State bodies of social. The system of social protection of the population

The most important component of the social protection of the population is the institution of social work bodies. The purpose of their activities is to pursue a state policy aimed at establishing stable and orderly links between various levels of the organizational system, designed to form social relations in society, provide citizens with potential life benefits to meet their needs, and develop economic independence in management.

The objects of management in the system of social protection of the population are institutions and organizations, labor and educational teams of this system, as well as relations between people. The subjects of management are bodies directly involved in the problems of social assistance to the population (ministries, committees, departments, administrations, departments of social protection of the population, labor collectives). The main function of bodies, institutions of social protection of the population is to improve the activities of its various structural elements, regulated by certain norms and controlled by social institutions to ensure the achievement of goals.

Main levels of social work bodies:

Federal level (republic);

Labor collective;

Non-state (charitable) public organizations.

An important role in the system of social protection of the population is played by trade unions, administration and various forms of self-government in labor collectives.

The main functions of the bodies of social protection of the population at the federal level:

1. organization of pension services and provision of benefits;

2. social service;

3. medical and social expertise;

4. rehabilitation of the disabled and the provision of prosthetic and orthopedic care;

5. social assistance to families and children;

6. preparation of legislation on social protection of the population;

7. foreign economic and international cooperation;

8. development of provisions on the basics of social policy;

9. analysis and forecast of the standard of living of various categories of the population;

11. development of social standards, etc. The functions of social protection authorities at the regional (local) level are regulated by higher authorities with a certain independence and include:

1. ensuring and solving production and economic problems;

2. planned and financial and economic activities;

3. creation of various social assistance funds;

4. solution of economic problems, etc.;

Functions of the labor collective:

a) production and economic;

b) political;

c) managerial;

d) social;

e) educational;

Forms of social protection are “reflection in collective agreements of additional measures of social protection, support (payments, benefits, in-kind assistance, etc.) for employees and their families, as well as pensioners at the expense of the relevant funds of enterprises” .

The social functions of the labor collective are:

1. improvement of the material and cultural conditions of people's lives;

2. development of the social structure of the team;

3. improving relations within the team;

4. improvement of social security, health care;

5. organization of assistance in family life, leisure activities;

6. observance of the principle of social justice.

Certain functions are performed by various charitable organizations and funds for social assistance to the population:

a) social and medical assistance to the lonely, the elderly, the infirm;

b) social rehabilitation of the disabled;

c) legal assistance to socially needy categories of the population, etc. Social Encyclopedia / Ed. count A.P. Gorkin, G.N. Karelova, E.D., Katulsky and others - M: Bolyi. Ros. Ents-ya, 2000. p. 255.

The system of social security and social insurance in the Russian Federation

In modern conditions, social protection is becoming the most important function of society, all its state bodies and social institutions. There are also forms of social protection and a private nature - pensions, health insurance, social services. This indicates that in our country there is a multistructural organizational structure of the system of social protection of the population.

The leading forms of social protection of the population at present are pensions, social benefits, benefits for especially needy categories of the population, state social insurance, and social services. Let's consider them in more detail.

Pension provision is a state regular cash payment, a pension, which is paid in accordance with the established procedure to certain categories of persons from social funds and other sources intended for these purposes.

Pensions are paid upon reaching a certain age, onset of disability, death of the breadwinner, long-term performance of a certain professional activity - length of service.

The main types of pensions are labor and social. Labor pensions include old-age pensions, disability pensions, survivors' pensions, and superannuation pensions. If citizens for some reason do not have the right to an ore pension, a social pension is established for them.

Women are entitled to a pension on a general basis upon reaching 55 years of age with a total length of service of at least 20 years, and men upon reaching 60 years of age with a length of service of at least 25 years.

Financing the payment of pensions is carried out by the pension fund of the Russian Federation at the expense of insurance premiums of employers and citizens, as well as at the expense of the federal budget of Russia. All pensions are indexed in accordance with the established procedure in connection with the increase in the cost of living. With an increase in the minimum size of pensions, all pensions increase in proportion to the increase in their minimum size. Social protection of the population: experience of organizational and administrative work / Ed. V.V. Kukushina. - Ed. 4th, revised. and additional - Moscow: ICC "Mart", Rostov-on-Don: Publishing Center "Mart", 2004.- p. 371.

Another form of social protection of the population is the provision of social benefits, benefits for especially needy categories of citizens.

In modern conditions, the number of social payments and benefits is over 1000, they are established for more than 200 categories of citizens, the number of persons applying for them reaches almost 10 million people. With the help of social benefits and benefits, the implementation of social guarantees for citizens is ensured, individual situations and the presence of such circumstances as poverty, orphanhood, unprotected motherhood, unemployment, prolonged illness, etc. are taken into account more fully.

Compulsory state social insurance is a means of compensating for social risk and a means of social redistribution, taking into account the principle of social justice. This is one of the types of state material support for the population in the event of disability due to illness and in other cases provided for by law.

State social insurance is carried out at the expense of special funds formed from special contributions from employers and employees, as well as subsidies from the federal budget for the material support of employees and their families.

Provision for state social insurance is divided into cash payments, material benefits and services. In modern conditions, the need to reform the entire system of state social insurance, more complete use of the principles tested in various countries of the world has become obvious: guaranteed assistance to the insured and the mandatory nature of conditions and norms; payment; solidarity; automation of financing based on the accumulation of insurance premiums; strictly targeted nature of funds and their repayment; definition of the insurance space in combination with the differentiation of various types of insurance, etc. Improving social insurance provides for:

Exemption of state social non-budgetary funds from payments unusual for them, separation of insurance payments from taxes;

The introduction of differentiated amounts of insurance premiums for state social insurance, depending on the degree of danger, harmfulness, severity of work and the state of working conditions;

Strengthening the personal participation of citizens in the financing and management of the social insurance system;

Development of voluntary forms of social insurance at the expense of citizens and incomes of enterprises.

This will make it possible to turn social insurance into the most important reliable component of the system of social protection of the population.

Social service is a wide range of socio-economic, medical-social, psychological-pedagogical, social-legal, social-domestic and other social services and material assistance, adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation. Kholostova E.I. Social work: Proc. allowance. - 2nd ed. - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2005. p. 375.

Social protection of the population- this is one of the most important directions of the social policy of the state, which consists in establishing and maintaining the socially necessary material and social position of all members of society.

Sometimes social protection is interpreted more narrowly: as providing a certain level of income for those segments of the population who, for whatever reason, cannot independently provide for their existence: the unemployed, the disabled, the sick, orphans, the elderly, single mothers, families with many children. Basic principles of social protection:

• humanity;
• targeting;
• complexity;
• ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual.

The system of social protection of the population and its structure

Social security system is a set of legislative acts, measures, as well as organizations that ensure the implementation of social protection measures for the population, support for socially vulnerable segments of the population.

It includes:

1. Social Security originated in Russia in the 1920s. and meant the creation of a state system of material support and services for the elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children at the expense of the so-called public consumption funds. This category is essentially identical to the category of social protection, but the latter applies to a market economy.

In addition to pensions (for old age, disability, etc.), social security included benefits for temporary disability and childbirth, for caring for a child under the age of one, assistance to families in the maintenance and upbringing of children (free or on preferential terms, nurseries, kindergartens, boarding schools , pioneer camps, etc.), family allowances, maintenance of the disabled in special organizations (nursing homes, etc.), free or concessional prosthetic care, provision of vehicles for the disabled, vocational training for the disabled, and various benefits for the families of the disabled. During the transition to the market, the social security system largely ceased to fulfill its functions, but some of its elements entered the modern system of social protection of the population.

2. - the provision of social benefits and services to citizens without taking into account the labor contribution and means test based on the principle of distributing these benefits according to the needs of the available public resources. In our country, social guarantees include:

• guaranteed free medical care;
• general accessibility and free education;
• the minimum wage;
• the minimum amount of pensions, scholarships;
• social pensions (disabled since childhood; disabled children; disabled people without work experience; children who have lost one or both parents; persons over 65 (men) and 60 (women) years who do not have work experience);
• allowances at the birth of a child, for the period of caring for a child until he reaches the age of 1.5 years, up to 16 years;
• ritual allowance for burial and some others.

Since January 1, 2002, the amount of benefits related to the birth of a child has been increased. Thus, the amount of a one-time allowance for the birth of a child increased from 1.5 thousand rubles to 4.5 thousand rubles and in 2006 - up to 8000 rubles, the monthly allowance for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years from 200 up to 500 rubles, and in 2006 - up to 700 rubles. This allowance provided 25% of the living wage for an able-bodied person. The amount of the monthly allowance for a child under 16 years of age has not been revised and amounts to 70 rubles. Its ratio with the subsistence minimum for a child was 3.0% in 2004. In Moscow and some other regions, this allowance in 2006 increased to 150 rubles.

A variety of social guarantees are social benefits. They represent a system of public guarantees provided to certain groups of the population (disabled people, war veterans, labor veterans, etc.). In 2005, benefits in kind were replaced by monetary compensations for these categories of the population. Since January 1, 2005, the preferential category of citizens has the right to use the social package and the right to receive monthly cash payments. The cost of the social package is set at 450 rubles. It includes travel in suburban transport, free drug provision, sanatorium treatment and travel to the place of sanatorium treatment. The law provides that from January 2006 beneficiaries will be able to choose between a social package and receiving the appropriate amount of money.

From January 1, 2006, monthly cash payments in accordance with the law were established in the following amounts: invalids of the Great Patriotic War - 2000 rubles; participants of the Second World War - 1500 rubles; combat veterans and a number of other categories of beneficiaries - 1,100 rubles.

Persons who worked during the Second World War at air defense facilities, the construction of fortifications, naval bases, airfields and other military facilities, family members of those who died or died war invalids, participants in the Great Patriotic War and combat veterans, will receive 600 rubles a month.

Disabled persons with a third degree of restriction of labor activity are paid 1,400 rubles a month; second degree - 1000 rubles; first degree - 800 rubles; disabled children will be paid 1000 rubles. Disabled people who do not have a degree of restriction on labor activity, with the exception of disabled children, receive 500 rubles a month.

Social insurance— protection of the economically active population from social risks on the basis of collective solidarity in compensation for damage. The main social risks associated with the loss of ability to work, work and, accordingly, income, are illness, old age, unemployment, motherhood, accident, work injury, occupational disease, death of the breadwinner. The social insurance system is financed from special extra-budgetary funds formed at the expense of contributions from employers and employees, as well as state subsidies. There are two forms of social insurance - compulsory (supported by the state of its funds) and voluntary (in the absence of state assistance). Citizens are supported primarily through cash payments (pensions and benefits for sickness, old age, unemployment, loss of a breadwinner, etc.), as well as through financing of health services, vocational training, etc. related to the restoration of working capacity.

Social support(assistance) is provided to socially vulnerable groups of the population who, for one reason or another, are unable to secure an income for themselves. Assistance is provided through both cash and in-kind payments (free meals, clothing) and is funded by general tax revenues. Means testing is usually required to receive social assistance. Assistance is provided to those people whose incomes are below the minimum living standards, and is an essential element of the anti-poverty policy, ensuring a minimum guaranteed income, as a realization of the right to life.

Social support is not limited to material assistance. It also includes measures in the form of assistance and services provided to individuals or groups of the population by social services to overcome life's difficulties, maintain social status, and adapt in society.

The activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, medical, pedagogical, legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations has formed into a separate branch of the social sphere - social services.

The system of social service institutions in Russia is developing at a very rapid pace. During the period 1998-2004, the total number of social service institutions increased by one third. At the same time, the number of institutions for the elderly and the disabled increased by more than 1.5 times compared with 1985, and by 18% compared with 1998. Number of centers for social assistance to families and children in 1998-2004 increased by 2 times, social rehabilitation centers - by 2.5 times. There are 25 rehabilitation centers for young people with disabilities, 17 geriatric centers. New types of social service institutions have appeared: crisis centers for women, so far the only crisis center for men, crisis departments for girls.

Work aimed at helping, supporting and protecting people, and, above all, socially weak sections of society, is called social work.

The object of social work are people in need of outside help: the elderly, pensioners, the disabled, the seriously ill, children; people who got into
I wish for a life situation: the unemployed, drug addicts, teenagers who have fallen into bad company, single-parent families, convicts and those who have served their sentences, refugees and migrants, etc.

Subjects of social work- those organizations and people who carry out this work. This is the state as a whole, carrying out social policy through state bodies of social protection. These are public organizations: the Russian Association of Social Services, the Association of Social Educators and Social Workers, etc. These are charitable organizations and charity societies such as the Red Cross and Red Crescent.

The main subject of social work are people engaged in it professionally or on a voluntary basis. There are about half a million professional social workers (that is, people with the appropriate education and diploma) all over the world (in Russia there are several tens of thousands). The main part of social work is performed by non-professionals, either as a result of circumstances or because of convictions and a sense of duty.

Society is interested in increasing effectiveness of social work. However, it is difficult to define and measure it. Efficiency is understood as the ratio of the results of activities and the costs necessary to achieve this result. Efficiency in the social sphere is a complex category that consists of the goals, results, costs and conditions of social activity. The result is the final result of any activity in relation to its purpose. It can be positive or negative. In social work, the result is the satisfaction of the needs of its objects, clients of social services, and on this basis the general improvement of the social situation in society. The criteria for the effectiveness of social work at the macro level can be indicators of the financial situation of the family (person), life expectancy, the level and structure of morbidity, homelessness, drug addiction, crime, etc.

The problem of the limits of social assistance to citizens is closely related to the criterion of effectiveness. As in the implementation of the income policy, it is necessary to take into account the possible negative consequences of massive social support: the appearance of dependency, passivity, unwillingness to make decisions and solve one's own problems. There may be negative developments in the social sphere (for example, active support for single mothers may result in a decrease in the marriage rate and, ultimately, the birth rate).

Introduction

1.1 Treasury chambers

1.2 Shelters for the poor, sick, lepers

Conclusion

Introduction

In modern works, little attention is paid to the history of the formation and development of the bodies of social protection of the population in Russia, and, as a rule, they are of an "article" nature. There may be a prejudice that the bodies of social protection of the population appeared only with the establishment of this specialty. So in publications there is a statement that the end of 1990 should be considered the initial milestone in its history, when the president of the International Association of Social Workers visited Russia.

But it is impossible to agree with these, because. The history of the emergence of elements of social protection has its roots in ancient times. The intellectual development of civilization, one way or another, was accompanied by the development of socio-economic relations. An example of this is the codes of justice developed in Babylon, China, Greece, England and France, which can be attributed to the elements of social policy. They urged to love your neighbor, to take care of the poor and old, in fact, a classification of people in need of support was born, i.e. social protection. The transition from the slave to the feudal system, of course, increased the level of social security for a huge number of people - slaves. The development of the social sphere has a huge creative potential, capable even of changing socio-economic formations.

Thus, the origins of the formation of social protection bodies should be sought in antiquity, when the prerequisites for the development of social work were just emerging. A person cannot live outside society, therefore he has always faced and faces various manifestations of social activity, with the development of society, qualitative changes occur in social work, its structure improves, and its significance increases. One should not underestimate the most important historical events that have largely influenced the development of various forms of social assistance.

Normal "viability" of the state is possible only under the condition of social stability of society. Therefore, the problems of social protection were relevant for all periods of the development of society. In my opinion, the history of the development and formation of the bodies of social protection of the population has a single pattern of development for many countries. However, it should be noted that the system of state social support in each country was formed taking into account historical conditions and, despite the similarity and uniformity of the tasks being solved, has differences in approaches, methods and organizational design.

Based on the foregoing, the relevance of the course work lies in expanding ideas about the place, role and significance of the history of the formation and development of social protection bodies in Russia in the formation of the principles of humanism, patriotism and citizenship.

The goal is to study and show in a generalized, chronological form the history of the formation and development of the system of social protection bodies in Russia, the most important elements of the historical experience of social protection, which were carried out by state bodies, private individuals, church institutions in Russia.

body of social protection of the population

1. The formation of the social protection of the population in the pre-revolutionary period

.1 Treasury Chambers

Treasury chambers were introduced into the system of local administration in accordance with the "Institutions for the management of the provinces of the All-Russian Empire" of 1775, as part of an administrative reform aimed at unifying the entire state administration throughout the empire, which was at the same time a direct development of the provisions of the provincial reform of Peter I. It was from this time, Russia finally becomes a unitary state, and its administration begins to line up in a strict system.

According to the "Institutions" in all matters relating to the multiplication of state revenues and the appropriation of amounts, there were Treasury chambers in the localities. The chamber was in charge of the tax business, supervised the receipt of taxes, and exercised financial control. She was in charge of the sources of state revenues: state property (land, water, state-owned enterprises); state, palace, economic peasants; wine farming and contracts; selling salt; managed government buildings. The Treasury Chamber oversaw private trade and industry, carried out accounting and statistical work on revisions (censuses of the taxable population). The jurisdiction of the state chambers included the customs and drinking business, the revision of local accounts.

Under the jurisdiction of the Treasury were county treasuries, which were in charge of receiving and storing money collections and issued money to officials, i.e. were state income and expenditure cash desks. All remaining amounts were to go to the main treasury. In their state treasuries had a county treasurer and four jurors - custodians of the monetary treasury. The treasuries sold stamped paper, stamps, parcels, arshins, they also issued trade and trade certificates, patents for excise duties, travel and passports for the townspeople. At the same time, the treasuries acted as a "luggage office", accepting sums of money and other material values ​​from various institutions, officials and individuals.

The vice-governor was the chairman of the treasury chamber itself, the members were the director of economy, an adviser, two assessors and the provincial treasurer. Such a scheme of subordination was a direct implementation of the principle of one "owner" in the province, which was the governor. In accordance with this principle, the central government tried to delegate most of the powers to local institutions, of course, reserving only the leadership of the military sphere and foreign affairs. Thus, most of the central departments were liquidated, and local organizations came under almost complete control of the governors. Treasury chambers were no exception. However, already in the 80s of the 18th century, a new central department arose - the State Revenue Expedition, a kind of prototype of the Ministry of Finance, which concentrated in its hands all issues of the financial sector and directed the activities of the state chambers and county treasurers. This circumstance was, in fact, the cause of many conflicts between the provincial administration and the state chambers in the field. On the other hand, the necessary measures have been taken to eliminate such disputes. They did not consist in the introduction of new rules for the relationship between the two branches of government, but in the actual replacement of the position of the head of the Expedition by the Prosecutor General of the Senate. Since the governor was subordinate only to the Senate and the Empress, it was believed that such a measure completely eliminates all possible friction.

This subordination system existed for quite a long time, although it was subjected to partial restructuring by the supreme authorities, expressed in the increasing centralization of all administration, the removal of some functions from the governor and the reassignment of provincial institutions to the corresponding central departments. This trend continued and even more intensified at the beginning of the 19th century, when the college system almost completely exhausted itself and needed to be replaced.

The most important step in the reorganization and streamlining of government in the 19th century was the approval of the ministerial system, which influenced the entire administration of the empire.

According to the instructions of 1831, the State Chambers consisted of 6 departments: economic; Treasury departments; forest; drinking fees; salt and control. In some provinces, the business of the salt part was conducted in the drinking department, and for the forestry in the economic department. The internal economy of the chamber was entrusted to the office. In addition, it was through the office that the main part of the affairs of all treasuries passed. At the head of the revision, drinking fees and salt departments were advisers. The treasury and control departments were led respectively by the treasurer and the provincial comptroller. Thus, the presence of the chamber included the vice-governor as its chairman, advisers, provincial treasurer, provincial comptroller, one or more assessors. The chairman was appointed and dismissed on the proposal of the Minister of Finance by imperial order. The management of the chamber was built on a collegiate basis, and all the main issues were decided by the general presence after discussion by a simple majority of votes. In addition to the departments at the Treasury, there was also an office and surveyors. The instruction of 1831 determined the new structure of the state chambers

The composition of the treasuries included - the county treasurer, a journalist, one or more accountants and jurors who received and issued money. Control over these institutions was entrusted to the provincial treasury, which, in fact, became the forming body of the treasury system itself.

The reform of local government in 1837 ("General order to civil governors") significantly strengthened the power of governors, combining in their person the functions of management and supervision. All questions concerning its interaction with the state chambers and other financial and economic institutions were transferred to the department of the 4th branch of the provincial government. Until 1837, the economic department in the Treasury was predominant. Therefore, after the reform of 1837, during which the economic departments were transferred to the emerging chambers of state property, the competence of the state chambers decreased. But on the other hand, in 1837, the local bodies of the Ministry of Finance were finally approved with the publication of a mandate to civil governors, according to which vice-governors were transferred to the provincial government, and a special chairman was appointed to the Treasury Chamber, who formally became the third most important person in the province. He sat in a number of provincial institutions: in the Zemstvo Duties Committee, in the People's Food Commission, in the provincial road commission, during the examination of the insane; he presides over the recruiting presence, and so on. It turned out that, in essence, the state chambers were not so much dependent on the provincial authorities.

They continued to be in charge of accounting and reporting on the receipt and expenditure of amounts circulating in the provincial cash desks, the organization of population censuses, recruitment sets, auctions of state property, regular receipt of taxes, etc. Treasuries subordinate to them exercised control over the receipt of arrears, accepted and stored state revenues, performed a number of duties related to the collection of indirect taxes, etc.

The Chamber enjoyed quite a lot of independence, since, being directly subordinate to the Ministry of Finance, it practically fell out of the jurisdiction of the governors and the entire provincial administration, which belonged to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. According to his position, the chairman of the chamber was the third person in the province. He replaced the governor if the lieutenant governor could not take this position.

In fact, the chairman of the state chamber becomes the second most important official in the province, because, unlike the vice-governor, he was more subordinate to his own department than to the governor, who could monitor his actions and bring to the attention of the Minister of Finance information about violations and disorder, but in no case could he impose any penalties on the Treasury and its officials. Both state chambers and governors were responsible for organizing the collection of taxes and collecting arrears, and the role of the latter was predominant. In addition, in rank, the chairman of the Treasury Chamber, as a rule, was higher than the vice-governor. So, for example, on January 1, 1853, there were 53 chairmen of state chambers, of which 29 people (54.7%) were real state councilors, 22 people (41.5%) were state councilors, 1 person was collegiate advisers. The rank of one chairman is not specified. Thus, if there were 5 vice-governors in the rank of IV class, then more than half of the chairmen of the state chambers had the same rank. In the position of vice-governors there were 21.1% of collegiate advisers, and chairmen of state chambers - 1.9%. Based on this, it is quite possible to conclude that there are inconsistencies in the provincial administration itself. And if the issue of proportionate chinoproizvodstvo occupied the government since the 30s of the XIX century, then the relationship of governors with state chambers at the turn of the 50-60s of the same century was regulated by the "General order to civil governors" dated June 3, 1837. At the same time, repeated attempts were made to supplement this regulation with various orders. Let us consider the above aspects of the interaction between the provincial administration and state chambers in a little more detail.

Issues related to the activities of the entire system of state chambers were ordered to be resolved independently, or submitted to the Ministry of Finance for consideration. The chairman of the chamber had to seek the consent of the governor only if new, urgent measures were needed. The Treasury communicated with the governor regarding cases relating to the transition of taxable persons to monks, the adoption or adoption by merchants of children adopted for upbringing, and the issuance or confirmation of credit recruitment receipts, while this communication was of an advisory nature.

At the same time, the governor had the right to make legal demands on the leadership of the state chambers, which it had to fulfill. In addition, at the end of each year, the chairmen provided the governors with statements of resolved and outstanding cases for review. In case of improper execution of cases, the governor reported this to the chairman of the treasury chamber, for action to be taken. The governor had to inform the Minister of Finance about all these actions. At the same time, they were categorically forbidden not only to appoint an investigation, but in general to impose any penalties on the chamber and its officials.

In relation to local treasuries, governors had broader powers. In the process of auditing the province, they had the right not only to inspect cash and state property in stores, but also to check the documentation and, if violations were found, to impose an investigation.

In the process of collecting taxes, there is also no direct dependence of the chambers on the governors. The law did not provide for any coordination, let alone control over each other. But the main responsible person in this case was still considered the governor. Twice a year, the chambers provided information on the progress of tax collection and on arrears. The governor, along with this information, in his most submissive report, also set out his opinion on the effectiveness of the work of the chambers.

In the permanent functions of the chamber, the primacy of the governors was preserved only in the conduct of tenders and the conclusion of contracts. All deliveries and contracts in the amount of 5,000 rubles to 10,000 rubles were subject to the approval of the governor. If this was not necessary, or the amount exceeded 10,000 rubles, the case was redirected to the ministry, depending on its specifics.

All punishments and awards of officials went in the chamber, regardless of the governor's consent, either through the chamber itself, or through its representation to the Ministry of Finance. This deprived the governors of control over the personnel of the chamber and the provincial treasury.

The independence of the department of state chambers is explained by several reasons. Firstly, the legal status of the state chambers was formed before the famous "Instruction" of 1837, which put the governors in the position of the masters of the provinces, and therefore the text of the "Instruction" automatically fixed the already existing provisions on their relationship. Secondly, the state chambers, unlike other local institutions, performed more specific functions. Thirdly, in the ruling circles, the order was recognized as more effective, in which the mutual antagonism of the governors and state chambers and the desire to curry favor contributed to the successful collection of taxes. And, fourthly, the independence of the state chambers was facilitated by their control functions.

The abolition of serfdom in 1861 increased the volume of work of state chambers. If earlier salary sheets that fixed taxes were compiled once every three years, then since 1861 the chambers had to do this annually. In addition, due to the frequent transition of peasants to other estates, the number of cases in the chambers on registration and discharge of souls has also increased. The treasury chambers had to take over the supervision of the collection of redemption payments, limiting the actions of the Provincial presences for peasant affairs to the consideration and approval of the transactions themselves for the redemption of land in 1864.

In 1862-1866, the chamber underwent a number of significant changes. In 1862, excise departments were formed on the basis of the department of drinking fees allocated from the chamber. Together with the release from control functions and the formation for this purpose of control chambers - bodies subordinate to State control, the unity of the cash desk was introduced throughout the empire (1863-1865), this resulted in the liquidation of all departmental cash desks and the transfer of their valuables to the provincial treasury, which greatly enhanced its role. There was a division of affairs between the provincial and county treasuries: the provincial treasury turned into an expenditure fund, and the county treasuries became income. All these changes not only did not narrow the chamber's competences, but, on the contrary, significantly complicated the current office work.

Significant changes in the competence of the chambers required clarification of their status, which was done in 1865. A corresponding instruction was issued, which fixed the status of the chamber as "the highest financial institution in the province for monitoring ... the receipt of state revenues and the production of expenditures and for managing the cash desks of the Ministry of Finance, as a secondary manager of loans of the Ministry of Finance and ... an accounting institution"

In May 1866, the state chambers were reorganized: there was a complication of their duties. In this connection, the structure of state chambers has changed. Now they consisted of 3 departments: the treasury, the audit department and the office.

In 1878 there was a more significant change in the structure of state chambers. Functions were redistributed between its three departments: in the first, administrative office work for managing cash desks was concentrated, in the second - audit office work, in the third - accounting for state income and expenditures transferred from the treasury. But the state chambers themselves did not introduce or levy any fees, nor could they abolish the established fees.

In the next 20 years, the structure of the state chambers changed again, and their functions expanded: by 1894, the head of the state chambers was the manager (formerly the chairman), who single-handedly decided all matters.

The general presence under the chairmanship consisted of his assistants and heads of departments, joined in some cases by representatives from the control chamber and the military department. The increase in the state budget and the cash turnover of cash desks, the creation of new sources of income (state railways, state-owned wine sales) complicated accounting and reporting.

An attempt was made to unite the state chambers with excise departments, i.e. to create general financial bodies, which led to the introduction of the post of tax inspector in the state chambers. It supervised the activities of non-financial institutions. Along with it, tax offices were created to establish fees from commercial and industrial enterprises.

After 1863, the following functions were assigned to the provincial and district treasuries:

collection of state revenues, their storage, payments, movement of funds from one treasury to another or to a bank;

reception, storage and spending of special funds of government institutions (except for the Synod);

issuance of certificates for the right to trade and crafts;

accounting for all expenses and incomes, reporting, etc.;

acceptance for temporary storage of amounts of government offices, public institutions and officials.

The treasuries were subjected to scheduled and sudden inspections, which were carried out by the general presence of the treasury chamber, the governor, and representatives of the Ministry of Finance.

In 1890, the treasuries were entrusted with the responsibility of accepting and storing all zemstvo sums. Under the law of 1899, they were obliged to distribute the incoming land taxes between the treasury and the Zemstvo. In addition, since 1885, savings banks were opened at the treasuries, and the introduction in 1887-1888. banking operations (in cities where there were no offices and branches of the State Bank), as a result of which new forms of accounting and reporting were introduced, complicated the activities of treasuries.

In connection with the expansion of functions, the state chambers and treasuries were divided: chambers into 4, and treasuries into 7 categories, which were assigned at the discretion of the Ministry of Finance.

Treasury chambers were liquidated after the revolution.

.2 Shelters for the poor, sick, lepers

The main form of charity for the poor, sick, lepers in pre-revolutionary Russia was the arrangement of almshouses and shelters.

The word "charity" in the old days meant compassion for one's neighbor, mercy. Its object is traditionally considered to be those suffering from serious ailments, the sick, the crippled, the disabled, orphans, the elderly, the poor ...

Various charitable institutions were built for the needy - hospitals, shelters, schools, colleges, almshouses. Charity was one of the main virtues of Christianity. In pre-revolutionary Russia, charity was usually not included in government programs to help the poor, it was done by private individuals and societies for helping the needy. State assistance was designated by the term "charity" (public charity). Charity was widespread in the state and public life of Russia. Even under Prince Vladimir, the poor and the poor could come to the princely court and receive there "every need, drink and food ..". This example was followed by Vladimir Monomakh, who in the following words outlined the duties of the prince in relation to the poor: "Be fathers of orphans"; "do not leave the strong to destroy the weak"; "Don't leave the sick without help." Russian tsars and tsarinas during exits and departures, church holidays, visits to prisons widely distributed alms. Princely and royal charity was an example for the boyars.

The basis of charity in the pre-Petrine era was Orthodox churches and monasteries. Under the latter, almshouses were set up for the poor and the elderly, and in lean years food supplies were distributed from the monastery stocks to the starving, and common meals were arranged for the poor. In the XVIII century. the scale of Russian charity has increased significantly.

In 1775, a special order of public charity appeared as part of the new provincial institutions. He was entrusted with the care of education, treatment, the organization of public schools, orphanages, shelters and almshouses for the elderly, work and strait houses. After 65 years (1840), there were already about 800 such institutions in the country. concern for public charity was transferred to zemstvos and cities. In Moscow in 1894 district guardianships for the poor were established everywhere. Moscow occupied a special place in the history of Russian philanthropy. Under Catherine, charity houses for the poor were created in Gatchina. Catherine II decided that the charity of the poor is the main thing for the Supreme Power. In each province, special Orders of public charity were created, which were supposed to deal with issues of helping the poor.

The rise and flourishing of charity in the second half of the 18th-first third of the 19th centuries. became the result of noble philanthropy (philanthropy). The construction of hospitals, shelters, almshouses for the poor was a matter of honor and prestige. Wealthy nobles Golitsyn D.M., Sheremetev N.P., Strekalov A.N. and others donated huge amounts of money to the establishment of various charitable institutions. The system of charity in old Russia was distinguished by a variety of forms of institutions and societies. Semi-governmental, semi-public nature was the activity of the institutions of the Office of Institutions of Empress Maria (1796), named after the wife of Emperor Paul I. By 1900, the Office of Mary consisted of more than 500 educational and charitable institutions, where tens of thousands of people lived, studied, were treated . The largest institutions of the Office of Mary included the council of orphanages, the ladies' guardianship of the poor, the so-called Mariinsky hospitals for the poor, and others. In parallel with the Department of Mary in Russia, there was a Philanthropic (since 1816 Humanitarian) Society, created in 1802 on the initiative of Alexander I, whose main goal was to provide voluntary versatile assistance to the poor.

Church charity had a wide scope in Russia. Only in Moscow at the beginning of the 20th century. there were 69 church guardianships of the poor. More than 100 small almshouses were maintained by Moscow parish churches. Class institutions were of particular importance in the system of private charity. In Moscow, at the expense of nobles, merchants, priests, educational institutions, shelters, almshouses were organized, where representatives of this class studied or lived. Russian state and private charity since the second half of the 19th century. existed mainly on the donations of the merchants. The merits of this class for the development of charitable institutions in Moscow are especially great. Representatives of well-known merchant dynasties: Alekseevs, Bakhrushins, Baevs, Boevs, Lyamins, Mazurins, Morozovs, Solodovnikovs, Khludovs and others - built dozens of charitable institutions and institutions at their own expense, supplied them with modern medical equipment for those times. In total, in Moscow by the beginning of the 20th century. there were 628 charitable institutions: almshouses, shelters, temporary shelters and hostels, doss houses, free and cheap canteens and tea houses, industrious houses, communities of sisters of mercy, outpatient clinics, etc. The forms of assistance in them were also very diverse: the provision of housing, lodging, free meals, the issuance of one-time or permanent cash and in-kind benefits, medical assistance, and payment for medicines. Approximately the same structure had and charity in other cities of the Russian Empire.

In tsarist Russia, the fight against leprosy, in fact, was not properly subsidized. The state did not allocate permanent funds for it.

Some enthusiastic doctors waged a heroic struggle against leprosy, made a useful contribution to science, acting at their own peril and risk, without sufficient support from the state and society. The allocation of lepers to special shelters located outside the settlements began in Russia from the 18th century. By the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, leper colonies appeared located near Astrakhan, in the Terek region (since 1897) and in the Region of the Kuban Cossack army (1901-1902), leper colonies arose in Estonia and Livonia, a leper colony "Steep streams" was created ", organized in 1894 at the expense of zemstvos. Medical care in them was scanty and imperfect.

2. Bodies of social protection of the population in the Soviet period

2.1 People's Commissariat for Social Security

After the October coup in Russia, a new structure was created, which took up the abolition of the existing aid agencies with the redistribution of funds and property for the needs of the state. First, it became the Ministry, and over time - the People's Commissariat for State Guardianship (NKGO). Among the liquidated institutions were charitable organizations and societies for helping the disabled, operating in the Russian Empire. They were canceled on November 19, 1917. And by the end of January 1918, the entire previous system of guardianship was destroyed.

By March 1918, the main areas of activity in the field of state social security were formed: the issuance of rations to the families of front-line soldiers, the provision of shelter for those crippled in the war and the assignment of pensions to them; adjusting the activities of educational institutions of state guardianship. To solve the acute problem of financial and material support for social events by that time, the NKGO resorted to a wide range of measures - from the targeted redistribution of material resources, the organization of charitable lotteries to the introduction of a tax on public spectacles and entertainment.

From April 1918, targeted state support for needy citizens began to be carried out as a means of implementing social policy. At this time, the People's Commissariat for Social Security (NKSO) was formed. This body determined a new strategy for social assistance, based on the tasks of building a socialist society of the Bolshevik model. Then a class approach began to take shape in the provision of various types of assistance. According to the provision on the social security of workers, only persons whose sources of livelihood are their own work, without the exploitation of someone else's, had the right to receive assistance from the state. The new legislation established the main types of social security that the working population could count on: medical assistance, the issuance of assistance and pensions (due to old age, disability, pregnancy, childbirth).

By the middle of 1918, the NKSO was developing its activities in the following areas: the protection of mothers and infants; work in orphanages; activities to provide for minors accused of unlawful acts; distribution of food rations; provision of disabled soldiers; medical care.

Activities in the field of social protection during this period, including the issuance of various kinds of assistance, were carried out by different departments - the Commissariat of Work (provided assistance to the unemployed), the Job Exchange, the Commissariat of Agriculture, etc., which led to duplication of certain functions. Therefore, in 1920, the functions and powers of different departments were demarcated. The functions of the People's Commissariat of Work included the establishment of general norms for pensions and assistance. All medical institutions that used to belong to the NKSO went to the People's Commissariat of Health.

The strategy of social protection was significantly changed by the new economic policy (NEP), introduced in the early 20s of the last century. The main activities of the NKSO at that time were: providing the peasantry and persons with "independent work" in the order of compulsory mutual assistance; cooperation of the disabled; workers' social insurance; state support for families of Red Army soldiers in cities. At the same time, the NKSO bodies were entrusted with the following types of work: providing "assistance to the victims of the counter-revolution" (suffering Soviet employees, political amnestied, political emigrants, political refugees, as well as families of the indicated circle of people), combating begging and prostitution, assistance during natural disasters , guardianship and care. According to the government decree, they were provided with jobs, clothing, housing, medical and financial assistance, they received pensions, sent their children to shelters, etc.

One of the important activities of state bodies of social protection and welfare in the 20s was the fight against child homelessness. The problem of hundreds of thousands of homeless children was solved by opening orphanages, labor communes, educational colonies. The search for ways of social education continued

An important area of ​​social protection was the support of the peasantry. In the mid-1920s, it became the main object of activity of the NKSO, which assisted the organization of peasant public mutual assistance (KOV). It was legalized in May 1921, and already in 1922 active work began on the creation of peasant committees of public mutual assistance. They were assigned the functions of self-sufficiency and patronage of the needy.

In the 30s of the last century, the main tasks of social protection were proclaimed work on employment and training of disabled people; providing families of Red Army soldiers, providing pensions for war invalids, families whose members died in the war, those who are unable to work; organization of mutual assistance funds in collective farms; providing assistance to the blind and deaf; assistance to cooperatives of the disabled. In 1931, a special Council for the Employment of the Disabled was created under the People's Commissariat for Social Security. By the decision of the government, 2% of the total number of jobs were reserved for them at industrial enterprises.

In 1937, a new regulation on the People's Commissariat for Social Security was issued, according to which the range of tasks of the NKSO was expanded. It covered the state provision of disabled people of work and other categories; organization of material and household, cultural, health-improving and sanatorium services; management of the activities of social security institutions, the work of medical and labor expertise (LTEC), the training of social security workers; approval of laws for social security. Under the control of the NKSO during this period was the Council of the Cooperatives of the Disabled, the Union of Mutual Insurance and Mutual Assistance Cooperatives of the Disabled, the Society of the Blind, the Society of the Deaf and Dumb.

The negative side of the social policy of the 1930s is also recognized as the practice of solving social problems of some categories of people at the expense of the rights and freedoms of others, in particular, believers. Many ministers of the church were expelled from their churches and left without a livelihood. Thus, the general state of social security in the 30s was problematic.

With the outbreak of the Second World War, the entire life and activity of the multi-million population was directed to military needs. The extreme situation demanded extraordinary measures from the NCSO. This affected both evacuations and the mobilization of labor and the distribution of material resources, including food. Industrial enterprises, qualified specialists, scientists and cultural figures were evacuated to the rear areas of the country. In total, about 25 million people were resettled in the cities and villages of the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, and the Central Asian republics. With the beginning of the war of 1941-1945, a number of decrees were issued regarding the social security of families of front-line soldiers. It regulated the procedure for the payment of financial assistance to the families of front-line soldiers. The Decree of 1942 introduced some clarifications to this procedure. In 1943, the Council adopted a resolution of the Soviets to the People's Commissar of the USSR "On benefits for the families of servicemen who died and disappeared without a trace on the fronts of the Patriotic War."

Another set of military problems is social assistance and social rehabilitation of the wounded. The millions of wounded demanded urgent measures not only for their evacuation, but also for their rehabilitation. In the autumn of 1941, aid committees were created to serve the sick and wounded soldiers of the Red Army. In 1942, the State Defense Committee organized homes for the disabled of the Great Patriotic War (later transformed into labor boarding schools). In them, crippled soldiers prepared for further labor activity, received labor specialties, and underwent retraining.

At that time, the problems of child protection and the care of orphans acquired new features and scales. The task was also to evacuate children from orphanages inland and to open new institutions. The decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On the arrangement of children who were left without parents" provided for the creation of an additional network of orphanages, as well as the participation of citizens in the upbringing of children in the form of guardianship and patronage.

In 1949, the NKSO was renamed the Ministry of Social Security, and at the end of the 1950s, a new stage in the development of social protection and the formation of its bodies in the USSR began.

2.2 Social welfare departments

By the end of 1918, the People's Commissariat for Social Security was an extensive systemic entity and was divided into seven departments. The presence of specialized structural units allowed the Commissariat to cover all the most significant segments of the population in need of assistance and protection, and to work consistently and systematically. The People's Commissariat for Social Security was divided into the following departments:

Department of Maternity and Infancy, which was in charge of maternity institutions, shelters for mothers with children in the postpartum period, consultations on the care and feeding of children, and the like;

Department of Orphanages;

Department for the Provision of Minors Accused of Socially Dangerous Acts (Department for Defective Children);

Medical Department, in charge of sanatoriums and medical institutions for the general population;

the Department of Pensions and Benefits and the Provision of the Invalids, Widows and Old Men, and the same department is entrusted with providing assistance to revolutionary fighters, amnestied, political and returning emigrants;

Soldering subdivision. Responsible for issuing food rations to families affected by the war;

The Department of the disabled soldiers, whose terms of reference included aftercare, the supply of prostheses, labor and professional assistance, shelters for the disabled and their pensions.

However, other commissariats continued to provide social protection for the population, a clear delineation of duties occurred only in 1920.

2.3 Pension Commissions, Employment Councils

In accordance with Art. 100 of the USSR Law "On Pensions for Citizens in the USSR," pensions are appointed by commissions for the appointment of pensions formed by district (city) or Soviets of People's Deputies corresponding to them. The commission is formed in the composition determined by the Council of People's Deputies. Along with other members, the commission includes the head of the district (city) department of social security.

On the authority of the commission for the appointment of pensions on its behalf, pensions can be appointed solely by a member of the commission - the head of the district (city) department of social security. However, in all cases, at the request of the person applying for a pension and other interested persons and organizations, the issue of awarding a pension is decided by the commission for awarding pensions.

The competence of commissions for the appointment of pensions, formed in accordance with Art. 100 of the USSR Law "On pensions for citizens in the USSR", includes: legal assessment of the content and proper execution of documents submitted to confirm the length of service, and, if necessary, making decisions on conducting checks on the validity of their issuance; making, if necessary, decisions on offset or exclusion from the calculation of the length of service of individual periods of labor activity; establishing work experience based on testimonies; establishing the time of care for individuals, as well as periods of residence in certain territories or stay in places of detention during the Great Patriotic War, to be included in the length of service.

March 1931, under the People's Commissariat for Social Security of the RSFSR, the Council for the Employment of the Disabled was established. The same Councils were created everywhere. There were planned indicators for the distribution of disabled people by enterprises. A new form of employment in the mid-1930s was the organization of workers with pulmonary tuberculosis. For them, special workshops were created at enterprises, in the cooperation of the disabled. By the decision of the government, 2% of the total number of jobs were reserved for them at industrial enterprises.

In the 30s of the last century, the main tasks of social protection were proclaimed work on employment and training of disabled people; providing families of Red Army soldiers, providing pensions for war invalids, families whose members died in the war, those who are unable to work; organization of mutual assistance funds in collective farms; providing assistance to the blind and deaf; assistance to cooperatives of the disabled. During this period, various cooperatives and public organizations of people with disabilities were developed: societies of the blind, associations of the deaf and dumb. These public organizations were engaged in the creation of artels and cooperatives, thus solving the issues of attracting disabled people to work. They assisted in the implementation of medical measures by state bodies, prosthetics, training, retraining and job placement.

Some citizens are in particular need of assistance in finding employment: the disabled; persons released from institutions executing punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty; minors aged 14 to 18; persons of pre-retirement age (two years before the age giving the right to receive an old-age labor pension); refugees and forced migrants; citizens discharged from military service and members of their families; single and large parents raising minor children, children with disabilities; citizens exposed to radiation due to radiation accidents and disasters; graduates of primary and secondary vocational education institutions looking for a job for the first time.

3. Formation of the bodies of social protection of the population in the 90s

3.1 Creation of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation

The main principle of a democratic society is that every person is obliged to provide for himself. But everywhere there are people who, for certain reasons, cannot take care of themselves. This can happen due to their old age, infirmity caused by illness, single women, large families, disabled people who need treatment and care. Society cannot leave them to their fate, and therefore tries to help and provide them with certain material benefits. To fulfill these tasks, special state systems have been created and are operating, which set as their main task the provision of material and other social benefits to such citizens. Everyone should not forget that someday he may also find himself in a difficult situation, the solution of which can only be helped by public assistance.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation contains the main provisions of the institution of social assistance: Art. 7. 1. "The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person"; Art. 7. 2 "In the Russian Federation, labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established, state support is provided for the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled and elderly citizens, a system of social services is being developed, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection."

The Constitution, having established the main provisions of this institution, does not give a broader explanation of the existence, activities, development of state structures that are directly involved in the issues of social protection of the population of our country.

The basis for building the institution under consideration was continued by the President of the Russian Federation. So in 1996, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Social Protection of the Russian Federation) was formed. But in the structure of the Government of the Russian Federation, approved in March 1997, the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population does not appear. However, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development was created, to which the functions of the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population were transferred. It is difficult to explain and even understand what is going on here. So there probably would not have been a consensus about this institution if the Decree of the President "On the Structure of the Federal Executive Bodies" that had not been repeatedly amended had not acquired its latest edition, where the modern name of the institution had already appeared and was fixed. So, in accordance with Art. 112 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation no later than a week after the appointment submits to the President of the Russian Federation proposals on the structure of federal executive bodies) The President decided: to approve the attached structure of federal executive bodies. And in order to form this structure, to form the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation on the basis of the abolished Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the Federal Employment Service of Russia. The institution in question was created on a rather large legislative base, having assumed the functions and powers of several ministries at once.

The Ministry of Labor and Social Development was created on a rather large legislative base, having assumed the functions and powers of several ministries at once. The structure of the Ministry consisted of 11 departments: complex analysis and forecasting of social development; conditions and labor protection; on matters of public service; on settlement of collective labor disputes and development of social partnership; population and employment policy; on pension issues; for family, women and children; on social issues of citizens discharged from military service and members of their families; on issues of rehabilitation and social integration of disabled people; Veterans and Seniors Affairs; employment of the population.

The main federal executive body pursuing state policy and administration in the field of labor, employment and social protection of the population is the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation.

The Ministry in its activities is guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions and decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 23, 1997 No. 480, as amended and additions.

The Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation carries out its activities in cooperation with other federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public and other associations, as well as other organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal form.

In accordance with the tasks assigned to the ministry, it builds its work in different directions and performs its functions in the following areas: solving complex problems of social development; raising the standard of living and income of the population; salary; conditions and labor protection; social partnership in labor relations; population; employment; development of human resources; social insurance; pension provision; social protection of the population; social services for the population; public service; legislation on labor, employment and social protection of the population; international partnership.

The Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation is headed by a minister who is appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation is personally responsible for the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development and the exercise of its functions.

In 2004, many functions of social protection will be transferred to the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation.

3.2 Creation of regional and local bodies of social protection of the population

The history of our state is rich in its own experience of the formation and development of all forms of public charity. The developed traditions have not lost their significance even today, when there is a particularly acute need for further improvement of both existing state charity structures and the creation of new ones that best meet modern requirements, as well as for the deployment of various forms of public and private charity. These traditions, enriched by international experience in providing social services to the population, have now firmly entered our reality: the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation coordinates and determines the development paths, an extensive network of regional (regional, regional) departments of social protection of the population and territorial (municipal) bodies of social work, specialized and complex social service institutions are functioning, various charitable societies and social support funds are being created

The implementation of all government measures in the field of social protection of the population, since the 90s, was carried out by the Ministry of Social Protection of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Ministry). According to the Decree of the Government of the RSFSR of December 26, 1991, the Ministry was entrusted not only with the development of a state policy strategy in the field of protecting the disabled population, motherhood and childhood, but also with the organization of pensions for citizens, material and consumer services, the organization of prosthetic and orthopedic care, medical - social expertise, implementation of foreign economic activity, etc.

The system of social services was made up of state, municipal and non-state aid institutions. The main forms of activity of these services were: material assistance; help at home; service in a hospital setting; provision of temporary shelter; organization of day stay in social service institutions; advisory assistance; social patronage; social rehabilitation and adaptation of those in need; social help.

In 1994, the Department of Social Protection was established within the Ministry of Social Protection by the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation. He was involved in the development of the federal pension strategy, the organization of payments, the recalculation and delivery of state pensions, ensuring the uniform application of federal law and other issues.

In different regions, subjects of the Russian Federation, the bodies of social protection of the population of the region, the region are called differently, for example, Departments, Offices, Divisions, Committees, Ministries, but the main tasks and functions of these bodies are the same. The Department, enterprises, institutions, organizations subordinate to it, as well as territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a unified regional state system of social protection of the population, providing state support for families, elderly citizens, veterans and disabled people, persons discharged from military service, and members of their families, development of the system of social services, implementation of state policy in the field of pension provision and labor relations.

Regional social programs make it possible to concentrate funds primarily on protecting the most socially vulnerable groups of the population and supporting those who cannot take care of themselves, based on the most effective methods of providing social assistance and social services, developed and tested both in this and other countries. regions, without reducing funding and increasing the amount of social assistance to especially needy categories of the population.

Over the years of their existence, the bodies of social protection of the population of the regions of Russia have gone through a difficult path of formation, reorganization and renewal. Through the labor and efforts of several generations of social workers, a wide network of social institutions has been created in the regions, a significant personnel potential of the industry has been accumulated, thanks to which a complex of various social services is provided to the population. At the same time, in practice, many of the areas of social programs cannot be implemented on time due to the lack of funding from the budgets of various levels.

The territorial assistance system, which is associated with the development of the institution of social work - the central aspect of the modern system of social protection of the population of Russia - consists of a combination of various institutions with different forms of ownership, system of subordination, methods of work, as well as sources of funding and legal status. At the same time, the problems that exist at the regional level are refracted in the systems of city and district assistance to those in need. Urban structures of social assistance work within the framework of federal, regional and regional social programs, however, the uniqueness of the region, socio-cultural traditions, specific socio-economic problems suggest the need to create original models of the urban structure of management and assistance.

Conclusion

The result of the above is the situation of social protection at the present time, as an example, we cite the remark of S.V. Tetersky: "To some extent, we are returning to the pre-revolutionary mechanism of charity, while at the same time preserving the elements developed during the period of Soviet power" .

In order to avoid many mistakes in the further formation of the system of social protection of the population, and in particular charity, it is necessary to study and summarize both foreign and existing historical experience. The study of which shows that assistance to the poor is more effective when it is decentralized with the involvement of the general public; with the interaction of all parties involved in the process - charitable, private, public organizations, the Church and the state - both in obtaining comprehensive information about those in need of assistance, and in coordinating assistance to them. The state should create a unified system of laws, regulations, and incentives to help those in need through a system of benefits and incentives. And also a necessary condition is to attract the attention of the public and the media to the problems of social protection.

Thus, drawing conclusions from the course work, we can say that in the 90s the profession of a social worker was constituted, the origins and traditions of which were laid in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. And:

the course work presents a chronological, systematic presentation of the stages of the emergence and development of social protection bodies in Russia and shows the evolution of the views and approaches of scientists to the development of social protection in the past;

This paper shows the dynamics of the formation and development of social protection bodies in Russia as a practical activity aimed at supporting a person in a difficult life situation in different historical periods.

Services of social protection of the population are an integral part of the social policy of the modern Russian state. Their necessity is a question that does not require discussion, their effectiveness is the problem of modern Russia. There are such shortcomings of social services in Russia as:

looping work only on "socially unprotected segments of the population", while other large groups of people are left without attention;

lack of a unified social policy;

low (rather insufficient) qualification of social workers;

poor set of social services.

With a scientific approach and sober control over the situation, the implementation of all the recommendations of theorists and practitioners of social work, stable funding in Russia, a high level of social assistance to the population can be achieved.

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Footnotes

Fundamentals of social work: Textbook / Ed. ed. Pavlenok, P.D. - M.: INFRA-M, 1999

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 14. 08. 96 "On the structure of the Federal executive authorities" No. 1177

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 17. 08. 99 "On the structure of the federal executive authorities"

Tetersky, S.V. Introduction to social work. - M., 2003