitants of the country. The Russian-speaking diaspora in Latvia is also called the “diaspora of cataclysms”, since Russians remained here after the collapse of the USSR.
It is interesting that the inhabitants of the ancient Russian lands settled on the territory of modern Latvia as early as the 10th-12th centuries, and in 1212 the Russian Compound was founded here. Later, Old Believers actively moved to the country, fleeing persecution.
After the collapse of the USSR, about 47 thousand Russian-speaking people left Latvia, although the situation stabilized very quickly. According to the sociological center Latvijas fakti, 94.4% of the country's inhabitants now speak Russian.
Most of the Russian-speaking population of Latvia is concentrated in large cities. For example, in Riga, almost half of the residents identify themselves as members of the Russian diaspora. In fact, all big business in Latvia is controlled by Russians, it is not surprising that there are six Russians in the top ten of the richest people in Latvia.

Kazakhstan

Russians in Kazakhstan are mostly descendants of exiled people of the 19th - first half of the 20th century. The active growth of the Russian population of Kazakhstan began during the period of Stolypin's reforms. By 1926, Russians in the Kazak ASSR accounted for 19.7% of the total population.
Interestingly, at the time of the collapse of the USSR, there were about 6 million Russians and other Europeans in Kazakhstan - this is more than half of the country's inhabitants. However, up to the present time there has been a constant outflow of the Russian-speaking population. According to official statistics, 84.4% of the population in the country speak Russian, but about 26% consider themselves Russian - approximately 4 million people, which is the largest Russian-speaking diaspora in the world.