Geographic location and its functional parameters. What is geographic location
GEOSPACELecture plan:
1. Location. geographic space.
2. Socio-geographical position.
Locations. geographic space.
1) each geographical object has its own "address" relative to the earth's surface, which is called a place, or location;
2) geographers study the location of individual objects and give it an appropriate assessment;
3) geographers analyze the mutual placement of sets of different objects, which determines greater or lesser interaction, to characterize the mutual placement of geographical objects, they consider a set of places (locations), which is called spatial ordering, or spatial organization.
B.B. Rodoman (1979) showed the dependence of the essential properties of objects on their spatial position and called it the "positional principle". Social geography is gradually moving from the functional characteristics of objects to their positional properties.
There is a very clear connection between the development of cities and their geographical position - location. Unknown and sparsely populated Odessa is lightning ahead in the first half of the 19th century. Nikolaev, which was the official "capital" of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. Tobolsk was the capital of Siberia, the main transport hub on the waterways in Siberia. After the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which took over all the cargo flows, Tobolsk fell into disrepair and remains a provincial town to this day. But along the highway, new cities appeared - Omsk, Novosibirsk, which quickly became millionaire cities.
The location of objects on the earth's surface can be characterized in two ways:
1) by their geographic coordinates, relative to the degree grid, while the position of objects is determined clearly and unambiguously, each object has its own coordinates - latitude and longitude, which distinguish its position from other objects;
2) by the nature of the neighborhood- the spatial relationship of this object to other neighboring ones; in this case, the characteristic of the position of the object may not be very clear and even ambiguous. Let's say Ilyichevsk is located in the suburban area of Odessa, and the city of Yuzhny is also a satellite of Odessa. Questions arise: what kind of relationships should be taken into account - work trips, passenger or cargo flows, industrial relations, cooperation in the service sector, etc., which neighborhood is significant and affects the development of this object, and which neighbors you can no longer be interested in, etc. .d.
Let's call the first method absolute binding of geographic objects, and the second - relative. According to formal features - rigor, unambiguity - the first approach has undeniable advantages. The coordinate binding of objects is the basis for cartography, navigation, military affairs, land management, and construction. Yet geographers prefer to analyze the relative position of objects on the earth's surface. This is explained by the fact that geography studies not so much the placement of individual objects as their sets and aggregates, and geographers are primarily interested not in individual objects, but in their relative position, spatial organization. The theory and practice of socio-geographic research convincingly testifies that it is the analysis of the relative locations of the study of the neighborhood that makes it possible to give the location of individual objects a deep and meaningful qualitative assessment.
Each geographical feature can be characterized by its relationships (and interactions) with other features that influence its development. Each geographical object occupies a certain place on the earth's surface and has its own characteristic and unique list or set of neighborhoods with other objects that interact with it. If we have determined such a spectrum (list) of the neighborhood for a given object, then we have thus shown its location (place). Each point on the earth's surface has its own individual place, which is its "geographical address". Depending on the location, such a point - a piece of territory or water area - can perform certain economic functions. Therefore, geographers determine the functions of a place, functions determined by the peculiarity of the location (A.A. Mints, V.S. Preobrazhensky, 1971).
The earth's surface in public geography is traditionally called the geographic shell (landscape shell), or the geosphere. Geographic envelope is is a combination of natural, social and economic components, a multitude of various objects of nature, population and economy. But such objects can be considered not only as a "collection" or "set", but also in terms of their spatial distribution - places, locations of many cities, in terms of their spatial interaction and organization. This aspect of the consideration of geographical objects and phenomena, when the analysis of places and mutual placement is put in the foreground, is now called the analysis of geographical space (geospace). Thus, geospace - this is one aspect of the study of the geographic envelope, when objects are considered in terms of their locations, spatial interactions and relationships, spatial ordering and organization.Geographic space - denotes the ordering of geographical objects relative to the earth's surface and their spatial organization. As a rule, this concept is used to formalize socio-geographical phenomena and processes and their further mathematical processing or mathematical modeling.
Control questions and tasks:
1. Expand the content and functions of the concept of "place" ("location)" in social geography.
2. Explain the meaning of the positional principle, according to B. Rodoman. Give examples of the exclusive role of the locations of cities that have had an intense impact on their development.
3. In what ways do geographers characterize the location of objects on the earth's surface? Compare the advantages and disadvantages of absolute and relative reference of geographic features to the earth's surface.
4. Explain the meaning of the function of place, for A. Mintz and V. Preobrazhensky. What determines the functions of the place of various points or sections of the earth's surface?
5. Expand the content of the concept of "geographic space" ("geospace)".
2. Socio-geographical position
The most profound theoretical development called "economic and geographical position" (EGP) was carried out by Nikolai Baransky. According to his definition (1929), EGP - it is the relation of a given object to others that influence or may influence its development.Economic and geographical position (EGP) - is the relation of the objectcities , district , countries to givens lying outside it that have this or that economic significance - it makes no difference whether these givens of a natural order or created in the process of history(according to N.N. Baransky).
First, not the objects themselves are analyzed, but their places.
Secondly, it is not real interactions between geographical objects that are subject to analysis, but their possible and potential characteristics - spatial relationships.
Thirdly, such relations, in principle, can be multilevel - global, regional, local, and multidimensional - natural, social, economic, political and geographical.
In modern conditions, the EGP should be considered as one of the aspects (types) of a more general socio-geographical position (OGP). UGP - the relation (sum or integral of spatial relations) of a given geographical object to all others - natural, socio-demographic, economic, political, cultural, confessional, that influence or may potentially influence its development.
OGP are distinguished by the levels of society's vital activity - global, national (national, regional, regional, district, local). In the generalized scheme, these are micro-, meso- and macropositions.
For example, microposition Odessa is defined by the location of the city center on the southwestern coast of the Odessa Bay of the Black Sea. mesoposition Odessa - its location in the south-west of Ukraine, on the Black Sea coast, near the state borders with Moldova and Romania. feature macro position Odessa is its position at the junction of Central-Eastern Europe and the Black Sea region, where European and Asian countries border. It is clear that the examples given are very fragmentary and require further detailing and evaluation.
There are various types of WGP: natural-geographical (landscape, natural-resource) historical-geographical (different times of settlement and economic development of the territory, various types of nature management); ethno-demographic; socio-geographical; economic and geographical (industrial, agricultural, forestry); transport and geographical; civilizational (cultural)-geographical; confessional-geographical; political and geographical; geoecological.
Any aspect of human life that has noticeable spatial differences can be used to assess the GCP: the position of states or cities on the coasts with warm or cold currents; the position of African countries in the Sahel zone - on the verge of Sarah and savannah, which leads to desertification of lands; positions of territories at high latitudes relative to the "ozone hole" in the atmosphere, etc.
Control questions and tasks
1. Explain the meaning and function of the concept of "economic and geographical location." Who developed it and when? What is the specificity of the analysis of the economic and geographical position in comparison with other geographical characteristics?
2. Define the concept of "socio-geographical position". According to what levels of organization of the life of society is it analyzed?
3. Describe the various specific aspects of the socio-geographical position. Give relevant examples.
Peace. What territory does it occupy? What are the main features of the geopolitical and economic-geographical position of Russia?
Basic information about Russia
The modern state of Russia appeared on the world map only in 1991. Although the beginnings of its statehood arose much earlier - about eleven centuries ago.
Modern Russia is a republic of a federal type. It consists of 85 subjects, different in size and population. Russia is a multinational state in which representatives of more than two hundred ethnic groups live.
The country is the world's largest exporter of oil, gas, diamonds, platinum and titanium. It is also one of the world's leading producers of ammonia, mineral fertilizers and weapons. Russia is one of the world's leading space and nuclear powers.
Geographic location area, extreme points and population
The country covers a vast area of 17.1 million square meters. km (the first place in the world in terms of area). It stretches for ten thousand kilometers, from the shores of the Black and Baltic Seas in the west to the Bering Strait in the east. The length of the country from north to east is 4000 km.
The extreme points of the territory of Russia are as follows (all of them are displayed with red symbols on the map below):
- northern - Cape Fligely (within Franz Josef Land);
- southern - near Mount Kichensuv (in Dagestan);
- western - on the Baltic Spit (in the Kaliningrad region);
- the eastern one is Ratmanov Island (in the Bering Strait).
Russia directly borders 14 independent states, as well as two partially recognized countries (Abkhazia and South Ossetia). An interesting fact: about 75% of the country's territory is located in Asia, but almost 80% of Russians live in its European part. Total population of Russia: about 147 million people (as of January 1, 2017).
Physical and geographical position of Russia
The entire territory of Russia is located within the Northern and almost all (with the exception of a small part of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) - within the Eastern Hemisphere. The state is located in the northern and central part of Eurasia and occupies almost 30% of Asia.
From the north, the shores of Russia are washed by the seas of the Arctic Ocean, and in the east - by the Pacific. In the western part, it has access to the Black Sea, which belongs to the Atlantic Ocean basin. The country has the longest coastline among all countries in the world - over 37 thousand kilometers. These are the main features of the physical and geographical position of Russia.
The country has a colossal richness and diversity of natural resource potential. Its expanses contain the richest deposits of oil and gas, iron ores, titanium, tin, nickel, copper, uranium, gold and diamonds. Russia also has vast water and forest resources. In particular, about 45% of its area is covered with forest.
It is worth highlighting other important features of the physical and geographical position of Russia. Thus, most of the country is located north of 60 degrees north latitude, in the permafrost zone. Millions of people are forced to live in these difficult natural and climatic conditions. All this, of course, left its mark on the life, culture and traditions of the Russian people.
Russia is in the area of so-called risky farming. This means that the successful development of agriculture in most of its parts is difficult or impossible. So, if in the northern regions of the country there is not enough heat, then in the southern, on the contrary, there is a shortage of moisture. These features of Russia's geographic position have a noticeable effect on the agro-industrial sector of its economy, which is in dire need of state subsidies.
Components and levels of the economic and geographical position of the country
Under or region is understood the totality of connections and relations of individual enterprises, settlements and regions with objects that are located outside the country and have a strong influence on it.
Scientists distinguish the following components of the EGP:
- transport;
- industrial;
- agrogeographic;
- demographic;
- recreational;
- market (position relative to sales markets).
The assessment of the EGP of a country or region is carried out at three different levels: at the micro, meso and macro levels. Next, we will evaluate the macro position of Russia in relation to the surrounding world as a whole.
Features, changes in the economic and geographical position of Russia
The size of the territory is the most important feature and benefit of the economic and geographical position of the Russian Federation, which is associated with many prospects. It allows the country to ensure a competent division of labor, rationally allocate its production forces, etc. Russia borders on fourteen countries of Eurasia, among which are the powerful raw material bases of China, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. Numerous transport corridors ensure close cooperation with the states of Western and Central Europe.
Here, perhaps, are the main features of the geographical position of Russia of an economic nature. How has it changed in recent decades? And has it changed?
After the collapse of the USSR, the country deteriorated markedly. First of all, transport. After all, Russia's access to the strategically important water areas of the Black and Baltic Seas was significantly limited in the early 1990s, and the country itself moved several hundred kilometers away from the highly developed states of Europe. In addition, Russia has lost many of its traditional markets.
Geopolitical position of Russia
Geopolitical position is the country's place on the world political arena, its relationship with other states. In general, Russia has ample opportunities for economic, political, military, scientific and cultural cooperation with many countries of Eurasia and the planet.
However, these relations are not developing in the best way with all states. Thus, in recent years, Russia's relations with a number of NATO countries - the Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, which were once close allies of the Soviet Union, have significantly deteriorated. This fact, by the way, is called the largest geopolitical defeat of the Russian Federation in the new century.
Russia's relations with a number of post-Soviet states remain complex and rather tense: Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and the countries of the Baltic region. The geopolitical position of the country changed significantly in 2014 with the annexation of the Crimean peninsula (in particular, in the Black Sea region).
Changes in Russia's Geopolitical Position in the 20th Century
If we consider the twentieth century, the most tangible reshuffle of forces in the European and world political arena occurred in 1991. The collapse of the powerful state of the USSR led to a number of fundamental changes in the geopolitical position of Russia:
- along the perimeter of Russia, more than a dozen young and independent states emerged, with which it was necessary to establish a new type of relationship;
- the Soviet military presence was finally eliminated in a number of countries in Eastern and Central Europe;
- Russia received a rather problematic and vulnerable enclave - the Kaliningrad region;
- The NATO military bloc gradually approached directly to the borders of the Russian Federation.
At the same time, fairly strong and mutually beneficial ties between Russia and Germany, China, Japan, and India have been established over the past decades.
As a conclusion: Russia in the modern world
Russia occupies a huge territory, possessing colossal human and natural resource potential. Today it is the largest state on the planet and an important player in the global arena. It is possible to single out the most important features of the geographical position of Russia, here they are:
- The vastness of the occupied space and the huge length of the borders.
- An amazing variety of natural conditions and resources.
- Mosaic (uneven) settlement and economic development of the territory.
- Wide opportunities for trade, military and political cooperation with various neighboring countries, including the leading economies of the modern world.
- Inconstancy and instability of the country's geopolitical position over the past decades.
Features of the geographical position of Russia are extremely advantageous. But it is important to learn how to use these benefits (natural, economic, strategic and geopolitical) correctly and rationally, directing them to increase the power of the country and the well-being of its citizens.
Russia is a Eurasian state. The country has a unique geographical and geopolitical position: it occupies the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia.
Russia has huge reserves of natural resources, accounting for about 20% of the world's reserves. This predetermines the raw orientation of the Russian economy.
Potential- sources, opportunities, means, reserves that can be used to solve problems and achieve goals.
The geographical position of the territory can be considered both as a condition and as a factor of economic development.
Geographical position of Russia
Among the geographic features of Russia that affect economic activity, the resettlement of the population and the formation of the habitat as a whole, the following provisions attract attention first of all.
- The vastness of the space occupied by the country.
- Uneven settlement and economic development of the territory.
- Wealth and diversity of natural conditions and natural resources.
- The multinational composition of the population and the ethnic mosaic of the territory (the presence, with the widespread settlement of Russians, of a large number of areas of compact residence of individual nationalities).
- Strong territorial contrasts in the economic and social spheres.
- The CIS countries and other newly independent states (not only the immediate neighbors of Russia, but also the neighbors of the second order: Moldova, Armenia, the states of Central Asia, the countries of the third order - Tajikistan). Second-order neighbors are countries neighboring border states.
- Russia may have ties with Tajikistan through the territories of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (or Uzbekistan).
- The countries of Western and Southern Europe, united in the European Economic Community, among which the role of Germany, the new world geopolitical pole, is growing.
- The countries of Eastern Europe, closely connected during the entire post-war period with the USSR, with which Russia must renew and strengthen ties.
- Countries of the Baltic and Black Sea basins with which Russia has already concluded multilateral agreements.
- The countries of the Asia-Pacific region, especially the poles of the world economy and politics - Japan, China, India.
- A special role belongs to the development of Russia's multilateral ties with the United States.
Russian Federation(RF) is the largest state in the world in terms of territory. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia, thus being a Eurasian country by geographical position.
The geopolitical position of Russia is interconnected with the economic and geographical position (EGP), i.e. position on the economic map of the world, reflecting the position of the country in relation to the main economic markets and centers of the world economy. For the first time, the concept of EGP was introduced into geographical science by the famous scientist N.N. Baransky (1881-1963). This concept is widely used to assess the place of countries on the world map, and in addition, to determine the relationship of any geographical feature to others located outside it.
The territory of Russia is 17.1 million km 2, which is almost 2 times more than China or the USA. As of January 1, 2010, the population was 141.9 million people, and the population density was 8.3 people per 1 km2. The Russian Federation ranks 1st in the world in terms of territory, 9th in terms of population and 8th in terms of GDP calculated in US dollars at purchasing power parity.
The size of the territory is an important economic and geographical feature of any state. For Russia, the world's largest country by area, it has far-reaching consequences, both geopolitically and economically.
Due to the vastness of the territory, all the necessary conditions for a rational geographical division of labor are provided, the possibility of freer maneuver in the deployment of productive forces, the defense capability of the state increases, and other positive results are achieved in the field of economic and social development.
The extreme northern point of the country is Cape Fligeli on Rudolf Island as part of the Franz Josef Land archipelago, and on the mainland - Cape Chelyuskin; the extreme south - on the border with Azerbaijan; the extreme western one is on the border with Poland near the Gulf of Gdansk in the territory of the enclave formed by the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation; the extreme eastern one is Ratmanov Island in the Bering Strait. Most of the territory of Russia is located between the 50th parallel and the Arctic Circle, i.e. found in middle and high latitudes. In this regard, only Canada can serve as an analogue among foreign countries. The maximum distance between the western (not counting the Kaliningrad region) and eastern borders is 9 thousand km, between the northern and southern borders - 4 thousand km. There are 11 time zones within Russia. The length of the borders is 58.6 thousand km, including land - 14.3 thousand km, sea - 44.3 thousand km.
The Federal Agency for the Development of the State Border of the Russian Federation conducts international legal formalization and measures on the development of the Russian state borders. International agreements on the state border have been concluded with China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Georgia, Finland and Norway. A complete list of countries adjacent to the Russian Federation is given in Table. 2.1.
In many aspects of international relations, Russia is the legal successor of the former USSR and, in this capacity, performs the functions of a permanent member of the UN Security Council and is a member of the most important international organizations.
Geopolitical position of the country is its place on the political map of the world and its relation to various states.
The geopolitical position of Russia in modern conditions is determined by many factors of different levels - from global to regional.
As a Eurasian country, Russia has ample opportunities for economic and political cooperation with foreign countries of various geopolitical orientations. Communications of world importance pass through its territory, providing transport links between west and east, north and south.
Russia is a single economic space, within which the free movement of people, goods, services and capital is ensured, intra-regional and inter-regional communications are carried out, covering both material production and the non-productive sphere. This space is consolidated by a unified transport, energy and information system, a unified gas supply system, various networks and communications, and other infrastructure facilities.
The size of the territory predetermines the variety of regional conditions and resources for economic activity. In terms of the scale of its natural resource potential, Russia has practically no analogues. At the same time, most of the territory is located in the temperate and cold agro-climatic zones. The need to overcome huge distances poses serious problems for transport, which are exacerbated by harsh climatic conditions in a large part of the territory. With regard to transport accessibility, the conditions are very differentiated. With large territorial spaces, despite the fact that this is considered to be a favorable condition for the development of the economy and ensuring the economic independence of the country, intensive development of the economy is possible only with a developed transport system.
Significant differences in the degree of economic development of the territory, the level of provision with natural and labor resources are reflected in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the economy. The production potential of the European part is much greater, and the structure of the economy is much more complex, more diversified than in the eastern regions.
Russia is a federal state - the Russian Federation (RF), uniting the subjects of the Federation on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Treaty as an integral part of it. The subjects of the Federation consist of self-governing territorial communities and independently determine their territorial structure.
The Russian Federation includes 21 republics, 9 territories, 46 regions, 2 federal cities, Autonomous Region I, 4 autonomous districts (in 2010, 83 subjects in total).
Cities of federal significance - Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Republics of Russia: Adygea (Maikop), Altai (Gorno-Altaisk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetia (Nazran), Kabardino-Balkaria (Nalchik), Kalmykia (Elista), Karachayevo -Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordovia (Saransk), North Ossetia-Alania (Vladikavkaz), Tatarstan (Kazan), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia ( Izhevsk), Khakassia (Abakan), Chechen (Grozny), Chuvashia (Cheboksary); Sakha (Yakutsk).
Territories: Altai, Trans-Baikal, Kamchatka, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Primorsky, Stavropol, Khabarovsk.
Autonomous districts: Nenets (Naryan-Mar) in the Arkhangelsk region, Khanty-Mansiysk (Khanty-Mansiysk) and Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard) in the Tyumen region, Chukotsky (Anadyr).
On the territory of Russia there is one autonomous region in the Far Eastern economic region - the Jewish Autonomous Region (Birobidzhan).
We note the peculiarity of the territorial-state structure of Russia under the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993. Nine autonomous districts (with the exception of Chukotka) were part of larger territorial units, but in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, both a territorial part (autonomous district) and an entire territory (krai or region) were equal subjects of the Federation. Since 2003, Russia has been gradually merging autonomous regions and the corresponding subjects of the Federation. This is a step-by-step process, including holding a national referendum, preparing and approving a bill, choosing government bodies, and unifying budgets.
During the period of June 2003 (June 11, the governor of the Perm region and the head of the administration of the Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug signed an appeal to the President of Russia with the initiative to form the Perm Territory by merging the Perm Region and the Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug) to the present, 5 new subjects of the Federation have been formed :
- Perm Territory, which united the Perm Region and the Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug into a single subject of the Federation (date of formation - December 1, 2005):
- Krasnoyarsk Territory on the basis of the unification of the territory of the Territory, the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs (1.01.2007);
- Kamchatka Territory, which united the Kamchatka Region and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug (July 1, 2007);
- Irkutsk region as a result of the merger of the region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug (1.01.2008);
- Trans-Baikal Territory, which united the Chita Region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (March 1, 2008). Autonomous okrugs within the constituent entities of the Federation received the status of municipal districts with a special status determined by the statutes of the constituent entities and the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Each region - a subject of the Federation (except Moscow and St. Petersburg) is divided into administrative districts. In addition, the administrative-territorial division includes cities, urban districts and districts, urban-type settlements, village councils and volosts.
The subjects of the Federation are united into larger administrative territorial entities - federal districts. On May 13, 2000, in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 849 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District”, the territory of Russia was divided into 7 federal districts. The federal district has its own center and administrative apparatus, headed by the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal district.
In January 2010, the North Caucasus Federal District was separated from the Southern Federal District by a presidential decree, which included the republics of the North Caucasus (except Adygea) and the Stavropol Territory.
List of federal districts and corresponding administrative centers: Central (the center of the federal district is Moscow), Northwestern (St. Petersburg), Southern (Rostov-on-Don), North Caucasian (Pyatigorsk), Volga (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural (Ekaterinburg), Siberian (Novosibirsk), Far East (Khabarovsk).
There are 11 economic regions on the territory of Russia: North-Western, Northern, Central, Central Black Earth, Volga-Vyatka, Volga, North Caucasus. Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian, Far East (the Kaliningrad region is not part of the economic regions). Economic regions differ from each other in the conditions and features of formation in the past and strategic directions of development in the future, scale, specialization and structure of production, and many other features.
Each of these regions performs certain functions in the general system of territorial division of labor within the country.
Russia in many respects - territory, population, natural resource potential, industrial, scientific, technical and intellectual potential, participation in solving global problems of our time, primarily related to the exploration of outer space, assistance in maintaining peace and security - is a great power.
Features of the geographical position of Russia
In terms of territory, Russia is the largest country in the world - 17.1 million km 2, which is almost an eighth of the Earth's land mass. Let's compare: Canada is the second largest state covering an area of about 10 million km 2 .
Being in the north of Eurasia, Russia occupies about 1/3 of its territory, including 42% of the territory of Europe and 29% of the territory of Asia.
The entire territory of Russia is located in the Eastern Hemisphere, with the exception of Wrangel Island and the Chukotka Peninsula, which belong to the Western Hemisphere.
From the north, a significant part of the territory of Russia is washed by the seas of the Arctic Ocean: White, Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi. The extreme northern point of Russia - Cape Chelyuskin on the Taimyr Peninsula - has coordinates 77 ° 43 "N, 104 ° 18" E. d.
From the east, Russia is washed by the seas of the Pacific Ocean: Bering, Okhotsk, Japan. The extreme eastern point of our country is located on the Chukchi Peninsula - Cape Dezhnev (66 ° 05 "N, 169 ° 40" W).
According to international agreements, the maritime borders of states, including Russia, pass at a distance of 12 nautical miles (22.7 km) from the coast. These are the territorial waters of a coastal state. Foreign ships have the right of innocent passage through territorial waters, subject to the laws and regulations of the coastal state, as well as international agreements.
Rice. 1. Russia: geographical location
UN convention under the Law of the Sea 1982 defines the boundaries economic zone coastal states at a distance of two hundred nautical miles (370 km) from the coast of the mainland and islands. Within the economic zone, fish and mineral resources are the property of the coastal state.
A vast continental shelf stretches along the northern coast of Russia. A special status has been established for the continental shelf: the coastal state exercises sovereign rights over it for the purpose of exploration and development of its natural resources.
In the east, our country has maritime borders with the United States along the Bering Strait and Japan along the La Perouse and Kunashir Straits, which separate our islands - Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands - from the Japanese island of Hokkaido.
Russia has a huge length of external borders - about 60 thousand km, including land borders of about 20 thousand km. The southern and western borders of Russia are land, with the exception of the maritime border with Ukraine along the Kerch Strait and with Finland along the Gulf of Finland.
Most of our neighbors to the south and west are former republics of the Soviet Union. In the west: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus; in the south: Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan. Many of these countries, with the exception of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, are members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In addition to the former republics of the USSR, our country borders on the countries of Europe: Norway, Finland and Poland, as well as on the countries of Central and East Asia: Mongolia, China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK).
The extreme southern point of Russia is located in the North Caucasus on the border with Azerbaijan - Mount Bazarduzu (41 ° 11 N, 47 ° 51 E).
And the extreme western one is on the Baltic Spit near the city of Kaliningrad (54 ° N, 19 ° 38 "E).
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia retained an advantageous geographical position in relation to a number of CIS countries, which can maintain economic ties with each other only through the territory of our country. Nevertheless, some countries of the former USSR turned out to be second-order neighbors for Russia (they do not have common borders with it). These are Moldova, Armenia and the republics of Central Asia: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. The Republic of Tajikistan is a third-order neighbor for Russia.
The absence of common borders complicates our country's ties with these states.
The collapse of the USSR not only changed the geographical position of Russia, but its geopolitical And geoeconomic position.
The territory of the country decreased, the established industrial and economic ties were destroyed. A number of former republics of the USSR are oriented in their development to other countries and regions of the world, and this orientation does not always correspond to the strategic interests of Russia. These include, first of all, the Baltic countries - Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, as well as the Transcaucasus - Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia.
After 1991, the territory of the USSR turned, according to experts, into an arena of rivalry between many developed countries of the world for acquiring political and economic influence on new states.
The geopolitical position of Russia is becoming more complicated due to the expansion of NATO.
On March 29, 2004, Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia joined the NATO military-political bloc, which complicated Russia's geographical position. Lithuania occupies a special place, since most of the links between the Kaliningrad region and other regions of Russia are carried out through its territory.
You don't have to be an economist to imagine the problems associated with the change in the geo-economic position of Russia after 1991. Imagine a single economic complex, a single energy system, close production ties in raw materials, fuel, as well as technological and scientific and technical ones. All this contributed to the development of a capacious consumer market within the country.
In the 1970s-1980s. economic integration both within the country and between the socialist countries was a state policy. The situation changed dramatically in 1991 and required a quick solution. It was found.
On December 21, 1991, an agreement was signed in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan) on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). It was signed by 11 sovereign states. Georgia later joined them. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania are not included in the CIS.
According to experts, the rupture of economic ties within Russia with the former Soviet republics reduced the output of final products by 35-40%. Not a single country - the former republic of the USSR has reached the level of 1990, with the exception of Uzbekistan and Belarus. The production of agricultural products has sharply decreased (by 35-40%). Only the extraction and production of raw materials, fuel and energy resources increased.
The specifics of the geographical position of Russia
The main features of its nature are connected with the geographical position of Russia. Russia is located in the most severe northeastern part of Eurasia. The cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere (Oymyakon) is located on the territory of the country. Most of the territory of Russia lies to the north of 60°N. South of 50°N is only about 5% of the country. 65% of Russia's territory is located in the zone of permafrost. About 140 million people are concentrated in such a northern territory. Nowhere in the world, neither in the northern nor in the southern hemisphere, is there such a concentration of people in such high latitudes.
The northern specificity of Russia leaves its mark on the living conditions of people and the development of the economy. This is manifested in the need to build insulated dwellings, heat housing and industrial premises, and provide stall keeping for livestock (which provides not only for the construction of special industrial premises, but also forage harvesting). It is required to create equipment in the northern version, snow removal equipment for clearing roads. It is necessary to spend additional fuel reserves for the operation of equipment at low temperatures. All this requires not only the organization of special production facilities, but also huge material resources, primarily energy costs, which ultimately leads to huge financial investments.
The nature of Russia creates great restrictions in the development of agriculture. The country is in the zone of risky agriculture. There is not enough heat for the development of agricultural crops, and in the southern part there is not enough moisture, so crop failures and crop failures are a common occurrence for domestic agriculture. Every decade there are major crop failures. This requires the creation of significant state stocks of grain. Harsh conditions limit the possibilities of growing high-yielding fodder crops. Instead of sufficiently heat-loving soybeans and corn in Russia, it is necessary to grow mainly oats, which do not give high yields. These factors, together with the cost of stall keeping livestock, affect the cost of livestock products. Therefore, without state support (subsidies), Russian agriculture, seeking self-sufficiency, is able to ruin the whole country: all industries related to it, and above all its main consumer - the population.
Thus, the northern position of Russia determines the complexity of managing the entire economy of the country and the high costs of energy resources. To maintain the same standard of living as in Western Europe, Russia needs to spend 2-3 times more energy than European countries. Only in order to survive one winter without freezing, each inhabitant of Russia, depending on the region of his residence, needs from 1 to 5 tons of reference fuel per year. For all residents of the country, this will amount to at least 500 million tons (40 billion dollars at modern world fuel prices).
Geographical position
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- Geographic division of labor
- Geographical Society of the USSR
See what "Geographical position" is in other dictionaries:
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
geographical position- Characteristics of the location of an object on the earth's surface relative to other geographical objects and countries of the world ... Geography Dictionary
geographical position- the position of any point or other object on the earth's surface in relation to other territories or objects; relative to the Earth's surface, the geographical position is determined using coordinates. Distinguish geographic location by ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
geographical position- the position of a geographical object on the surface of the Earth within a given coordinate system and in relation to any data located outside of it that have a direct or indirect effect on this object. With a specific study ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia
Geographical position- the position of any point or area of the earth's surface in relation to territories or objects located outside this point or area. G. p. in mathematical geography refers to the latitude and longitude of given points or areas, in ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION- position to. l. point or other object on the earth's surface in relation to other territories. or objects; relative to the earth's surface, the geographic distance is determined by means of coordinates. Distinguish G. of the item in relation to natural objects and to ekon. geographic… … Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
Geographical position of Russia- ... Wikipedia
- (EGP) is the ratio of an object of a city, region, country to objects lying outside it that have one or another economic value, it does not matter whether these objects are of a natural order or created in the process of history (according to N.N. Baransky). In other words, ... ... Wikipedia
ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION- the position of a region or country relative to other objects of economic importance to it. E. g. p. category is historical, may change in connection with the construction of the railway. or power plants, the beginning of the development of a useful deposit ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia
Economic and geographical position- the position of a deposit, enterprise, city, district, country or other economic and geographical object in relation to other economic and geographical objects of economic importance to it. EGP assessment of an object depends on its position... Financial vocabulary
Books
- German. Germany. Geographic location, population, politics. Tutorial. Level B 2 , Yakovleva T.A.
- Geographic location and territorial structures. In memory of I. M. Maergoiz,. The collection is dedicated to the memory of the outstanding Soviet economic geographer Isaac Moiseevich Maergoiz. The collection received its name - GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND TERRITORIAL STRUCTURES - from two ...
, energy, information) and determines its relationship with the external environment ". Usually reflects the geospatial relationship of a particular object to the environment, the elements of which have or may have a significant impact on it. In public geography, location is usually defined in two-dimensional space (displayed on a map). In physical geography, the third change is certainly taken into account - the absolute or relative height of the location of objects.
concept geographical position is the key to the entire system of geographical sciences. Actually, geography originated as a science of methods for determining and fixing the location of objects on the earth's surface relative to each other or in a certain coordinate system. Later it turned out that determining the location of an object not only helps to find it ... but also explains some of the properties of this object and even predicts its development. The most important element of geographical research is the establishment and analysis of relationships between objects located in space, determined precisely by their location.
Thus the geographical position :
- is an individualizing factor, since it determines many properties of a geographical object;
- is historical in nature, as it changes over time;
- has a potential character, since the position alone is not a sufficient condition for the corresponding development of the object;
- has close ties with the configuration of the territory and its boundaries.
There are the following types of geographic location:
- mathematical and geographical (geodesic, astronomical, "absolute")
- physical and geographical;
- political and geographical;
- geopolitical;
- military geographical;
- ecological and geographical;
- cultural and geographical;
and others.
By scale they distinguish:
- macro position
- mesolocation
- microposition
According to the coordinate system, they distinguish:
- absolute (geodesic, astronomical);
- relative;
- math ("3 miles north of Seattle");
- functional (economic-geographical, physical-geographical, etc.).
In an extended interpretation, the geographical location may also include the ratio of the areal object as a whole (area, district, territory) to the data lying inside him (to the elements of the internal environment). Such a geographical location may be referred to, for example, " introspective"(from lat. introspectus, intro- inside + spicere- look). For example, when assessing the role of internal border regions in the priority of foreign policy directions, when assessing the geocriminogenic position of the territory, when analyzing the transport and geographical position, when studying a variable area in relation to stations of experience, a linguistic area in relation to a dialect center, etc. Such the approach allows to resolve the collision with the determination of the mutual geographical position of intersecting objects.
Historical outline
The concept of "geographical location" has been known since the end of the 18th century, when the paradigm of geographical determinism dominated. Ideas about the conditionality of the life of people and society by the geographical environment were put forward by ancient thinkers, such as Democritus, Herodotus, Strabo, etc. The sources of geographical information during this period were descriptions of individual countries and peoples, characteristics of inhabited and remote lands. For the purposes of navigation and trade, special descriptions of the seas, ports, trade centers were compiled, in which there was information about the features of the geographical position of the country through which the trade route passed. Historical geographer V. K. Yatsunsky believed that the first economic and geographical work in history should be considered the work of the Italian scientist Ludovico Guicciardini “Description of the Netherlands”, which was published in 1567, where the first part of the book analyzes the geographical position of the country and assessment of the role of the sea. In 1650, in the same Netherlands, the work of Varenius (Varenius) "General Geography" was published, which is considered the first theoretical work on geography. S. P. Krasheninnikov in his Description of the Land of Kamchatka (1756) gave a detailed description of its geographical location. The search for regularities in the spatial distribution of settlements and the creation of models of urban geography began in the first half of the 20th century. One of the first scientists who approached the creation of models of urban geography was V.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. Geographical aspects in line with the problems of the location of the economy were developed by German scientists, they created the so-called standard theory. Representatives of this direction were
