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Baranovsky g architectural. Gavriil Baranovsky: the fate of the heritage

The works of the architect G. V. Baranovsky are known to many. Only in St. Petersburg, according to www.citywalls.ru, there are 14 of them, including the most famous - the Eliseevsky store on Nevsky, the Buddhist datsan on Primorsky, Baranovsky's own house on the street. Dostoevsky, which was recently reported schwarzze - http://schwarzze.livejournal.com/368698.html. The "Architectural Encyclopedia" by GV Baranovsky is also known to everyone who is interested in architecture.

But little is known about G.V. Baranovsky himself, and what is “known” is often well-established legends that have nothing to do with reality.

Let's start with the fact that until 2011 not a single portrait of G. V. Baranovsky was publicly available. In February 2011, my colleagues from the Teriyok site, Elena Travina and Victoria Makashova, discovered a portrait of Baranovsky in the album "Jubilee collection of information about the activities of former students of the Institute of Civil Engineers. 1842-1892" in the collections of the SPbGASU Museum (former LISI).

Further. According to an established legend, G. V. Baranovsky was married to the daughter of G. P. Eliseev, the head of the Eliseev trading house. This information is also present in the article about G. V. Baranovsky in the Russian-language Wikipedia. However, this is not true. Baranovsky was married to Ekaterina Vasilievna Kobeleva, the sister of civil engineer Nikolai Vasilyevich Kobelev. This information is confirmed by two sources - the same SPbGASU museum and the descendants of the Kryukov family, Baranovsky's neighbors in the dacha in Kellomyaki (Baranovsky's neighbor Kryukov was married to the sister of Baranovsky's wife).

There was no reliable information about the death of G. V. Baranovsky - place, reason, date. Usually they indicate the year 1920, Petrograd, and either shot by the Bolsheviks during the "Red Terror" or starved to death (the latter version is also given in the mentioned Wikipedia article).

And just the other day, Elena Travina and Victoria Makashova discovered the parish book of the Kellomyak Spiritual Church for 1920 in the National Archives of Finland. Here it must be said that this church burned down in 1918. But, since a certain number of Russians remained in Kellomyaki after the revolution, a house church with the same name operated there. And in this book, my colleagues found an entry dated July 28, 1920, about the death of Gavriil Vasilievich Baranovsky, a civil engineer, from heart failure. And that he was buried at the Kellomyak Orthodox cemetery, that is, at the very necropolis, which is now known for the fact that A. A. Akhmatova, academician D. S. Likhachev and many other famous figures of science, culture and art are buried there .

Last year we examined the Komarovsky necropolis for pre-war graves. Several such graves have been preserved there, but few are marked - http://terijoki.spb.ru/old_dachi/komarovo_nekropol.php. There are still many nameless mounds, which means G. V. Baranovsky is under one of them.

Yes, just for your information, a photograph of the famous villa "Harp" (location - http://terijoki.spb.ru/old_dachi/komarovo_map.php?xd=04&ob=30), architect G. V. Baranovsky's dacha in Kellomyaki.

    - (March 25, 1860 around 1920, Petrograd), Russian architect, architectural historian, publisher. Lived and worked in St. Petersburg. In 1885 he graduated from the Institute of Civil Engineers (IGI), in 1885 1917 he served in the Technical Construction Committee of the Ministry ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

    Baranovsky Gavriil Vasilievich- (18601920), architect, architectural historian. Graduated from IGI (1885). He dealt with issues of construction legislation and urban planning. Member of the Board of the Society of Civil Engineers. The early buildings of Baranovsky residential buildings on ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"

    - (1860 1920), architect, architectural historian. Graduated from IGI (1885). He dealt with issues of construction legislation and urban planning. Member of the Board of the Society of Civil Engineers. The early buildings of B. residential buildings on the embankment of the river ... ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)

    - (1860 1920), Russian architect. Worked in St. Petersburg. Buildings with facades in the spirit of eclecticism are marked by rational planning decisions (a residential building on the Fontanka embankment, 1890); later built in the Art Nouveau style (partnership complex ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

    - (18601920), architect. Worked in St. Petersburg. Buildings with facades in the spirit of eclecticism are marked by rational planning decisions (a residential building on the Fontanka embankment, 1890); later built in the Art Nouveau style (the partnership complex "Brothers ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

    - (1860 1920). He graduated from PIGI in 1885 with the title of citizen. eng. He had a private practice in St. Petersburg. The son-in-law of the merchant G. G. Eliseev, for whom he built in St. Petersburg (1902 03) and remodeled in Moscow (1903, Tverskaya St., 14) trading houses. He built a profitable house along Kozitsky ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia

    - ... Wikipedia

    - ... Wikipedia

    Baranovsky is a Russian surname. Surnames Male: Baranovsky Alexander Ivanovich (1890 1965) Soviet graphic artist and architect. Baranovsky, Boris Evgenievich chief choreographer of the Moscow Academic Operetta Theater, Honored ... ... Wikipedia

    Baranovsky G.V.- BARANOVSKY Gavriil Vasilyevich (18601920), architect. Worked in St. Petersburg. Buildings with facades in the spirit of eclecticism are marked by rational planning decisions (a residential building on the Fontanka embankment, 1890); later built in the Art Nouveau style ... ... Biographical Dictionary

Books

  • Architectural encyclopedia of the second half of the XIX century. In 7 volumes. Set of 8 books, Baranovsky Gavriil Vasilyevich. Reprint from the publication. SPb. 1902-1908. The publication includes the best examples of artistic and architectural creativity of masters from all over the world for that period of time. The encyclopedia includes graphic…
  • Architectural encyclopedia of the second half of the XIX century. Volume 2. Book 1, Baranovsky G.V.. The encyclopedia was recreated according to the edition of 1902-1908, for the first time it is printed in 7 volumes (8 books), in the original format and in full. The author of the encyclopedia Baranovsky Gavriil Vasilyevich, ...

Architectural historians, specialists in the field of monument protection, genealogists, local historians, journalists gathered to discuss issues related to the search for and introduction into scientific discourse of new documents that reveal previously unknown facts of the architect's biography, the history of some of his buildings and the problem of the demand for the heritage of Gavriil Baranovsky.

It is no coincidence that the house of the Russian Geographical Society in St. Petersburg became the venue for scientific discussion, because this is the only building of the architect that has never changed its purpose and has been preserved in the form in which Gavriil Baranovsky conceived it at the beginning of the 20th century.

The external and internal appearance of the structure of the Headquarters of the Russian Geographical Society in St. Petersburg combined imperial representativeness and at the same time democracy inherent in science, and romanticism, inseparable from the spirit of geographical travel.

(From the speech of A. Ilyina).

Life and destiny

Gavriil Baranovsky went down in history as one of the most progressive Russian architects of the early 20th century, who left many amazing buildings. “Architectural historians appreciate Baranovsky very much, but for the general public, this is a rather mysterious figure,” says Elena Travina, a researcher of the architect’s biography.

Gavriil Vasilyevich Baranovsky (1860–1920) – architect, architectural historian, publisher. In 1885-1917 he served in the Technical and Construction Committee of the Ministry of the Interior, while in 1897-1905 he taught at the Institute of Civil Engineers, dealt with issues of building legislation.

His most famous works in St. Petersburg are the House of the Eliseev Brothers Trade Association on Nevsky Prospekt, the building of the Russian Geographical Society, a Buddhist temple, and his own dacha Villa Arfa in Kellomyaki (now Komarovo).

In 1894–1905, he published the Stroitel magazine, as an author and editor he created the fundamental Architectural Encyclopedia of the Second Half of the 19th Century (vols. 1–7, 1902–1908).

Elena Travina did a lot of work in the Russian and Finnish archives, during which she managed to dispel many myths and establish historical facts regarding the life and work of Gavriil Baranovsky. Until recently, it was believed that the “court architect of the Eliseev merchants” could belong to their family, and, possibly, was married to one of the daughters (sisters) of the head of the trading house. In fact, the only wife of G.V. Baranovsky was Ekaterina Vasilievna Kobeleva - the daughter of a real state adviser to the non-commissioned master of the horse of the Highest Court. In 1890, the Baranovskys had a son, Vasily (1890–1945), who graduated from the Imperial School of Law in 1911, and in 1914 as an external student at the Conservatory in piano. After the October Revolution, the second profession was very useful to the son of a famous architect, when lawyers were not needed, however, like architects.

In 1917, the Baranovsky family ended up at their dacha in Kellomyaki, Gavriil Vasilievich himself was left without his favorite job and, having lived for three difficult and anxious years, died of heart failure in July 1920. Buried at the local cemetery. Elena Travina managed to find a record of his death in the parish register of the Spiritual Church in Kellomäki in the National Archives of Finland. Thus, another myth was dispelled - about the cause of death and the place of burial of the architect, which, unfortunately, could not be found at the Komarovsky cemetery. Installing a memorial plaque on the cemetery fence is simply necessary, - Elena Travina believes, - in order to perpetuate the memory of the outstanding architect, teacher, architectural historian, who did so much for Russia. So far, all attempts to implement this plan rested against a blank wall, - the researcher stated bitterly.

Researchers drew basic information about the architect from the “Jubilee Collection of Information on the Activities of Former Pupils of the Institute of Civil Engineers (Construction School)”, compiled by G.V. Baranovsky in 1893. For many years this collection was the only source of information about the architect, which also contained the only portrait of him that has come down to us.

Viktor Kryukov (Helsinki) for the first time introduced the participants of the round table to some documents from the family archive. Viktor Kryukov's great-grandmother was the sister of Gavriil Baranovsky's wife, and, according to experts, the materials preserved in this family are priceless. V. Kryukov presented a photograph of the architect himself, previously unknown to researchers, portraits of Vasily Baranovsky's son and his wife, violinist Nora Duesberg, unknown photographs of the Arfa Villa during and after construction. The speaker said that the family keeps the correspondence of relatives, the study of the family chronicle continues and, perhaps, specialists in the near future will receive new information from the life of Gavriil Baranovsky and his entourage.

Villa Nordisk - "Harp" (Harppulinna, Finnish) - the own summer house of the architect Gavriil Baranovsky, built in 1913 in Kellomyaki on a high bank. A park with fountains and a concrete pond in the form of an artist's palette in front of the southern facade of the house was laid out on the site around the dacha. A two-tiered viewing terrace with a beautiful view of the Gulf of Finland was built into the cliff.

The villa was destroyed at the end of the Second World War and its appearance has come down to us from a few photographs. The site has been preserved in its original size, a pond, a gazebo and an observation terrace have also been preserved.

Old photographs from the 30s XX centuries allow architects to get an idea of ​​​​its appearance. Asymmetric volumes characteristic of Art Nouveau, an abundance of open terraces, glazing of the veranda, lightness and elegance of the design distinguished this work.(See: Ushakova O.B. Villa "Harp" by G.V. Baranovsky. Experience of graphic reconstruction // Fontanka: cultural and historical almanac. 2015. No. 18. P. 86-91).

Villa Harp and Villa Orro

Architectural historian Svetlana Levoshko thanked the organizers for organizing a round table dedicated to the outstanding architect, a hero of his time, who embodied a new type of architect at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, who did tremendous work: he was engaged in design, pedagogical, publishing and journalistic activities. “The breadth of coverage, approaches to his work, the legacy he left required more attention from specialists, but to date there is not a single fundamental study dedicated to his personality and creativity,” the researcher emphasized.

On the example of two now lost villas built according to the project of G. Baranovsky on the coast of the Gulf of Finland in Kellomyaki and Toila-Oru (Estonia), Svetlana Levoshko demonstrated the strongest qualities of an architect, among which, in addition to style, innovative and engineering talent stands out.

Architect Olga Ushakova continued the theme of Baranovsky's dacha buildings, presenting a virtual reconstruction project for the Arfa villa. The work was carried out within the framework of the global project "Documentation of the Lost" by students of two St. Petersburg universities: the State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering and the University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics under the guidance of the author of the report. Due to the fact that the drawings of the villa have been lost, the creative team based on archival materials - photographs, memoirs of contemporaries and analogues had to recreate the architectural image of the villa "Harp" based on a 3D model.

Specialists in the field of monument protection have been sounding the alarm for more than one year about the surviving buildings on the territory of the former site of the Villa Arfa. Unique buildings - a gazebo, an observation terrace can be demolished overnight by new owners due to the fact that they are not included in any of the lists of cultural heritage sites.

Researcher Svetlana Marakhonova presented a photo album of the family of the head of the Eliseev Brothers trading house, Grigory Eliseev, dedicated to the estate in Orro (now Toyla-Oru). The unique album of photographs was preserved by the descendant of the only daughter of the merchant, Marietta Eliseeva, and contains detailed images of the views, interiors of the villa and its surroundings.

The house that Baranovsky built

One of the most striking reports was made by art critic Anna Ilyina, who for the first time presented a description of the interior of the Scientific Library of the Russian Geographical Society .

The researcher noted that the library of the Russian Geographical Society is a unique special book collection located in an outstanding architectural structure and interior. “The priceless book collection was created simultaneously with the Russian Geographical Society, and the library became the focus of the Society's activities, its spiritual core. The organization of the space emphasizes this significance,” Ilyina noted. “And the interior of the library is quite worthy of being included in the list of the most significant interiors of the Art Nouveau era.”

Baranovsky - publisher

Historian Vadim Zhukov, analyzing the publishing and journalistic activities of the architect, drew attention to two of his works, which occupied a special place in the creative biography of Gabriel Baranovsky and in the history of architecture in general. A tribute to his Alma mater was the "Jubilee collection of information about the activities of former students of the Institute of Civil Engineers (1842-1892)". The book contains brief biographical information about the graduates, listing the buildings they own.

"The Architectural Encyclopedia of the Second Half of the 19th Century" by Gavriil Baranovsky is a fundamental work that has absorbed the best architectural examples of domestic and world architecture. The encyclopedia includes graphic tables, photographs, detailed images of facades, buildings, their fragments and details in plans, projections, and perspectives. About 22 thousand images are placed on almost 5 thousand pages. Nothing of the kind has been published either before or after that either in Russia or abroad, V. Zhukov emphasized.

An excursion was organized for the participants of the round table with a visit to the library, the Presidium Hall, the office of the President of the Society and the exhibition dedicated to the 170th anniversary of the Russian Geographical Society. Tourists could also see an exhibition of historical photographs of the building of the Russian Geographical Society, taken at the beginning of the 20th century by the famous photographer, member of the Russian Geographical Society S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky, and assess the safety of the building and its interiors from the moment of construction to the present day.

Baranovsky, as an architect-encyclopedist, certainly felt the pulse of modern architectural life, its relationship with the economy, culture, politics, and all of his buildings always demonstrate unconditional intellectual and creative freedom, the main thing is a very accurate understanding of the purpose of the building (A. Ilyina).

Text: Tatyana Nikolaeva

Photo: Alexander Filippov, Andrey Strelnikov, site terijoki.spb.ru

Baranovsky Petr Dmitrievich - Russian, Soviet architect, better known as a restorer of monuments of ancient architecture, and also as one of the authors of new methods of restoration and conservation of architectural objects.

Baranovsky was born into a family of Dorogobuzh peasants on February 14, 1892 in the village of Shuyskoye, Vyazemsky district, Smolensk province. In 1912, he graduated from the Moscow Construction and Technical School, having received a license to carry out construction work. While still a student of twenty years old, he developed a project for the restoration of the cathedral of the Boldin Monastery near Dorogobuzh, built by Fyodor Kon. For this work, Baranovsky was awarded the gold medal of the Russian Archaeological Society. During the work on the project, the future architect personally examined and measured the Vvedensky Church of the Holy Trinity Boldinsky Monastery - even then he was attracted by the work of the restorer. Having received payment for his first project - 400 rubles, Baranovsky purchased a camera for shooting ancient architectural monuments.

After graduation, for some time Baranovsky worked in the construction of railway and industrial facilities. In particular, he was an assistant architect of the Tula iron-smelting plant, served in the Construction Department of the Central Asian Railway in Ashgabat, and at the same time studied at the art history department of the Moscow Archaeological Institute.

With the outbreak of the First World War, Baranovsky was called up as a military engineer, and served on the Western Front as the head of a construction site. When the news of the revolutionary events in October 1917 reached the front, as in many units, at Baranovsky's duty station, almost everyone went home without permission. Pyotr Dmitrievich remained, sealed the warehouses and guarded them until the arrival of representatives of the new government, protecting property from the attack of marauders.

In 1918, without waiting for the end of the civil war, Baranovsky went to Yaroslavl to restore the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery and the Metropolitan's Chambers, damaged during the White Social Revolutionary rebellion. The Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery is known for the fact that the famous "Tale of Igor's Campaign" was discovered on its territory.

Meanwhile, in 1918, Baranovsky graduated from Moscow University with a gold medal, having received a diploma in architectural history. Diligence, interest in science and talent helped him earn a good reputation during his studies, so the famous scientists V.K. Kleiman and V.A. Gorodtsov gave Baranovsky good recommendations for teaching. In 1919, Pyotr Dmitrievich began teaching the history of Russian architecture at the Yaroslavl branch of the Moscow Archaeological Institute and at Moscow State University (until 1923). In just a few months, the novice teacher wrote a dissertation on the architectural treasures of the Boldin Monastery, after which he received a professorship. Since 1919, Baranovsky was a senior researcher at the Moscow section of the GAIMK, and then a senior researcher-architect of the TsGRM.

In the early 1920s, Pyotr Dmitrievich returned to Moscow and began work on the protection and restoration of ancient monuments. It draws up reports on objects in need of repair and restoration and submits them to the government. The idea of ​​Pyotr Dmitrievich was to organize museums on the territory of the most interesting ancient monuments.

In 1921, Baranovsky went on his first expedition (there were 10 of them in total) to the Russian North. In his memoirs, he said that he went on this trip along the Pinega and its tributaries during his regular summer vacation, guessing the dates. Pyotr Dmitrievich went on a long trip alone, without assistants, as if he was actually going on vacation. The most valuable thing that Professor Baranovsky put in his luggage was three pounds of salt. In those years, in the north, money was worth nothing, and it was possible to buy food, hire a boat or a cart only in exchange for scarce salt. Pinega, Wonga, Pocha, Chakola, Pirinem, Kevrola, Chukhchenem, Sura, Vyya - Pinega villages have stood along the banks of these rivers for centuries, each of which had one, or even two or three ancient tent churches - the forerunners of the beautiful Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Kolomna. There were also three-story mansions, and mill-fortresses, and many other rare monuments of wooden Russian architecture, which Baranovsky was keenly interested in.

In his subsequent expeditions, first under the guidance of Academician Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar, and then on his own, Baranovsky made measurements, studied churches and civil buildings, in particular, the Solovetsky Monastery. In 1922-1923, Baranovsky studied churches in Nizhny Novgorod, and in 1929 he worked in Belarus.

At first, the authorities were favorable to the activities of Professor Baranovsky. In those years, in order to surely protect the religious building from destruction, it was necessary to open a museum in it. It was in this way that the Holy Trinity Gerasim-Boldinsky Monastery was preserved. Here, in 1923, Pyotr Dmitrievich organized a branch of the Dorogobuzh Museum. Together with like-minded people, he collected everything that could be saved from the destroyed surrounding churches to the monastery, and they also managed to transport the collection of the abolished museum in Yelnya here. But Baranovsky understood the precariousness of his position, at any moment a loyal attitude could be replaced by disgrace. Therefore, he hired the photographer Mikhail Pogodin, who took up documenting the collection of the museum and the monastery itself. Pyotr Dmitrievich's fears were justified. In 1929, the museum was destroyed, almost all of Pogodin's photographs were destroyed, describing the work of the photographer as "class alien". In 1930, the director of the Boldino Museum, Semyon Buzanov, was arrested. He was sent to the camps, where he died. The director of the Dorogobuzh museum managed to escape from the persecution of the authorities. In 1943, the monastery itself was destroyed. This time the act of vandalism was committed by the Nazi invaders in response to the resistance of the local population.

A year after the establishment of the first museum in Boldino, Baranovsky succeeded in giving the Kolomenskoye estate the status of a museum, and became its first director (1924). During 1927-1933, unique monuments of wooden architecture appeared in Kolomenskoye, such as: the house of Peter I, the Mokhovaya Tower from the Sumy prison, an outbuilding from Preobrazhensky and others. Baranovsky not only documented the condition of these monuments, but also restored them in his own way, removing all the later layers and extensions, reviving the original appearance of the buildings. It was in Kolomenskoye that Baranovsky organized his school of restorers.

Baranovsky, by the nature of his activity, was obliged to measure and describe the churches intended for demolition. He was the last visitor to the ancient Chudov Monastery on the Kremlin grounds before it was demolished in 1929. All that the professor managed to save from the monastery was the relics of Metropolitan Alexy.

Despite the increasingly tough anti-religious policy, in the late 1920s, Baranovsky began the restoration of the Kazan Cathedral, which was closed in 1918. Having stood for a long time without proper care, the temple was rapidly deteriorating and required immediate repair. The efforts of the restorer did not bring results - the authorities nevertheless decided to demolish the church, and at the end of the 30s the church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God disappeared from Red Square. Only due to the fact that Baranovsky managed to make all the measurements of the temple, the Kazan Cathedral was recreated in 1993 - this was done by his student.

In the period from 1922 to 1950, among other objects, the architect examined and partially restored the Borovsky Pafnutiev Monastery and the Lyutikov Monastery in Przemysl (both located in the Kaluga Region), the Church of the Great Martyr George in Yuryev-Podolsky, the Knyagin Monastery and the Monastery of the Great Martyr Dmitry Solunsky in the Vladimir Region .

In 1930, Baranovsky again went on an expedition, this time to the White Sea-Onega, along the Volga. All participants in the research trip remembered him for the fact that a telegram almost flew to Moscow with the question of where to bury Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky, on the spot, or to take the body to Moscow. The thing is that the time allotted for the expedition was running out, and in the village of Piyala the church and several rare monuments remained undocumented, the fate of which Baranovsky was very worried about. Trying to save time during the measurement of the church, Baranovsky showed imprudence and fell from a ten-meter height. When the expedition leader was pulled out from under the rubble, he was no longer breathing. But, fortunately, a strong body responded to resuscitation, and four hours later Baranovsky regained consciousness. Pyotr Dmitrievich spent two weeks in the first-aid post in the village of Chekuyevo, and as soon as he was able to walk, he immediately went to explore the local church. Despite the assurances of the expedition members and local residents that there was nothing of value in the temple for a long time, Pyotr Dmitrievich, nevertheless, examined it. The reward for perseverance was an amazing find - a wooden carved door of the 12th century (transported to the Kolomenskoye estate-museum).

By decision of the Soviet authorities, there was no place for churches on Red Square, which became the venue for demonstrations of workers. Thus, the threat of extinction hung over one of the greatest monuments of ancient Russian architecture - the Intercession Cathedral, better known as St. Basil's Cathedral. With all the energy inherent in him, Baranovsky came out in defense of the temple. Regarding the demolition of the ancient monument, he spoke rather sharply with Kaganovich, and when this conversation did not produce results, he sent an equally impudent telegram to Stalin. Perhaps it was thanks to Baranovsky that the temple was not destroyed, but such vigorous activity did the defender a disservice. The architect was arrested, and at first the sanctions were limited to a severe reprimand, but in 1933 Baranovsky was accused of anti-Soviet activities and exiled to Siberian camps, where he stayed for three years. In the city of Mariinsk, Kemerovo region, where the camp was located, Baranovsky worked as an assistant to the head of the construction unit. One of his works of the period of imprisonment is the building of the agricultural museum in Mariinsk.

After his release in 1936, Baranovsky, according to existing laws, could not immediately return to Moscow, so he settled behind "101 kilometers", and for some time worked in the museum of the city of Alexandrov. After returning to the capital (1938), Petr Dmitrievich Baranovsky worked in the structures of the state protection of monuments, was one of the founders of the VOOPIK (1966).

Largely thanks to Baranovsky, the ancient Spaso-Andronikov Monastery, known for the fact that Andrei Rublev lived and worked here, has also been preserved. In the first years of Soviet power, a colony for homeless children was located on the territory of the monastery, and this caused considerable damage to the monastery. Returning from prison, Baranovsky began to examine the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery. He was lucky to find an old slab on the territory of the former monastery - it was the tombstone of the grave of Andrei Rublev, dating back to the 15th century. This happened late in the evening, and Baranovsky postponed a more detailed study until the morning. And in the morning it turned out that the workers managed to crush the tombstone, and sprinkled it with fragments on the soaked monastery paths. However, with the joint efforts of Professor Baranovsky and Academician I.E. Grabar succeeded in turning the monastery into a museum of ancient Russian art. The official decision was made in 1947, and the museum itself opened in 1960.

At the same time, Petr Dmitrievich was working on another large-scale project - the restoration of the Krutitsy metochion - one of the most famous monasteries in Moscow. Thanks to the talent of the architect, it was possible to restore the original appearance of Krutitsy and preserve the architectural complex for future generations. In gratitude for the work of Baranovsky, a memorial plaque with the name of the architect was installed on one of the walls of the Krutitsy Compound.

In the post-war years, Professor Baranovsky worked as an expert of the Extraordinary Commission for the Investigation of Fascist Atrocities in the Temporarily Occupied Territories. Together with the troops that liberated Chernihiv, he entered the city. After examining the city's monuments, in particular the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, dating from the 17th century, he discovered at its base an even more ancient building made of plinth bricks. Temples were erected from this building material in the pre-Mongol era - i.e. the find was a contemporary of the Tale of Igor's Campaign.

Despite the repressions and three years in the camps, Pyotr Dmitrievich did not lose his integrity in relation to his beloved work. In almost destroyed (70% of residential buildings were destroyed) Chernigov, he appeared at the bureau of the city committee of the party with a demand to adapt one of the workshops of a brick factory for the manufacture of thin plinth bricks, which was necessary for the restoration of the Chernigov church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa. Baranovsky not only forced the members of the party bureau to listen to him, but also got an appointment with the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, and eventually received a positive answer. Restoration work was launched even before the end of the war. Despite the fact that at that time the inhabitants of the city lived in dugouts, because there were not enough materials for the construction of housing, no one showed discontent. Moreover, one day the indignant citizens of Chernihiv brought to the architect a man who stole plinths in order to build a stove for himself. According to professional architects, restorers and historians, the restoration project of this church and its implementation have become the world standard of restoration.

In addition to fruitful activities in the field of conservation and restoration of valuable architectural monuments, Baranovsky was collecting information about Russian architects. His collection included materials on more than 1,700 ancient Russian architects. From these materials, Baranovsky wanted to create a Dictionary of Old Russian Architects. According to academician I.E. Grabar, an erudite architect like Baranovsky, was not in all of Europe. Baranovsky has many restorers and architectural historians trained by him. It was he who was the first to put into practice new methods of recreating the original appearance of the structure from the surviving fragments, and also developed a method for strengthening ancient buildings with the help of reinforced concrete. Baranovsky during his career created more than 100 restoration projects, of which 70 were carried out, and also explored several hundred ancient temples, monasteries and other structures located on the territory from the White Sea to Azerbaijan. The archive of the architect was transferred to GNIMA, and in 2000 it began to be published.

Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky died at the age of 92 in 1984 and was buried in the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.


Historical reference:


February 14, 1892 - Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky was born in the village of Shuyskoye, Vyazemsky district, Smolensk province
1912 - Baranovsky graduated from the Moscow Construction and Technical School
1911 - Baranovsky developed a project for the restoration of the cathedral of the Boldin Monastery near Dorogobuzh, built by Fyodor Kon
1914 - the beginning of the First World War, Baranovsky was called to the front as a military engineer
1918 - Baranovsky graduated from Moscow University with a gold medal, having received a diploma in architectural history
1918 - Baranovsky went to Yaroslavl to restore the Transfiguration Monastery and the Metropolitan's Chambers
1919-1923 - Baranovsky taught the history of Russian architecture at the Yaroslavl branch of the Moscow Archaeological Institute and at Moscow State University
1919 - Baranovsky was a senior researcher at the Moscow section of the GAIMK, and then a senior researcher-architect of the TsGRM
1921 - Baranovsky went on the first expedition along the Pinega and its tributaries
1922-1923 - Baranovsky studied churches in Nizhny Novgorod
1929 - architect Baranovsky P.D. worked in Belarus
1923 - Professor Baranovsky organized a branch of the Dorogobuzh Museum in the Holy Trinity Gerasim-Boldinsky Monastery
1924 - Baranovsky succeeded in giving the Kolomenskoye estate the status of a museum, and became its first director
Late 1920s - Baranovsky begins repairing the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God on Red Square, and also makes measurements of the church
1930 - Baranovsky again went on an expedition, this time to the White Sea-Onega, along the Volga
1933 u/ - Baranovsky was repressed on charges of anti-Soviet activities
1936 - Petr Dmitrievich comes out of prison and works for some time in the museum of the city of Alexandrov
1938 - Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky returned to Moscow and worked in the structures of the state protection of monuments
1943 - Professor Baranovsky worked as an expert of the Extraordinary Commission for the Investigation of Fascist Atrocities in the Temporarily Occupied Territories
1960 - on the initiative of Baranovsky Spaso-Andronikov, the monastery in Moscow acquired the status of a museum
1964 - Petr Dmitrievich worked on another large-scale project - the restoration of the Krutitsy Compound
1984 - Pyotr Dmitrievich died and was buried in the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow

A little less than 35 years ago, one of the most famous Russian monument restorers, the architect Baranovsky, passed away. At one time he lived in a tiny apartment, located in the Novodevichy Convent, in hospital wards. And this more than modest dwelling for several decades was the headquarters where the salvation of Russian culture was organized. More details about the architect Baranovsky, whose photo is presented in the article, will be told today.

amazing person

The architect Petr Dmitrievich Baranovsky is a very extraordinary figure in Russian history and culture. After all, it was thanks to him that it was possible to restore in its original form located in Moscow,

He stood at the origins of the creation of the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, was the savior of the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery from destruction. Architects call it Habakkuk of the 20th century, as well as a guardian angel who saved church architecture. There is a version that he prevented the destruction of St. Basil's Cathedral, which was the idea of ​​one of the party bosses, Lazar Kaganovich.

Biography of architect Baranovsky

She was truly extraordinary and dramatic. Let's take a look at some facts.

  • The architect, restorer, who was among the creators of new methods of restoration and conservation of objects, was born in 1892 into a peasant family. He died in Moscow in 1984.
  • 1912 - graduated from the construction and technical school in Moscow.
  • 1914 - served on the Western Front as the head of the construction site.
  • 1918 - received a gold medal from the Moscow Archaeological Institute (department of art history).
  • 1919-22 - was a teacher of the history of Russian architecture in the department of the Moscow Archaeological Institute in Yaroslavl.
  • 1922-23 - taught the same subject at Moscow State University.
  • 1823-33 - director of the museum in Kolomenskoye.
  • 1933-36 - repressed and served his sentence in exile in the Kemerovo region, in the city of Mariinsk. After his release, he was an employee of the museum in Aleksandrov.
  • Since 1938 - a member of various state structures for the protection of monuments, one of the founders of the society for the protection of historical and cultural monuments.
  • 1946, 1947, 1960 - creator of museums in Chernigov, Yuriev-Polsky, in the Andronikov Monastery in Moscow, respectively.

In the hungry years

Everyone who communicated with him at that time was amazed by his efficiency, fearlessness in front of his superiors, including high-ranking officials. And they were also surprised by his selfless love for the masterpieces of architecture.

Baranovsky worked almost around the clock, managing in the hungry twenties not only to give lectures to students, but also to collect materials for the dictionary of architects, visit dozens of cities in which restoration work was carried out according to his projects.

At the same time, he fought for each of the old houses in Moscow, if those in power planned to liquidate them. Subsequently, the restorer-architect Inessa Kazakevich noted that on such streets as Volkhonka and Prechistenka, all the houses that were valuable in historical and architectural terms survived only thanks to the influence of Baranovsky.

Museum in Kolomenskoye

In order to save the cultural property that was being destroyed, the architect Baranovsky in 1923 organized the Museum of Russian Architecture, which was located in the Moscow region, in the Kolomenskoye estate. By that time, the buildings located in the estate were in a deplorable state. The park was cut down for firewood, and the land was occupied by a collective farm called the Garden Giant.

At first, the museum had only two employees - a watchman and a supply manager. The restorer had to bring there alone many exhibits scattered throughout the country. These were ancient icons, church utensils, household items of bygone centuries. Among the objects that he managed to deliver disassembled to the capital were:

  • towers taken from the Nikolo-Korelsky monastery;
  • corner tower of Bratsk prison;
  • house of Peter I, located in the Novodvinsk fortress.

At the same time, under the leadership of Baranovsky, work was carried out to restore the estate itself.

Main principle

With the great master, it was simple in design, like everything ingenious, but difficult in implementation. He believed that it was necessary to recreate buildings not just in the spirit of the era, but to try to give them their original appearance.

At the same time, without regret, he destroyed all the later layers and structures that were available. Although this principle was accepted with hostility by many, the architect Pyotr Baranovsky stood his ground, because in those years this method was the only one that could save monuments from immediate demolition.

In 1925, Baranovsky discovered a new method by which monuments were restored. It consisted in building up the "tail parts of the brick", which are still preserved. Today, this approach is the cornerstone of any restoration carried out professionally.

Despite the falls

In the same year, the master began the restoration of the Kazan Cathedral located in Moscow on Red Square. As eyewitnesses recall, he participated in the restoration work in the most direct way.

So, for example, the architect Baranovsky tied one end of the rope to a cross that towered over the cathedral, and tied the other around the waist. Having secured himself in this way, he was engaged in the liberation of ancient beauties from the details of unnecessary numerous alterations.

At the same time, the architect broke down several times and thereby greatly harmed his health. But that never stopped him. There is evidence that even at an advanced age, he climbed onto the scaffolding of the Krutitsy Compound in order to discuss important nuances directly at the workplace.

The Assassination That Wasn't

The pre-war period in Baranovsky's life became a black streak for him. In 1933, he was arrested, accused of having allegedly concealed a number of church valuables from exhibits in Kolomenskoye. At the same time, the investigator also added anti-Stalinist activities to the case. As Baranovsky himself later wrote, investigator Altman attributed to him participation in the attempt on the life of Comrade Stalin.

And also he was charged with active participation in political organizations that aimed to overthrow the existing government. According to the architect, even three years of camps faded before the horrors of interrogations, monstrous lies, moral tortures that he experienced while in prison.

The spirit is not broken

The camp life did not break this remarkable man. From the memoirs of her daughter, Olga Baranovskaya, the following is known about those years. Upon his return from the camp, he began very hastily to measure, secretly photograph and make drawings of the Kazan Cathedral on Red Square.

The fact is that by order of the government they began to destroy it. However, the architect Baranovsky was very upset by the outrage he observed with his own eyes against the unique monument of the 17th century, which he himself restored.

In addition, he had to endure humiliation and great inconvenience due to the fact that every day at 17-00 he had to check in at his place of residence in Alexandrov as an unreliable person who had returned from exile.

At the same time, it should be noted that it was possible to recreate the cathedral in its original splendor only because the restorer created accurate and complete materials. This was only done in 1993.

Last years

Almost until the end of his life, Baranovsky was engaged in the restoration of churches, old mansions, opposed the demolition of monuments. He wrote the first charter of the society for the protection of monuments. It is surprising that, according to the testimony of the environment, the master, who devoted his whole life to the preservation of church architecture, was not a believer.

In his personal life, the architect Baranovsky was happy with his wife, Maria Yurievna, his faithful companion. She died in 1977. By the end of his life, Baranovsky saw very poorly, but retained clarity of mind and, to the best of his ability, was engaged in streamlining his archive.