Summary: Interrelation of economy and politics in modern Russia. The impact of politics on socio-economic processes in Russia and in the world Economic policy The relationship of economic policy

Both areas are so important for the normal functioning and development of countries that a crisis in one leads to negative consequences in the other. And vice versa, progress and rise have a beneficial effect on the processes taking place in another system. It is necessary to reveal the essence of the concepts themselves:

politics is a concept that includes not only the activities of public authorities and public administration. There is another definition. Thus, politics is the management of the distribution of resources. One of its functions is to regulate and establish the order of the conditions of material production in the country and the joint labor of the population;
the economy is a historically determined set of social and production relations. At its core, the country's economy is a single national economic complex, covering all the links of the P.R.O.P. (production, distribution, exchange and consumption).

How can politics affect the economy

When the subjects of production processes begin to conflict, then the intervention of politics in these relations, which are economic in nature, becomes necessary.

It should be noted that the political system is still more independent in decision-making than the economic one. But there is one nuance - the political course largely depends on domestic economic relations. Although external political pressure (for example, international sanctions) leads to changes in the structure and principles of the economy in the country.

You can rely on various doctrines, but the economic Engels theory gives a more understandable idea of how differently the political system can influence the system of economic relations.

Three key aspects:

politics hinders the development of the economy, then there will be discontent among the population due to the decline in living standards;
politics can serve as a catalyst for certain economic processes, which can lead to both positive and negative consequences;
the political power "top" has the ability to influence (suspend and redirect) resources in accordance with their interests in a particular segment of the economy.

The instruments of economic policy are: the state budget (fiscal policy) and the Central Bank (monetary policy).

How does economics influence politics?

The influence of the economy on the political system is obvious, because it is its material component. Any political ideology cannot exist separately without any financial basis; it needs a reliable production basis.

The economy of any country and in any sectoral segment always tries its best to adapt, take into account and satisfy the economic needs of citizens. The political system has to take into account these trends and reinforce them at the legislative and law-making level:

if for a stable economic situation in the country it is necessary to support and help develop small and medium-sized businesses, then the policy of the state should directly contribute to this. For example, to reduce interest rates on loans for individual entrepreneurs;
when a crisis occurs in the country due to a decline in production and a lack of financial resources, the government should pursue an active policy aimed at attracting foreign investors.

The modern economic system, thanks to the process of globalization, is becoming more and more independent. Now the state cannot categorically dictate to the population what and in what volumes to produce. But the political system retains an important function of regulating certain economic processes (for example, the antimonopoly service monitors the price level).

politics is a concept that includes not only the activities of public authorities and public administration. There is another definition. Thus, politics is the management of the distribution of resources. One of its functions is to regulate and establish the order of the conditions of material production in the country and the joint labor of the population;
the economy is a historically determined set of social and production relations. At its core, the country's economy is a single national economic complex, covering all the links of the P.R.O.P. (production, distribution, exchange and consumption).

How can politics affect the economy

When the subjects of production processes begin to conflict, then the intervention of politics in these relations, which are economic in nature, becomes necessary.

You can rely on various doctrines, but the economic Engels theory gives a more understandable idea of how differently the political system can influence the system of economic relations.

Three key aspects:

politics hinders the development of the economy, then there will be discontent among the population due to the decline in living standards;
politics can serve as a catalyst for certain economic processes, which can lead to both positive and negative consequences;
the political power "top" has the ability to influence (suspend and redirect) resources in accordance with their interests in a particular segment of the economy.

The instruments of economic policy are: the state budget (fiscal policy) and the Central Bank (monetary policy).

How does economics influence politics?

if for a stable economic situation in the country it is necessary to support and help develop small and medium-sized businesses, then the policy of the state should directly contribute to this. For example, to reduce interest rates on loans for individual entrepreneurs;
when a crisis occurs in the country due to a decline in production and a lack of financial resources, the government should pursue an active policy aimed at attracting foreign investors.

graduate work

2. Dialectics of the relationship between economics and politics

All spheres of life in any society, especially modern, are closely interconnected. Today, the trend of interdependence of various areas of public life is manifested extremely clearly not only within states, but also within the world community. This trend is most clearly seen in the example of the relationship between politics and economics.

Politics is most closely intertwined with economics. It is well known that politics and economics are the foundations of the entire system of public relations. That is why their interaction plays a decisive role in the development of any society. Politics is deeply mediated by the economic sphere, economic relations and the economic interests of society. In turn, the impact of policy on the economic life of society is significant and multifaceted.

The need and possibility of this impact is steadily increasing, as the scale of the economic sphere itself is increasing, its structure is becoming more complex and economic relations in society and between countries are deepening.

There are several points of view on the relationship between politics and economics.

Thus, in the domestic social science over the past seven decades, the concept of the materialistic understanding of history, which has become literally canonical, has dominated, formulated back in the 19th century by K. Marx and since then has become the cornerstone of Marxist-Leninist philosophy and sociology Zerkin D.P. Fundamentals of political science: a course of lectures. Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 1996. - p. 56. . According to the mentioned concept, politics is just a superstructure over the economy, which does not have its own internal logic of functioning and development, determined by the functioning and development of the economy, which is the basis of society (politics is a concentrated expression of the economy). Although Marx allowed the possibility of interaction between the base and the superstructure, the influence of the superstructure on the basis, the main thing in his sociological concept was the thesis that the economy determines politics, that is, the mode of production of material life determines the social, political and spiritual processes of life.

The scheme of the dependence of the political sphere on the economic basis in Marx's theory is as follows. The productive forces give rise to certain relations of production, that is, the relations that people enter into among themselves in the process of production. Production relations determine a certain social structure, a set of social classes, that is, groups of people occupying the same place in the mode of production. The social structure generates appropriate political and legal institutions, as well as spiritual and ideological systems.

In other words, the relationship between economics and politics in Marx's theory is of a causal nature: economic phenomena are the cause, and political phenomena are the effect. This theory has been seriously criticized in modern social science. Thus, the philosopher and sociologist Raymond Aron notes that the results of his research do not confirm the above theory and indicate the dominant role of politics in relation to the economy.

Understanding the supremacy of politics implies the need to take into account two points.

It is not about replacing a theory that views society one-sidedly through economics with another theory that defines society through politics. Any theory with a one-sided approach to society through any one aspect of social life is false. It is not true that with a particular mode of economic management there can certainly be a single political system. When the productive forces reach a certain level, the structure of state power can take on a variety of forms. It is impossible for any structure of state power to foresee what the system or the nature of the functioning of the economy will turn out to be. If we consider this problem from a historical point of view, it is obvious that it is always possible to identify the causes of this or that event, but none of them can ever be considered the most important.

What does the primacy of politics mean in the interpretation of R. Aron? He argues that modern industrial societies, which have many common features (the distribution of labor, the growth of social resources, etc.), differ primarily in the structures of state power, and the consequence of these structures are some features of the economic system and relations between groups of people. In modern conditions, everything happens as if it is politics that determines the possible concrete variants of an industrial society.

The second meaning that R. Aron invests in the supremacy of politics is the human meaning. In relation to a person, politics is more important than economics, because it directly affects the very meaning of his existence. Human life consists of relationships between individuals - a fundamental element of any community. The mechanisms for exercising power, including the way in which leaders are appointed, more than anything else, influence relationships between people.

Thus, the primacy of politics, which R. Aron speaks of, is strictly limited. We are not talking about the supremacy of the causal (causal), in which politics is the cause, and the economy is the effect (that is, cause and effect in Marx's scheme are reversed).

The notion of unilateral action is meaningless. It means only that, firstly, the differences between societies are primarily due to the structures of state power that determine some features of the economic systems of these societies, and secondly, politics as a sphere where people who give orders are elected and methods are developed, in according to which these orders are given, more than any other sphere affects the nature of human relations in society.

The question of the relationship between economics and politics is also deeply analyzed in the well-known work of K. Popper “The Open Society and Its Enemies”. The conclusion to which the author comes as a result of the analysis of Marx's theory is directly opposite to the concept of the latter. According to the position of K. Popper, political power is fundamental, it can control economic power. Thanks to it, it is possible to develop a program to protect the economically weak, create laws that restrict exploitation, insure workers against disability, unemployment and old age, and so on. In other words, political power is the key to economic protection; it and its inherent methods of control are the most important thing in the life of society Popper K. Open society and its enemies. M., 1992. T. 2. - p. 183. .

The need for the active impact of politics on the economy increases at critical moments in the life of society. Such a situation developed in Belarus at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, when the transition to a market economy began.

It is known that the market is far from being an ideal mechanism for the functioning of economic life. Direct or indirect impact of policy on the market and prices to some extent is always necessary. The instability of the economic life of today's Russia has its root cause in the absence of a clear, scientifically based, long-term state program for the country's economic development. These crisis processes in the economy of Russian society are thus directly related to the unpredictability and inconsistency of the state's economic policy.

Although the issue of the relationship between politics and economics in domestic science has traditionally been given the main attention, this does not mean that the relationship between politics and other spheres of society is less significant from a scientific point of view or is less important in the real life of society.

Politics is inseparable from law, the norms of which regulate political relations, establish the rules of the “political game”, defining the framework for the activities of both the ruling elite and the controlled majority. Law itself, in turn, is a complex phenomenon, a product of the culture, religion, traditions, interests of the ruling elite, the influence of the world community, etc. existing in a particular society. Acting as a product of state activity, law at the same time serves as its regulator. An important role in regulating the political life of society is played by the norms of morality, the ideas that exist in society about good and evil, about those values on the basis of which the life of any person should be built. But morality itself largely depends on the religion existing in society. M. Weber showed what an exceptionally important role in the emergence of capitalist society and democratic institutions was played by the religious Reformation and the Protestant ethics that followed it. Moreover, the role of religion in the political life of society is not limited to the development of certain moral values. Religion is able to assert certain ideological ideas about politics in the public mind (about the relationship between spiritual and secular power, the duties of the state, etc.), it can itself claim the role of a universal political doctrine, and the church can claim the role of a political elite, as it happens in Islamic fundamentalism.

In general, it can be said that the political sphere, political life, being a relatively independent form of human life, is organically connected by complex functional relationships with all other forms of social life.

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Introduction

1 Correlation and interrelation of politics and economics (methodology of the problem)

2 Means and methods of political regulation of the economy

3 Policy of the relationship between the state and the market

4 Gas policy of modern Russia.

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Introduction

Economics and politics is the problem of the relationship between politics and economics, studied by political science in its main aspects such as the influence of politics and certain political actions on economic development, as well as the political consequences of economic changes in society. This problem is of particular interest in relation to Russia, which is in the process of transition to a market economy and democracy.

Economic policy is the solution by political means of the problems of the economy: production and exchange. This is primarily due to the transition of many countries to post-industrial production, globalization and changes in the structure of the world economy, a powerful wave of industrialization and the destruction of pre-industrial industries.

Political decisions were required, first of all, to create conditions for the effective use of high technologies, as well as to regulate globalization - the growing interdependence of production and exchange of all countries, the economic integration of entire regions and even continents.

Without political decisions, it would be impossible to change the structure of ownership, the ratio and interaction of its various forms - private, cooperative, municipal, state, transnational.

1 Correlation and interrelation of politics and economics (methodology of the problem)

In political science and sociology, two methodological approaches have developed to consider the problem: Marxism gives primacy to the economy, while modern Western theories consider these areas as equal parties to a single process, or they consider politics to be primary. Since all phenomena, events, processes of real life are interconnected, every phenomenon is both political and economic at the same time. Attempts to oppose politics and economics are therefore untenable.

It is impossible to consider the economy as a kind of independent sphere of public life without connection with politics, law and other areas. “Property”, “exchange”, “production” are not only economic, but also socio-cultural, political and legal phenomena.

Modern science is dominated by approaches that reject economic determinism. There are two aspects of the interaction between economics and politics:

1) economy and power, two historical types of their relationship;

2) the role of the state in the economy and the main models of its economic policy.

1. The initial category of politics is "power", and economics - "wealth" (which means everything that has a market value and can be exchanged for money or goods). Power and wealth, including property, are interdependent in real life. The latter plays the role of one of the most important resources of power and at the same time needs state-legal support, state-guaranteed compliance by all participants in economic relations with certain rules. That is why politics acts as a structure-forming factor that establishes and maintains a certain social order, without which the functioning of economic institutions becomes simply impossible. The economy in this ratio acts as a process taking place within the framework of the political and legal structure.

2. Historically, the relationship of power - subordination arose earlier than the relationship of ownership. In the future, two main types of relationships developed: a) "power - property", i.e. the dominance of political power in society and the subordinate, derivative position of property; b) "property - power." The first type is characteristic of "Eastern despotism", "Asiatic mode of production", in which K. Marx singled out the following characteristic features: firstly, the absence of a sufficiently developed institution of private property; secondly, the merger of property and state power with the dominance of the latter; thirdly, the dominance of the bureaucracy in the economy and politics. Power in this type of relationship becomes a means of obtaining wealth. The development of the economy occurs through the economic and organizational activities of the state. At the same time, the state itself performs its socially useful functions unsatisfactorily, since it serves the private interests of bureaucrats who use power for their own enrichment. The second type of "property-power" relations has developed in Western society. Its distinguishing feature is the autonomy of the owner, combined with market-oriented commodity production. This form arose for the first time in the ancient world. Even in the conditions of the Middle Ages, the formation of civil society structures with its main elements continued: an independent commodity producer based on the institution of property. Economic power was increasingly separated from political power and even opposed it, defending its rights. This is how the main backbone elements of society were formed: private property, the market, the separation of property and power, the autonomy of individuals (citizens), their equality as independent participants in economic and political life. In the middle of the 18th century, thanks to the enlighteners, a corresponding ideology arose, preaching the slogan "forest fair, forest aller" (French, let it act, let circumstances develop on their own). The rate was placed on free competition and market self-regulation, thanks to which the "invisible hand" (A. Smith, 1776) will help satisfy people's needs for goods and services. At the same time, the state was assigned the role of "night watchman". Popular among liberals was the demand "less state!". The viability of this model has been confirmed by the high economic achievements of Western societies.

2 Features of the interaction of economic and political spheres of society in modern Russia.

The interaction of the economic and political systems of society is based on general patterns. Some of them have been noted in this chapter. However, there is no doubt that at different times and in different countries this interaction has specific features. In this regard, the example of modern Russia is indicative. As part of the interaction of the economic and political systems in the country, tasks are solved that have long been solved in other states or have never been relevant. A broad political program is aimed at transforming Russia's economic sphere. First of all, the most complex process of determining a new place for the state in the economic life of the country is being implemented. There is a search for answers to the most difficult questions: what part of the economy should be given to non-state enterprises? What specifically should remain the property of the state? By what methods and in what forms should state enterprises participate in the regulation and management of the overall economic process in the country?

The interaction of economic and political systems in modern Russia can safely be called unique. No state had such a large-scale and specific in terms of conditions, means and goals of the political program for economic reforms. This is manifested in the fact that such complex processes in all respects are simultaneously implemented in the country, such as:

The formation of a variety of forms of ownership;

Development of a variety of forms of entrepreneurial

activities;

Changing the participation of organizations and individuals in
formation of the revenue part of the budget (creation of a new
tax system);

Solving previously unknown problems of the national
scale: inflation, unemployment, organized
crime, etc.;

Formation of the system of legal support of economic processes, etc.

If, at the same time, we add that the interaction of the economic and political systems in Russia takes place in conditions of an acute political struggle for power, then in the absence of a unified concept for the transformation of economic life, the complexity of the situation will be fully appreciated. However, optimism is inspired by the fact that Russia has taken the path that developed democratic countries have been following for many decades, having achieved significant success in the development of economic and political systems.

3. POLICY OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE STATE AND THE MARKET

However, unlike the traditional approach based on the analysis of the degree of state participation in the regulation of market processes, the awareness of the mutual influence of the parties - the constitution of the market by the state and the participation of the market in the formulation of policy and its implementation by political power structures - involves considering a qualitative element as a fundamental element in assessing the interaction between the state and market.

In the context of the almost universal participation of the state in the regulation of economic processes and, accordingly, building relations with market participants, the key is the nature of such relations and their impact on economic development.

The quantitative ratio of the state and market sectors fades into the background, and the key question for analysis becomes "the nature of the ways in which two types of structures and two types of institutionalized rules are integrated.

Today, the legitimacy of the exercise of power by private actors is often ensured through market mechanisms of competition. However, the determination, through democratic and judicial procedures, of the range of power functions that can be delegated to private actors (and, therefore, provided to market competition), is within the competence of the state.

It is this sphere of powers of the state that is fundamental, since the actions of actors to whom any functions have been delegated cannot be legitimized directly through market competition as such; this is possible only through the democratic and judicial practices of the state.

The state provides a constitutional framework within which discussion is possible regarding the transfer of certain functions to the private sector.

And it is only after the government has approved in principle further privatization that the private sector can expect the social approval needed to transfer power.

Taking into account these factors, we can talk about the expansion of the influence of the state in modern conditions of denationalization of political power structures while changing its essence from a monopolist to a manager of political power. Accordingly, the state remains ultimately responsible for all acts of political power.

The most illustrative example of the primary role of the state in ensuring economic development is the development state, which implements policies in the name of economic development.

In general, development state intervention embodies three main components.

First, direct ownership and control of industrial production is secondary to the process of creating economic infrastructure through education, training, and research.

Secondly, the state performs key functions in ensuring the relationship between labor and management.

Third, it takes a leading role in creating competitive advantages.

As part of its activities to create conditions for economic growth, the state, refraining from direct management, coordinates and largely builds market processes.

The development of the provisions on the state of development was the concept of "built-in autonomy", which implies:

1) distancing of state power and apparatus from interest groups;

2) building networks, connections in the structure of the market.

Compliance with these conditions is seen as the key to successful state intervention in the construction of market processes.

While embeddedness allows the state to receive information and mobilize resources, autonomy ensures that the state's focus remains on development goals.

In contrast to developmental state theory, a distinctive feature of the "embedded autonomy" thesis is the understanding of social and cultural embeddedness as a key factor in shaping differences in the state's ability to maintain autonomy.

However, changing conditions on the world stage are also changing the role of the development state. New regimes of government at the transnational level narrow the "space of development" for states in which successful forms of industrial policy take place.

Transnational structures reduce the capacity for institutional innovation required for successful social development.

Global institutions in their current form are a serious obstacle to institutional innovation at the national level. Accordingly, these factors also raise the question of the possibility of the development of the state in the context of globalization.

Given the changing conditions for the functioning of states, including development states, and the change of focus in research on the role of states in the modern world and the nature of their relationships with economic agents, the urgent task is to search for new models of state behavior and formulate alternative explanations for the dynamic development of a number of economies.

4. GAS POLICY OF MODERN RUSSIA

Currently, the problem of the image of the state is one of the central topics of discussion in the international community. The existing image of the country begins to leave an increasingly significant imprint on the nature of its interaction with other states and the possibility of realizing geopolitical goals.

The participation of countries in international clashes inevitably develops into an information war, victory in which sometimes plays a more significant role than the results of conflict resolution.

A striking example of this fact is the gas collision between Russia and Ukraine in early 2009 and the image consequences of this problem.

The "gas conflict" that erupted between Russia and Ukraine in early 2009 had a huge response in the condemnations of the world community, including in the media. Russia's actions were described extremely ambiguously. In international discussions and in the media, the country is characterized as:

O political intriguer and blackmailer, whose goal is to prevent the rapprochement between Ukraine and the EU, as well as to destabilize the Ukrainian political elite;

O an imperialist state seeking to strengthen the mechanisms of influence in the post-Soviet space;

O an unreliable business partner that jeopardized Europe's energy security;

O victim of theft and non-fulfillment of contractual obligations by Ukraine.

The agreement reached as a result of the conflict was also perceived ambiguously.

On the one hand, Russia is characterized as the initiator of the settlement of the problem, which helped to stabilize the energy situation in Ukraine and Europe.

On the other hand, Russia is called an inept negotiator, which eventually signed an agreement that is not beneficial in the long run for either side. Thus, the "gas conflict" was resolved, at least until next year.

However, in the course of the clash, Russia acquired several rather stable, mostly negative images, which will undoubtedly influence the further foreign policy life of the state.

An analysis of materials in the media and comments by politicians and experts allows us to draw an unambiguous conclusion that Russia has suffered serious reputational damage as a result of the "gas conflict", the country's image has deteriorated significantly.

The most obvious is that Russia has lost its status as a reliable supplier of energy resources. As a result, negotiations on finding alternative energy sources have intensified in Europe.

This situation may deprive Russia of a significant share of the European gas market within the next few years.

In addition, the overall level of trust in Russia in connection with the conflict has dropped significantly. Undoubtedly, this will affect the status of Russia as an international actor and the course of international negotiations with the participation of the country.

The first poll results show that the "gas conflict" has also affected Russia's image among the civilian population of various countries. The situation had a mostly negative impact.

The most negative perception of Russia is, again, the residents of the states where Russia has the lowest rating positions.

The attitude towards Russia on the part of the citizens of Ukraine has significantly worsened.

However, it is positive that, unlike many other international conflicts, in this case Russia managed to organize information support of the situation quite professionally.

A powerful political resource was involved, a number of negotiations were held at the highest level, most journalists received information about the conflict and the necessary comments in a timely manner.

A significant part of the information work was undertaken by the professional press service of the Gazprom company, but one way or another, in the field of information support for Russia, this time they performed worthily.

A regularity is easily traced in the international information field: the worse the image of Russia in this or that state, the more negative reviews and publications are noted about the "gas conflict".

First of all, this applies to the British-American camp, the Baltic states, the Czech Republic and Poland. An alarming signal is the significant amount of negative feedback in the German media.

It is important to note that the "gas conflict" Russia-Ukraine was accompanied by intense discussions about the reputational losses of the parties and their role in shaping the future geopolitical alignment of forces. In particular, not only serious business and highly specialized publications, but also mass, general information media took part in this discussion.

This fact testifies to the growing importance in international politics of the image of the state, which exists not only in the circles of the highest political elite, but also in the civil environment.

Conclusion

So, as a result of considering the interaction of political and economic systems, we can conclude that political relations have grown into the economic system, like the roots of a tree into the ground. In turn, we can talk about economic relations that have also grown deeply into the political system.

Not a single industrialized or industrialized country can do without political decisions that provide the necessary conditions for industrialization and increase the efficiency of production and exchange. Of particular importance are political decisions for the improvement and strengthening of financial systems, money circulation and financing of the economy. It is no coincidence that budget laws in all countries are among the most important. Economic policy is everywhere aimed at finding a correlation between production and consumption that meets the changing interests and possibilities.

Even the reduction of the direct economic functions of the state in many countries has not changed the general trend of expanding and intensifying economic policy as a whole. Widespread mechanistic arguments about the superiority of economics over politics or politics over economics, as well as calls to engage in economics without politics, are untenable and prevent political means from overcoming economic difficulties, especially in the Russian Federation.

Bibliographic list

1. Krivoguz I.M. Political Science: Textbook for students. institutions of higher education. - M.: VLADOS, 2003. - 288 p.

2. Political science: textbook / ed. count - M .: Delo, 2002.

3. Gadzhiev K.S. (2007) Geopolitical Horizons of Russia. Outlines of the new world order. M.: Economics.

4. Russian statistical yearbook. 2010. Rosstat. M., 2011

5. Gorfinkel V.Ya., Shvandar V.A. Small business. Moscow, 2008

6. Galumov E.A. (2008) International image of Russia: strategy of formation. M.: Izvestia..

The level and nature of the economic system of any state largely depend and are determined by the political environment: the form of political government and the political regime, the nature of political power and the degree of its legitimacy, the level of development of civil society, the personality of the country's political leader, the composition of the political elite, the degree of development of the party system, etc. But there is no doubt that the political system of a society cannot function normally without adequate economic support for practically all political processes. Therefore, the interconnection and interdependence of the political and economic systems of society is a universal phenomenon that is characteristic of all states at any time in their history.

Relationship between politics and economics

The foundation of the entire system of public relations are policy And economy, that is why their interaction plays a decisive role in the development of any society. Politics is deeply mediated by the economic sphere, the economic interests of society: where the economy prevailed over politics, there were no severe upheavals, national crises that developed into a revolution. In turn, the impact of policy on the economic life of society is significant and multifaceted. There has been a lively discussion lately about the extent to which political, government intervention in the economy. A number of authors advocate the complete independence of the economy from politics, the state, considering such an approach an indispensable condition for the revival of Russia. We find this assertion highly questionable.

One of the leading functions of the economy is its ability to meet people's needs: feed, water, dress, etc. This, in essence, is its eternal and natural destiny. This leads to a very logical conclusion: the state, as a spokesman for common interests by means of policy, can and must create conditions for the more effective implementation of this function of the economy.

It is known that the economy functions optimally with a stable social order, labor discipline, well-established transport links, and a certain civil accord in society. Such conditions, again, can and must be created by political methods, first of all, by the state power. It is she who is called upon to ensure social peace, to suppress the activities of criminal groups and mafia clans, nationalist organizations. Political intervention in the economy is also justified if it creates favorable conditions for the scientific, technical and technological process, leads to an increase in the productivity of social labor and facilitates the work of the production worker.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that state administration in the economic sphere is permissible, as a rule, in emergency situations (war, natural disasters). As the historical experience of our country testifies, the passion for command and administrative methods had a negative impact on economic development. Here it is enough to recall such economic upheavals of the Soviet period as collectivization, land reclamation, plans to transfer the waters of the northern rivers to Central Asia, etc. Decollectivization, privatization, liberalization, etc. - these are already examples of the modern history of Russia. The need for an active impact of politics on the economy increases significantly at critical moments in the life of society: during deep economic upheavals and wars, as well as in the conditions of economic reform. Modern history provides us with many examples of this kind. A similar situation developed in Russia at the turn of the 1980s–1990s, when the transition to a market economy began and the country found itself in a severe crisis. Its emergence was due to a complex set of reasons, the most important of which was the lack of effective policy impact on the economic development of society.

In modern conditions, the participation of the state in the economy is manifested, firstly, in the development and implementation of tax policy; secondly, the allocation of loans; thirdly, the direct impact on transport and other natural monopolies; fourth, long-term planning.

In the last third of the 20th century, due to the development of a trend towards the formation of a single world civilization economics and politics have acquired a distinctly international character. One form of manifestation of this trend was the emergence of a number of international economic and political organizations. For example, international organizations such as the United Nations, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and UNESCO play an important role in the development of economic partnership today. On the European continent, the OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) plays an important role in policy coordination.

Politics has a significant impact on the social sphere of public life. For example, political means influence the formation of the social class and socio-demographic structure of society. The development of farming, individual farms, and entrepreneurship will lead to the emergence of new class communities, and migration processes (settlement of the population, its density and reproduction) will have an impact on the socio-demographic structure of the regions.
By specific means of politics, the state exerts a regulatory influence on the spiritual sphere, its elements such as education, upbringing, culture. This is carried out, firstly, through the socialization and education of the younger generation, i.e. adaptation of a person to the conditions of social life; secondly, the development and approval of a system of values that serve as guidelines and guidelines in the activities of the individual and social communities; thirdly, the development of standards of action, behavior and their implementation in various situations of political life.

So, politics, being a complex, multifaceted social phenomenon, has an impact on all spheres of public life. It reflects various economic, social, cultural, ideological and other interests of nations, classes, social groups, strata, political parties, social movements. Rational democratic politics presupposes not the subordination, suppression of these interests, but their harmonious combination, coordination and integration on the basis of public consent.