Bashkir patterns on a towel. Decorative and applied art among the Bashkirs

Sections: Technology

Goals:

1. Cognitive:

to introduce students to the Bashkir ornament with its contrasting colors;
clarify and systematize knowledge about the arts and crafts of the Bashkirs.

2. Developing:

to continue work on the development of creativity and independence, artistic taste and imagination;
teach to depict the Bashkir ornament and arrange the elements of the ornament in the composition.

3. Educational:

to cultivate interest in the creativity of the Bashkir people.

Decor:

recordings of Bashkir melodies;
posters and drawings of the Bashkir ornament;
matryoshka and boot patterns;
paints, brushes, pencils, colored paper, glue;
the work of local craftswomen.

In the Bashkir pattern - the color of honey, wheat,
Beauty of endless meadows and steppes,
The color of the blue sky, fertile land,
The color of red flowers, purity of springs.
We hear the lingering song of kurai
In the interweaving of the colors of the nature of the canvas.
In the Bashkir pattern - sesen legend
And the generosity of the people, their kindness.

R.B.Dautova

During the classes

1. Learning new material.

Introductory speech of the teacher:

Beauty is inherent in human nature itself. With it, a person seeks to fill the world around him, to endow tools and objects that accompany him in everyday life. This area of material culture is called arts and crafts.

The origins of the Bashkir arts and crafts are lost in the mists of time. The needs of nomads for weapons and equipment, and the needs of farmers for tools contributed to the widespread development of handicrafts. This, in turn, opened a wide path to the emergence of arts and crafts, which was embodied in weaving, embroidery, artistic and decorative processing of wood and metal, in the design of national costumes and home decorations. Through all this, the Bashkirs expressed their attitude to nature and to the life of society.

In ancient times, all decorations of arts and crafts played the role of talismans and amulets, protected a person from the evil eye, from the effects of evil forces and spirits. Over time, a person's ideas about the world have changed, and the purpose of jewelry has changed. They gradually lost their original magical function and became mere objects of decoration.

The pre-revolutionary arts and crafts of the Bashkirs were most often limited to the needs of the family. Marriage was an important event in the life of the family. A large number of woven and embroidered items were prepared for the wedding:

patterned sharshau (large curtains to divide the house into male and female halves);
wedding suit for the girl and the groom, towels, napkins, tablecloths, scarves.

During the period of preparation for the wedding, the creative abilities of the girl and her skills as an embroiderer and weaver were most fully revealed.

One of the varieties of arts and crafts among the Bashkirs is the knitting of downy shawls. This fishery was very well developed in the Abzelilovsky, Baimaksky, Beloretsky, Zianchurinsky, Kugarchinsky, Khaibullinsky districts, as well as in the Orenburg region. Due to the natural and climatic conditions in these areas, a special breed of goats was bred, giving down, thin, and at the same time strong, fibrous-elastic, with high spinning properties: it was used to make yarn for woven and knitting shawls. Bashkir woven shawls are a unique type of weaving. These shawls were not knitted, but woven on looms. They also made openwork patterned shawls, knitted by hand on two long knitting needles. Craftswomen distinguish between a middle and a border in a scarf, the edges end with teeth. The pattern is geometric. The art of knitting downy shawls is preserved and continues to develop in the republic - it is mainly a family downy knitting business. (Product display.)

One of the most important conditions for the further and successful development of modern arts and crafts is a deep and comprehensive study of folk art. Therefore, applied art is studied so diligently today, its origins and history of development are revealed. They reveal, collect and publish in the form of albums the best works of folk masters. And modern artists and craftsmen rely on this experience in their work.

The Bashkir ornament is successfully mastered by local craftsmen for the production of carpets, scarves, elements of clothing decoration, wooden utensils, gift souvenirs and other products. (Product display.)

One of the most popular types of decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs is folk ornament.

Translated from Latin, "ornament" means "decoration, pattern." Bashkirs have long adorned horse harness, household utensils, clothes, shoes, and dwellings with diverse, bright and colorful ornaments. The bride's dowry included pillowcases, tablecloths and other items used in everyday life, embroidered with lush patterned ornaments. If there were elderly family members in the groom's family, a mat-namazlyk was embroidered by the daughter-in-law on a dark blue or dark green canvas for them. At the same time, ornamental drawings were created, stored and passed down from generation to generation in the family.

The ornament is the product of a long historical development. It preserves layers of various periods of cultural development, traces of complex interactions and mutual influences between tribes and peoples. The semantic ancient meaning of the ornament is mostly forgotten and the modern person perceives it as an ornament, a pattern.

In folk art, ornament is the main type of art, representing a unique and important layer of the artistic memory of the people.

The Bashkir ornament is symmetrical, the patterns are arranged either in a border, or in separate rosettes, or in a continuous grid, or all these techniques are used simultaneously. Its compositional construction is determined by the purpose, shape and size of the decorated objects, for example, kelyamas (carpets) are divided into fields and canvas.

The field is made up of elements arranged in two, three, and sometimes four rows, and the canvas is made up of a rhythmically repeating ribbon ornament. The canvas of the towel is decorated with three rows, the central field is brightly and colorfully ornamented with larger elements, and the upper and lower stripes are smaller and mirror each other.

In terms of color, the Bashkir ornament is polychrome, i.e. bright, multicolored. The coloristic image (i.e. color solution) is built on contrasts of strong and pure colors: red, yellow, black, green, less often blue, blue, orange, purple, scarlet predominate. The background of products is most often red, black is less often yellow and white. The Bashkirs identified these colors with the fertility of the earth, the luminary, the dawn and everything beautiful in nature.

Some symbols and ornamental elements have their own semantic meaning: kuskar is a symbol of curled ram's horns and a symbol of herbs.

The improvisation of this symbol with additional spiral curls led to the formation of various ornamental patterns and many other variants.

One of the elements of the Bashkir ornament is a solar sign - a circle, a simplified image of the sun in the form of a circle with rays or a vortex rosette.

Element in the form of a heart, denoting hospitality.

The origin of the ornament and its ancient meaning are connected with the religious worldview of people who sought to decorate clothes and household items to propitiate evil spirits, protect themselves from them or give themselves strength. Many of these elements are found in other peoples.

Decorating their products, the people talked about themselves, about their kind, about the surrounding life, nature, therefore, one more definition of the ornament can be given - this is the symbolic-graphic language of the people, expressing their feelings, concepts.

In the Bashkir arts and crafts, there are six main ornamental complexes:

	Ornamental complexes	a brief description of	Application	Examples
1	The first complex (the oldest).	Includes simple geometric shapes. The main principle of the composition is borders and sockets.	When decorating products made of wood, leather, painting, and sometimes in embroidery and appliqué.
2	Second complex.	Composes curvilinear patterns from various spirals, horn-shaped and heart-shaped figures, running waves.	It is found in embroidery, appliqué with cloth, in the design of shoes with cloth tops.
3	Third complex.	Plant patterns.	In women's and men's clothing.
4	Fourth complex.	Combines a group of complex patterns. These are eight-pointed stars, stepped rhombuses or various polyhedra.	Carpets, sharshau, tablecloths, ends of towels are decorated.
5	Fifth complex.	In the form of paired images of birds and animals, separated by floral ornaments.	For women's headbands and appliqués for shoes.
6	Sixth complex.	Includes geometric patterns, simple and complex.	In the ornament of clothes and home decoration items.

2. Fixing.

1. To consolidate your knowledge of the Bashkir ornament, you will paint the finished patterns of bashkir dolls and boots.

In the Bashkir family, they tried to make things look elegant, so interesting patterns were invented for these purposes. And you must paint your chosen patterns in the traditions of the Bashkir people, using elements of the Bashkir ornament, the main colors that the Bashkirs used to make patterns.

2. Who coped with the first task, proceeds to the second: make a carpet pattern.

Carpets covered the floor in the tirma (yurt), bunks. They slept on carpets, rested, decorated their homes with them. Imagine that you are in a weaving shop and you, as designers, need to come up with patterns for carpets.

3. Summing up.

Analysis of the work performed.

When analyzing, pay attention to the elements of creativity, to color combination.

The visual art of the Bashkirs was very diverse both in terms of technique and motives. For him, one of the most characteristic was the application technique and the motifs associated with it.

The Bashkir ornament is successfully mastered by local craftsmen for the production of carpets, scarves, shirts, blouses, napkins, wooden utensils.

The ornament embroidered with threads was of three types: tambour, smooth, with oblique oblique stitch, less often looped.

The origins of the Bashkir arts and crafts are lost in the mists of time. The needs of nomads for weapons and equipment, and the needs of farmers for tools contributed to the widespread development of various folk crafts. This opened a wide path to the emergence of arts and crafts, which was embodied in weaving, embroidery, artistic and decorative processing of wood and metal, in the design of national costumes and home decorations. Through all this, the Bashkirs expressed their attitude to nature and to the life of society.

The pre-revolutionary arts and crafts of the Bashkirs were most often limited to the needs of the family. Marriage was an important event in the life of the family. A large number of woven and embroidered items were prepared for the wedding:

patterned sharshau (large curtains to divide the house into male and female halves);
wedding suit for the girl and the groom, towels, napkins, tablecloths, scarves.

During the period of preparation for the wedding, the creative abilities of the girl and her skills as an embroiderer and weaver were most fully revealed.

One of the varieties of arts and crafts among the Bashkirs is the knitting of downy shawls. This fishery was very well developed in the Abzelilovsky, Baymaksky, Beloretsky, Zianchurinsky, Kugarchinsky, Khaibullinsky districts, as well as in the Orenburg region. Due to the natural and climatic conditions in these areas, a special breed of goats was bred, giving down, thin, and at the same time strong, fibrous-elastic, with high spinning properties: it was used to make yarn for woven and knitting shawls. Bashkir woven shawls are a unique type of weaving. These shawls were not knitted, but woven on looms. They also made openwork patterned shawls, knitted by hand on two long knitting needles.

Craftswomen distinguish between a middle and a border in a scarf, the edges end with cloves. The pattern is geometric. The art of knitting downy shawls is preserved and continues to develop in the republic - it is mainly a family downy knitting business. (Product display.)

One of the most popular types of decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs is folk ornament.

The Bashkir ornament is always symmetrical, the patterns are arranged either in borders, or in separate rosettes, or in a continuous grid, or all these examples are used simultaneously.

In folk art, ornament is the main type of art, representing a unique and important layer of the artistic memory of the people.

In terms of color, the Bashkir ornament is bright, multi-colored, based on contrasting, strong and pure colors prevails:

red - the color of heat and fire
yellow - the color of abundance and wealth
black - the color of the earth and fertility
green - the color of eternal green,
white - purity of thoughts, peacefulness
blue - the color of freedom,
brown - the color of old age withering.

Some symbols and ornamental elements have their own semantic meaning: kuskar is a symbol of curled ram's horns and a symbol of herbs.

The improvisation of this symbol with additional spiral curls led to the formation of various ornamental patterns and many other options.

One of the elements of the Bashkir ornament is a solar sign - a circle, a simplified image of the sun in the form of a circle with rays or a vortex rosette.

The heart-shaped element represents hospitality.

Bashkir folk arts and crafts are rich in a variety of types: weaving, embroidery, appliqué.

The ornament is characterized by geometric and floral elements, as well as curvilinear elements, patterns in the form of curls, spirals, heart-shaped figures.

See all crafts and ornaments here.

Any national creativity is quite interesting to study. After all, it was formed by absorbing the traditions of the people, its important features, attitude to life, nature, to each other. National history is learned through folk applied art. In this context, we will consider the Bashkir ornament. Let's get acquainted with its distinctive features, history, complexes of patterns and much more.

What is this?

Let's start with a definition.

The Bashkir ornament is a pattern based on the harmonious repetition of plant, geometric or zoomorphic elements. This is creativity, which refers to applied art. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated utensils, weapons, clothes - festive and everyday - with a similar ornament.

Story

Having examined the photo of the Bashkir ornament, the reader, of course, will ask himself the question: why are these patterns used? The fact is that folk craftsmen expressed their idea of the threefold structure of the world in the ornament. If you are familiar with examples of applied art from other nations, you will find a noticeable similarity. And this is not accidental: the triple rhythm of being is characteristic of very many ethnic groups.

The ornament itself is one of the most ancient forms of creativity, artistic activity of man. As a component of the fine arts, the composition of such patterns among the Bashkirs was formed gradually. The first images were quite simple and naive: a twig or flower, a plant stalk, a fragment of a shell or seeds pressed into wet clay.

Over time, the images became more complex. The artist thought over their composition, harmonious ratio. Then the authors began to attach a certain symbolic meaning to the Bashkir ornament.

Bashkirs have the following options for images:

Geometric patterns.
Plant patterns.
Curvilinear patterns.

We can find ancient examples of Bashkir ornaments and patterns on various materials: leather, linen, wood or metal.

Features of the Bashkir pattern

Let's imagine the main distinguishing features of the Bashkir ornament:

Bright, multicolored, with various elements.
Symmetric.
The patterns are arranged in a border, rosettes, grid. Sometimes all of these are used together.
The compositional zone is determined by the size, purpose, and shape of the product.
The elements are arranged in 2-4 rows, the canvas is composed of rhythmically repeating elements.
The central field is decorated with larger elements, and the upper zones are decorated with smaller ones, the pattern is mirrored on them.

Color preferences

Consider the shades characteristic of the Bashkir ornament:

Polychrome: multi-colored and bright.
The coloristic image is the contrast of bright pure colors.
Red, yellow, black, green predominate. Less common are blue and blue, scarlet, orange.
The background of the product is black or red. White and yellow are much less common.

Central symbolic meaning

We have indicated above that the ancient masters applied patterns for a reason. The ornament carried a certain meaning.

If we look at the stencils of the Bashkir ornament, we will be amazed at their geometric correctness and symmetry. The pattern reflects the perception of the world by the people. In this reality, everything is opposed: day - night, life - death, light - darkness, male - female, left - right. Such pairs determine the symmetry of the pattern.

The figures depicted here seem to oppose each other. But in order to determine their integrity, their connection with each other, the master necessarily introduces a central object into the ornament. It acts as a connecting element between oppositions.

Let us turn again to the stencils of Bashkir ornaments and patterns. The central figures here are as follows:

Woman. It symbolizes the goddess, the mother of all things on earth.
Image of a tree. Here, too, everything is clear - the plant means the tree of life.
Rhombus. And this geometric figure is difficult to understand for a modern person. The ancients believed that the rhombus is a symbol of the earth and arable land.

Curious elements of the pattern

The ornament of the Bashkir people is also the following interesting elements for study:

¥. This symbol is called "kuskar". It figuratively depicts a curl of ram's horns. In addition, among the ancient peoples, the kuskar often acted as a symbol of both herbs and plants in general.
֔֕. One of the solar signs that were characteristic of almost all peoples of the world. The ancients revered the sun, worshiped him. The star, as today, was considered the source of life. This solar sign resembles a circle with rays radiating from it.
. The symbolic image of the heart, so familiar to modern people. However, among the Bashkirs, this symbol did not mean tenderness, passion and love, but hospitality.

It is important to note that the Bashkir folk ornament reflects the very first stages of the development of national culture. This is the period when the Bashkirs have not yet converted to Islam.

Application in applied arts

Bashkir national ornaments were widely used in the following:

Decoration of collars, fasteners, cutouts, hems of clothes, edges of sleeves. However, aesthetics were not in the first place here. If the edge of the clothes was decorated with an ornament, this supposedly made the person protected from damage, the evil eye.
Decoration of elements of houses, residential buildings. The same was done not only for external attractiveness. So the ancient Bashkirs sought to protect their home from evil spirits. Shutters, gates, window frames, and roofs were covered with ornaments.
Many household items were made amulets for the owners, putting on them a symbolic image of the eye. At the same time, the rhombus was drawn in front, and the triangle was drawn in profile. By the way, the Bashkirs paid great attention to the last geometric figure. They revered the triangle as a symbol that could protect them from enemies, dark forces, evil spirits and other negative influences.

Ornamental complexes

If you purchase a coloring book with a Bashkir ornament, you will find in it one of the six (or a collection of several at once) main ornamental complexes characteristic of the arts and crafts of this people.

Let's list them:

Simple geometric patterns. Masters depicted triangles, rectangles, squares, crosses, rhombuses, circles, geometric swirl rosettes. All these figures bizarrely formed into a common complex picture. Such an ornamental pattern, for example, could be a border or a rosette.
Spirals, horn-shaped and heart-shaped figures, palmettes, running waves and unchanging triangles. All sorts of amulets were decorated with such patterns.
Plant patterns. The ornament, copying the natural patterns of nature, was most characteristic of the design of the national clothes of the Bashkirs, tambour embroidery on it.
Eight-pointed stars of a complex outline, polygons, horn-shaped paired curls, multi-stage rhombuses, bizarre polygons with "outgrowths". These elements of the pattern were formed according to the master's plan into a more complex ornament. Most often - in grids, complex sockets.
heraldic compositions. The family coats of arms contained symbolic images of animals, birds, and plants. There were also eight-pointed stars. Another frequent options are nail-like, forked figures.
Diamonds, squares, the image of eight-pointed rosettes, X-shaped figures and even stylized sketches of a person. All this was typical for weaving, lowercase, counted embroidery.

Features of Bashkir embroidery

And today, the embroideries of Bashkir craftswomen still amaze admiring spectators. These works are characterized by the following:

Most often, it is the floral pattern that is used.
For drawing, they prefer the following colors: yellow, green and red. Moreover, the shades do not flow smoothly, but always contrast with each other.
Cloth appliqué and the oblique mesh embroidery technique are characterized by the frequent use of helical patterns.
Contourless satin embroidery and weaving is the choice of X-shaped and diamond-shaped ornament.
The following distinctive techniques are often used: ornamental elements are arranged in a border, a continuous grid or rosettes.

knitting shawls

Bashkir arts and crafts cannot be imagined without downy shawls. The fishery was developed in several areas at once:

Baimaksky.
Abzelilovsky.
Khaibullinsky.
Beloretsky.
Zianchurinsky.
Kugarchinsky.

Orenburg downy shawls are also known all over the country. The natural and climatic conditions of these regions made it possible to keep a certain breed of goats, whose fluff was both thin and strong, elastic. His spinning qualities were recognized as the highest. It was from such fluff that yarn was made for amazing Bashkir shawls.

They belong to a unique type of weaving. After all, these shawls were woven on looms. Patterned openwork shawls are closer to our theme. They were knitted only by hand on just two long knitting needles. Distinguished the middle and the border of the product, on the sides they made cloves. Pattern - Bashkir geometric ornament. Until now, family down-knitting craft is popular in the republic.

Applied art can tell a lot about the earliest history of the people. Each element of the ornament here is not accidental - it performs a specific task. What we saw on the example of the Bashkir patterns.

Inna Nikitina

In our kindergarten, we pay great attention to patriotic education. Children are introduced to the work and life of people of different nationalities and nationalities. We teach children to understand that all people should live in peace and harmony. We cultivate love and respect for work, interest in folk art. We cultivate an aesthetic attitude and instill an interest in various types of folk crafts, in a variety of materials from which craftsmen made various products. Explained how it was born painting by Bashkir masters. Examined samples of products, elements murals. The children learned what colors Bashkir craftsmen use in murals.

Abstract

organized educational activities

educational area "Artistic and aesthetic development"

"Towel painting

Bashkir ornament»

preparatory group

Integration of educational regions: "Cognitive Development", "Music", "Artistic and aesthetic creativity", "Speech development".

Integrated Tasks:

Educational: Continue to teach children to introduce Bashkir folk craft. Teaching children to recognize objects Bashkir painting.

Educational: To develop in children the ability to create compositions, harmoniously place a drawing on a sheet. Introduce children to the art of beauty. Improve drawing skills Bashkir painting using characteristic elements and colors.

Educational: Cultivate interest in Bashkir decorative and applied arts.

Material: Drawing sheets, gouache or paints, brushes, bashkir products(spoons, bowls, tray, etc.) Towel, embroidered Bashkir painting, sample elements Bashkir painting.

Organizing time:

Guys, what country do we live in?

(In the Republic Bashkortostan)

And what national instrument is made in Bashkortostan from reed?

(Kurai)

Listen bashkir melody, which is played on kurai, and I will read it to you poem:

Bashkiria is mine! Earth and sky!

My love, my nightingale land,

I feel sorry for the one who has never been here,

I pity the one to whom kurai did not sing!

Today we will go to the museum "Decorative art Bashkir people» , where we will see a lot of interesting things. Close your eyes, let's count 1,2,3 - open your eyes, here we are in the museum.

(In a separate place there is a table with products Bashkir masters is a museum, the teacher tells and shows, the children are considering)

See how many different products are here. Who do you think made them?

(Bashkir masters)

Look these things

Today they came to visit us,

To tell us the secrets of ancient beauty.

To bring us into the world Bashkiria,

To the world of legends and goodness,

To say what's in Bashkiria

Miracle people-masters!

-Bashkir people have long adorned with bright ornament their dwellings, wooden utensils, clothes, shoes. Decorating their products, the people told about themselves. And why did he do that?

(To be beautiful)

-Bashkir art varied: this is weaving, and embroidery, and woodworking, painting dishes. The main occupation in the old days was cattle breeding: women weaved and embroidered felt mats, carpets, rugs. Now in modern times, we have a lot of folk art crafts in Bashkiria where products are made. These are the Birsk factory of art products, souvenir shops of the Gafury and Burzyansky timber enterprises, stone-cutting shops in the cities of Sibay and Uchaly. The largest is Bashkir artistic association "Agidel" in Ufa. The main products of this association are painted wood products. Look at the beautiful spoons and cups. What do they resemble painting, Guys?

(Russian Khokhloma painting)

Right. A few years ago, the masters of Khokhloma murals arrived in Bashkiria. A new association was opened here "Agidel", but only technology was taken, and the composition, color Bashkir the artists designed themselves. Russians and Bashkirs lived in friendship. As you already know, more of your products Bashkir masters decorate with ornaments. Bashkirs closely connected with nature, ornament meet natural forms This: waves, mountains, sun, kurai flower. And the masters depict animals with the help of symbols: ram horns, crow's feet, eye, etc.

Did you enjoy the museum tour?

Do you want to become masters yourself for a while?

Let's close our eyes and be back in our own group. Sit down at the tables.

Let's revisit the elements Bashkir ornament.

(The teacher shows samples ornaments, children call)

(Flocks of sheep, mountains, sun, ram's head, pasture, comb, ram's horns)

Now tell me where is it Bashkir pattern on the sheet?

(symmetrical)

Name the primary colors ornament.

(Red, yellow, green, rarely blue)

What background is the pattern on?

(On black, red, yellow, rarely white)

Let's remember that Bashkir masters associated each color of paint with nature.

(color of life)

(Color of the earth)

(grass color)

(color of the sun)

(Color of purity)

GOOD FELLOWS! Guys, look, I embroidered Bashkir pattern towel.

Will you draw me Bashkir pattern on paper towels. Consider again the elements of the patterns, think over the sketch and get to work.

(Children look at the samples and begin to draw)

(Kurai melody plays softly while painting.)

(In the process of drawing, the teacher monitors the drawing technique, reminds how to draw, gives advice)

We are finishing. We will now review all of our towels. How beautiful they turned out. Today we learned a lot about Bashkir crafts You have shown your knowledge, well done! Our Motherland is rich in talents. I want you to grow up to be good masters of your craft. The main thing is that you put your soul, all your efforts and skills into your work! Thank you.

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FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

UFIMSKY STATE ACADEMY

ECONOMY AND SERVICE

TEST

By discipline: "Culturology".

On the topic: "Bashkir ornament".

Completed by: Sitnikova Yu.A.

Group: GZ-2, Code: №

Checked: Assoc.cond.chem. Sciences

Timofeeva M.Yu

Introduction……………………………………………………………………...3

1. Ornament as a phenomenon of the national Bashkir culture………….3

2. The structure of the ornament…………………………………………………………………4

3. The value of the ornament in the history of cultural development……………………...6

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...6

References…………………………………………………………..7

INTRODUCTION

Ornament- one of the oldest forms of human visual activity, known since the Paleolithic. Translated from the Latin language ornament - "decoration", "pattern". The initial images were unsophisticated: a twig, a fragment of a shell, held on wet clay, or plant seeds pressed into it. Over time, real seeds were replaced with their images. Already in the Neolithic era, ceramic ornamentation was not a random set of strokes, stripes, dashes, but a thoughtful, compositionally verified drawing filled with symbolic content.

The very special place of the ornament in the culture of a traditional society can be judged by the activity of its use. They decorated clothes (everyday, festive, ritual), women's jewelry, various items (household utensils and religious objects), housing, its decoration, weapons and armor, horse harness.

The Bashkir ornament is characterized by both geometric and curvilinear floral patterns. The form depends on the technique of execution. Geometric motifs, made in the technique of counted embroidery and weaving. Curvilinear-vegetative - in the technique of appliqué, embossing, silver notch, in the technique of free embroidery (tambour, or "oblique mesh"). Usually patterns were applied to wood, leather, metal, canvas. Ornamentation techniques are diverse: carving and painting on wood, embossing and carving on leather, metal processing, appliqué, weaving and mortgage weaving, knitting, embroidery.

1. ORNAMENT AS A PHENOMENON OF NATIONAL BASHKIR CULTURE.

Bashkir ornament- one of the phenomena of the national Bashkir culture, reflecting its originality and specific features. Ornament for the Bashkir people was the only form of artistic and visual creativity. The almost complete absence of realistic images of animals, people and landscapes in Bashkir folk art was due to the influence of Muslim culture, namely, the prohibition of Islam to depict living things. Islam not only excluded from art all other images, except for the ornament, but also determined the extreme stylization of its form, the spread of geometric ornament. However, the northern regions of the Muslim world knew the widespread use of animal images in ornamentation, more often stylized, and sometimes even of a relatively realistic nature.

Paganism, with its magical, totemic and animistic ideas, had a significant impact on the ornament, its content and form. The adoption and spread of Islam led to the destruction of a unified system of pagan ideas and beliefs. However, pagan motifs associated with folk myths lived long and firmly in decorative and applied art.

As the visual culture of the people developed, art was increasingly associated with the aesthetic needs of people. The coloristic solution of patterns is the brightest manifestation of national identity in art. The Bashkir ornament is almost always multicolored, with a predominance of warm colors: red, green, yellow. Less commonly used blue, blue, purple colors. The appearance of aniline dyes had a great effect on the color scheme. Their use destroyed the traditional coloring, which was based on more restrained color combinations, because before the advent of aniline dyes, the Bashkirs used natural ones. Natural colors of wool participated in the creation of the traditional color: white, gray, black. The juxtaposition of colors in the Bashkir ornament was contrasting: on a red background - a green and yellow pattern, on a black - red and yellow. The background was always active, bright red, yellow and black colors were more often chosen for it, much less often - the white color of the canvas.

2. STRUCTURE OF ORNAMENT.

Bashkir ornament(both individual elements and the entire composition) is almost always symmetrical. The composition is very capacious and figuratively tells about the perception of the world by people. The whole world contains phenomena given only in opposition: day - night, life - death, light - darkness, male - female, left - right, etc. This is shown through the symmetry of the opposing animal figures. In order for the opposites in the mutual struggle not to destroy each other, the third element of the composition is necessary, which delimits them - the golden mean, the starting point, the symbolic image of the axis of the world. Thus, the ancient ideas about the triple rhythm of being, characteristic of most peoples, were reflected in the ornament.

The central figure in such compositions was most often a female figure, sometimes an image of a tree. Sometimes the central place was occupied by a symbolic rhombus. Such replacements are not accidental and logical, since both the female figure (the image of the goddess of all things), and the tree (the tree of life), and the rhombus (the symbol of arable land) are symbols of fertility, the life-giving principle.

On the Bashkir charaus, one can find both a highly stylized anthropomorphic figure in the center of the composition, and the image of a tree.
The composition of the patterns of the Bashkir haraus is multivariate. It cannot be regarded as a simple borrowing of an ornamental plot. The combination of horses, wood, man, birds in one composition does not contradict folk ideas. “In Bashkir folklore,” notes researcher M. M. Sagitov, “in critical situations, the horse takes the form of a sacred poplar family tree, the mighty branches of which raise the hero to an unattainable height and thereby save him from the pursuer enemy. The motif of turning a horse into a family tree is typical for Turkic-Mongolian epic.

The compositions with horses on harauses are also interesting because in the upper corners of the composition above the horses there are symmetrically placed figures denoting two birds that represent the sky. “In the Bashkir folklore,” notes M. M. Sagitov, “three worlds are usually depicted: heavenly, earthly and underground or underwater. Ordinary people live on earth, and the underworld is inhabited by spirits and monsters hostile to people and celestials.” Similar compositions with two horses and birds above them, facing the central figure, are found not only among the Bashkirs, but also in Chuvash and Russian embroidery, in the ornament of the Finno-Ugric peoples.

The patterns on the kharaus reflect the ideas of the pre-Islamic period in the history of the Bashkirs. Islamic culture determined a high degree of stylization of originally realistic forms, which makes it difficult to "read" the ornament and reconstruct the ancient ideas of the people.

With the help of amulets, a person believed to protect himself from harmful spirits, the evil eye and other misfortunes. This purpose of the ornament corresponded to its location on clothes, and on the dwelling. In clothes, the edges, cuts, holes were decorated with ornaments: collar, cutouts, fasteners, edges of sleeves and hem. Clothing in itself was considered to be a fairly reliable protection of a person from harmful external influences, but the weak point of clothing was the holes through which evil spirits could penetrate, and therefore they needed additional protective power. The edges decorated with a pattern were considered inaccessible to negative influences, while the seams were made double, and among some peoples, clothes along the seams were additionally stitched with colored threads. "It is no coincidence that on the decorative products of most peoples, embroidery patterns are located along the line of seams and the sides of clothing or along the edges of flat products. In this light, it is interesting to note that the ancient Turkic terms generally accepted in the Bashkir language for designating embroidery - sigeu, secret - in their original sense go back to the concepts of "limit", "frame", "border" (from the book by N. V. Bikbulatov, R. G. Kuzeev and S. N. Shitova "Decorative creativity of the Bashkir people").

In decorating the dwelling, they proceeded from the same ideas: "My house is my fortress," and therefore, first of all, it is necessary to decorate the places where evil spirits can enter the house. First of all, the gates, shutters and window frames, as well as the edges of the roof were decorated. The simplest and most common form of amulet-amulet in the Bashkir ornament was a triangle, less often a rhombus. Both of these figures are a symbolic image of the eye: a triangle - in profile, a rhombus - in front. The eye in the image was endowed with magical power, being the most reliable remedy for the evil eye. Triangles-amulets can be found in the decoration of saryk shoes, on women's clothing and on other items. The idea that the image of a triangle can protect against harmful external influences was common among many peoples. The amulet, designed to prevent evil forces at any moment, was depicted directed to all four cardinal directions, in extreme cases - to two.

3. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ORNAMENT IN THE HISTORY OF CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.

Ornament as a phenomenon of national culture refracts its various facets. Since culture is constantly tuned to self-reproduction, the transmission from generation to generation of traditional forms of culture is of great importance. The original interpretations of certain ornamental motifs and plots have long been forgotten, but this becomes unimportant when techniques and plots are passed on from generation to generation, since the very fact of continuity is important. Continuity is the main quality of traditional national culture, thanks to which some plots or ornamental elements can exist without changing for centuries and millennia. This stability of the ornament helps in the study of past folk ideas, and also allows it to be used as a historical source.