The human environment includes the following varieties. Man as an element of the environment

Life safety- this is a state of the environment in which, with a certain probability, harm to human existence is excluded.

The solution to the problem of life safety is to ensure comfortable living conditions for people at all stages of life, to protect a person and his environment (industrial, natural, urban, residential) from the effects of harmful factors that exceed the permissible levels.

vital activity- a complex biological process that occurs in the human body, allowing you to maintain health and performance. This is everyday activity (play, teaching, work) and rest, a way of human existence.

In the process of various active activities, a person interacts with the environment.

Habitat - human environment conditioned by a combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, informational, social) that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or long-term impact on human life, health and offspring. The human body painlessly tolerates certain influences only as long as they do not exceed the limits of human adaptive capabilities. Exceeding these limits will result in injury or illness.

Man has faced dangers from the moment of his appearance. At first, these were natural hazards, but with the development of human society, technogenic ones were added to them, i.e. born of technology.

Scientific and technological progress, along with benefits, has also brought innumerable disasters to both man and the environment. The number of various diseases is increasing (one of the latest is "computer vision syndrome"), intense atmospheric pollution is occurring, the number of ozone "holes" is increasing, the greenhouse effect is operating, climate change, warming, etc. are observed.

Man himself is a source of danger. By his actions or inaction, he can create a real threat to life and health for himself and those around him.

The ongoing negative changes in the human environment predetermine the need for a modern specialist to be sufficiently prepared to successfully solve the emerging tasks of ensuring the safety of workers and the population, and eliminating the consequences of natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes. .

The natural environment is self-sufficient and can exist and develop without human intervention, while all other human-made habitats cannot develop independently and are doomed to aging and destruction without human participation.

Biosphere - the natural area of ​​distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the upper layer of the lithosphere, which have not experienced anthropogenic impact.

In the process of evolution, a person, striving to most effectively satisfy his needs for food, material values, protection from climatic and weather influences, to increase his sociability, continuously influenced the natural environment and, mainly, the biosphere. To achieve these goals, he transformed part of the biosphere into territories occupied by the technosphere.

Technosphere - a region of the biosphere transformed in the past by humans through direct or indirect impact of technical means in order to best suit human socio-economic needs.

The technosphere, created by man with the help of technical means, is the territory occupied by cities and towns, industrial zones, industrial enterprises. Technospheric conditions also include the conditions for people to stay at economic facilities, in transport, at home, in the territories of cities and towns. The technosphere is not a self-developing environment, it is man-made and after creation it can only degrade.

In the process of life, a person continuously interacts not only with the natural environment and the technosphere, but also with people who form the so-called social environment. It is formed and used by a person for procreation, exchange of experience and knowledge, to satisfy their spiritual needs and the accumulation of intellectual values.

In recent years, since the end of the 19th century, the technosphere and social environment have been continuously developing, as evidenced by the ever-increasing proportion of the territories of the earth's surface transformed by man, the population explosion and urbanization of the population. The development of the technosphere occurs due to the transformation of the natural environment.

Introduction_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3

1. Man as an element of the environment_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _6

2. The concept of habitat_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7

3. Human environment_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _8

Conclusion_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14

List of used literature_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _16

Introduction.

Man from birth has inalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. He realizes his rights to life, rest, health protection, a favorable environment, work in conditions that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene in the process of life. They are guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

It is known that "life is a form of existence of matter." This allows us to assert that a person exists in the process of life, consisting of his continuous interaction with the environment in order to meet his needs. The concept of “life activity” is broader than the concept of “activity”, since it includes not only the labor process of a person, but also the conditions of his rest, life and migration in the environment.

The main principle of the existence and development of all living things is the principle of the obligatory external influence: "A living body develops and exists only in the presence of external influences on it." Self-development of a living body is impossible.

The realization of this principle in nature is achieved by the interaction of a living body with its natural environment, and in other conditions by the interaction of all living things with its environment.

The study of the state of the habitat and the processes of interaction of creatures with the environment is carried out by ecology - the science of the house. According to B.A. Nemirovsky, ecology is a biological science dealing with “the study of the collective coexistence of living organisms in one communal apartment called “environment””.

From the end of the 19th century, significant changes began to occur in the human environment. The biosphere gradually lost its dominant importance and in the regions inhabited by people began to turn into the technosphere. Invading nature, the laws of which are still far from being known, creating new technologies, people form an artificial habitat - the technosphere. If we take into account that the moral and general cultural development of civilization lags behind the pace of scientific and technological progress, an increase in the risk to the health and life of a modern person becomes obvious. In the new technospheric conditions, biological interaction is increasingly being replaced by processes of physical and chemical interaction, and the levels of physical and chemical factors of influence have been continuously increasing in the last century, often having a negative impact on humans and nature. Then in society there was a need to protect nature and man from the negative influence of the technosphere.

Anthropogenic, that is, caused by human activity, environmental changes acquired such dimensions in the second half of the 20th century that a person directly or indirectly became their victim. Anthropogenic activity, which failed to create the technosphere of the required quality both in relation to man and in relation to nature, was the root cause of many negative processes in nature and society.

Thus, the technosphere must be considered as a former region of the biosphere, transformed by people with the help of direct or indirect impact of technical means in order to best suit their material and socio-economic needs.

As academician A. L. Yanshin (b. 1911) notes, even the Second World War, with its colossal negative consequences, did not upset the balance that had developed in nature. However, the situation has since changed radically. The rapid growth of the population began, and the number of urban residents grew. This caused an increase in urbanized areas, including landfills, roads, country roads, and so on, which led to the degradation of nature, sharply reduced the distribution areas of many plants and animals due to deforestation, livestock growth, the use of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers. The problem of nuclear waste disposal and many other problems arose.

Human impact on the environment, according to the laws of physics, causes counteractions of all its components. The human body painlessly endures certain influences as long as they do not exceed the limits of adaptation. Life expectancy is an integral indicator of life safety. In the early stages of anthropogenesis (for primitive man), it was approximately 25 years.

The development of civilization, which is understood as the progress of science, technology, economics, agriculture, the use of various types of energy, up to nuclear, the creation of machines, mechanisms, the use of various types of fertilizers and pest control agents, significantly increase the number of harmful factors that negatively affect person. Creating the technosphere, man sought to increase the comfort of the living environment, to increase sociability, to provide protection from natural negative influences.

But by developing the economy, the human population also created a socio-economic security system. As a result, despite the increase in the number of harmful effects, the level of human safety increased. All this had a favorable effect on living conditions and, in combination with other factors (improvement in medical care, etc.), affected the life expectancy of people. Currently, the average life expectancy in the most developed countries is about 77 years.

Thus, the technosphere created by the hands and mind of man, designed to satisfy his needs for comfort and safety as much as possible, did not justify the hopes of people in many ways. The industrial and urban habitats that emerged turned out to be far from acceptable requirements in terms of safety.

1. Man as an element of the environment.

The most general system (of the highest hierarchical level) is the “Human-Habitat” (H-CO) system.

The most important subsystem considered by the BJD is the "Man-Environment" (H-OS).

- “Man-Machine-Production environment”, etc.

The central element of all BJD systems is a person, therefore a person plays a threefold role:

1. object of protection,

2. security facility,

3. source of danger.

The high cost of operator error - up to 60% of accidents occur due to human error.

2. The concept of habitat.

The human environment is divided into industrial and non-productive (domestic).

The main element of the production environment is labor, which in turn consists of interrelated and interconnecting elements (Fig. 2) that make up the structure of labor: C - subjects of labor, M - "machines" - means and objects of labor; PT - labor processes, consisting of the actions of both subjects and machines, PT - products of labor, both target and by-products in the form of harmful and dangerous impurities in the air, etc., software of production relations (organizational, economic, social -psychological, legal labor: relations related to labor culture, professional culture, aesthetic, etc.). Elements of the non-production environment: the natural environment in the form of geographical and landscape (G-L), geophysical (G), climatic (K) elements, natural disasters (SB), including fires from lightning and other natural sources, natural processes (PP ) in the form of gas emissions from rocks, etc. It can manifest itself both in non-production form (sphere) and production, especially in such sectors of the national economy as construction, mining, geology, geodesy and others.

A person is in close connection with all elements of the environment in the course of his activity.

Interest in the environment of its habitat has always been characteristic of man. And this is understandable, since not only the well-being of the family, clan, tribe, but also its very existence depended on the quality of this environment.

In the Middle Ages, the dominance of scholasticism and theology weakened interest in the study of nature. However, during the Renaissance, the Renaissance, the great geographical discoveries again revived the biological research of naturalists.

3. Human habitat.

The environment surrounding a modern person includes the natural environment, the artificial environment created by man and the social environment.

Every day, living in the city, walking, working, studying, a person satisfies the widest range of needs. In the system of human needs (biological, psychological, ethnic, social, labor, economic) it is possible to single out the needs associated with the ecology of the habitat. Among them are the comfort and safety of the natural environment, environmentally friendly housing, the availability of information sources (works of art, attractive landscapes), and others.

Natural or biological needs - this is a group of needs that ensures the possibility of a person's physical existence in a comfortable environment - this is the need for space, good air, water, etc., the presence of a suitable, familiar environment for a person. Ecologization of biological needs is associated with the need to create an ecological, clean urban environment and maintain a good state of natural and artificial nature in the city. But in modern large cities one can hardly speak of the presence of a sufficient volume and quality of the environment necessary for each person.

As industrial production grew, more and more various products and goods were produced, and at the same time environmental pollution increased sharply. The urban environment surrounding a person did not correspond to the historically developed sensory influences necessary for a person: cities without any signs of beauty, slums, dirt, standard gray houses, polluted air, harsh noise, etc.

In the most general sense, the human environment is understood as "the totality of natural and artificial conditions in which a person realizes himself as a natural and social being." The human environment consists of 2 interrelated parts: natural and social; natural - this is the whole planet Earth, public - society and social relations.

The classification of the human environment, done by the well-known domestic systematizer in the field of ecology, N.F. Reimers, is of the greatest interest. He identified four interrelated components of the environment: natural; the environment generated by agricultural technology, the so-called "second nature" - quasi-natural; artificial environment - "third nature" or artepriroda; social environment (see table).

According to N. F. Reimers, the natural component of the human environment is the natural environment itself (“first nature”). It consists of factors of natural and anthroponatural origin, directly or indirectly affecting a person. Among them, he refers the energy state of the medium (thermal and wave, including magnetic and gravitational fields); chemical and dynamic character; water component (humidity of air, earth's surface; chemical composition of waters); the physical, chemical and mechanical nature of the earth's surface (flatness, hilly, mountainous, for example); the appearance and composition of the biological part of ecological systems (vegetation, animal, microbial population) and their landscape combinations, population density and the mutual influence of people on the biological factor, etc. This environment is either slightly modified by man or to the extent that it has not lost the most important property - self-healing and self-regulation.

In absolute terms, most of these territories are in the Russian Federation, .

The environment of the "second nature" (quasi-natural, from the Latin language "quasi" - as if) - these are elements of the natural environment, artificially transformed, modified with the help of agricultural technology. Unlike the natural one, they are not able to systematically self-sustain themselves for a long time. It is destroyed without constant human intervention. It includes arable and other lands transformed by man (cultural landscapes), dirt roads, the space of populated areas with natural characteristics and internal structure (with fences, buildings, various wind and thermal regimes, green belts, ponds, etc.). N. F. Reimers also referred domestic animals and indoor cultivated plants to the “second nature”.

According to Reimers, the human-created environment or “third nature” (arte-nature, from lat. - artificial) is the whole world artificially created by man, which has no analogues in natural nature and inevitably collapses without constant maintenance and renewal by man. It includes the asphalt and concrete of modern cities, the space of life and work, transport, the service sector, technological equipment, furniture, etc. The cultural and architectural environment is also called one of the elements of the arterial environment. Man is mainly surrounded by the arte-natural environment.

And the last element of the human environment is society and a variety of social processes - the social environment .. This environment has an ever greater influence on a person. It includes the relationship between people, the psychological climate, the level of material security, health care, general cultural values, the degree of confidence in the future, and the like.

Thus, the human environment is formed by natural, quasi-natural, arte-natural and social, which are closely interconnected and none of them can be replaced by another. L. V. Maksimova offers another classification of the human environment, the originality of which lies in the study of the “living environment”.

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1.3. Man and environment

1.3.1. Man as an element of the "man-environment" system, concepts and apparatus for the analysis of hazards. Concepts and definitions
1.3.2. Functional impact of negative environmental factors and their regulation

1.3.1. Man as an element of the "man-environment" system, concepts and apparatus for the analysis of hazards. Concepts and definitions

Human health and life largely depends on lifestyle and habitat.
The topic of the impact of negative factors on humans and the environment goes beyond the limits of any one science or field of human activity. This predetermined the need for the emergence of a new field of knowledge - life safety. A necessary condition for the existence of human society is activity. There are a large number of activities that cover practical, intellectual and spiritual processes occurring in everyday life, social, cultural, industrial, scientific and other spheres of life.

Rice. 1 Human activity process model

Man exists in the process of life, continuous interaction with the environment in order to meet his needs.

vital activity This is also the time of rest. It takes place in conditions that pose a threat to human life and health. Life activity is characterized by quality of life and safety.

Activity is an active conscious interaction of a person with the environment.

The forms of activity are varied. The result of any activity should be its usefulness for human existence. But at the same time, any activity is potentially dangerous. It can be a source of negative impacts or harm, leads to illness, injury, and usually ends in disability or death.

A person carries out activities in the conditions of the technosphere or the natural environment, that is, in the conditions of the habitat.

Habitat- this is the environment surrounding a person, which, through a combination of factors (physical, biological, chemical and social), has a direct or indirect impact on a person's life, his health, ability to work and offspring.

In the life cycle, a person and the environment continuously interact and form a constantly operating system “man – environment”, in which a person realizes his physiological and social needs.

As part of the environment, they distinguish between industrial and domestic environments. Each environment can pose a danger to humans.

The environment includes:

• natural environment ()- the area of ​​distribution of life on Earth that has not experienced technogenic impact (atmosphere, hydrosphere, upper part of the lithosphere). It has both protective properties (protection of a person from negative factors - temperature difference, precipitation), and a number of negative factors. Therefore, in order to protect against them, man was forced to create the technosphere.
• Technogenic environment ()- a habitat created by the impact of people and technical means on the natural environment in order to best suit the environment to social and economic needs.

At the present stage of human development, society continuously interacted with the environment. Below is a diagram of human interaction with the environment.

In the 20th century, zones of increased environmental impact arose on Earth. This led to partial and complete degradation. The following evolutionary processes contributed to these changes:

• Growth in energy consumption
• Mass use of transport
• Rising spending on military purposes

Classification of conditions for a person in the system "man - environment":

• Comfortable(optimal) conditions of activity and rest. To these conditions, a person is adapted to a greater extent. The highest is manifested, the preservation of the health and integrity of the components of the habitat is guaranteed.
• Permissible. They are characterized by the deviation of the levels of flows of substances, energy and information from the nominal values ​​within acceptable limits. These working conditions do not have a negative impact on health, but lead to discomfort and a decrease in working capacity and productivity. Irreversible processes are not caused in humans and the environment. Permissible exposure standards are fixed in sanitary standards.
• Dangerous. The flows of substances, energy and information exceed the permissible levels of exposure. They have a negative impact on human health. With prolonged exposure, they cause disease and lead to degradation.
• Extremely dangerous. Flows can cause injury or death in a short time, causing irreversible damage to the natural environment.

The interaction of a person with the environment can be positive (in a comfortable and acceptable state) and negative (in a dangerous and extremely dangerous one). Many factors that constantly affect a person are unfavorable for his health and vigorous activity.

1. elimination of sources of danger;
2. increased protection from dangers, the ability to reliably resist them.

- a science that studies dangers, means and methods of protection against them.

Danger is a threat of a natural, man-made, environmental, military and other nature, the implementation of which can lead to a deterioration in the state of health and death of a person, as well as damage to the natural environment.

Main the purpose of the doctrine of life safety- protection of man in anthropogenic and natural origin, the achievement of comfortable living conditions.

The solution to the problem of life safety is to ensure comfortable conditions for the activities of people, their lives, the protection of a person and his environment from the effects of harmful factors.
For any harm, a person pays with his health and life, which can be considered as system-forming factors in the “man-environment” system, the end result of its functioning and a criterion for the quality of the environment.

The object of study of life safety is a complex of negatively affecting phenomena and processes in the "man - environment" system.