Pronouns in English grammar. "Has", "have": verb usage

Verb have

It is the second most important verb (after the verb be). Its peculiarity is that, due to the frequency of its use, the forms of formation of the third person singular and the past tense have changed over time:

3rd person singular verb ha ve s deformed into a verb has

past tense verb ha ve d deformed into a verb had

Present tense of the verb have

Let's look at the forms of the verb have with personal pronouns:

I (you, we, they) have something.- I (you, we, they) have something He (she, it) has something.- He (she, it) has something.

As you can see, the verb have does not change in the plural, but the change occurs only in the third person singular, that is, after the personal pronouns he, she, it, or their corresponding nouns. Therefore, if you are in doubt in which person the verb should be put, look at the noun, and replace it with a suitable personal pronoun:

Mike and I have several logs.
- Me and Mike have several magazines ("Mike and I" - who are we?, so they correspond to the pronoun "we"). Mike has several logs.
- Mike has magazines ("Mike" - who is he?, therefore corresponds to the pronoun "he").

Verb have can be used both with auxiliary verbs do

So he himself performs the function of an auxiliary verb in negative and interrogative sentences. Let's see in which cases the verb follows do, and which do not:

without a verb do used in the old book style, as well as with single objects, actions or phenomena:

With a verb do is used in modern language, especially when it comes to habitual actions, the constant presence of some object, phenomenon:

Statement:	You have a house.	-	You have a home.
Negation:	You do not have a house.	-	You don't have a home.
Question:	Do you have a house?	-	Do you have a home?

Look at the latest offers. They do not translate literally, but in a way that is more convenient for us to perceive. This is due to the optional observance of the order of the members of the sentence in Russian when compiling sentences. See more

Well, for yourself, it’s better to always use an auxiliary verb do, since even in British English you rarely see the construction of an interrogative or negative sentence, where the role of the auxiliary verb is played by have.

There are fixed expressions with have(has) in which the formation of interrogative and negative sentences without an auxiliary verb do unacceptable:

For example, consider two sentences:

Do they have tea?
- Do they drink tea? Have they tea?
- Do they have tea?

Looking at these two sentences, you can see how the meaning of the sentence changes dramatically when the auxiliary verb is used incorrectly.

Verb have has abbreviated forms together with personal pronouns:

"ve- with pronouns, except for pronouns of the third person singular. In this case, the combination of a pronoun with an abbreviated verb is read by adding the end of the sound [v] to the pronunciation of the pronoun, for example:

we"ve

"s- with pronouns of the third person singular. In this case, the combination of a pronoun with an abbreviated verb reads:

Notice the abbreviation "s- they also correspond to the contraction of the third person singular of the verb be. And you can understand which verb is possible only by context, for example:

He's clever.- He's smart ("s - the verb is translated "to eat", we can't translate I have smart). He's a car.- He has a car. (we cannot translate He is a machine).

As you can see, the context makes it clear which verb is in the sentence. But in more complex sentences, the difference may not be so obvious, then you need to look at what is being said in neighboring sentences.

There is also a negative shortened form with the verb have:

have not- haven"t ["hæv.ənt]

My parents haven't a car.

has not- hasn "t ["hæz.ənt]

The door hasn't a ring.

There is another turn have (has) got, which has the same meaning as the verb have, but is used in more informal spoken language in the present tense. Rarely used in the past and never in the future. Second part of turnover got

(past tense form of the verb get- get) does not carry a semantic load and is not translated into Russian (it is simply part of a compound predicate). When using have (has) got no need to use an auxiliary verb do:

Statement:	Pupils have got their notebooks.	-	The pupils have their notebooks.
Negation:	Pupils have not got their notebooks.	-	The pupils do not have their notebooks.
Question:	Have pupils got their notebooks?	-	Do the pupils have their notebooks?

has got

A driver hasn't got a key of the car.

Also often turnover have (has) got used in a sentence as an abbreviated form of a verb have. This is due to the difficulty of listening to the abbreviated form. And lately, in American English, have omitted from the sentence:

We("ve) got problems.

He("s) got a new pen.

Past tense with verb have

To form the past tense of a verb have its past tense form is used had

Which does not change either in persons or in numbers. When forming a sentence, the same rules are used as for the formation of the present tense:

Shortened form of the verb with personal pronouns - "d, and is pronounced together with the pronoun as an additional sound [d], for example pronoun they with reduction "d reads like this: they "d [ðeid]. They "d beautiful puppy.- They had a beautiful puppy.

Verb had has an abbreviated form when negated: hadn "t ["hæd.ənt]

The driver hadn't his own bus.

Future tense of the verb have

An auxiliary verb is used to form the future tense will

A verb have does not change forms regardless of person or number: My new car will have new wheels.- My car will have new wheels.
I will have my favorite music album.- I will have my favorite music album.

Interrogative and negative sentences:

You will not have this information before tomorrow.- You won't have that information until tomorrow.
Will she have clients next month?- Will she have clients next month?

Short answer to a question with a verb have

In Russian, we can answer a question with a short yes or no, but in English such an answer is considered not quite polite, and a combination of words is used to answer, depending on the context.

Short answer to a question with a verb have same as with the verb be contains negation or agreement, corresponding personal pronoun with verb have in the same form as a personal pronoun:

Have you any trifle? - No, I have not (No, I haven"t) or Yes, I have

Has she an evening dress? - No, she has not (No, she has "t) or Yes, she has

Had I overweight? - No, you had not (No, you hadn"t) or Yes, you had

In the future tense instead of a verb have the answer is an auxiliary verb will: Will they have a bank account? - No, they will not (No, they won't) or Yes, they will
Will they have a bank account? - No or yes.

Pay attention to questions and answers with personal pronouns I And you. They, as in Russian, should change places in meaning. And also in the question, instead of a personal pronoun, there can be a corresponding noun, and in the answer there is always a personal pronoun:

Have your friends any work? - No, they have not (No, they haven't) or Yes, they have

Modal verb have to

And another feature of the verb have that he is with a particle to forms a modal verb have to. This modal verb has the same meaning as the verb must, but in a less categorical form: it is necessary, must, should be done. And it changes over time.

The modal verb changes form in the third person singular - has to, in the past time - had to and future tense will have to. Let's look at examples of the use of a modal verb:

My dog has to go out for a walk every evening.

You have to go with us.

My uncle had to take me from a hospital.

We will have to pay for bills every month.

(to have) in the present tense. The rule for their use is simple, however, beginners often have difficulty with these words.

Has or Have - a rule of three simple points

Usage rule has / have following:

Has used with pronouns in the singular of the third person he, she, it, For example:

He has a bike. - He has a bike.

She has a sister. - She has a sister.

This is a tree. It has many branches. - This is a tree. It has many branches.

John has a kangaroo. John has a kangaroo.

Swimming has become a popular sport. Swimming has become a popular sport.

The noun “John” can be replaced with he, “swimming” with it.

Have used with all other pronouns in the singular and plural: I, you, we, they.

I have a strange feeling. - I have a strange feeling.

You have no choice. - You don't have a choice.

We have two dollars. We have two dollars.

They have reliable friends. - They have reliable friends

In other words, we see “He, She, It”, or a word that can be replaced by them, put has, with other words - have.

Common Mistakes in Using Has and Have

1. Has in the past tense

Has and have are the present tense forms of the verb. In the past tense, the verb to have has only one form - had. Has is not used in the past tense under any circumstances:

Right:

We had a lot of work. Helen had no work at all. – We had a lot of work. Helen didn't have a job at all.

Wrong:

We had a lot of work. Helen has no work at all.

In the second, incorrect, version, due to has the meaning changes: "Helen doesn't have a job at all (now)."

2. Has in the future tense

The same goes for the future tense: in the future tense, the verb to have has the form will have. In the future tense, has is not needed under any circumstances.

Right:

He will have enough time for the rest. He will have enough time to rest.

Wrong:

He will has will have enough time for the rest.

3. Has and Have after names of people, names of cities, places

Beginners often get confused when these verb forms are used with proper names. The fact is that textbooks often give examples with the names of people, for example:

Maria has two sons. Mary has two sons.

You may get into the habit of using the verb has after any proper noun, but this, of course, is not the case. If the subject can be replaced by he, she, it, then we put has, in other cases (that is, if this word is plural) - have.

The Bahamas have changed a lot. “The Bahamas have changed a lot.

The Johnsons have two sons. The Johnsons (the Johnson couple) have two sons.

Maria and John have two sons. Mary and John have two sons

In the last example, the subject is expressed by the words "Maria and John", that is, we are talking about the plural (two people).

4. Has after nouns like “people”: People have or People has?

Some nouns may look like a singular noun but have a meaning of . In this case, the choice between has / have should be guided by the meaning of the word, not the form.

Let's compare two examples:

Some people have thirty-three teeth. “Some people have thirty-three teeth.

My people has more honor than yours. “My people have more honor than yours.

In the first case, "people" means "people" and is plural, so "people have". In the second case, "people" means "people", has a singular meaning, therefore "has".

5. Have and Has in negatives: He doesn't has or He doesn't have?

A common mistake is to use has in a negative sentence with the auxiliary verb to do, that is, in negatives where “do not / don’t”, “does not / doesn’t” are present.

The rule is simple: after the negation of don't or doesn't always use the form have, even if the subject is he, she, or it. “Doesn’t has” is basically an impossible combination.

I do not have any small change. - I don't have change.

He does not have any place to live. He has nowhere to live.

The fact is that in such negative sentences, in the presence of a subject expressed by the pronouns he, she, it or in other words in the third person singular, the corresponding form is taken by the verb to do- it turns into does, so turning have into has is kind of redundant.

6. Have and Has in questions: Does he has or Does he have?

The same rule applies to interrogative sentences built using to do, that is, questions like “Do you have?”, “Does he have?”

In these questions, does is used if the subject is he, she, it, or any other word that can be replaced by one of these pronouns. At the same time, if the verb to have is present in the question, it is used only in the form have.

Rule: in questions with “do” or “does” we always use the have form, even if the subject is he, she or it. “Does he has” is basically an impossible combination.

Do you have a minute? - Do you have a minute?

Does he have a minute? Does he have a minute?

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A pronoun is a part of speech that refers to a person or thing, but does not name it. In general, the role and meaning of pronouns in English is similar to this part of speech in Russian. In this article, we will look at the types of English pronouns with translation and examples of their use.

According to their meaning, the pronouns of the English language are divided into the following groups:

personal
possessive
index
returnable
interrogative
negative
uncertain

Let's analyze each group of pronouns separately.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns refer to things or people from the speaker's point of view.

Personal pronouns are declined by gender, number, case and person.

Here is the declension of personal pronouns in the form of a table:

Personal pronouns in the nominative case, as a rule, act as subjects in a sentence and answer the question “who?”, “What?”, And in the object case they play the role of additions. The object case of pronouns in English replaces as many as five cases of Russian (all but the nominative), and pronouns answer the questions of these cases “who, what?”, “to whom, what?”, “by whom, what?”, “about whom, about what?".

Let's look at examples of the use of personal pronouns in English.

I don't like rainy autumn weather. (I don't like rainy autumn weather).
She is a very kind person. (She is a very kind person).
They have never been to Paris. (They have never been to Paris).
Give him this book, please. (Give him this book, please).
The last episode of the series seemed very boring to me. (The last episode of the series seemed very boring to me).
Unfortunately, our elderly relatives don't understand us very often. (Unfortunately, our elderly relatives very often do not understand us).
Sorry, I didn't hear you. Could you repeat, please? (I'm sorry, I didn't hear you. Repeat, please).

Pay attention to the following aspects related to personal pronouns:

The personal pronoun I (I) is always capitalized regardless of the place in the sentence.

I am afraid of spiders (I'm afraid of spiders).

My teacher often says that I am inattentive (My teacher often says that I am inattentive).

The pronoun it replaces the pronouns she and he for inanimate objects. For example: There is a table under the window. It is new. (There is a table under the window. It is new). It is also used when talking about animals. My cat doesn't catch mice. It is very lazy. (My cat does not catch mice. He is very lazy).

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns in English, as in Russian, denote belonging to an object or person. This type of pronoun answers the question "whose?".

Possessive pronouns, in turn, are divided into 2 types:

Possessive pronouns of the dependent form.

Consider them with translation using the table:

Let us give examples of sentences with possessive pronouns of the dependent form.

What is your name? (What's your name?) My name is Margaret. (My name is Margaret).
Let me introduce my business partner Tom. (Allow me to introduce my business partner Tom).
Yesterday I met Jack with his new girlfriend. (Yesterday I met Jack with his new girlfriend).
Where do their children live now? (Where do their children live now?)
This painting is the pride of our museum. It is beautiful. (This painting is the pride of our museum. It is beautiful).

Possessive pronouns of the dependent form have a number of features:

in English there is no word "his", instead the corresponding possessive pronoun is used. For example: I forgot my keys (I forgot my keys). Every morning he walks his dog. (Every morning he walks with his dog).
possessive pronouns are not used with articles. Either the article or the pronoun is used.

Possessive pronouns of the absolute form. Consider their forms also using the table:

As you can see, the translation of the two forms of possessive pronouns is the same. What is the difference between them?

Possessive pronouns of the dependent form come before the noun they belong to. And the possessive pronouns of the absolute form are used without a noun after. As a rule, they are placed at the end of sentences.

Let's analyze this difference with specific examples:

Is this my bag? no, your bag is by the door, it is hers. (Is this my bag? No, your bag is at the door, it's hers). In the first two cases, possessive pronouns of the dependent form (pronoun + noun) were used, and in the last case, the pronoun hers replaced the phrase her bag.

Whose cars are these? (Whose cars are these?)

This is my car, that is her car. (This is my car, that car is hers). Or: This is mine, that is hers. (This is mine, and that one is hers).

Here are some more examples with the absolute form of pronouns:

He is not Mary's son. Hers has black hair. (This is not Mary's son, her son has black hair).
I took my keys, but Albert forgot his. (I took my keys, but Albert forgot his).
Is this document yours? (Is this document yours?)

Absolute possessive pronouns can also be used with the preposition of. For example:

This is Nilson. He is a friend of mine. (This is Nilson. He is my friend).

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns are used to indicate objects, people, and also to describe time.

There are five demonstrative pronouns in English:

this - this, this, this
that - that, that, then
these - these
those - those
such - such

This is used to indicate objects that are located in the immediate vicinity of the speaker and are presented in the singular.

This is my house. (This is my home).
This woman is my mother. (This woman is my mother).

These is used to refer to things in the plural that are also in the immediate vicinity of the speaker.

These flowers are wonderful. (These flowers are gorgeous).
These are students from our school. (These are students from our school).

That is used to refer to objects that are far away from the speaker and are presented in the singular.

That is my car. (That's my car).
That boy is our neighbour. (That boy is our neighbor).

Those are used to refer to things that are far away from the speaker and are plural.

Those are ancient monuments. (Those ancient monuments).
Those musicians are my friends. (Those musicians are my friends).

Also, this and that are used when we refer to the distance of the time period we are talking about.

This summer is very hot. (This summer is very hot).
I visited Switzerland that summer. (I visited Switzerland that summer).

The last demonstrative pronoun such is translated as "such" and indicates a certain quality of the subject.

She is such a pretty girl. (She is such a nice girl).
It is such a difficult exam. (This is such a difficult exam).
Do it in such manner. (Do it this way).

reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are used when characters or objects perform actions that are directed at themselves. In Russian, reflexive pronouns correspond to the pronoun "self", as well as the reflexive suffix of the verb -sya.

Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize that someone performed an action on their own.

Let me introduce myself. (Allow me to introduce myself).
We should be proud of ourselves. (We can be proud of ourselves).
You must do it yourself. (You must do it yourself).
Help yourselves, please! (Help yourself, please!)
Mother cut herself making the salad. (Mom cut herself making a salad).
Our parrot likes to look at itself in the mirror. (Our parrot likes to look not at himself in the mirror).
Modern women can solve their problems themselves. (Modern women know how to solve their own problems).

Reflexive pronouns are used with the preposition by, if it is necessary to emphasize that the action is performed without outside help.

I repaired my toy by myself. (I fixed my toy myself).
Can the children do it by themselves? (Can kids do it themselves?)
She painted the fence by herself. (She painted the fence herself).

Remember to use the reflexive pronoun itself when talking about an animal.

If the gender of the person in question is not specified, then the reflexive male pronoun (himself) is used.

Reflexive pronouns are not used with the following verbs:

dress (dress)
wash (wash)
feel (feel)
relax (relax)
meet (meet)
allow (allow)
focus (focus)

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns or interrogative words are used to construct special questions in English.

Interrogative pronouns include:

Who? - Who?
What? - What?
Where? - Where? Where?
When? - When?
Why? - Why?
how? - How?
Which? - Which?
Whose? - Whose?

Where are you from? (Where are you from?)
Whose bicycle is this? (Whose bike is this?)
Why does he live here? (Why does he live here?)
How are they? (How are they?)
What is this noise? (What is this noise?)
Which country did you like best? (Which country do you like best?)

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns serve to give sentences a negative meaning and meaning.

Negative pronouns in English include the following words:

no - none
nothing - nothing, nothing
nobody - no one
no one - no one
none - none of
neither - neither one nor the other, neither one, nobody

The pronoun no is placed before nouns as an adjective pronoun. At the same time, other pronouns and articles are not used with this noun.

No magazine wrote about this case. (No magazine wrote about this case).

He has no idea how to solve the problem. (He has no idea how to solve this problem).

The pronoun none is used as a noun pronoun. In a sentence, it can play the role of subject and object.

None of us has never been here before. (None of us have been here before).

Unfortunately, I helped none of my friends yesterday. (Unfortunately, I didn't help any of my friends yesterday).

Nothing is only used with inanimate nouns. With animate, nobody and no one are used.

No one wants to take this homeless puppy. (No one wants to take this homeless puppy).

I need nothing from the shop. (I don't need anything from the store).

There was nobody at home when I came yesterday. (No one was at home when I came yesterday).

The pronoun neither can act as both a noun pronoun and an adjective pronoun, both with animate and inanimate objects.

Neither book was interesting for me. (None of the books were interesting to me).

Would you like an ice cream or some pudding? Neither. (Would you like ice cream or pudding? Neither).

Note that double negatives are not used in English. That is, if you use negative pronouns, then you do not need to additionally build a negative sentence construction with the particle not.

Indefinite pronouns

When we cannot specify exactly any person, object, quantity, then we use indefinite pronouns. In English, derivative pronouns from some, any, no are classified as indefinite.

Some and its derivatives are used in affirmative sentences, and any, no and their derivatives are used in negative ones.

Here are indefinite pronouns in the form of a table:

Consider the use of indefinite pronouns with examples:

Someone has been here recently. (Someone was here recently).
Anyone can do it! (Anyone can do it).
This path is getting us nowhere. (This path will take us nowhere.)
Can anyone help me? (Can anyone help me?)
I want to go somewhere for the weekend. (I want to go somewhere for the weekend).
Nobody liked this film. (No one liked this movie).

So, we examined the main types of pronouns in English. Use them to make your speech more vivid and understandable.

Pronoun in English, it is a part of speech that can replace (pronouns-nouns) or (pronouns-adjectives). Pronouns are one of the most used words in the language.

There are many pronouns, they are divided into several categories:

Personal pronouns

Designate a person: I, you, she, he, it etc. They are used in two cases: nominative And object.

I love my sister. - I I love my sister.

He is my boss. - He's my boss.

We are the champions. - We are champions.

This is my Cat Lucy. - This my cat Lucy.

Someone's stole their bikes yesterday. - Someone stole yesterday their bicycles,

You can see our family in the picture. - You can see our family in this photo.

Is that your opinion? - This your opinion?

Possessive pronouns-nouns

Noun pronouns are used, as you might guess, instead of . In a sentence, they perform the function, or nominal part of the predicate.

My pencil is broken, please give me yours. My pencil is broken, please give me is yours(yours replaces your pencil)

Her car is blue mine is white. – Her car is blue, my- white (mine instead of my car).

Your team is strong but not stronger that ours. – Your team is strong, but not stronger our(commands).

Demonstrative pronouns in English

Point to a person or object, in Russian it is that, that, these, that etc. There are only two such pronouns in English - , they have singular and plural forms.

Where is the line between "near" and "far" you may ask? There is no such line, expressed in centimeters, you just need to rely on common sense. In Russian, we use the words “this” and “that” in the same way.

This man - this person (well, here he is, standing next to him).

That man - that person (not present here or one that stands aside).

These photos - these photos (pointing with a finger).

Those photos - those photos (they hang on your wall at home).

Good movie examples on using this and that are shown in this video:

reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns mean that the action is directed by the actor to himself, they are used as objects after some verbs. They are formed with endings -self, -selves, they are attached to pronouns my, our, your, him, her, it, the, indefinite pronoun. In Russian, a similar function is performed by particles -sya, -sya at the end of the verb.

Protect yourself! - Protect yourself!

Don't hurt yourself- Don't get hurt.

There are cases when reflexive particles are used in Russian, and in English the same words are used without a reflexive pronoun. For example, in Russian we say: wash, shave, dress, bathe, hide. In English, the corresponding to wash, to shave, to dress, to bathe, to hide commonly used without reflexive pronouns:

I washed, dressed and shaved. I washed, dressed and shaved.

Hide in the cardboard box. - Hide in a cardboard box.

I'd like to bathe. - I'd like to take a dip.

Also, reflexive pronouns are used to enhance how Russian words himself, himself, himself, himself.

I heard it myself! - I heard it myself!

He did it himself- He did it himself.

A common mistake is to say I'am feeling myself fine \ I feel myself fine (I feel great). Actually right: I'am feeling fine \ I feel fine.

Reciprocal pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns are pronouns like “each other”. There are only two of them: each other(each other), one another(one another). In theory, each other- this is when two persons or objects, and one another- when a lot. In practice, no one really pays attention to these subtleties, especially in colloquial speech.

They don't talk about each other. They don't talk about each other.

They often see one another. They often see each other.

Please note that the preposition comes before the pronoun, and does not wedged into it, as in Russian. Compare:

they talk about each other - They say each other O friend.

Interrogative pronouns

These pronouns are used to ask questions:

1. Who (whom)- who, whom, to whom.

Who is this person? - Who this person?

Who is here? - Who Here?

2. Whose- whose, whose, whose, whose.

Whose is that noice? - Whose is that noise (who is making noise)?

Whose car is parked by the house? - Whose car parked at home?

3.What- What.

What are you doing? - What You doing?

What is going on? - What happening?

4. Which- what, which (which of several)

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Verb to have- one of the most common in English. It can act as an auxiliary, semantic or modal. Also, with its help, many constructions and stable expressions are formed.

Education and use

In the simple present tense, that is, in Present Simple (or Indefinite), there are two forms of the verb: has, have. Use has limited to the third person singular. In other cases, the word remains unchanged. In Past Simple, the verb takes the form had.

A table will help to understand the education scheme in more detail.

	Past	present	Future
I, you, we, they	had	have	shall/will have
he, she, it	had		shall/will have

To have as a semantic verb

The meaning of this word is "to have, to possess". It is most often translated into Russian by turns "I have", "he has", etc.

1. An affirmative sentence. The word order in an affirmative sentence is standard: subject, predicate, and then definitions, objects or circumstances.

He has a highly readable book. - He has an exciting book.
She has a large library. - She has a big library.
He had a beautiful picture - still life. - He had a beautiful picture - a still life.
She has a cozy house with fireplace. - She has a cozy house with a fireplace.

2. Interrogative. The question can be formed as with the help of an auxiliary verb to do in the past tense, and without it. In cases where the sentence is constructed without a semantic verb is put in front. If there is an auxiliary verb, the question begins with it.

Has she a yarn for knitting? Does she have yarn for knitting?
Had she a mauve dress? Did she have a mauve dress?
Did he have an easel and oil colors? - Did he have oil paints and an easel?

Variant with verb to do more usable.

3. Negation is formed with the particle not, and in the presence of uncountable nouns or the plural, the pronoun any also appears.

I haven "t a scetchbook (any scetchbooks). - I don't have a sketchbook(s) for sketching.
We hadn "t any desire to go there. - We did not have a single desire to go there.

Also, negation can be formed using to do in combination with the particle not. That is do not(for pronouns I, you, we, they) and does not for the third person (he, she, it). In an abbreviated version, the verb with a particle takes on the following form: don't And doesn't have in the present tense and didn't in the past.

I don "t have any questions. - I have no questions.

Another way to form a negative sentence is with no.

She has no sketchbook. She doesn't have a sketchbook.
He has no desire to swim. - He has no desire to swim.

Features of the use of "have got"

This is a colloquial version, an analogue of the word to have as a semantic verb. That is, the concepts of "have" and "possess" can be conveyed through the construction have got or has got. This is the same as has, have. The use of this turnover has some features:

have got: the use of this form is only in the present tense.
This turnover is used only when it comes to a one-time action. For multiple, regular and recurring events, the main verb without "got" is used.
The negative and interrogative forms are also different.
As for the phrase has got, its use is similar to has: in combination with the pronouns he, she, it.

Comparative characteristics are presented in the table.

She hasn "t got any skeetchbooks. - She has no sketchbooks.

To have as an auxiliary verb

It acts as an auxiliary verb in all tenses of the Perfect and Perfect Continuous groups.

Perfect tenses indicate the result, not the fact of the action.

She has opened the window. - She opened the window.
He has not closed the window. - He didn't close the window.
Have they opened the window? - Did they open the window?

Perfect Continuous times imply a process that lasted until a certain point or over a specified period of time.

The affirmative sentence in the present tense implies the use of have been + doing (smth).

She has been waiting for them for an hour. She has been waiting for them for an hour.
He has been playing the piano since 6 o "clock. - He has been playing the piano since six o'clock.
How long has she been teaching English? How long has she been teaching English?

Have to as a modal verb

This modal verb is very common in English. Use have to has some features.

Constructions are formed as follows: modal verb + infinitive + particle to.

Unlike the verb must, which conveys an obligation due to an internal impulse to action, a construction with have to expresses a necessity due to some external circumstances. It is usually translated into Russian with the following words: must, had to, forced, etc.

She has to work a lot. - She has to work hard.
He had to get up at 5 o "clock. - He had to get up at 5.
She will have to study four languages. - She will have to master 4 languages.

Also, this modal verb is widely used in Russian translated "should be."

The book has to be sent by post today. - The book should be mailed today.
The landscape has to be painted tomorrow. The landscape needs to be painted tomorrow.

Interrogative and negative forms are formed with to do.

Do you have to do homework? - Do you have to do your homework?
We don "t have to write this book. - We don't have to write this book.

When negated between modal verbs must And have to there is a significant difference:

"Do not have to" implies that it is not desirable to do this, it is not necessary.
"Mustn"t" conveys a categorical prohibition.

You don "t have to read this letter. - You don't have to read this letter.
You mustn "t read this letter. - You are forbidden to read this letter.

Constructions with the verb to have

There are many constructions in which the verb can lose its original meaning. Such revolutions are translated by a single concept.

1. Construction to have in combination with the noun and This turnover implies that the action is not performed by the person in question, but by someone else for him or instead of him.

She has her hair done at that hairdresser "s. - She does (she does) her hair at that hairdresser's.
He "ll has his portrait painted in the near future. - His portrait will be painted in the near future.
He had his grand piano attuned the day before yesterday. The piano was tuned for him the day before yesterday.

The interrogative and negative forms of this phrase are formed with the help of the auxiliary verb to do.

Do you have your violin attuned? - Has your violin been tuned?
I don "t have my musical instrument attuned. - My musical instrument has not been tuned.

2. Construction of a verb in combination with a noun and an infinitive. With this construction, you can convey the intention to do something.

She has something to do. - She wants to do something.
He had an interesting story to tell you. He wanted to tell you an interesting story.

Question and negation are built without the auxiliary verb to do.

Has she anything to tell us? Does she want to tell us something?
He has not (hasn "t) anything to tell. - He has nothing to tell.

Set expressions with a verb

Set expressions are phrases that are perceived as a whole. Such constructions are not translated literally, but convey a single meaning. The following are a few topics in which there are many stable phrases with the verb has, have. The use of these turns is a common phenomenon in the English language.

Food and drink

Communication and relationships between people

daily activities

to have	a shower	take a shower
	a bath	take a bath
	a wash	wash up
	a shave	get shaved

Relaxation and entertainment

Use of the verb have very versatile. This is one of the few verbs that can act as full-valued (that is, semantic), auxiliary or modal. In addition, in combination with some nouns, it forms stable expressions. To master this topic well, it is important to practice using verbs. has, have. The use of these words is simple and clear, but should be brought to automatism so that when speaking in English you do not have to think.