Greek language. all verb conjugations

The verb expresses an action or state and denotes them in the categories of voice, person, number, tense, mood. In sentences, verbs are predicates.

The active voice means that the action comes from the subject ( boy sees a book). The passive voice means that the action is directed to the subject (in the nominative case) ( work is done).

When conjugated, verbs change person, number, tense and mood (in Russian verbs in the past tense and subjunctive mood, unlike Greek ones, the gender also changes). The face and number show who or what, one or more, is doing the action. All these features are characteristic of both Russian and Greek verbs. However, Greek verbs also have their own characteristics, some of which, inherited from the Indo-European basis, were also in the Old Russian language, but disappeared as it developed. Until the end of the XIII - beginning of the XIV centuries. Russian verbs used the past tenses characteristic of the Greek language: aorist, imperfect, plus-quaperfect, which were later replaced by one past tense that developed on the basis of the perfect.

Some Greek verbs are not used in all tenses or in all forms and are therefore called deficient. If you need to express the action transmitted by them, then for the missing times use the synonyms of the verb. This phenomenon helps to understand why irregular verbs have some tenses formed from a different stem - it can indicate a different, synonymous root.

Greek verb be conjugate as follows

Some verbs are conjugated with great features. First of all, this applies to -mi verbs:

Verb give

When conjugated, present tense verbs have the following endings (the connecting vowels are omicron before mu and nu, or epsilon in other cases):

The medial voice corresponds to the reflexive form of verbs in Russian, meaning that the action takes place in one's own interests. It is formed with the help of endings used for the passive voice:

Some verbs exist only in the medial passive form, but have a meaning that must be translated into the active voice. Such verbs are called depositional, since their meaning is, as it were, separated (deposited) from the sign of the grammatical passive form (passive voice).

Present tense (praesens)

Merged verbs-έw.

Merge Rules

Merged verbs in omicron.

Merge Rules

Present tense (media voice)

The imperfect (past imperfect tense) was inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language, and in addition to Greek, it also passed into all Slavic languages. However, later all East Slavic languages, including Old Russian, lost it. The imperfect denotes an action in the past, long, sometimes repeated, but not limited to some period of the past, some period of time.

The imperfect has two features: at the beginning of a verb that begins with a consonant, the vowel epsilon appears. In addition, all verbs have endings that do not exactly match the present tense:

If the verb begins with a vowel: a > h, e > h, o > w. These vowels sound almost the same, but longer - lengthened. In diphthongs, only the first sound is lengthened: ai > ῃ, oi > ῳ, au > hu.

For verbs with prefixes, the increment does not appear in front (i.e., not before the prefix), but before the root (i.e., between the prefix and the stem). In this case, the last vowel of the prefix does not appear before the consonant, as before, but before the vowel and therefore falls out (as unnecessary, for euphony). The exceptions are prefixes pro-, peri-, where the last vowel does not change.

The verb to have (ἔcw) takes the form eἴcon.

verb imperfect be

Middle (medial) and passive voice of the imperfect. Before endings, verbs in this tense have the same increment (epsilon before consonants or lengthening of vowels) as in the past tense of the active voice.

The endings are joined with the same connecting vowels as in the medial and passive voice of the present tense. These connecting vowels interact in fused verbs according to the rules of fusion.

Past tense imperfective (imperfectum)

Passive voice. Past tense imperfective (imperfectum)

active voice

Medial pledge

Aorist- This is the past tense form, which is inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language. In addition to Greek, it was used in all Slavic languages, including Old Russian, but all East Slavic languages have lost it. With the help of the aorist, an action committed in the past was indicated, which was considered completely finished.

In Greek, as well as in Old Russian and Old Slavonic, there were two forms of the aorist. The sigmatic (or first) aorist before the endings had the suffix sigma (in Old Russian - the sound s), which interacted with other sounds, causing vowel lengthening. In some verbs, the aorist is formed from a different stem (the so-called second aorist).

The first aorist of the active and middle voices.

Many verbs form the aorist with the suffix -sa and an increment. The increment for verbs that begin with a vowel, and for verbs with prefixes, occurs according to the rules of the past tense of the imperfective form. If the verb begins with a vowel: a > h, e > h, o > w. These vowels sound almost the same, but longer - lengthened. In diphthongs, only the first sound is lengthened: ai > ῃ, oi > ῳ, au > hu. For verbs with prefixes, the increment does not appear in front (i.e., not before the prefix), but before the root (i.e., between the prefix and the stem). In this case, the last vowel of the prefix is not before the consonant, as before, but before the vowel and therefore drops out (as unnecessary, for euphony). The exceptions are prefixes pro-, peri-, where the last vowel does not change.

First aorist of the active voice

First aorist of the middle voice

The interaction of consonant stems with sigma occurs according to the rules

In fused verbs, the stem vowel is lengthened: pure alpha ceases to be pure; alpha impure > h; e > h; o > w. Exceptions: the stem vowel is not lengthened in verbs: gelάw > ἐgέlasa kalέw > ἐkάlesa. Examples:

Irregular verbs: carry jέrw - ἤnhgka (ἤnegkon) give dίdwmi - ἔdwka (ἔdomen)

proclaim ἀggέllw - ἤggeila.

Second aorist (asigmatic – aoristII) active and middle collateral. For many common (irregular) verbs, it is formed from a special stem (indicated in the dictionary, it must be remembered) with the help of an increment in front (as in the simple past tense - imperfect) and the end of the simple past tense (imperfect). As in the imperfect, verbs in the aorist can be used in active or medial voices.

The increment for verbs that begin with a vowel, and for verbs with prefixes, occurs according to the rules of the simple past tense.

Second aorist active

Second aorist medial

Verbs in aorist (II)

Verb	Aorist	Verb	Aorist
run jeύgw		speak lέgw
take lambάnw		watch ὁrάw
know gignώskw		have ἔcw
find eὑrίskw		endure pάscw
take aἱrέw		lead ἄgw

Aorist (I–II) of the passive voice.

Aorist I is formed using a suffix and endings

In fused verbs, the stem vowel is lengthened before -J-.

Aorist II in the passive has the same endings, but they are added immediately to the aorist stem without the suffix J.

Verb	Passive aorist	Verb	Passive aorist
take lambάnw		listen to ἀkoύw
know gignώskw		give dίdwmi
find eὑrίskw		carry jέrw
take aἱrέw		wish boύlomai
speak lέgw		remember mimnήskw
watch ὁrάw		teach didάskw
lead ἄgw		throw bάllw

The perfect is a form of the past tense, which is inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language both in Greek and in all Slavic languages, including Old Russian. In modern West Slavic languages, it has survived to our time. The perfect expresses an action in the present, which became possible as a result of some other action in the past ( I came, those. I went and now I have come. Russian verb walked used here with the prefix (came), thanks to which it gets a perfect look, answering a question what to do. So, in fact, with the Greek more complex system of tenses and the simplification of the same system, as the Russian language developed, it became possible to convey the perfect with the help of another, typical for the Russian language, verb feature - aspect).

The perfect is formed with the help of special endings from a special stem. As a general rule, the initial consonant of the root is doubled and joined in front of the former root with the help of the connecting vowel epsilon.

If the root does not begin with a consonant, but with a vowel, then this vowel is more often not doubled, but simply lengthened (only sometimes it is repeated with lengthening). If the root begins with more than one consonant, then instead of doubling, an increment sometimes occurs. In fused verbs, in addition to doubling the consonant, the last vowel of the stem is lengthened. For some verbs, the perfect stem is formed in a completely different way, so it is better to memorize it in a dictionary.

Verb	Perfect	Verb	Perfect
run jeύgw		have ἔcw
take lambάnw		endure pάscw
teach didάskw		carry jέrw
know gignώskw		give dίdwmi
find eὑrίskw		lead ἄgw
be born gίgnomai		call kalέw
wish Jέlw		listen to ἀkoύw
take aἱrέw		do prάttw
speak lέgw		exercise gumnάzw
watch ὁrάw

Perfect endings

The pluperfect (literally: "more than perfect") is also inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language both in Greek and in all Slavic languages, including Old Russian. The plus-quaperfect is used to denote an action that took place before another action that occurred in the past.

This time is formed from the basis of the perfect, but it, like in the simple past tense, has an increment.

Verb endings

The medial-passive forms of PLQPF are formed by adding the usual medial-passive endings of the simple past tense to the perfect stem of the verb, and without connecting vowels.

However, in practice, these endings in the perfect and PLQPF look different for each verb, since the rule applies - the sigma between consonants drops out, therefore, for verbs with a perfect stem, the consonant -sJe > Je, -sJai > Jai. After that, the interaction of the last consonant of the stem with endings begins according to the rules:

b, p, j + s > y-

b, p, j + m > mm-(< -bm-, -pm-, -jm-)

b, p, j + t > pt-(< -bt-, -jt-)

b, p, j + J > jJ-(< -bJ-, -pJ-)

g, k, c + s > x-

g, k, c + m > gm-(< -km-, -cm-)

g, k, c + t > kt-(< -gt-, -ct-)

g, k, c + J > cJ- (< -gJ-, -kJ-)

d, t, J + s > s-(< -ds-, -ts-, -Js-)

d, t, J + m > sm-(< -dm-, -tm-, -Jm-)

d, t, J + t > st-(< -dt-, -tt-, -Jt-)

d, t, J + J > sJ- (< -dJ-, -tJ-, -JJ-)

Future tense. The future tense is formed using the sigma suffix and regular endings.

active voice

An indefinite form (infinitive) is also formed: before the usual ending, the suffix sigma -sein is added.

Middle voice

As with fused verbs, the rules of fusion apply, but now not between the vowels of the stem and the suffix or ending, but between the consonants of the stem and the suffix sigma. Therefore, at first glance it may seem that the future tense is formed from a different basis.

Merge Rules

In fused verbs, the stem vowel is lengthened. Alpha pure ceases to be pure. Alpha impure > h e > h o > w. Exceptions: stem vowel is not lengthened in verbs: gelάw > gelάsw kalέw > kalέsw

Future tense of the verb be

Some verbs in the present tense have an active form, but in the future tense they exist only in the medial-passive voice. But when translated into Russian, this is not expressed (in Russian, you can say: "I'm going" or: "and I'm going to myself, I'm going" - the same shade of recurrence, actions in one's own interests are present in the Greek grammatical form) .

Irregular verbs in the future tense have a special stem

lέgw > ἐrῶ	jέrw > oἴsw
dίdwmi > dώsw	ἀggέllw > ἀggelῶ
ἐJέlw > ἐJelήsw	prάttw > prάxw

The imperative mood (imperativus) expresses an impulse or command to do something. With a negative particle mή, it naturally expresses a ban on an action, a request or a call not to do it. This mood exists for the present tense verbs of the active and medial-passive voices, the aorist of the active, separately middle and separately passive voices, the perfect of the active and medial-passive voices.

The imperative is formed with the help of special endings of the 2nd and 3rd person singular and plural. The speaker wants You or you, he or They did something ( do it, do it!). About himself (that is, in the 1st person), as in Russian, he says in the indicative mood: i want to do or in the subjunctive: I would like, but is unlikely to say: let me do.

Imperative endings.

active voice praesens

Imperative forms for a verb be

Some irregular verbs have imperative endings the same or similar to the verb be.

Singular		Plural
Medial passive praesens

(he she it)
Active voice aoristus I

(he she it)
Medial voice aoristus I

(he she it)
Passive aoristus I

(he she it)
Active voice perfectum

(he she it)
Medial passive perfectum

(he she it)

The mood expresses the relation to the reality of the action that the verb conveys (real, probable, only supposed, even unreal). So far, we have been talking about verbs in the indicative mood (indicativus), expressing real actions in the present, past or future. The Russian subjunctive expresses actions that are supposed, possible or desired. There is such an inclination in Greek (coniunctivus). But instead of a simple particle ( would), as in Russian, in Greek it is formed in a special way.

The present conjunctive of the active and medial-passive voices of ordinary and continuous verbs. The subjunctive is used in both main and subordinate clauses. In main (independent) sentences, it serves to express doubt or motivation.

To express negation in the conjunctiva (as well as in the imperative mood and optative) is not the particle oὐ, but the particle mh. (In the indicative mood, it is used to express a wish about which it is clear that it cannot be realized).

The conjunctiva is formed using long connecting vowels: - h- (instead of -e-) and -w- (instead of -o-), which attach the usual endings for each voice.

Ordinary verbs

Fusion verbs. In fused verbs, the same fusion rules apply.

Merge Rules

Singular		Plural
Active voice in -άw
	-ῶ (< άw)		-ῶmen (< άwmen)
	-ᾷV (< άῃV)		-ᾶte (< άhte)
(he she it)			-ῶsi(n) (< άwsi)
Medial passive in -άw
	-ῶmai (< άwmai)		-ώmeJa (< aώmeJa)
	-ᾷ (< άῃ)		-ᾶsJe (< άhsJe)
(he she it)	-ᾶtai (< άhtai)		-ῶntai (< άwntai)
Active voice in -έw
	-ῶ (< έw)		-ῶmen (< έwmen)
	-ῇV (< έῃV)		-ῆte (< έhte)
(he she it)	-ῇ (< έῃ)		-ῶsi(n) (< έwsi)

Singular		Plural
Medial passive in -έw
	-ῶmai (< έwmai)		-ώmeJa (< eώmeJa)
	-ῇ (< έh)		-ῆsJe (< έhsJe)
(he she it)	-ῆtai (< έhtai)		-ῶntai (< έwntai)
Active voice in -όw
	-ῶ (< όw)		-ῶmen (< όwmen)
	OῖV (< όῃV)		-ῶte (< όhte)
(he she it)	Oῖ (< όῃ)		-ῶsi(n) (< όwsi)
Medial passive in -όw
	-ῶmai (< όwmai)		-ώmeJa (< oώmeJa)
	Oῖ (< όῃ)		-ῶsJe (< όhsJe)
(he she it)	-ῶtai (< όhtai)		-ῶntai (< όwntai)

Meaning particlesἄn. This particle, when used with the conjunctiva (subjunctive), conveys the meaning of a generalization ( "Whoever said..."). With the indicative mood (indicative), it gives a shade of opposition ( "I would say..."). With a participle or ifinitive, it conveys the possibility or opposite of reality.

Inclination matching. If in the main clause the predicate is in one of the so-called main tenses (present, perfect, future), then in the subordinate clause you need to use the subjunctive mood (subjunctive).

This rule is applied most fully in the clauses of the goal and in the clauses of the object, which depend on the verbs of the main clause with the meaning of fear (jobέomai). Such verbs with the meaning of fear to express the undesirable (what, so as not to - "I'm afraid it won't happen") are accompanied by the preposition mή. To express what is desired (what is not - "I'm afraid it won't happen") they are accompanied by two prepositions: mή, oὐ.

The conjunctions ὅti ( What), ὡV ( to). After these unions, the indicative mood (indicative) is also used.

If the same verbs in the main sentence were not in the main tenses, but in the so-called historical ones (the past tense of the imperfect form is the imperfect, the aorist, more than the past is the pluperfect), then in the subordinate clauses after the same conjunctions, no conjuncts are used -telnoe, and desirable inclination (optative).

The conjunctions ἵna, ὅpwV, ὡV ( to) and ἵna mή, ὅpwV mή, ὡV mή ( not to).

Verb subjunctive be

The subjunctive mood (conjunctiva) in the aorist is formed either with the help of a sigma (sigma-tic - I aorist) or from a special stem (II aorist). In both cases, this mood uses long connecting vowels (as in the conjunctiva of other tenses) and regular endings. However, unlike the indicative aorist (indicative), in the subjunctive the aorist does not have an increment, which makes it more similar to the present tense.

Singular		Plural
Conjunctiva I aorist. active voice


(he she it)
Conjunctiva I aorist. Middle voice


(he she it)
Conjunctiva I aorist. Passive voice


(he she it)
Conjunctiva II aorist. active voice


(he she it)
Conjunctiva II aorist. Middle voice


(he she it)

The perfect conjunctiva is active. The perfect conjunctiva can be formed in two ways. The first way is to attach ordinary endings to the perfect stem with the help of long connecting vowels characteristic of the conjunctiva:

The second way is to combine the perfect active participle in the right gender and number with the verb be in the conjunctiva:

The perfect conjunctiva is medially passive. These forms are formed by combining the perfect passive participle in the correct gender and number with the verb to be in the subjunctive:

MέnoV, -mέnh, -mέnon + ὦ	Mέnoi, -mέnai, -mέna + ὦmen
MέnoV, -mέnh, -mέnon + ᾖV	Mέnoi, -mέnai, -mέna + ἦte
MέnoV, -mέnh, -mέnon + ᾖ	Mέnoi, -mέnai, -mέna + ὦsi(n)

In Greek, there is another mood for expressing those actions that in Russian we would convey with the subjunctive mood. This is optativus, the desired mood. It is used:

1. In independent sentences to express desire (" If I did!»).

2. After the particle ἄn to express the possibility (" could tell»).

3. In subordinate clauses, if historical tenses are used in the main clause (past imperfective tense - imperfect, aorist, more than past - PLQPF).

4. With the negation of mή (as well as conjunctives) in the subordinate clauses of the goal and in additional clauses expressing fear.

Ordinary verbs

Fusion verbs. Verbs on-άw. These verbs have the same fusion rules: a + o = w.

Singular		Plural
active voice
	-ῷmi (aoίhn)			-ῷmen (< aoίmen)
				-ῷte (< aoίte)
(he she it)				-ῷen (< άioen)
medial passive voice
	-ῷmhn (< aoίmhn)		-ῷmeJa (< aoίmeJa)
	-ῷo (< άoio)		-ῷsJe (< άoisJe)
	-ῷto (< άoito)		-ῷnto (< άionto)

Verbs on-έw. These verbs have the same fusion rules: e + oi = oi. Therefore, in the optative, the signs of continuous verbs disappear and the endings coincide with the endings of non-fused verbs.

Verbs ending in -όw. These verbs have the same fusion rules: o + oi = oi. Therefore, in the optative, the signs of continuous verbs disappear and the endings coincide with the endings of non-fused verbs.

Optative of the active, middle and passive voice of the future tense. The optative of the future tense is used in indirect speech and in indirect questions after historical times (simple past - imperfect, aorist, long past - PLQPF).

Active deposit. The rules for the formation of these forms are very simple - the future tense, as before, is indicated by the suffix sigma, and the usual endings of the optative of the active voice are added to it:

Middle voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are also very simple - the future tense, as before, is indicated by the suffix sigma, and the usual optative endings of the middle voice are added to it:

Passive voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are also very simple - the suffix -Je- serves as a sign of the passive, then the future tense, as before, is indicated with the suffix sigma, and the usual optative endings of the medial-passive (= middle) voice are attached to it:

Optative aorist (I and II) active, middle and passive.

I aorist. Active deposit. The rules for the formation of these forms are simple - the sign of the aorist is the usual suffix -sa- for it, and the endings of the optative of the active voice are attached to it, but due to the interaction with the vowel of the suffix, the omicron disappears from these endings and only iota remains (a + oi> i).

Middle voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are also simple - the usual suffix -sa- remains the sign of the aorist, and the endings of the optative of the middle voice are attached to it, but due to the interaction with the vowel of the suffix, the omicron disappears from these endings and only iota remains (a + oi > i ).

Passive voice. The sign of a passive aorist is its suffix -J-, special optative endings are added to it, in which the omicron disappears and the iota remains.

II aorist. Active deposit. The rules for the formation of these forms are very simple - the sign of the aorist is its modified stem, and the usual endings of the optative of the present tense of the active voice are added to it.

Middle voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are also very simple - the altered stem remains the sign of the aorist, and the usual endings of the present optative of the middle voice are added to it.

Passive voice. The sign of the aorist is its modified stem, which is joined by the optative endings of the passive voice of the first aorist:

Singular		Plural
			Eῖmen (= ίhmen)
			Eῖte (= ίhte)
	(he she it)		Eῖen (= ίhsan)

The optative of the active and medial-passive perfect. Active deposit. These forms are formed in two ways. The first way (similar to the way of forming the optative of the second aorist): the usual endings of the optative of the active voice of the present tense are added to the perfect stem.

The second way: the active optative of the present tense of the verb to be is added to the active participle of the perfect in the required gender and number (this method is similar to the second way of forming the active perfect in the conjunctiva).

The indefinite form of the verb, the infinitive, simply indicates the action or state, not indicating either its time, or its relation to reality, or the number of actors, or who is speaking (the actor himself, the interlocutor, or a third person). Therefore, the infinitive expresses neither the tense, nor the mood, nor the number, nor the person necessary for such an expression, i.e. does not have the grammatical features of the verb discussed above.

The infinitive expresses only the meaning of the form (imperfect or perfect: write - write; speak - say), pledge ( wash - wash, see - seem). Since, as already noted, the Russian perfect form of the verb ( do, say) conveys such an action, which in a more complex ancient system of tenses, characteristic of the ancient Greek language, was denoted by the perfect, it is natural to meet in Greek with the perfect infinitive.

But if this infinitive is quite easy to understand and translate with the help of the Russian infinitive from the perfective verb, then understanding and translating Greek infinitives from those times that are not in the Russian language requires more attention and abstract thinking. Sometimes this will require, at least mentally and to begin with, to build a whole subordinate clause. And then it is worth thinking about the laws of literary translation, where cumbersome expressions are unacceptable, unless the author wants to specifically influence the reader in such a way as to tire and confuse him.

To express the perfect form of some actions (for example, speak - say) in Russian we use different stems or just different verbs, which, according to other features, look like synonyms (words of different sound and spelling, but the same meaning). This helps to understand an important phenomenon for the Greek language - the existence of a large number of verbal stems (for irregular verbs or for verbs with greater or lesser features in conjugation), from which various tenses are formed.

These are the foundations of the present tense, the future tense of the active and middle voice, the aorist of the active and middle voice, the perfect of the active voice, the perfect of the middle and passive voice, the aorist of the passive voice - only 6 bases. With an in-depth study of the Greek language, they must be memorized, for example, as irregular English verbs. Textbooks have special reference tables for these basics, and in dictionaries they are indicated for verbs with conjugation features. According to the laws of the formation of these stems (similar changes in the interaction of vowels and consonants, the presence of suffixes, the doubling of the stem or its completely different form, unpredictable for the student), Greek verbs are divided into several groups (classes).

A special group (IX) consists of verbs in -mi; for the rest of the verbs, the most complex and irregular (with suppletive stems) are assigned to group VIII, and the simplest and practically correct are assigned to group I. Accordingly, the load on memory increases or decreases to memorize these basics: the closer to the correct group of the verb, the less exceptions need to be remembered and more forms can be formed independently, knowing the rules for their formation. In reference books, when systematizing, each group is divided into several subgroups that combine verbs with stems into specific sounds or their phonetic subsets.

Understanding this requires a deeper knowledge than just familiarity with the Greek alphabet and the ability to read letters. It must be remembered that Greek sounds, like Russian ones (as well as sounds, for example, of modern European languages), are grouped according to the type of sound production (pronunciation) using the tongue, lips, larynx into back-lingual (g, k, c), labial (b, p, j), front-lingual (d, t, J), etc.

In the role of a verb, the infinitive is combined with an adverb (showing how an action is performed); with the particle ἄn (pointing to possible, desirable, supposed or impossible actions); after verbs meaning the transmission of thoughts, the infinitive of the future tense shows what future action this thought is expressed about (a construction like: I hope to give). The infinitive can be used in an imperative statement, acting instead of the imperative mood (a construction like: to tell relatives = to tell relatives = to tell relatives); can be part of a compound verb predicate (construction like: I want to rest); in introductory sentences (construction like: how to say, how to be, how to be).

In compound verbal predicates, the second (not infinitive) part of the predicate, if it is expressed by a name (for example, a noun or a pronoun), is put in the nominative case, being the logical subject of such a predicate. At the same time, a construction like a Russian statement: I don't want to be in debt(by whom, by what) in Greek is used in the form: I don't want to be in debt. In impersonal sentences with a compound verbal predicate, its nominal part is used in the accusative (in a construction like: need to be careful(by whom, by what) in Greek attentive put in the accusative case).

The Greek infinitive can play not only the role of a verb, but also a noun. It can be subject (constructs like Russian: lying is bad); addition (like: I want to live); definition (constructs like: willing to listen), in particular, such a definition that explains the measure, quality or degree (constructions like: not one to pretend; assigned to rectify the situation).

As a noun, the infinitive can even be accompanied by a neuter article. This infinitive with the article takes on the meaning of an abstract verbal noun of the middle gender. To express the antithesis of this noun, you can use a negative particle (usually mή). You can even more diversify its use with the help of prepositions ( so that instead of etc.), and it is possible to qualitatively emphasize the verbal meaning of the action (strengthening, weakening, usefulness, etc. of the action) using an adverb (constructs like: learning \u003d learning - light, not learning \u003d not learning - darkness, learning \u003d learning well - even better). Such a phenomenon is called substantiation.

In Russian dictionaries, the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. This is convenient, because such a form consists only of the stem of the verb and the ending, being the source for various grammatical forms (for example, speak). In Greek dictionaries, it is customary to indicate verbs in the form of the 1st person singular of the active voice of the present tense ( I say - lgw). From this basis, you need to be able to form all other forms that arise when conjugating verbs according to the rules, you need to be able to bring an unknown verb that occurred in the text during translation to it, replacing its suffix, ending, increment (if any) with signs of this form , doubling (if any). Only after that you can find out the meaning of the verb from the dictionary. The dictionary indicates those forms of the verb that are formed with some exceptions.

The indefinite form of verbs ends in -ein. The passive and medial infinitive ends in -esJai.

In the future tense, the infinitive before the usual ending adds the suffix sigma -sein. In the future neuter, the infinitive adds the sigma suffix -sesJai before its regular ending in the present neuter.

Future tense of the verb be(infinitive): eἶnai > ἔsesJai.

In the first aorist of the active voice, the infinitive ends in -sai. In the first aorist of the middle voice, the infinitive has the ending: -sasJai. In the aorist (I–II) of the passive voice, the infinitive ends in -Jhnai. In the second aorist, the active infinitive has the same ending (but with a different stem) as in the present tense -ein. In the second aorist, the medial infinitive of the middle voice has the same ending (but with a different stem) as in the present tense -esJai.

The perfect is medially passive. The infinitive is formed by adding the passive infinitive ending of the present tense to the same stem: -sJai.

The verb form is the participle (participium). The similarity with the verb is manifested in the fact that the participle denotes the action or state of a person or object, manifested in time ( talking, running). In this case, the participle can convey verbal features of the form (perfect or imperfect: seer - seer), pledge (real - active or passive - passive: reader - readable) and different times (present, past, future: speaking, saying, saying). The difference from the verb is that the participle does not conjugate, but changes like adjectives, agreeing with nouns. Since the participle combines the features of a verb and an adjective, it is called the verb-nominal form. Other words can be agreed with participles in the same way that they were agreed with the original verb for it (direct object: honor parents - honor parents; adverb: speaking loudly speaking loudly).

In Greek, participles may not be combined with other members of the sentence, but convey the verbal meaning of the action independently of them (the so-called absolute participle). The participle can be used with the article and substantivized, getting the meaning of a noun. In Russian, this phenomenon also occurs. For example, encountering the expression All students in this school have been promoted to the next grade., we forget that student- this is a participle in origin, and we take it as a noun, as a synonym for the word student.

The Greek participle as a definition can be placed both before the word being defined and after it. To convey different shades of the meanings of the verb, the Greek participle can be combined, like a verb, with the particle ἄn. When translating various shades of participle, sometimes you have to use verbose expressions, participles or participles with an infinitive. In Greek, not only compound verbs are possible, but also compound participial predicates (in Greek I want to make can be expressed as a construct like: I will make wishing or unwilling, those. against your will; or keen). Sometimes participles from verbs expressing certain feelings, recognition, acquisition have to be translated in whole subordinate clauses (such as: glad to know; I'm glad I know literally in Greek, such a construction would look like rejoice knowing).

The passive participle of ordinary and continuous verbs in alpha is formed from the stem of the verb with the help of the connecting vowel omicron and masculine, feminine and neuter endings: -omenoV, -omenh, -omenon. The masculine and neuter genders are declined according to the II declension, the feminine - according to the I declension. In fused verbs, the connecting vowel before the ending changes when interacting with the vowel of the stem of the verb according to the rules of fusion.

In the future tense of the middle voice, the suffix sigma -somenoV is added before the usual ending.

Active participles are formed from the stem of the verb by adding suffixes and endings: for the feminine -ousa, for the masculine -wn, for the neuter -on. Feminine participles are declined according to the 1st declension (genitive -oushV), masculine and neuter participles are declined according to the 3rd declension (genitive -ontoV). In fused verbs, the interaction of vowels occurs according to the previous rules of fusion.

In the same way, active participles of the II aorist are formed, but from the stem of the verb in the aorist.

Active participles of the I aorist are formed with the help of other suffixes: for the feminine -sasa, for the masculine -saV, for the neuter -san. Feminine participles are declined according to the 1st declension (genitive -sashV), masculine and neuter participles are declined according to the 3rd declension (genitive -santoV).

In the aorist (I-II) of the passive participles have suffixes and endings: feminine -Jeisa; masculine -JeiV; neuter -Jen. Participles of the feminine gender are declined according to the 1st declension. The masculine and neuter participles are declined according to the third declension (genitive case in -JentoV).

The active participle of the future tense is formed with the help of suffixes and endings: for the feminine -sousa, for the masculine -swn, for the neuter -son. Feminine participles are declined according to the 1st declension (genitive -soushV), masculine and neuter participles - according to the 3rd declension (genitive -sontoV). Sigma interacts with the stem of the verb according to the rules of the future tense.

Active participle of the present tense of the verb give- dίdwmi: feminine - didoῦsa, oύshV; masculine - didoύV, didόntoV; neuter gender - didόn, didόntoV.

Active participle aorist of the verb to give: feminine - doῦsa, hV; masculine - doύV, dόntoV; neuter gender - dόn, dόntoV.

The active participle of the perfect has endings that join the perfect stem: for the feminine -uia; for masculine gender -wV; for the neuter -oV. Feminine participles are declined according to the 1st declension (genitive -uiaV), masculine and neuter participles - according to the 3rd declension (genitive -ontoV).

And we will start by introducing a new group of verbs. We will conditionally call them PASSIVE verbs or verbs with the ending -ομαι:
έρχομαι - to come
εργάζομαι - to work
γίνομαι - to become
χρειάζομαι - need
σκέφτομαι - to think
επισκέπτομαι - visit
κάθομαι - to sit
στέκομαι - to stand

These verbs are inflected in the present tense with the following endings:
-ομαι -εσαι -εται -όμαστε -εστε -ονται	έρχομαι έρχεσαι έρχεται ερχόμαστε έρχεστε έρχονται	I come you are coming he comes we are coming you are coming they are coming

Of course, it will take time and practice to master this pattern. Moreover, compared with the verbs of the first and second conjugations, these endings look somewhat cumbersome. I strongly advise you to pronounce each form aloud and translate into Russian, as shown in the example. Then you will quickly and reliably master the rules for changing these verbs. For the same purpose, you can change by person not only individual verbs, but also entire sentences.

SAMPLE:
Το βράδυ κάθομαι στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening I sit on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθεσαι στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening you sit on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθεται στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening he sits on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθόμαστε στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening we sit on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθεστε στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening you sit on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθοντα στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening they sit on the balcony.
Let me remind you that when translating into Russian, personal pronouns (I, you ...) are used, which are absent in the original Greek phrase.

Exercise. Replace the form of the highlighted verbs and the possessive pronouns accordingly (see sample) and translate into Russian:
1 Εργάζομαι στην τουριστική εταιρία.
2 Πάντα χρειάζομαι πιο πολύ χρόνο για την δουλειά μου.
3 Καθε βράδυ επισκέπτομαι τον φίλο μου στο νοσοκομείο.
4 Στέκομαι απέναντι από το φαρμακείο.
I wish you success! Next time we will take a closer look at the verb έρχομαι "to come"

Greek. Lesson 2: Passive verbs (continued)

The so-called PASSIVE verbs occupy a very important place in the Greek language. Therefore, we will pay special attention to the most common of them. The topic of our conversation today is the verb έρχομαι and its meanings. See lesson 1 for an example of changing this verb by person and number.
Meaning one: come, arrive, arrive.
Έρχομαι στην Κύπρο δυο φορές τον χρόνο. - I come to Cyprus twice a year.
Πότε έρχεσαι από την δουλειά σου; - When do you come home from work?
Τι ώρα έρχεται το αεροπλάνο από την Μόσχα; - What time does the plane from Moscow arrive?
Meaning two: to go towards someone/something, (using the verb πηγαίνω/πάω in this context would be a mistake).
- Σε θέλουν στο τηλέφωνο. - You to the phone.
- Έρχομαι. - I'm going.
– Μαμά! Χτυπάει η πόρτα. Δεν ακούς;
- Mother! They knock on the door. Can't you hear?
– Ναι, έρχομαι, έρχομαι.
- Yes, I'm going, I'm going.
– Τον κύριο Αντρέα, παρακαλώ.
– Mr Andreas, please.
– Περιμένετε ένα λεπτό. Έρχεται.
- Wait a minute. He's coming.
– Πού είναι ο Νίκος; Τον περιμένω.
Where is Nikos? I'm waiting for him.
– Να τον! Έρχεται.
- Here he is! Goes.
– Περιμένετε το λεωφορείο
- Are you waiting for the bus?
– Ναι, περιμένω. Α, να το! Έρχεται.
- Yes, I'm waiting. Ah, here he is! Goes.

Task 1. Translate into Greek.
1 When does the ship arrive?
2 What time do you usually come to the office?
3 We are waiting for Janis. He's coming?
4 - You to the phone. - I'm going.

Task 2. Translate into Russian.
1 Πότε έρχονται οι υπάλληλοι στο γραφείο;
2 - Σας καλεί ο διευθυντής. - Έρχομαι αμέσως.
3 Συχνά έρχεσαι στην Κύπρο;
4 Γρήγορα, το ταξί έρχεται.

Checking the task of lesson 1:
1. I work for a travel company.
2 I always need more time to work.
3 Every evening I visit my friend in the hospital.
4 I am standing in front of the pharmacy.

We will get acquainted with other meanings of the verb έρχομαι in the next lesson. Good luck! Καλή τύχη!

Greek. Lesson 3: Verb έρχομαι (continued)

The verb έρχομαι is very common and has two pages of meaning in the academic dictionary. Today we will look at another of the most relevant values.
The third meaning (and not the last): to go along with someone, joining the speaker. Ποιος έρχεται μαζί μου;
I'm thinking of going to the cinema today. Who is coming with me?
Έρχεσαι απόψε μαζί μας στο πάρτι;
Are you coming to the party with us tonight?
Όχι, γιατί πάω στο εστιατόριο με την Μαρία.
No, because I'm going to a restaurant with Maria.
Look carefully at the verbs πάω and έρχομαι, note the difference in meanings, which becomes clear only through the context.
In the same context, a very popular form of the verb έρχομαι is often used: ΄Ελα! (singular - come here!) and Ελάτε! (plural - come here!).
Task: replace the unit form. hours per plural hours and translate:
Έλα κοντά μου! - Come to me!
Ελά εδώ! - Come here!
Έλα μαζί μου! - Come with me!
Το Σαββατο πάμε στην Αγία Νάπα. Έλα και εσύ μαζί μας!
On Saturday we are going to Ayia Napa. Let's go with us!
Έλα καμιά φορά στο σπίτι μου για έναν καφέ! - Come to my place for a cup of coffee!

Checking assignments of the 2nd lesson.

Exercise 1.
1.Πότε έρχεται το πλοίο; 2.Τι ώρα συνήθως έρχεστε στο γραφείο; 3.Περιμένουμε τον Γιάννη. Έρχεται; 4.Σε θέλουν στο τηλέφωνο. - Έρχομαι.

Task 2.
1. When do employees come to the office? 2. The director calls you. - I'm going immediately. 3. Do you often come to Cyprus? 4. Faster, the taxi is coming.

In the next lesson we will talk about the verb σκέφτομαι. See you! Καλή αντάμωση!

Greek. Lesson 4: Verb σκέφτομαι

Dear friends! After a short break, we have resumed Greek lessons for those who already know how to read and write Greek well, but want to learn how to speak correctly. To do this, you need to know grammar, and not just memorize words and phrases from a phrasebook. These lessons are mainly addressed to those who, together with us since last November, have been trying to master the basic wisdom of the Greek language step by step on the pages of the newspaper.

We continue to get acquainted with PASSIVE verbs.
Today the topic of our lesson is the verb σκέφτομαι.
σκέφτομαι - I think
σκέφτεσαι - do you think
σκέφτεται - he thinks
σκεφτόμαστε - we think
σκέφτεστε - do you think
σκέφτονται - they think
Meaning one: think, meditate.
-Τι σκέφτεσαι; - What are you thinking about?
-Σκέφτομαι την γιαγιά μου, που είναι άρρωστη. -I think about my grandmother, who is sick.
-Ναι, έχεις δίκιο. Χρειάζεται να σκεφτόμαστε τους δικούς μας. -Yes, you are right. You need to think about your loved ones.
Meaning two: plan, intend, intend to do something.
-Τι σκέφτεσαι να κάνεις με το αυτοκίνητό σου; -What are you going to do with your car?
-Σκέφτομαι να το πουλήσω το πιο γρήγορα δυνατόν. - I think to sell it as soon as possible.
-Πού σκέφτεστε να σπουδάζετε;
-Where do you plan to study?
-Σκεφτόμαστε να σπουδάζουμε γιατρική. - We're going to study medicine.
-Πώς σκέφτεται να πάει στο Ισραήλ η Άννα, με το πλοίο ή με το αεροπλάνο;
-How is Anna going to go to Israel, by boat or by plane?
Do not confuse, please, with the verb νομίζω - think, count, believe.
- Νομίζω, ότι το αεροπλάνο έρχεται στις 9.
- I think the plane arrives at 9.
- Νομίζεις, πως λέει αλήθεια;
Do you think he's telling the truth?
- Δεν νομίζω έτσι. Σίγουρα λέει ψέματα.
- I don't think so. He must be lying.

Exercise. Translate into Russian.
1 Πάντα σκέφτομαι τι λέω. 2 Δεν σκέφτεσαι καθόλου τι λες. 3 Χρειάζεται να σκεφτόμαστε τους γονείς μας. 4 Ο άντρας μου σκέφτεται να πάει στην Ρωσία για λίγες μέρες.

Next time we will learn about the meanings in which the verb κάθομαι - "sit" is used in speech. All the best! Να' στε καλά!

Greek. Lesson 5: The verb κάθομαι

The topic of today's lesson is the verb κάθομαι. Let me remind you how this verb changes:
κάθομαι - I am sitting
κάθεσαι - you are sitting
κάθεται - he sits
καθόμαστε - we are sitting
κάθεστε - you are sitting
κάθονται - they are sitting

Meaning one: sit
Κάθομαι στον καναπέ. - I'm sitting on the couch.
Κάθε βράδυ καθόμαστε στο μπαλκόνι και βλέπουμε την θάλασσα. - Every evening we sit on the balcony and look at the sea.
Βλέπεις τον κύριο που κάθεται στο παράθυρο; Do you see the man sitting by the window?

Second meaning: to be
- Πού κάθεσαι τώρα; - Where are you now?
- Κάθομαι στο καφενείο στην γωνία. - I'm sitting in a cafe on the corner.
- Τώρα καθόμαστε στο γραφείο. Έρχεσαι; Σε περιμένουμε. We are currently in the office. You are walking? We are waiting for you.
- Γιατί συχνά κάθεται στην δουλειά του μέχρι αργά; Why does he stay up late at work so often?
In the phrases above, you can replace the verb kάθομαι with the appropriate forms of the verbs είμαι (to be) or βρίσκομαι (to be). In this context, these verbs are synonyms.

The third meaning is: to live, to settle, to settle (synonymous with μένω - "to live").
- Η μαμά σας δεν κάθεται κοντά σας; - Your mother does not live with you?
- Όχι, κάθεται στο δικό της σπίτι. - No, she lives in her own house.
- Καθόμαστε σ'αυτή την πολυκατοικία εδώ και χρόνια. We have been living in this high-rise building for several years.

Exercise. Make sentences and translate them into Russian.
1 εγώ, γραφείο, στο, κάθομαι, σου.
2 αριστερά, κάθεσαι, από, Νίκο, τον;
3 στο, παράθυρο, κάθεται, ποιος, κοντά;
4 κοντά, οι, κάθονται, μας, γονείς, μας.

Checking the task of lesson 4:
1 I always think what I say. 2 You don't really think what you're saying. 3 We need to think about our (our) parents. 4 My husband is going to Russia for a few days.
The next lesson will be devoted to the verb γίνομαι "become, happen, occur ...

Greek. Lesson 6: The verb γίνομαι

Well, Christmas holidays are over. Now back to studying. Today we will get acquainted with the verb γίνομαι.
γίν ομαι - I become
γίν εσαι - you become
γίν εται - he becomes
γιν όμαστε - we become
γίν εστε - you become
γίν ονται - they become
You have already understood that, since we are getting acquainted with the verb in detail, then a simple translation is not limited here. Context is needed to correctly translate or use a word. So… different meanings of the verb γίνομαι:
"happen, occur":
Τι γίνεται εδώ;
What's going on here?
etiquette - "live":
Τι γίνεσαι;
How are you? How are you doing? How are you (in the same meaning as Τι κάνεις; Πώς είσαι;)
Τι γίνεστε;
How are you? How are you doing? How are you? (as a synonym for the expressions Τι κάνετε; Πώς είστε;)
"occur, take place, take place":
Πού γίνεται η συνέντευξη; - Where is the interview taking place?
Αυτή η παράσταση γίνεται στο θέατρο "Πατίχιο" - This performance will take place at the Patihio Theatre.
"it is possible, it happens, it happens" and "it is impossible, it is unacceptable":
- Συγνώμη, θα ήθελα να αλλάξω αυτό το φόρεμα. Γίνεται; - I would like to change this dress. Can?
- Δυστυχώς, δεν γίνεται. Είναι της προσφοράς. - Unfortunately, it is impossible. It's discounted, discounted.
- Μην ανησυχείς. Γίνεται.
Don't worry. Happens.
- Τι λες! Δεν γίνεται έτσι.
What are you! It doesn't happen!
"become (change state, status)":
Γίνομαι άρρωστη.
I get sick. (I get sick)
- Γίνεται καλύτερα.
She (becomes) better.
Όταν έρχομαι αργά το βράδυ, ο άντρας μου γίνεται έξαλλος.
When I arrive late at night, my husband becomes beside himself.
Γίνεται κρύο.
Getting cold. (Cold.)
Γίνεταί ζέστη.
It's getting hot. (getting warm)
Γίνεται σκωτάδι.
It's getting dark. (Getting dark.)

Checking the task of the last lesson:
1 Εγώ κάθομαι στο γραφείο σου.
I am in your office.
2 Κάθεσαι αριστερά από τον Νίκο ;
Are you sitting to the left of Nikos?
3 Ποιος κάθεται κοντά στο παράθυρο;
Who is sitting by the window?
4 Οι γονείς μας κάθονται κοντά μας.

Greek. Lesson 7: Verb φαίνομαι

The verb φαίνομαι "to seem, to be seen, to look" is one of the difficult to understand, but very common verbs.
φαίνομαι - I seem
φαίνασαι - you seem
φαίνεται - he seems
φαινόμαστε - we seem
φαίνεστε - you seem
φαίνονται - they seem
Let's try to understand its meaning in context and learn how to catch it and use it in everyday speech.
"it seems to me (you, him, her ...) ..."
μου φαίνεται...
This construction uses personal pronouns in dates. case (to whom?) and a verb in the impersonal form φαίνεται and allied words που, πως, ότι in the meaning "... that":
Μου φαίνεται που γίνομαι άρρωστη.
I feel like I'm getting sick.
Τι σου φαίνεται, λέει αλήθεια ή ψέματα;
Do you think he is telling the truth or lying?
Του φαίνεται ότι η Άννα ξέρει να οδηγεί.
It seems to him that Anna does not know how to drive a car.
Της φαίνεται πως αργούμε, γι’αυτό ανησυχεί
She thinks that we are late, so she is nervous.
Μας φαίνεται ότι σας ενοχλούμε, συγνώμη αν είναι έτσι.
We think we're disturbing you, sorry if so.
Δεν σας φαίνεται πως βιάζεστε πολύ, έχει καιρό ακόμα.
Don't you think that you are in a hurry, there is still time.
Δεν τους φαίνεται που χρειάζεται να περιμένουν λίγο ακόμη;
Don't they feel like they need to wait a little longer?
"visible, not visible"
Στον ουρανό δεν φαίνεται ούτε ένα σύννεφο.
Not a cloud is visible in the sky.
Από το παράθυρό μου φαίνεται το λιμάνι.
I can see the port from my window.
"look like someone"
Φαίνεσαι ωραία σήμερα.
You look great today.
Τι έχετε; Φαίνεστε άσχημα.
What's wrong with you? You look bad.
Πώς σου φαίνομαι με το καινούργιο φόρεμά μου;
How do I (seem) to you in my new dress?
Η Άννα φαίνεται έξυπνη κοπέλλα.
Anna seems to be a smart girl.
Το σπίτι τους μόνο φάινεται μεγάλο.
Their house only seems big.

Exercise. By changing the highlighted words in the sentence "Μου φαίνεται που γίνομαι άρρωστη." (It seems to me that I am getting sick.), translate into Greek: you think that you are getting sick; him, her, us, you, they think that ... etc. Attention: άρρωστη - female. genus, singular άρρωστες - plural, άρρωστος - masculine, singular, άρρωστοι -m. plural

Greek. Lesson 8: Acquaintance

Today we will turn to the topic "Introduction". Of course, this may seem strange in the second year of study, but ... In addition to the phrases you know Πώς σας λένε; "What is your name?" and Πώς είναι το όνομά σας; "What's your name?", native speakers quite often use the verbs ονομάζομαι (from ονομάζω - "to call", "to name") and λέγομαι (from λέγω - "to speak") in the meaning of "to call", "to be called", "to be called" ( compare in Russian "So, she was called Tatyana.."). Let me remind you how these passive verbs change:
ονομάζομαι λέγομαι my name is
ονομάζεσαι λέγεσαι your name is
ονομάζεται λέγεται his/her name is, it is called
ονομαζόμαστε λεγόμαστε we are called
ονομάζεστε λέγεστε your name is
ονομάζονται λέγονται their name is, it's called (about several subjects)
It is not necessary to know by heart and actively use all possible options to introduce yourself or find out the name of the interlocutor. But it is important to understand in time what kind of question you were asked, and correctly answer this question:
Πώς λέγεστε;
What is your name?
Λέγομαι Αλέξαντρος.
My name is Alexander.
Πώς λέγεσαι;
What is your name?
Λέγομαι Μαριάννα.
My name is Marianna.
Πώς λέγεται ο γιος σας;
What is the name of your son?
Λέγεται Γιάννης.
His name is Janis.
Πώς λέγεται η σύζυγός σας;
What is your wife's name?
Αυτή λέγεται Ντάρια.
Her name is Daria.
Πώς λέγεται αυτό το βιβλίο;
What is the name of this book?
"Ελλήνικά για ξενογλώσσους".
"Greek for Foreigners"
Πώς το λέγεται στα ελληνικά;

Το λέγεται "εφημερίδα".
It's called "newspaper".
Πώς λέγονται οι γονείς σας;
What are your parents' names?
Η μαμά μου λέγεται Μαρία, ο πατέρας Βάσος.
My mother's name is Maria, my father's name is Vasos.
In each of these sentences, you can replace the verb λέγομαι with the appropriate form of the verb ονομάζομαι. The meaning and style of the sentences will remain the same. Using the material from this lesson and the tutorial for beginners (today's issue), change the dialogue and simulate the "dating" situation using all the ways you know:
Πώς ονομάζεστε;
What is your name?
Ονομάζομαι Ξένια.
My name is Ksenia.
Χαίρω πολύ. - Very nice.
Επίσης. - Mutually.
Nice to meet you.
Χαίρω πολύ για την γνωριμία μας.

Greek. Lesson 9: Active and passive verbs

Today we are talking about pairs of verbs (active verbs and passive ones). There are such pairs in the Russian language (dress - dress, wash - wash ...):

Compare the endings of active (with the ending - ω) and passive verbs (with the ending - ομαι) and conjugate the verbs of the lesson (orally and in writing) according to the model:

ASSETS
ντύν ω I dress
ντύν εις you dress
ντύν ει he dresses
ντύν ουμε we dress
ντύνετε you dress
ντύν ουν they dress

LIABILITY
ντύν ομαι I get dressed
ντύν εται he dresses
ντύν εσαι you dress
ντυν όμαστε we dress
ντύν εστε you dress
ντύν ονται they dress

It is important to understand the principle of replacing the active ending - ω with the passive one - ομαι, because if the verb is paired, then it is useless to look for its passive form (ντύνομαι) in the dictionary. At best, you will find a reference to ντύνω. An entry in a dictionary might look like this: ντύνω - to dress someone; ~ ομαι - to dress. And now a few sentences to understand the difference between the use of active and passive paired verbs:
Η μαμά ντύνει το μωρό.
The mother is dressing the baby.
Ντύνεται της μόδας.
He/she dresses fashionably.
Πάντα πλένω τα χέρια μου πριν το γεύμα.
I always wash my hands before eating.
Πλένομαι με ζεστό νερό.
I wash with warm water.
Χτενίζεις τα μαλλια σου της μόδας.
You style your hair fashionably.
Σε ποιο κομμωτήριο χτενίζεσαι;
What barbershop do you get your hair done at?
Οι φίλοι μας ετοιμάζουν το τραπέζι.
Friends prepare the table.
Όλοι ετοιμάζονται για τις γιορτές.
Everyone is getting ready for the holidays.
Πάντα σηκώνετε το ποτήρι στην υγεία μας.
You always raise a glass to our health.
Τι ώρα σηκώνεστε το πρωί;
What time do you get up in the morning?
As a task and useful practice, you can say each sentence in different faces. For example: What time do you get up in the morning? Τι ώρα σηκώνεσαι το πρωί;
I wish you success! Καλή προσπάθεια!

Greek. Lesson 10: Communicate without problems!

Due to numerous requests from our readers, we will once again turn to the topic "Acquaintance". Let me remind you that in addition to the well-known phrases Πώς σας λένε; "What is your name?" and Πώς είναι το όνομά σας; "What's your name?", native speakers often use the verbs ονομάζομαι and λέγομαι to mean "to call", "to be called", "to be called":
ονομάζομαι - λέγομαι my name is
ονομάζεσαι - λέγεσαι your name is
ονομάζεται - λέγεται his/her name is, it's called
ονομαζόμαστε - λεγόμαστε we are called
ονομάζεστε - λέγεστε your name is
ονομάζονται - λέγονται their name is, it's called (about several subjects)

Πώς ονομάζεστε;
What is your name?

Ονομάζομαι κύριος Γιάννης Νικολαήδης.
My name is Mr. Yannis Nikolaidis.

Πώς ονομάζεσαι;
What is your name?

Ονομάζομαι Άννα Νικολαήδη.
My name is Anna Nikolaidi.

Πώς ονομάζεται η κόρη σας;
What is your daughter's name?

Ονομάζεται Γιάννα.
Her name is Jeanne.

Πώς ονομάζεται αυτή η οδός;
What's the name of this street?

Πώς το ονομάζεται στα ελληνικά;
What is it called in Greek?

Το ονομάζεται "περιοδοκό".
It's called a "journal".

Πώς ονομάζονται τα αδέρφια σας;
What are the names of your brother and sister?

Ονομάζονται Νίκος και Σταύρη.
Their names are Nikos and Stavri.

In each of these sentences, you can replace the verb ονομάζομα with the appropriate form of the verb λέγομαι. The meaning and style of the sentences will remain the same. Using the material from this lesson and the tutorial for beginners (today's issue), change the dialogue and simulate the "dating" situation using all the ways you know:
Πώς λέγεστε;
What is your name?
Ονομάζομαι Νατάλια.
My name is Natalya.
Χαίρω πολύ.
Very nice.
Επίσης.
Mutually.

Greek. Lesson 11: Past tense

The verbs that will be discussed in today's lesson are most often used in the aorist:
γεννιέμαι - I am born
γεννήθηκα - I was born
στενοχωριέμαι - I am upset
στενοχωρέθηκα - I was upset
βαριέμαι - I'm a burden
βαρέθηκα - I'm tired

In the examples below, you can see how the verb γεννιέμαι changes:
Γεννήθηκα στις τρις Μαρτίου το χίλια εννικόσια εβδομήντα τρία.
I was born on March 3rd, 1973.
Πότε γεννήθηκες;
When were you born?
Τι μήνα γεννήθηκε ο γιος σας;
What month was your son born in?
Τι έτος γεννηθήκατε;
What year were you born?
Οι γονείς μας γεννήθηκαν το ίδιο έτος το χίλια εννικόσια σαράντα τέσσερα.
Our parents were born in the same year, in 1944.

Table of changes of these verbs by persons and numbers:
στενοχωρέθηκα - I was upset
στενοχωρέθηκες - you are upset
στενοχωρέθηκε - he was upset
στενοχωρεθήκαμε - we were upset
στενοχωρεθήκατε - you are upset
στενοχωρέθηκαν - they were upset

And now try to change the phrases yourself so that the verbs are in different persons and numbers:
Πάμε από εδώ, βαρέθηκα.
Let's go from here. I'm sick of.
Δεν βαρεθήκατε πολύ την παρέα μας;
Are you bored with our company?
Είπε πως βαρέθηκε.
Said he was tired.
Η μαμά του στενοχωρέθηκε.
His mother was very upset.

I wish you success! I hope that you are not very bored with all this and that you are not very upset.
Ελπίζω που δεν βαρεθήκατε πολύ και δεν στενοχωεθήκατε. Καλή αντάμωση! See you!

Greek. Lesson 12: Passive verbs ending in -άμαι.

κοιμάμαι - I sleep
λυπάμαι - I'm sorry
φοβάμαι - I'm afraid
θυμάμαι - I remember

κοιμάμαι - I sleep
κοιμάσαι - you are sleeping
κοιμάται - he sleeps
κοιμάμαστε - we sleep
κοιμάστε - you are sleeping
κοιμάνται - they sleep

κοιμούνται/ κοιμάνται

Do you always go to bed at midnight?

We rarely go to bed at 2 am.

It is true that you go to bed at three in the morning.

I think they go to bed at four in the morning.

Do not sleep! Be careful!

Don't be so upset! Everything will be fine!

Don't be afraid of anything in life!

Remember that we are friends!

Greek. Lesson 13: Past Irregular Verbs

Today we will continue our study of the past tense of passive verbs. Some irregular passive verbs in the aorist formally pass into the "camp" of active ones: the characteristic suffix -ηκ is absent, and only the past tense endings -α, -ες, -ε, -αμε, -ατε, -αν are used (and they are common to all categories of verbs):
έρχομαι ήρθα (ήλθα) - I came
γίνομαι έγινα - I became
κάθομαι κάθισα - I sat down
Έγινα έξαλλη.
I went out of myself (became out of myself).
Έγινα έξαλλος.
I lost my temper (became beside myself).
Πώς έγινες γιτρός;
How did you become a doctor?
Και πού έγινε η παράσταση;
And where was the show?
Τι έγινε; What's happened?
Ξαφνικά έγινε κρύο.
It suddenly became cold.
Γίναμε πολύ φίλοι.
We became close friends.
Οι μέρες έγιναν μικρές και κρύες.
The days became short and cold.

Table of changes in the verbs of the lesson in the aorist:
I came/became/sat down
ήρθα/έγινα/κάθισα
you came / became / sat down
ήρθες/έγινες/κάθισες
he came/stood/sat down
ήρθε/έγινε/κάθισε
we came / became / sat down
ήρθαμε/γίναμε/καθίσαμε
you came / stood / sat down
ήρθατε/γίνατε/καθίσατε
they came/stood/sat down
ήρθαν/έγιναν/κάθισαν

This is what they say when they meet:
- Καλώς ήρθατε! - Welcome!
- Καλώς σας βρήκαμε! - Glad to see you! (mandatory response to the first phrase of the greeting)

As you can see, the aorist was also present here: from the passive verb έρχομαι "to come" - ήρθατε "you have come, you have arrived" and from the verb βρίσκω "to find" - βρήκαμε "we have found you". If you translate literally, you get something like this: "Well, you arrived (came)!" - "We found you well!", i.e. "It's good that you've come!" - "It's good that we see you." Any variations on the theme are possible ... But we, using our knowledge of the aorist, can switch to "you" if we replace the plural ending with the singular: Καλώς ήρθες! - It's good that you came! - Καλώς σε βρήκα! - I'm glad to see you!
So, Καλώς ήρθατε! I am always glad to meet you on the pages of our newspaper. See you! - Καλή αντάμωση!

Greek. Lesson 14: Past Irregular Verbs

–ω, -ς, -ει, -με, -τε, -νε:
Το πρωί τρώω ένα σέντουιτς.
In the morning I eat one sandwich.
Εσύ τι τρως για πρόγευμα;
And what do you eat for breakfast?
Το μεσημέρι τρώει σαλάτα.
At noon he eats salad.
Τι τρώμε για γεύμα, παιδιά;

Εσείς τι τρώτε το βράδι;
And what do you eat in the evening?

In addition, we can combine different expressions in a value:
"breakfast"
προγευματίζω
τρώω πρόγευμα (πρωινώ)
έχω πρόγευμα (πρωινώ)
"lunch"
γευματίζω
τρώω γεύμα (μεσημεριανό)
έχω γεύμα (μεσημεριανό)
"have supper"
δειπνίζω
τρώω δείπνο (βραδινό)
έχω δείπνο (βραδινό)

Εσύ τι τρως για πρόγευμα;
Εσύ τι έχεις για πρόγευμα;
Εσύ τι τρως για πρωινώ;
Εσύ τι έχεις για πρωινώ;

The verbs προγευματίζω, γευματίζω, δειπνίζω, έχω are conjugated according to the first conjugation with endings:

I have lunch at two o'clock.
Τι ώρα γευματίζεις συνήθως;

Well, it's time for lunch.
Ώρα για γεύμα.
Bon appetit!
Καλή όρεξη!
Goodbye!
Αντίο!

Greek. Lesson 15: A special group of verbs with the ending -άμαι.

Continuing the conversation about passive verbs, today we will consider a special group with the ending -άμαι. It differs in its endings. Here are the most common verbs in this group:
κοιμάμαι - I sleep
λυπάμαι - I'm sorry
φοβάμαι - I'm afraid
θυμάμαι - I remember

Pay attention to the characteristic feature -ά- and the place of stress in the endings of these verbs:
κοιμάμαι - I sleep
κοιμάσαι - you are sleeping
κοιμάται - he sleeps
κοιμάμαστε - we sleep
κοιμάστε - you are sleeping
κοιμάνται - they sleep

P.S. For selected forms, other endings are more common:
κοιμόμαστε/ κοιμούμαστε/ κοιμάμαστε
κοιμούνται/ κοιμάνται
The rest of the verbs of this group are conjugated in the same way. Do it yourself:
Συνήθως κοιμάμαι στις δέκα το βράδυ.
I usually go to bed at 10 pm.
Πάντα κοιμάσαι στις δώδεκα την νύχτα;
Do you always go to bed at 12 at night?
Κάθε Σάββατο κοιμάται στην μια την νύχτα.
Every Saturday he goes to bed at one in the morning.
Πολύ σπάνια κοιμούμαστε στις δυο την νύχτα.
Rarely do we go to bed at two in the morning.
Είναι αλήθεια πως κοιμάστε στις τρις την νύχτα;
It is true that you go to bed at three in the morning.
Μου φαίνεται πως κοιμούνται στις τέσσερις το πρωί.
I think they go to bed at 4 am.

In the phrases below, you can also independently replace the forms of verbs according to the model with the verb κοιμάμαι:
Φοβάμαι που δεν θα είναι εδώ στην ώρα τους.
I'm afraid they won't be here in time.
Λυπάμαι πολύ που δεν ήρθε χτες ο φίλος μου.
I am very sorry that my friend did not come yesterday.
Δεν θυμάμαι τίποτα τα τελευταία.
I don't remember anything lately.
A few expressions with these verbs:
Μην κοιμάσαι! Να είσαι προσεχτικός!
Do not sleep! Be careful!
Μην λυπάστε τόσο πολύ! Όλα θα είναι εντάξει.
Don't be so upset!
Everything will be fine!
Μην φοβάσαι τίποτα στην ζωή σου!
Don't be afraid of anything in life!
Να θυμάσαι πως είμαστε φίλοι!
Remember that we are friends!

So, remember (Να θυμάστε!) that next time we will move to the past tense of passive verbs, your ability to communicate in Greek will be greatly enhanced.

Greek. Lesson 16: Past Irregular Verbs

The verb τρώω - "eat, eat" is also one of the short ones (like λέω - to speak, ακούω - to listen) and uses a system of abbreviated endings:
–ω, -ς, -ει, -με, -τε, -νε:
Το πρωί τρώω ένα σέντουιτς.
In the morning I eat one sandwich.
Εσύ τι τρως για πρόγευμα;
And what do you eat for breakfast?
Το μεσημέρι τρώει σαλάτα.
At noon he eats salad.
Τι τρώμε για γεύμα, παιδιά;
So what are we having for lunch guys?
Εσείς τι τρώτε το βράδι;
And what do you eat in the evening?
Τρώνε κοτόπουλο με πατάτες για δείπνο.
For dinner they eat chicken and potatoes.
In the above phrases, the word το πρόγευμα can be replaced by το πρωινό "breakfast", το γεύμα = το μεσημεριανό "lunch", το δείπνο = το βραδινό "dinner".
In addition, we can combine different expressions in a value:
"breakfast"
προγευματίζω
τρώω πρόγευμα (πρωινώ)
έχω πρόγευμα (πρωινώ)
"lunch"
γευματίζω
τρώω γεύμα (μεσημεριανό)
έχω γεύμα (μεσημεριανό)
"have supper"
δειπνίζω
τρώω δείπνο (βραδινό)
έχω δείπνο (βραδινό)
Thus, the phrase - What do you eat for breakfast? - from the dialog might look like this:
Εσύ τι τρως για πρόγευμα;
Εσύ τι έχεις για πρόγευμα;
Εσύ τι τρως για πρωινώ;
Εσύ τι έχεις για πρωινώ;
Similarly, you can try to change any phrase from the dialogue.
The verbs προγευματίζω, γευματίζω, δειπνίζω, έχω are conjugated according to the first conjugation with endings
–ω, -εις, -ει, -ουμε, - ετε, -ουν:
Γευματίζω στις δυο το μεσημέρι.
I have lunch at two o'clock.
Τι ώρα γευματίζεις συνήθως;
What time do you usually have lunch?
Το προσωπικό γευματίζει στις δυο και μισή.
The staff has lunch at half past two. (at two and a half)
Την Κυριακή γευματίζουμε στην μια και μισή.
On Sunday we have lunch at half past one (one and a half)
Πάντα γευματίζετε στην ταβέρνα;
Do you always dine in a tavern?
Τα παιδιά γευματίζουν στο δωμάτιό τους.
The children have lunch in their room.
Well, it's time for lunch.
Ώρα για γεύμα.
Bon appetit!
Καλή όρεξη!
Goodbye!
Αντίο!

Greek. Lesson 17: Regular passive verbs in the aorist

Knowing how the aorist of regular active verbs is formed will help you here. And I again refer you to lessons 6-12 of the first cycle for advanced (№480-488, Dec.-Feb. 2004). If you find the strength to go back to what you have learned, remember what groups the regular Greek verbs in the aorist are divided into , it will certainly be much easier for you to master our current material meaningfully, firmly and for a long time. Well, if not, then just take it for granted, take my word for it and learn by heart the verbs and sentences with them.
So, GROUP FIRST: the verb in the original active form ended in - ζω (Χτενίζω) and has an aorist in - σα (χτένισα), in the passive form - ζομαι (χτενίζομαι) changes to - στηκα (χτενίστη κα) in the aorist:
active Χτενίζω - I comb my hair - χτένισα - I combed it
passive χτενίζομαι - I squat - χτενίστηκα - I combed my hair
Form your own aorist from passive verbs of the first group: εργάζομαι - I work, κουράζομαι - I get tired, χρειάζομαι - I need, I need, I need, φαντάζομαι - I imagine, γνωρίζομα ι - I'm getting acquainted, ετοιμάζομαι - I'm getting ready, αρραβωνιάζομαι - I'm getting engaged. You just need to change the present tense ending - ζομαι to the aorist suffix ending - στηκα. Now check yourself:
εργάστηκα - I have worked
κουράστηκα - I'm tired
χρειάστηκα - I needed
φαντάστηκα - I introduced
γνωρίστηκα - I met
ετοιμάστηκα - I prepared
αρραβωνιάστηκα - I got engaged
Please note that the same familiar past tense endings serve the system: - α, - ες, -ε, -αμε, -ατε, -αν:

Table of changes in passive verbs:
in present tense and in aorist
κουράζομαι - I get tired
κουράστηκα - I'm tired
κουράζεσαι - you get tired
κουράστηκες - you are tired
κουράζεται - he gets tired
κουραζόμαστε - we get tired
κουράζεστε - you get tired
κουράζονται - they get tired
κουράστηκε - he is tired
κουραστήκαμε - we are tired
κουραστήκατε - you are tired
κουράστηκαν - they are tired
In terms of fixing the topic, I suggest that you conjugate the verbs of the lesson in the present tense and in the aorist. Be sure to translate each form into Russian, as shown in the table. It will help you to master these Greek "puzzles and tongue twisters" faster.

G.A. gololob

Course plan.

Introduction.

History and periodization of the ancient Greek language.
Learning the Greek alphabet. Pronunciation of vowels and diphthongs. Aspiration.
Noun and adjective. 2nd declension (masculine/neuter). 1st declension (feminine). Declension of articles in five cases.
Applications of adjectives (substantive, attributive and predicative).
Ancient Greek verb. Conjugation of verbs ending in -ω.
Verb tenses: past tense (aorist, imperfect, pluperfect), present tense (present, perfect), future tense (futurus).
Three verbal voices: active, passive and middle.
Verbal moods: indicative (indicative), imperative (imperative), subjunctive (subjunctive) and optative (optative).
Conjunctions and connecting words.
Conditional sentences.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Introduction

A. Z the meaning of studying the ancient Greek language.

Since the main part of the Holy Scriptures of Christians (the New Testament, as well as the Old Testament in the Septuagint version) is written in ancient Greek, when commenting on it, it is very important to deal with the original, and not with translations. For example, an indication that in the original text of Lk. 2:7 instead of the word “inn” there is the word “living room (room)”, which radically changes the interpretation of all the circumstances of the Nativity of Jesus Christ.

If the dispute is doctrinal in nature, knowledge of the ancient Greek language is invaluable. For example, the absence of the article in the text of Jn. 1:18 leads some people to conclude that Christ cannot be God. What can be said about this objection? Firstly, there is no article before the word “God” in the following phrases: “Only begotten God” and “No one has ever seen God”, but is it possible to conclude from this that even the Father of Jesus Christ is not God? Indeed, in the New Testament there are 282 instances of the use of the word "God" without an article, but this does not in itself mean that in all these cases the word "god" is used in an indefinite or qualitative sense. Secondly, the definiteness of something is not always conveyed by the article, but is sometimes implied by the context. Daniel Wallace writes: “For a noun to be definite, the presence of an article is not at all necessary. But vice versa, a noun cannot be indefinite if there is an article nearby. Thus, it can be definite without an article, and it is sure to be definite with an article” (Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of New Testament Greek, p. 243). It turns out that although the article always makes the noun related to it definite, its absence does not always make this noun indefinite.

So, it becomes obvious to us that studying the ancient Greek language is very important for a better understanding of the Holy Scriptures.

B. Features of the ancient Greek language.

The grammatical structure of the ancient Greek language (the Koine dialect) is notable for its considerable complexity: three main types of declension of nouns and adjectives (with different stems), eight cases, several types of verb conjugations, a highly developed system of verb tenses. The ancient Greek language is characterized by the use of a large number of pronouns, prepositions and particles. For example, prepositions in ancient Greek are combined with one, two and three cases of nouns.

The graphics of the ancient Greek language is not difficult to learn, although it has its own spelling features (for example, aspiration and stress marks, as well as a system of articles). The phonetic system of the ancient Greek language has two pronunciations: according to Erasmus and Reuchlin. In our course, we will focus on the Erasmus system, but for the sake of simplicity, we will omit the study of the rules for transferring stress (due to technical difficulties, the abstract and texts of the exercises will not contain any diactic signs, only the most important of them will be indicated by additional footnotes).

For a correct translation from the ancient Greek language, it is important to understand not only the grammatical structure of the language, but also the syntax features. One and the same word, depending on its place in the sentence and its form, can play a different syntactic role. Therefore, it is very important to know the attributive and predicative uses of adjectives and participles. Of great importance is also the syntax of cases, especially the Genitive.

Of course, it is impossible to fully master the ancient Greek language in the scope and format of this course, but it is important to take the first step in this direction. This training course aims to introduce the student to the basic knowledge of the grammar of the ancient Greek language. With it, you can learn how to use the original text with a dictionary and electronic Bible programs that determine the forms of individual parts of speech. Further study of the ancient Greek language can be carried out independently using any of the numerous textbooks we have listed in the Bibliography.

History and periodization of the ancient Greek language

Conditional periodization of the ancient Greek language (VIII century BC - IV century AD): archaic period (VIII-VI centuries BC), classical (V-IV centuries BC) ), “Koine” (III century BC - IV century AD). It was preceded by the Crete-Mycenaean and Sub-Mycenaean periods (XV-IX centuries BC), and followed by the Middle Greek or Byzantine (V-XV centuries) and Modern Greek (from the XVI century) periods, which were heavily influenced by Arabic language. The New Testament language is the dialect "Koine" ("common people"), which is a simplified version of classical Greek, developed spontaneously by Hellenized peoples.

Although at the moment no one speaks the ancient Greek language, knowledge of it is mandatory for all students of such religious texts of Judaism and Christianity as the Septuagint and the New Testament. Since the Septuagint is the most ancient of all the other versions of the Old Testament, knowledge of the ancient Greek language provides the student with access to the knowledge of the entire text of the Holy Scripture of Christians in the original.

Learning the Ancient Greek Alphabet

(in parentheses is the Reuchlin pronunciation)

Special Instructions:

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels that form one sound. In Greek, only two letters act as the second of them: ι (read as “th”) and υ (pronounced as a short “y”). For example, the word οινος ("wine") is pronounced "oinos", not "oinos".
The sound "y" in Greek is denoted by two vowels (diphthong): ου. For example, the word δουλος ("slave") is read "dulos" and not "doyulos".
The combination of the consonant γ with the following consonants γ, κ, χ, ξ turns the first sound from “r” into “n”. For example, the word αγκυρα ("anchor") is pronounced "ankyura", not "agkyura".
Expanded comma ( ‛ ), located above the letter, means a sign of deep aspiration, which is pronounced like the sound "x" and precedes it. For example, the word ἡμερα ("day") is pronounced "hemera", not "emera". regular comma ( ’ ), standing above the letter, in Greek denotes a thin aspiration, which is not pronounced in speech.

Noun and adjective.

The nouns in the Greek "koine" carry out their connection with verbs and other members of the sentence with the help of cases. Case is a form of a noun that indicates its relation to the verb and to other members of the sentence. In the Greek "koine" many case functions are indicated by prepositions. Since the case form indicates several different types of connection, prepositions help to distinguish between them more clearly. Nouns have five basic cases (nominative, genetive, dative, accusative and vocative) and three additional cases (ablative, locative dative and instrumental dative).

1) NOMINATIVE (nominative case) is used to name objects, and usually the noun in this case performs the function of the subject in the sentence (for example, “the book is on the table”). In this case, nouns and adjectives can also be part of the predicate using the linking verbs "to be" or "to become" (eg "his wife is a good person"; "he will become a good craftsman").

2) GENETIVE (genitive) is used to describe and usually indicates a sign, attribute or quality of the word to which it refers. It answers the question: “What kind? Whose?" Has a large number of applications. The main function of the genitive used without a preposition is to express a sign. In this sense, the word in the genitive is used as a definition, which is its main syntactic function. The meaning of the attribute includes belonging, possession, relation of the object to someone or something (eg "my father's book").

3) ABLATIVE has the same form as the genitive, but is used to describe separation. It usually denotes separation in terms of time, space, source, origin, or degree. It is often translated into Russian with the preposition from (from)(e.g. "he left the house").

4) DATIVE (dative) is used to describe a personal interest, denoting a positive or negative aspect. It is often translated into Russian using prepositions to, for. Answers the questions: “To whom? What? For whom? For what?" The dative is the case of the object towards which the action is directed. The main function of the unprepositional dative in a sentence is to express an indirect object (eg "he told me" "he has a headache").

5) LOCAL DATIVE (local case) has the same form as the dative case, but describes the position or location of an object or phenomenon in space, time or logical limits. It is often conveyed using Russian prepositions in, on, at, among, during, near, next to(e.g. “I was next to him”, “he was delirious during sleep”).

6) INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE (active case) has the same form as

dative and locative cases. It denotes a means or connection, and on

Russian is often translated using prepositions through And by using pointing to a tool or method of performing an action. Answers the question: “In what way? Whereby?" (e.g. "he was saved by a miracle"; "he was received by a friend").

7) The accusative (accusative) is used to describe the completion of an action. It means limitation, because it answers the questions: "Whom?" “What?” and “How much?” and “To what extent?” Basically a noun in this case

used as a direct object (e.g. "he is reading a book", "he is galloping").

8) VOCATIVE (vocative) is used for direct address (eg "Oh, dear brother!").

For example, in the sentence "he gave me a book", the Greek word for "me" would be Dative and "book" would be Accusative.

Conjugation of nouns and adjectives

Second decline. Masculine / neuter. Sign: ending - ος / ον.

First decline. Feminine gender. Feature: ending -α/ η.

Article conjugation

ὁ is a masculine article (pronounced "ho").

ἡ is a feminine article (pronounced "heh").

τό is the neuter article.

Conjugation of the masculine/neuter article:

Conjugation of the feminine article:

In each phrase, the article, adjective and noun are in the same case, number and gender: ὁ ἀγαθός λόγος (good word).

The use of the adjective.

An adjective can be used in three different ways: substantive (A), attributive (B), and predicative (C).

A. Substantive use of the adjective.

The substantive use of an adjective is its use as a noun, which is therefore omitted. In other words, instead of combining a noun with an adjective, only an adjective is used, usually with an article. This use of the adjective also exists in Russian, for example: "Go, go bald." The property (baldness) and the name of a person are, as it were, identified, becoming one substance (hence the name). Thus, in Greek, an adjective with an article can replace a noun, and in order to find out which of them, you need to be guided by the context (the general meaning of the story). The adjective and article agree with the implied noun in gender, number, and case.

B. Attributive use of the adjective.

Attributive is the use of an adjective as a definition of the meaning of a noun. For example, in the phrase “good person”, the adjective “good” is used attributively, i.e. describing an attribute (property) of a noun. In fact, this definition of the properties of a noun is the main purpose of the adjective.

B. Predicative use of the adjective.

Predicative is the use of an adjective in the function of the nominal part of the compound predicate, when the verb "to be" is meant. In the sentence “The man is good”, the adjective is used predicatively, while in Russian the verbal part of the compound nominal predicate is omitted, i.e. the word "is". It is obvious that not just an attribute of a noun is described here, but its main content, i.e. essence. For example, "God is love (loving)".

Distinguishing predicative from attributive usage.

In practice, they can be defined as follows: if the word “is” or a dash can be inserted between a noun and an adjective in a sentence, then the adjective acts in a predicative function. For example: the servant who lives in this house is (is) bad. If this cannot be done, then the adjective plays the role of a simple attribute: "A bad servant lives in this house."

The use of these usages in writing is revealed by two signs: 1) a certain sequence of these words and 2) the presence or absence of articles related to them. If there is an article with a noun, then its absence with an adjective indicates the predicative use of the latter. The difference between predicative and attributive uses of an adjective is more difficult to establish when the noun does not have an article. In this case, you need to focus on the context.

A. The adjective in the attributive function stands between the article and the noun it defines: ὁ ἀγαθός ἄνθρωπος ("good person"). In the case when the adjective is after the noun, the article is repeated with it: ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ ἀγαθός ("good man").

B. In the predicative function, the adjective most often comes after the noun-subject and does not have an article: ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἀγαθός

("the man is good"). In the case when it stands before a noun, it still does not have an article with it. The article stands only with the noun-subject:

ἀγαθός ὁ ἄνθρωπος "good (is) a man".

These usages in Greek are also inherent in participles, which must be kept in mind when translating into Russian. In some grammars, participles are distinguished as a separate mood of the verb, since they are usually defined as verbal adjectives. Therefore, the translation of participles should be done together with the main verb to which they refer.

Ancient Greek verb.

In ancient Greek, special attention is paid to the verb due to the great complexity of its morphological system. The Greek verb is characterized by the interaction between the categories of aspect, tense and mood with the formation of various forms. Grammatical categories of the verb: person, number, tense, mood, voice. Voice categories: active, passive and medial (depositional verbs). The four basic moods of the ancient Greek verb (indicative, imperative, subjunctive and optative) and the indefinite form - the infinitive. There is a discrepancy between the control of verbs in Russian and Greek, since the time in ancient Greek is combined with the aspect of verbs and makes up the following categories: past (aorist, imperfect and perfect), present (present) and future (futurum). There are two types of conjugations of the ancient Greek verb: thematic with the ending in -ω and the athematic with the ending in -μι. The first kind of verbs is divided into verbs with endings -αω, -εω, -οω.

Conjugation of verbs

Present tense (Presence), active voice (Active), indicative mood (Indicative).

At the end of the verb form (1st person, singular), two conjugations are distinguished: the first with the ending in -ω (A) and the second - with the ending in -μι (B).

A. Conjugation of verbs ending in -ω:

Conjugation of fused verbs with endings -άω, -έω, -όω:

B. Conjugation of verbs ending in -μι:

Conjugation of the verb εἰμί ("to be"):

verb tenses

Aorist(from other Greek ἀόριστος - “having no (exact) boundaries”) - the tense form of the verb, denoting a completed (single, instantaneous) action committed in the past. In English it corresponds to the Past Perfect form, and in Russian it merges with the past perfect verb. Often combines both grammatical tense and aspect. For example, the aorist is used in the biblical phrase Lk. 1:20: "He didn't believe my words." There is uncertainty about whether the aorist is tense or aspect, reflecting the dual nature of the aorist in ancient Greek. In the indicative mood, the aorist was a mixture of tense and aspect: past tense and perfect aspect. In other moods (subjunctive, optative and imperative), the aorist has only a specific meaning without indicating a specific tense.

Perfect(from Latin perfectum - “perfect”) - a form of a verb denoting an action that ended in the past, and its result lasts in the present ("The sun has risen" and still shines), or one that preceded the moment of speech ("He's already gone" and he's still gone). The special place of the perfect among other tense forms of the verb is determined by the fact that the perfect conveys information simultaneously about an event in the past and about the state of affairs in the present, linking together the plan of the past and the plan of the present, while all other tense forms characterize the situation only in one plan : either in the past or in the present. For example, the aorist indicates an action in the past, the result of which disappeared after a while.

Imperfect(lat. imperfectum - “imperfect, long”) - a species-temporal verb form, meaning an imperfect form of the past tense. The imperfect indicates an unfinished action that has been going on but has stopped by now, or simply the beginning of an action in the past. Example: “Then Jerusalem went out to Him” or “Then Jerusalem began to go out to Him” (cf. Matt. 3:5). The imperfect also has the meaning of a taxis (simultaneity of actions), and is also combined not only with a lexical imperfective form, but less often with a perfect one - to convey a repetitive action (iterative). Usually, the imperfect expresses both the past tense and the imperfect (or long) aspect, but sometimes it can also be called a combination of the past tense and the perfect aspect, especially if it is expressed as a single, formally inseparable indicator.

Being a specific combination of aspect temporal meanings, the imperfect in its proper sense stands out in those verbal systems where it is opposed, on the one hand, to forms of the past tense of a limited or perfect form (i.e., forms aorist) and, on the other hand, resultant forms like perfect. Thus, the imperfect denotes a situation related to the past, unlimited in time (repeating or incomplete at the time of its mention) and at the same time unrelated to the present plan.. Characteristic is also the use of the imperfect in subordinate clauses to describe a situation that took place in the past simultaneously with the main situation (the so-called “background” usage, cf. contexts like: “ when we entered the room, he was just reading a book”).

Pluperfect("prepast" tense). The pluperfect describes an action that happened in the past, but its results were felt up to a certain point, also ending in the past. For example, " when I came in, she had already finished cleaning the room.”. The pluperfect is similar to the perfect, but is not related to the present tense. If the perfect denotes an action that happened in the past, and its results are still tangible, then the pluperfect denotes an action that also happened in the past, but the results were tangible up to a certain point in the past (but not now). In other words, the pluperfect tense is like the perfect tense, only its results have already ceased in the past. Example: “Peter stood outside the door” (for a while, but no longer) (John 18:16).

As we could see, the tense form in the Greek “koine” denotes not only the time of action, but also its type (aspect), i.e. relation of action to the moment of uttering the speech itself. This explains the complex composition of tenses of the Greek verb. Since tense or aspect indicates the relation of verbs to a completed or incomplete action, in the most general form tenses can be divided into past, present and future. The aorist refers to the past tense, which focuses not on the process of performing an action, but on the fact of its implementation at some point in time in the past. The fact itself is important, no other information is given: nothing is said either about the beginning of the action or about its duration. The Present form refers to the Present form, which focuses on the duration of the action as still continuing in time and unfinished. It can be described in more detail: as linear, continuous, continuous, intermittent, repetitive, etc. Accordingly, the Futurus form, referring to the future tense, also describes the unfinished action.

All this has analogues in Russian, but in the Greek “koine” there is a special tense (Perfect), which denotes an action that took place in the past with results in the present. Therefore, it is important to distinguish the Aorist from the Perfect not so much by the fact that the action has already happened, but by how long its results or consequences continue. If it says "I got married last year", then the Perfect tense indicates additional information that "I'm still married to this day". Therefore, the same word "save" in the past tense may contain different information.

AORIST: we were "saved" without reference to the present (Rom. 8:24)
PERFECT: We are “saved” and continue to be so (Eph. 2:5, 8).

The past tense form is available only for verbs of the indicative mood. If the author used a different time, then he wanted to emphasize some details of what happened, i.e. provide more specific information.

Verbal tense agreement

In grammars, tenses Present, Futurus and Perfect are considered the main ones, and Aorist, Imperfect and Pluperfect are considered historical.

Three verb voices

The voice of a Greek verb indicates the relationship between the action expressed by the verb and its subject (i.e., the subject in the sentence). Koine Greek has three voices: active (A), passive (B) and middle (C), although for some verbs the last two are combined into one.

A. ACTIVE (ACTIVE) COLOR is the normal, expected,

an unaccented way of showing that the subject performs the action expressed by the verb.

B. PASSIVE (PASSIVE) VOICE means that the subject is subject to the action expressed by the verb on the part of the external actor. The fact that an action is performed by an external actor was indicated in the Greek New Testament by the following prepositions and cases:

1) direct personal influence - ὑπό with the ablative (cf. Matt. 1:22; Acts 22:30).

2) personal mediated influence - διά with the ablative (cf. Matt. 1:22).

3) impersonal character, usually ἐν with instrumental.

4) sometimes personal or impersonal influence - only through the instrumental case.

C. MIDDLE (MEDIAL) VOICE means that the subject performs the action expressed by the verb, and at the same time is directly involved in this action. It is often called the key to increased self-interest. This grammatical construction in a certain way reinforces the meaning of the subject in the sentence or the entire sentence. There is no such pledge in Russian. In Greek, however, it has many meanings and translation options. Here are some examples of using this form:

RETURNING - the direct impact of the subject on itself. Example: “choked himself” (cf. Matt. 27:5).
REINFORCEMENT - the subject performs an action for itself. Example: "Satan himself takes the form of an angel of light" (cf. 2 Corinthians 11:14).
MUTUAL - the interaction of two subjects. Example: "they consulted one another" (cf. Matt. 26:4).

Verb moods

Koine Greek has four moods: Indicative (A), Subjunctive (B), Optative (C), and Imperative (D). They indicate the relation of action to reality, at least from the point of view of the author. Moods fall into two broad categories: those that signify real action (indicative) and those that signify potential action (subjunctive, imperative, and optative).

A. INDICATIVE (indicative mood) is a standard mood expressing an action that has happened or was happening, at least according to the author's imagination. This is the only Greek mood indicating real time, but even here this aspect may play a secondary role.

B. CONJUNCTIVE (subjunctive) expresses a probable action in the future. Something hasn't happened yet, but chances are good that it will. It has much in common with the indicative mood of the future tense. The difference is that there is some degree of doubt in the subjunctive mood. In Russian, it is often indicated with the help of words could, could, might, might.

B. OPTATIVE (desirable mood) expresses a wish that theoretically could come true. It is considered one step ahead of the subjunctive. Desirable mood indicates the possibility of action under certain conditions. The optative mood is rare in the New Testament, occurring most frequently in Paul's famous phrase, "Let it not be" ("God forbid"), which is used fifteen times (cf. Rom. 3:4,6,31; 6:2, 15; 7:7,13; 9:14; 11:1,11; 1 Corinthians 6:15; Galatians 2:17; 3:21; 6:14). Other examples of use: Lk. 1:38; 20:16; Acts. 8:20 and 1 Thess. 3:11.

D. IMPERATIVE (imperative) indicates a command, the execution of which is possible, but the emphasis is on the intention of the speaker. Sometimes it affirms only a volitional possibility, depending on the decision of another person. The imperative mood has found wide use in prayers and requests in the third person. In the New Testament, such commands have only the present tense and aorist form.

Conjunctions and connecting words

Greek is a very precise language because it uses a lot of connecting words. They link thoughts together (sentences, phrases and paragraphs). They are so common that their absence (asyndeton) usually has a special meaning for interpretation. In fact, these conjunctions and connecting words indicate the direction of the author's thought, determining what exactly he wanted to say with their help.

Temporary alliances:

a) ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ὁπότε, ὡς, ὅτε, ὅταν (coll.) - “when”

b) έως - "for now"

c) ὅταν, έπάν (ref.) - “whenever”

d) έως, άχρι, άχρις, μέχρι (coll.) - “not yet”

e) πρίν (inf.) - “before”, “before”.

f) ὡς - “since”, “when”, “until”

Logical links:

(1) ἵνα (ref.), ὅπως (ref.), ὡς - "to"

(2) ὥστε (accusative infinitive with article) – “to”

(3) πρός (accusative infinitive with article) or εἰς (infinitive in

accusative case with the article) - "to"

b) consequences (there is a close connection between the grammatical forms of the goal and the consequence):

(1) ὥστε (infinitive, most common) – “so that”, “thus”

(2) ἵνα (ref.) – “so”

(3) άρα - "so"

c) causative or reasons:

(1) γάρ (cause/effect or cause/conclusion) – “because”, “because”

(2) διότι , ὅτι - "because"

(3) ἐπεί , ἐπειδή, ὡς - “since”, “then”

(4) διά (with the accusative case or with the infinitive and the article) - "because", "because of".

d) conclusion or conclusion:

(1) ἄρα , τοίνυν, ὥστε - "therefore"

(2) διό (the strongest of the conjunctions of the investigation) - “in connection with”, “because”,

"therefore", "therefore"

(3) ούν - "therefore", "so", "then", "indeed"

(4) τοίνυν - "accordingly"

e) adversatives or oppositions:

(1) ἀλλά (strong adversative) - "but", "except", "however"

(2) δέ - “but”, “however”, “on the other hand”

(3) καί - "But"

(4) μέντοι, μενοϋν, νυν - "however"

(5) πλήν - "nevertheless" (mainly in Luke)

(6) νυν - "however"

f) comparisons:

(1) ὡς, καθώς (introduces comparative clauses)

(2) καθ (in compound words like καθώσπερ)

(3) ὅσος (in Hebrews) - "how big"

(4) ή - "than"

g) connecting:

(1) δέ - "and"

(2) καί - "and"

(3) τέ - "and"

(4) ἵνα , ούν - "then"

(5) ούν - "then" (in John)

Emphatic usage:

a) ἀλλά - "of course", "yes", "actually"

b) ἄρα - “really”, “of course”, “in fact”

c) γάρ - “actually”, “of course”

d) δέ - "really"

e) ἐάν - "even"

f) καί - “even”, “indeed”, “really”

g) μέντοι - "really"

h) ούν - “in fact”, “in any case”, “by all means”

Conditional sentences

A conditional clause contains one or more conditional clauses. This grammatical structure helps the interpretation, as it indicates the conditions or reasons why the action expressed by the main verb occurs or does not occur. There are four types of conditional sentences in the Greek koine. They can express the whole range of actions from those that were real from the point of view of the author or his intention, and up to only desirable ones.

A. A FIRST TYPE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE expresses an action or state that is considered true from the point of view of the author or his intention, although accompanied by the word "if". In some contexts, this union is translated as “because”, “because” (cf. Matt. 4:3; Rom. 8:31), but this does not mean that absolutely all conditional sentences of the first type describe real events. On the contrary, they have often been used to express an opinion in a discussion or to point to a false argument (cf. Matt. 12:27).

B. A SECOND TYPE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE is often called "contrary to reality." It asserts something that does not correspond to reality and cannot prove the stated position or be taken as a rule.

“If He were a prophet, He would know who and what woman touches Him (and He does not know)” (Luke 7:39).
“If you had believed Moses, you would have believed Me also (and you do not believe)” (John 5:46).
“If I still pleased people (and I don’t), I wouldn’t be a slave

Christ” (Gal. 1:10).

C. A THIRD TYPE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE speaks of the possibility of an action in the future and indicates its probability. It usually involves chance, unforeseen circumstances, or a turn of events. The action expressed by the main verb depends on whether the action described in the subordinate clause occurs. Examples from 1 John: 1:6-10; 2:4,6,9,15,20,21,24,29; 3:21; 4:20; 5:14,16.

D. A FOURTH TYPE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE is the furthest away from the likelihood of an action taking place. Such sentences are rare in the New Testament. In fact, there are no complete conditional sentences of the fourth type in it, in which the main and subordinate parts would correspond to their definition. An example of a fourth type of partial clause is the beginning of 1 Pet. 3:14. Another example is the completion of Acts. 8:31.

Bibliography:

Ivashkovsky S.M. Complete Greek-Russian Dictionary Vol. 1-4. M., 1838.
Black E. Russian-Greek Dictionary. M., 1882.
Black E. Greek grammar. Ch. I-II. M., 1882.
Chantren P. Historical morphology of the Greek language (translated from French). M., 1953.
Tronsky I.M. Ancient Greek accent. M.; L., 1962.
Tronsky I.M. Questions of language development in ancient society. L., 1973.
Pospisil A.O. Greek-Russian Dictionary, Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional Kyiv, 1901.
Weisman A.D. Greek-Russian dictionary. Reprint. 1899, M.: Greco-Latin Cabinet Yu.A. Shichalina, 1991.
Shirokov O.S. History of the Greek language. M., 1983.
Kazansky N.N. Dialects of the ancient Greek language. L., 1983.
Grinbaum N.S. Early forms of the literary language. L., 1984.
Dvoretsky I. Ancient Greek-Russian Dictionary. In 2 volumes, Moscow: GIINS, 1958.
Newman B.M. Greek-Russian Dictionary of the New Testament. M.: RBO, 1997.
Zvonskaya-Denisyuk L.L. Greek of the New Testament. St. Petersburg: Bible for everyone, 2002.
Meychan G.J. Textbook of the Greek language of the New Testament. M.: RBO, 1994.
Kozarzhevsky A.Ch. Textbook of the ancient Greek language. M.: Greco-Latin Cabinet Yu.A. Shichalina, 1993.
Sobolevsky S.I. Ancient Greek. M., 1948.
Ancient Greek. Part one. M .: "Greco-Latin Cabinet". Yu.A. Shichalina, 2002.
Greek of the New Testament. Initial course. Novosibirsk, 2006.
Slavyatinskaya M.N. Textbook on the ancient Greek language. Cultural and historical aspect. M., 1988.
Slavyatinskaya M.N. Textbook of the ancient Greek language. Ch. 1-2. M., 1998.
Garnik A.V. A practical guide to the ancient Greek language. Mn., 1999.
Zarembo O.S., Tananushko K.A. Ancient Greek. Mn., BGU, 2006.
Zvonska-Denisyuk L.L. Old Greek language. Kiev, 1997.
Popov A.N. A short grammar of the Greek language. M., 2001.
Cleon L. Rogers, Jr. and Cleon L. Rogers III. New linguistic and exegetical key to the Greek text of the New Testament, St. Petersburg: Bible for everyone, 2001.

First group Α (verbs of the first conjugation, group 1)

The verbs of this group have the accent on the second syllable from the end and always end in -ω in the infinitive.

How to conjugate type A verbs using the example of the verb κάνω= do

εγώ κάν ω ................................................... ..I do
εσύ κάνεις ..............................................you do
αυτός/ αυτή/ αυτό κάνει ....................he, she, it does
εμείς κάνουμε ............................................. we do
εσείς κάνετε .............................................you do
αυτοί/αυτές/αυτά κάνουν(ε) ........................................they do

Verbs are conjugated in the same way:

ξέρω = I know

βλέπω = looking

διαλέγω = choose

καταλαβαίνω = I understand

θέλ ω = want

έχ ω = I have

πίν ω = drink

κάν ω = do

πληρών ω = crying

αγοράζ ω = buy

δουλεύ ω = working

αγκαλιάζ ω = embrace

ικετεύω = I beg

Second group AB (verbs of the first conjugation group 2)

There are very few verbs in this group, they are very similar to the verbs of group A, the stress is also on the second syllable from the end and always end in -ω in the infinitive.

But the ending of these verbs is slightly different from the previous group. It is better to remember the verbs included in this group right away, in any case, there are not many of them:

πάω - to go, go

λέω - to say

ακούω - listen, hear

τρώω - is

κλαίω - to cry

φταίω - to be guilty

To conjugate a verb, you need to replace the ending -ω with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

πάω - (go, go)

Εγώ πάω - I'm going

Εσύ πάς - You are going

Αυτός / αυτή / αυτό πάει - He / she / it goes

Εμείς πάμε - We are going

Εσείς πάτε - You go

Αυτοί / αυτές / αυτά πάνε - They are coming

And let's immediately remember a few useful combinations:

πάω με το αυτοκίνητο - to go by car

πάω με το αεροπλάνο - to fly by plane

πάω με το πλοίο - sail on a ship

πάω με τα πόδια - to walk

Πάμε στην ξενάγηση σήμερα το μεσημέρι. We are going on a tour this afternoon. (σήμερα το μεσημέρι - this afternoon)
Ο καιρός φταίει για την ακύρωση της πτήσης. The weather is to blame for the flight cancellation. (η ακύρωση - cancellation, η πτήση - flight)
Τρως θαλασσινά προϊόντα; - Do you eat seafood? (τα θαλασσινά προϊόντα - marine products)
Ακούτε την ανακοίνωση; - Do you hear the announcement? (η ανακοίνωση - ads e

As usual, kind, cozy and Greek ατμόσφαιρα reigns in our lessons!

Group B1 (verbs of the second conjugation group 1)

The verbs of this group end in -άω in the infinitive with the accent on -ά. To conjugate a verb, you need to replace the ending -άω with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

αγαπ ώ ή αγαπάω - to love

αγαπ άς

αγαπά ή αγαπάει

αγαπ άμε ή αγαπούμε

αγαπ άτε

αγαπ ούν(ε)

Pωτάω - to ask
Απαντάω - answer
Μιλάω - to speak
Γελάω - to laugh
Χαιρετάω - to say hello
Χαμογελάω - smile
Ζητάω - to ask
Φιλάω - to kiss
Φυλάω - to guard
Κοιτάω - watch
Χτυπάω - beat, knock

ΗΆννα μιλάει με τον υπάλληλο του τουριστικού γραφείου. Anna is talking to a travel agent. (ο υπάλληλος - employee, το τουριστικό γραφείο - travel agency)
Στην δουλειά απαντάω στα γράμματα. At work, I answer emails.
Με βοηθάς να βρω το φαρμακείο; Will you help me find a pharmacy? (το φαρμακείο - pharmacy)
Μιλάτε ελληνικά; - Do you speak Greek?

Group B2 (verbs of the second conjugation group 2)

The verbs of this group end in -ώ in the infinitive under stress. The endings themselves are almost the same as group A, but the stress always falls on the ending. To conjugate a verb, you need to replace the ending -ώ with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

θεωρ είς

θεωρ εί

θεωρ ούμε

θεωρ είτε

θεωρ ούν

αργώ - to be late

μπορώ - to be able

τηλεφωνώ - to call

οδηγώ - to lead

συγχωρώ - to forgive

Αργούμε στο αεροδρόμιο. We are late for the airport. (το αεροδρόμιο - airport)
Οδηγείς το αυτοκίνητο στο εξωτερικό; Do you drive a car in a foreign country? (το αυτοκίνητο - machine)
Τηλεφωνούν στην Πρεσβεία. They are calling the Embassy. (η Πρεσβεία - embassy)

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G1 verb group

This group includes verbs with the ending -ομαι:

έρχομαι - to come

κάθομαι - to sit

σκέφτομαι - to think

σέβομαι - respect

Γίνομαι - to become
Σηκώνομαι - to rise

Φαίνομαι - to seem

Reflexive verbs:

Пλένω το παιδί. - I'm washing the baby. (πλένω - to wash)
Πλένομαι. - I'm taking a shower.

To conjugate such a verb, you need to replace the ending -ομαι with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

έρχ ομαι (to come)

Εγώ έρχ ομαι I come

Εσύ έρχ εσαι you come

Αυτός / αυτή / αυτό έρχεται - He / she / it comes

Ε μείς ερχόμαστε - We are coming

Εσείς έρχεστε - You come

Αυτοί / αυτές / αυτά έρχονται - They come

Σηκώνομαι νωρίς. - I get up, I get up early. (σηκώνομαι - get up, νωρίς - early)
Ερχόμαστε εδώ κάθε καλοκαίρι. We come here every summer. (έρχομαι - to come, εδώ - here, here, κάθε - every, το καλοκαίρι - summer)
Το Σαββατοκύριακο καθόμαστε έξω μέχρι αργά. We are late on weekends. (, το Σαββατοκύριακο - weekend, αργά - late)

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G2 verb group

This group includes verbs with the ending -άμαι.

There are only 4 verbs in this group that you need to learn. Their endings are slightly different from the endings of the G1 group.

θυμάμαι - to remember

φοβάμαι - to be afraid

λυπάμαι - to regret

κοιμάμαι - to sleep

To conjugate a verb, you need to replace the ending -άμαι with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

κοιμάμαι - to sleep

Εγώ κοιμ άμαι - I sleep

Εσύ κοιμ άσαι - You are sleeping

Αυτός / αυτή / αυτόκοιμάται - He / she / it sleeps

Εμείς κοιμόμαστε - We sleep

Εσείς κοιμόσαστε - You are sleeping

Αυτοί / αυτές / αυτάκοιμούνται - They sleep

Κοιμάμαι μέχρι τις 9 το πρωί. – I sleep until 9 am. (κοιμάμαι - sleep, μέχρι - before, το πρωί - morning)
Φοβάται να πετάει. - He is afraid to fly. (φοβάμαι - to be afraid, να πετάει - to fly)
Λυπάμαι πολύ. - I'm really sorry. (λυπάμαι - to regret, to regret, πολύ - very much)
Με θυμάσαι; - Do you remember me? (με - me, θυμάμαι - remember)

Our director's speech at the International Students' Day!

Grammar

In this lesson we will get acquainted with the genitive case of articles, with the genitive and vocative case of masculine nouns in -ος, -ης, -ας, feminine in -α, -η, neuter in -o, -ι, -μα, and also with some adjectives.

Genitive

Genitive case of articles

Genitive singular masculine nouns in -ος, -ης, -ας, feminine in -α, -η, neuter in -o, -ι, -μα

masculine		Feminine		Neuter gender
on -ος	του δασκάλ ου	on -α	της γυναίκ ας	on -o	του σχολεί ου
on -ης	του φοιτητ ή	on -η	της βιβλιοθήκ ης	on -ι	του παιδ ιού
on -ας	του άντρ α			on -μα	του γράμ ματος

Genitive plural of masculine nouns in -ος, -ης, -ας, feminine in -α, -η, neuter in -o, -ι, -μα

masculine		Feminine		Neuter gender
on -ος	των δασκάλ ων	on -α	των γυναικ ών	on -o	των σχολεί ων
on -ης	των φοιτητ ών	on -η	των βιβλιοθηκ ών	on -ι	των παιδ ιών
on -ας	των αντρ ών			on -μα	των γραμ μάτων

As can be seen from the tables, in the genitive plural, the form of the definite article and the ending of nouns is the same in all genders. Pay attention to the accent:

1. For masculine nouns on -ος with stress on the third syllable from the end in the genitive singular and plural, the stress goes to the second syllable from the end: about δ ά σκαλος - του δασκ ά λου - των δασκ ά λων . Usually proper names, polysyllabic words and neologisms retain the stress: about Θ ό δωρος - του Θ ό δωρου, o αντ ί λαλος - του αντ ί λαλου - των αντ ί λαλων - echo, ο αν ή φορος - του αν ή φορου - των αν ή φορων - climb.

2. For two-syllable words on -ας and all the words -ίας in the genitive plural, the stress goes to the last syllable o ά ντρας - των αντρ ώ ν, o ταμ ί ας - των ταμι ώ ν - cashier.

3. For masculine nouns on -ης o πολ ί της - των πολιτ ώ ν - citizen.

4. For feminine nouns on -α in the genitive plural, the stress goes to the last syllable: η γυν αί κα - των γυναικ ώ ν . Keep the stress on nouns -ίδα And -άδα (η σελ ί δα - των σελ ί δων - page, η ομ ά δα - των ομ ά δων - group), as well as the words η μητ έ ρα - των μητ έ ρων, η δασκ ά λα - των δασκ ά λων, η εικ ό να - των εικ ό νων - picture, icon.

5. For feminine nouns on -η with stress on the second syllable from the end in the genitive plural, the stress goes to the last syllable: η τ έ χνη - των τεχν ώ ν - art.

6. From neuter nouns on -o with stress on the third syllable from the end, in some in the genitive case of the singular and plural, the stress goes to the second syllable from the end: το πρ ό σωπο - του προσ ώ που - των προσ ώ πων - face, το ά λογο - του αλ ό γου - των αλ ό γων - horse, το έ πιπλο - του επ ί πλου - των επ ί πλων - furniture, το θ έ ατρο - του θε ά τρου - των θε ά τρων - theater; while others retain: το σ ί δερο - του σ ί δερου - των σ ί δερων - iron, το δ ά χτυλο - του δ ά χτυλου - των δ ά χτυλων - finger, το σ ύ ννεφο - του σ ύ ννεφου - των σ ύ ννεφων - cloud, το τριαντ ά φυλλο - του τριαντ ά φυλλου - των τριαντ ά φυλλων - rose.

7. All neuter nouns have -ι in the genitive singular and plural, the stress is on the last syllable: το σπ ί τι - του σπιτ ιού - των σπιτ ιώ ν - house.

8. All neuter nouns have -μα in the genitive plural, the stress goes to the second syllable from the end: το γρ ά μμα - των γραμμ ά των - letter.

When is the genitive case used?

First, to show ownership (the answer to the question "whose?"): το σπίτι του πατέρα μου - my father's house η τσάντα της μητέρας μου - my mother's bag.

Secondly, to denote an indirect addition (the answer to the question "to whom?" "What?"). In modern Greek there is no dative case, so its functions are distributed between the genitive and accusative cases.

Thus, there are two ways to indicate an indirect object: genitive - λέω του παιδιού ένα παραμύθι δίνω της δασκάλας την κιμωλία - I give the teacher chalk; accusative with preposition σε - λέω στο παιδί ένα παραμύθι - Telling a story to a child δίνω στην δασκάλα την κιμωλία - I give the teacher chalk. As far as nouns are concerned, the second way of indicating the indirect object (the accusative case with the preposition σε) is more common. With personal pronouns, the situation is different, but this will be discussed later.

vocative

The vocative is used when you are referring to someone (or something!). Once in the Russian language there was a vocative case. Its relics are still preserved in some words, for example: Father, God!

In Greek, the vocative case never uses an article! In the form of feminine and neuter nouns, the vocative case of the singular coincides with the nominative case of the singular: Η Μαρία - Μαρία, τo κορίτσι - κορίτσι , and the vocative plural is the same as the nominative plural: οι κυρίες - κυρίες, τα κορίτσια - κορίτσια . For masculine nouns, the vocative plural is the same as the nominative plural: οι κύριοι - κύριοι . Thus, the main attention should be paid to the vocative case of the singular in masculine nouns. The nouns on -ης And -ας in the vocative singular is discarded ς : O πατέρας - πατέρα, o Γιάννης - Γιάννη . Common nouns have -ος and proper names on -ος consisting of more than two syllables, ending -ος changes to ending -ε : o φίλος - φίλε, o Θόδωρος - Θόδωρε . At proper names on -ος , consisting of two syllables, in the vocative singular is discarded ς : about Νίκος - Νίκο .

Thus, we got acquainted with all cases of masculine nouns in -ος, -ης, -ας, feminine in -α, -η, neuter in -o, -ι, -μα and now we will present their declension in summary tables.

Case ending tables

Declension of masculine nouns into -ος

Declension of masculine nouns into -ης

Declension of masculine nouns into -ας

Declension of feminine nouns into -α

Declension of feminine nouns into -η

Declension of neuter nouns into -o

Declension of neuter nouns into -ι

Declension of neuter nouns into -μα

Adjectives in -ος, -η, -o / -ος, -α, -o / -ας, -ια, -o

Adjectives in Greek change by gender, number and case. Most adjectives ending in masculine -oς, in the feminine gender has an ending -η , and on average -o :
μεγάλ ος - μεγάλ η - μεγάλ ο - big - big - big,
μικρ ός - μικρ ή - μικρ ό - small - small - small
καλ ός - καλ ή - καλ ό - good - good - good.

But some feminine adjectives have an ending -α :
γκρίζ ος - γκρίζ α - γκρίζ ο - gray - gray - gray,
μοντέρν ος - μοντέρν α - μοντέρν ο - modern - modern - modern,
σκούρ ος - σκούρ α - σκούρ ο - dark - dark - dark,
κρύ ος - κρύ α - κρύ ο - cold - cold - cold,
νε ός - νέ α - νέ ο - new, young - new, young - new, young,
ωραί ος - ωραί α - ωραί ο - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful,
όρθι ος - όρθ ια - όρθ ιο - straight - straight - straight,
παλι ός - παλ ιά - παλ ιό - old - old - old,
πλούσι ος - πλούσ ια - πλούσ ιο - rich - rich - rich.

And some have a feminine ending -ιά :
γλυκ ός - γλυκ ιά - γλυκ ό - sweet, pleasant - sweet, pleasant - sweet, pleasant,
ελαφρ ός - ελαφρ ιά - ελαφρ ό - light - light - light.

Some adjectives ending in masculine -ής , in the feminine gender have an ending -ιά , and on average -ί .

Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, and case. Usually the adjective is placed before the noun, in which case the article is placed before the adjective: o κάλος φίλος - good friend, μια μικρή τσάντα - small bag, το μεγάλο σπίτι - big house.

Possessive pronouns can come after a noun ( o καλός φίλος μου), or maybe between an adjective and a noun, thus joining the adjective ( o καλός μου φίλος).

Masculine adjectives are inclined to -ος, like masculine nouns to -ος, masculine adjectives to -ής in a special way, feminine adjectives to -η, like feminine nouns to -η, feminine adjectives to -α and -ια , as feminine nouns in -α , neuter adjectives in -o , as neuter nouns in -o , neuter adjectives in -ί , as neuter nouns in -ι . adjectives ροζ, γκρι, καφέ, μενεξεδί, μπλε, μπεζ do not change by gender, number and case.

The rules for transferring stress do not apply to adjectives.

Declension of adjectives into -ος, -η, -o

case	Singular			Plural
	Husband.	Female	Avg.	Husband.	Female	Avg.
Nominative	καλ ός	καλ ή	καλ ό	καλ οί	καλ ές	καλ ά
Genitive	καλ ού	καλ ής	καλ ού	καλ ών	καλ ών	καλ ών
Accusative	καλ ό	καλ ή	καλ ό	καλ ούς	καλ ές	καλ ά
Vocative	καλ έ	καλ ή	καλ ό	καλ οί	καλ ές	καλ ά

Declension of adjectives into -ος, -α, -o

case	Singular			Plural
	Husband.	Female	Avg.	Husband.	Female	Avg.
Nominative	νέ ος	νε ά	νέ ο	νέ οι	νέ ες	νέ α
Genitive	νέ ου	νέ ας	νέ ου	νέ ων	νέ ων	νέ ων
Accusative	νέ ο	νέ α	νέ ο	νέ ους	νέ ες	νέ α
Vocative	νέ ε	νέ α	νέ ο	νέ οι	νέ ες	νέ α

Declension of adjectives into -ος, -ιά, -o

case	Singular			Plural
	Husband.	Female	Avg.	Husband.	Female	Avg.
Nominative	γλυκ ός	γλυκ ιά	γλυκ ό	γλυκ οί	γλυκ ιές	γλυκ ά
Genitive	γλυκ ού	γλυκ ιάς	γλυκ ού	γλυκ ών	γλυκ ιών	γλυκ ών
Accusative	γλυκ ό	γλυκ ιά	γλυκ ό	γλυκ ούς	γλυκ ιές	γλυκ ά
Vocative	γλυκ έ	γλυκ ιά	γλυκ ό	γλυκ οί	γλυκ ιές	γλυκ ά

Declension of adjectives into -ής, -ιά, -ί

case	Singular			Plural
	Husband.	Female	Avg.	Husband.	Female	Avg.
Nominative	σταχτ ής	σταχτ ιά	σταχτ ί	σταχτ ιοί	σταχτ ιές	σταχτ ιά
Genitive	σταχτ ιού /σταχτ ή	σταχτ ιάς	σταχτ ιού	σταχτ ιών	σταχτ ιών	σταχτ ιών
Accusative	σταχτ ή	σταχτ ιά	σταχτ ί	σταχτ ιούς	σταχτ ιές	σταχτ ιά
Vocative	σταχτ ή	σταχτ ιά	σταχτ ί	σταχτ ιοί	σταχτ ιές	σταχτ ιά

Diminutive suffixes

In addition to the already familiar diminutive suffix -άκι, there are several more diminutive suffixes:

for masculine

-άκης :
Γιώργος - Γιωργάκης - Zhorochka,
Δημήτρης - Δημητράκης - Dima

-ούλης :
αδελφός - αδελφούλης - brother,
πατέρας - πατερούλης - daddy

-άκος :
δρόμος - δρομάκος - street,
γέροντας - γεροντάκος - old man

for feminine

-ίτσα :
Ελένη - Ελενίτσα - Helen,
κούκλα - κουκλίτσα - chrysalis

-ούλα :
Άννα - Αννούλα - Anechka,
κόρη - κορούλα - daughter,
μητέρα - μητερούλα - mommy

The Greeks are very fond of diminutive suffixes.

Read the dialogue. The expressions below will help you.

Appearance

- Έχεις καμία φωτογραφία της κόρης σου;
- Νομίζω πως έχω. Ορίστε.
- Τι όμορφο κοριτσάκι! Κρίμα που η φωτογραφία δεν είναι έγχρωμη. Τι χρώμα είναι τα μάτια της;
- Γαλανά σαν του πατέρα της. Όλοι στην οικογένεια του άντρα μου έχουν γαλάζια μάτια.
- Τα μαλλιά της όμως είναι σκούρα.
- Ναι, είναι καστανά.
- Μοιάζουν πολύ πατέρας και κόρη;
- Στα χαρακτηριστικά του προσώπου όχι πολύ, γιατί έχει το στόμα μου και το σχήμα της μύτης μου, αλλά έχουν και οι δύο τους το ίδιο σώμα και το ίδιο περπάτημα.

Words

The words below are optional to learn, they are given for reference and exercises.

Body parts

το κεφάλι - head	το στόμα - mouth
το πρόσωπο - face	το χείλος/τα χείλη - lip/lips
τα μαλλιά - hair	το ρουθούνι - nostril
το μέτωπο - forehead	το μουστάκι - mustache
το φρύδι - eyebrow	τα γένια - beard
το μάτι - eye	το πιγούνι - chin
η βλεφαρίδα - eyelash	το σώμα/το κορμί - body, shape
το αυτί - ear	ο λαιμός - neck, throat
η μύτη - nose	about ώμος- shoulder
το μάγουλο - cheek	το στήθος - breast
η καρδιά - heart	το χέρι - hand
οι πνεύμονες - lungs	το δάχτυλο - finger
το συκώτι - liver	το πόδι - leg
το στομάχι - belly	το γόνατο - knee
η πλάτη - back	η γάμπα - caviar, drumstick
η μέση - waist	ο αστραγάλος - ankle

Colors

άσπρος, η, ο / λευκός, ή, ό - white
μαύρος, η, ο - black
κόκκινος, η, ο - red, red
πράσινος, η, ο - green
κίτρινος, η , ο - yellow
γαλανός, ή, ό / γαλάζιος, α, ο - blue
καστανός, ή, ό - chestnut, brown
μελαχρινός, ή, ό - swarthy
ρόδινος, η, o / ροζ / τριανταφυλλένιος, α, ο - pink
σκούρος, α, ο - dark
ξανθός, ιά, ό - light (blond)
γκρίζος, α, ο / γκρί - grey
βυσσινής, ιά, ί - cherry
πορτοκαλής, ιά, ί - orange
σταχτής, ιά, ί - ashy
καφετής, ιά, ί / καφέ - coffee, brown
θαλασσής, ιά, ί - aqua colors
μενεξεδί - violet
μπλέ - blue
μπεζ - beige